Examine individual changes

'[[File:Polar-Night Longyearbyen.jpg|thumb|right|Characteristic polar night blue twilight, [[Longyearbyen]], [[Svalbard]], [[Norway]] located at 78° north.]] [[File:Amundsen-Scott marsstation ray h.jpg|thumb|right|Polar night at the [[South Pole]], [[Antarctica]].]] [[File:Polar night in Naryan-Mar.jpg|thumbnail|right|Polar night in [[Naryan-Mar]], [[Russia]]. December 23, 2014, 11:27 (noon)]] The '''polar night''' occurs in the northernmost and southernmost regions of the Earth when the night lasts for more than 24&nbsp;hours. This occurs only inside the [[polar circle]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burn|first=Chris|title=The Polar Night|url=http://nwtresearch.com/sites/default/files/the-polar-night.pdf|publisher=The Aurora Research Institute|accessdate=28 September 2015}}</ref> The opposite phenomenon, the polar day, or [[midnight sun]], occurs when the [[Sun]] stays above the horizon for more than 24&nbsp;hours. "Night" is understood as the center of the Sun being below a free horizon. Since the atmosphere [[refraction|bends the rays]] of the Sun, the polar day is longer than the polar night, and the area that is affected by polar night is somewhat smaller than the area of midnight sun. The polar circle is located at a latitude between these two areas, at the [[latitude]] of approximately 66.5 degrees. In the northernmost city of Sweden, [[Kiruna]], at 67°51'N, the polar night lasts for around 28 twenty-four-hour periods, while the midnight sun lasts around 50 twenty-four-hour periods. While it is day in the Arctic Circle, it is night in the Antarctic Circle, and vice versa. Any planet or moon with a sufficient [[axial tilt]] that [[Rotation period|rotates]] with respect to its star significantly more frequently than it [[Orbital period|orbits]] the star (no [[tidal locking]] between the two) will experience the same phenomenon (a nighttime lasting more than one rotation period). ==Description== The polar [[shortest day]] is not totally dark everywhere inside the polar circle, but only in places within about 5.5° of the poles, and only when the moon is well below the horizon. Regions located at the inner border of the polar circles experience polar [[twilight]] instead of polar night. In fact, [[polar region]]s typically get more twilight throughout the year than [[tropics|equatorial regions]]. For regions inside the polar circles, the maximum lengths of the time that the Sun is completely below the horizon varies from zero a few degrees beyond the [[Arctic Circle]] and [[Antarctic Circle]] to 179 days at the [[Geographical pole|Poles]].{{citation needed|date=February 2011}} However, not all this time is classified as polar night since sunlight may be visible because of [[refraction]]. The time when ''any'' part of the Sun is above the horizon at the poles is 186 days. The preceding numbers are average numbers: the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit makes the South Pole receive a week more of Sun-below-horizon than the North Pole (see [[equinox]]). == Types of polar night == [[File:Morketidettermiddag.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Early afternoon during the polar night in [[Tromsø]], [[Norway]].]] [[File:Nordkinnhalvoya-polar-night.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Polar night on [[Nordkinn Peninsula]] in Norway, mainland Europe's northernmost peninsula.]] As there are various kinds of [[twilight]], there also exist various kinds of polar night. Each kind of polar night is defined as when it's darker than the corresponding kind of twilight. The descriptions below are based on relatively clear skies, so the sky will be darker in the presence of dense clouds. ===Polar twilight=== Polar twilight occurs in areas that are located at the inner border of the polar circles, where the Sun will be on or below the horizon all day on the [[winter solstice]]. There is then no true [[daylight]] at the [[solar culmination]], only [[civil twilight]]. This means that the Sun is below the horizon, but by less than 6°. During civil twilight, there may still be enough light for most normal outdoor activities because of light scattering by the upper atmosphere and refraction. [[Street lamp]]s may remain on and a person looking at a window from within a brightly lit room may see their reflection even at noon, as the level of outdoor [[illuminance]] will be below that of many illuminated indoor spaces. Sufferers of [[seasonal affective disorder]] tend to seek out therapy with artificial light, as the psychological benefits of daylight require relatively high levels of ambient light (up to 10,000&nbsp;[[lux]]) which are not present in any stage of twilight; thus, the midday twilights experienced anywhere inside the polar circles are still "polar night" for this purpose. === Civil polar night === The civil polar night period produces only a faint glow of light visible at midday. It happens when there is no [[civil twilight]] and only [[nautical twilight]] occurs at the [[solar culmination]]. Civil twilight happens when the Sun is between 0 and 6° below the horizon, and civil night when it is lower than that. Therefore, the civil polar night is limited to latitudes above 72°&nbsp;34', which is exactly 6° inside the polar circle. Nowhere on mainland Europe is this definition met. On the Norwegian territory of [[Svalbard]], however, civil polar night lasts from about 11 November until 30 January. [[Dikson (urban-type settlement)|Dikson]], in Russia, experiences civil polar night from December 6 to January 6. During dense cloud cover places like the coast of [[Finnmark]] (about&nbsp;70°) in [[Norway]] will get a darker "day". On the Canadian territory of [[Pond Inlet, Nunavut]] however civil polar night lasts from about 16 December until 26 December. === Nautical polar night === During the nautical polar night period, there is no trace of daylight, except around midday. It happens when there is no [[nautical twilight]] and only [[astronomical twilight]] occurs at the [[solar culmination]]. Nautical twilight happens when the Sun is between six and twelve degrees below the horizon. There is a location at the [[horizon]] around midday with more light than others because of refraction. During nautical night, the Sun is lower than 12° below the horizon, so nautical polar night is limited to latitudes above 78°&nbsp;34', which is exactly 12° within the polar circle, or 11.5° from the pole. [[Alert, Nunavut|Alert]], [[Nunavut]], the northernmost settlement in [[Canada]] and the world, experiences this from November 19 to January 22.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/canada/alert|title=Time and Date.com - Alert, Nunavut, Canada|publisher=Time and Date.com|accessdate=May 14, 2019}}</ref> The northernmost point of land, at the end of Greenland at Oodap Qeqertaa, experiences this from November 15 to January 27. The antipode of that place (83°40’S, 150°07’E), experiences this from May 13 to July 31.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/@3426180|title=Time and Date.com - Oodap Qeqertaa, Greenland|publisher=Time and Date.com|accessdate=May 16, 2019}}</ref> The [[Canada|Canadian]] territory of [[Eureka, Nunavut]], experiences this from December 1 to January 10. The antipode of that place (79°58’S, 94°04’E), experiences this from June 1 to July 11. The Norwegian territory of [[Svalbard]] [[Ny-Ålesund]] experiences this from December 12 to 31. The antipode of that place (78°55’S, 168°04’ W), experiences this from June 12 to July 1. The Russian territory of [[Franz Josef Land]] experiences this from November 27 to January 15. The antipode of that place (81°S, 125° W), experiences this from May 25 to July 17. === Astronomical polar night === The astronomical polar night is a period of continuous [[night]] where no [[astronomical twilight]] occurs. Astronomical twilight happens when the Sun is between twelve and eighteen degrees below the horizon and astronomical night when it is lower than that. Thus, the astronomical polar night is limited to latitudes above 84°&nbsp;34', which is exactly 18° within the polar circle, or five and a half degrees from the pole. During the astronomical polar night stars of the sixth magnitude, which are the dimmest stars visible to the naked eye, will be visible throughout the entire [[day]]. This happens when the sun is between 18° and 23°27’ degrees below the horizon. These conditions last about 11 weeks at the poles. The [[South Pole]], [[Antarctica]] experiences this from May 11 to August 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/antarctica/south-pole|title=Time and Date.com - South Pole, Antarctica|publisher=Time and Date.com|accessdate=June 1, 2019}}</ref> The [[North Pole]] experiences this from November 13 to January 29.<ref name="arctic polar night livescience">{{cite web|last1=Rao|first1=Joe|title=The Myth of Arctic Daylight and Darkness Exposed|url=http://www.livescience.com/32814-arctic-daylight-darkness-myth-equinox.html|website=[[Live Science]]|accessdate=14 April 2017|date=21 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/@90,0|title=Time and Date.com - North Pole|publisher=Time and Date.com|accessdate=May 31, 2019}}</ref> === Polar Sun cycle === If an observer located on either the North Pole or the South Pole were to define a "day" as the time from the maximal elevation of the Sun above the horizon during one period of daylight, until the maximal elevation of the Sun above the horizon of the next period of daylight, then a "polar day" as experienced by such an observer would be one Earth-year long.<ref>[https://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/StarFAQ10.htm#q164 NASA: The Sun and Seasons] NASA. (See last paragraph, section 164.) By David Stern. Last updated Sept. 17, 2004. Downloaded Feb. 17, 2017.</ref> ==In popular culture== The concept of a night of almost one month in length has been the subject of the vampire movies ''[[Frostbite (2006 film)|Frostbite]]'' and ''[[30 Days of Night (film)|30 Days of Night]]''. In these films, the vampires are drawn to the long duration of darkness, allowing them to openly kill and feed at will. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite journal | last1 = Hansen | first1 = V. | last2 = Lund | first2 = E. | last3 = Smith-Sivertsen | first3 = T. |date=March 1998 | title = Self-reported mental distress under the shifting daylight in the high north | journal = [[Psychological Medicine]] | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 447–452 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291797006326 | pmid=9572101 }} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120904173515/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/simply_science/toc.htm The polar night and polar darkness] * [http://weather.cs.uit.no/video/index-2006.html Many years' of webcam pictures from Tromsø, Norway.] These clearly show the progression into and away from winter at a latitude within the Arctic Circle. {{Authority control}} {{Parts of a day}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polar Night}} [[Category:Earth phenomena]] [[Category:Arctic geography terminology]] [[Category:Night]]'