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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Speciesbox
| name = Atlantic cod
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN2.3
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN"/>
| image = Atlantic cod.jpg
| taxon = Gadus morhua
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| range_map = Gadus morhua-Atlantic cod.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution of Atlantic cod
| synonyms = *''Asellus major''
*''Gadus callarias'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
*''Gadus vertagus'' <small>[[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792</small>
*''Gadus heteroglossus'' <small>Walbaum, 1792</small>
*''Gadus ruber'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacepède]], 1803</small>
*''Gadus arenosus'' <small>[[Samuel L. Mitchill|Mitchill]], 1815</small>
*''Gadus rupestris'' <small>Mitchill, 1815</small>
*''Morhua vulgaris'' <small>[[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1828</small>
*''Morhua punctatus'' <small>Fleming, 1828</small>
*''Gadus nanus'' <small>Faber, 1829</small>
*''Morrhua americana'' <small>[[David Humphreys Storer|Storer]], 1839</small>
}}
The '''Atlantic cod''' (''Gadus morhua'') is a [[benthopelagic]] fish of the family [[Gadidae]], widely [[seafood|consumed]] by humans. It is also [[Commercial fishing|commercially]] known as '''[[cod]]''' or '''codling'''.<ref name=seaport>[http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua:Atlantic_cod ''Atlantic Cod''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225151638/http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua%3AAtlantic_cod |date=2009-12-25 }}. Seafood Portal.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|During the Middle Ages, [[Middle English]] used many, many forms of '''mulvel''', '''milvel''', '''melvel''', and '''milwell''' to refer to fresh, large cod<ref name=milwell/> and '''morhwell''' to refer to smaller ones.<ref name=morwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "morhwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref> Fresh cod was also known as the '''common cod''',<ref>{{Citation |last=Richardson |first=John |title=Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. |volume=Vol. III: The Fish |contribution=93. Gadus Morrhua. (Auct.) ''Common Cod-fish'' |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc5cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA242 |pp=242–245 |location=London |publisher=Richard Bentley |date=1836 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Grant |first=Francis William |title=The New Statistical Account of Scotland |volume=Vol. XI |contribution=Parish of Banff (Presbytery of Fordyce, Synod of Aberdeen.) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5DVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |p=12 |date=1836 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons }}.</ref> the '''Scotch cod''',<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Riley |editor-first=Henry Thomas |title=Munimenta Gildallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn |volume=Vol. II, Part II., containing Liber Custumarum, with extracts from the Cottonian MS Claudius, D. II. |date=1860 |location=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode for Her Majesty's Stationery Office |contribution=Glossary of Mediæval Latin |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMMKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA816 |p=816 }}.</ref> and as the '''green fish''' or '''greenfish'''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted '''[[stockfish]]''',<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish | 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|In [[South Africa]], however, "stockfish" refers to the [[South African hake|local hake]] (''Merluccius capensis'').}} as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] '''[[salt cod]]''' or '''[[clipfish]]'''.{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include '''cured cod''',<ref name=greencod/> '''ling''',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and '''haberdine'''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as '''green cod''', '''white cod''', '''corefish''',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> '''coursfish''',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}
In the western [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[cod]] has a distribution north of [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], and around both coasts of [[Greenland]] and the [[Labrador Sea]]; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the [[Bay of Biscay]] north to the [[Arctic Ocean]], including the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[North Sea]], [[Sea of the Hebrides]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, (2011) [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 ''Sea of the Hebrides''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 |date=May 24, 2013 }}. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</ref> areas around [[Iceland]] and the [[Barents Sea]].
The largest individual on record was {{cvt|6|ft|m|order=flip}} long and weighed {{cvt|211|lb|kg|order=flip}}, but usually the cod is between {{cvt|24|in|cm|order=flip}} and {{cvt|4|ft|m|order=flip}} long and weighs up to {{cvt|88|lb|kg|order=flip}}. Males and females are similar in size and weight.<ref>{{cite book|title=Field Guide to Fishes, National Audubon Society|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=978-0-375-41224-0|pages=224|edition=2nd Edition fully revised, April 2002|year=2002|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00nati_1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gadus_morhua/|title=Gadus morhua (Cod)|website=Animal Diversity Web|language=en|access-date=2017-02-13}}</ref>
Atlantic cod can live for 25 years, and usually attain sexual maturity between ages two and four,<ref>O'Brien, L., J. Burnett, and R. K. Mayo. (1993) Maturation of Nineteen Species of Finfish off the Northeast Coast of the United States, 1985–1990. NOAA Tech. Report. NMFS 113, 66 p.</ref> although cod in the northeast Arctic can take as long as eight years to mature fully.<ref name="ices.dk">ICES (2007), Arctic Fisheries Working Group
Report, Section 03, Table 3.5,
[http://www.ices.dk/reports/ACOM/2007/AFWG/03-5North%20East%20Arctic%20Cod%20(Subareas%20I%20and%20II).pdf International Council for the Exploration of the Sea]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
(accessed 2008/12/11)</ref> Colouring is brown or green, with spots on the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] side, shading to silver ventrally. A stripe along its [[lateral line]] (used to detect vibrations)<ref name="Bleckmann 13–25">{{Cite journal|last=Bleckmann|first=Horst|last2=Zelick|first2=Randy|date=2009-03-01|title=Lateral line system of fish|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=13–25|doi=10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00131.x|issn=1749-4877|pmid=21392273}}</ref> is clearly visible. Its [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] ranges from the shoreline down to the [[continental shelf]].
Several cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s (declined by >95% of maximum historical [[biomass]]) and have failed to fully recover even with the cessation of fishing.<ref name=Frank/> This absence of the [[apex predator]] has led to a [[trophic cascade]] in many areas.<ref name=Frank/> Many other cod stocks remain at risk. The Atlantic cod is labelled vulnerable on the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref name="IUCN">{{Cite journal | author = J. Sobel | title = ''Gadus morhua'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 1996 | page = e.T8784A12931575 | date = 1996 | url = http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/8784/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en | access-date = 6 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181108220213/http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/8784/0 | archive-date = 8 November 2018 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
==Lifecycle==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Gravid female cod.jpg|[[Gravid]] female in captivity
File:Jonge kabeljauwen of gul nieuwsgierig bij een wrak-4885743.webm|Juveniles on a wreck in the [[North Sea]]
File:Gadus morhua (head).jpg|Atlantic cod juvenile
File:Gadus morhua Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG|Adult
</gallery>
Adult cod form spawning aggregations from late winter to spring.<ref>{{cite journal |author=K. M. Brander |year=1994 |title=The location and timing of cod spawning around the British Isles |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=71–89 |url=http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/51/1/71 |doi=10.1006/jmsc.1994.1007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kai Wieland |author2=Astrid Jarre-Teichmann |author3=Katarzyna Horbowa |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2000 |title=Changes in the timing of spawning of Baltic cod: possible causes and implications for recruitment |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=452–464 |url=http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/2/452 |doi=10.1006/jmsc.1999.0522}}</ref> Females release their eggs in batches,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Beth E. |last=Scott |first2=Gudrun |last2=Marteinsdottir |first3=Gavin A. |last3=Begg |first4=Peter J. |last4=Wright |first5=Olav Sigurd |last5=Kjesbu |year=2005 |title=Effects of population size/age structure, condition and temporal dynamics of spawning on reproductive output in Atlantic cod (''Gadus morhua'') |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=191 |issue=3–4 |pages=383–415 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.05.015 }}</ref> and males compete to fertilize them.<ref>{{cite journal |author=J. A. Hutchings |author2=T. D. Bishop |author3=C. R. McGregor-Shaw |year=1999 |title=Spawning behaviour of Atlantic cod, ''Gadus morhua'': evidence of mate competition and mate choice in a broadcast spawner |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=97–104 |url=http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=1205-7533&volume=56&issue=1&startPage=97 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120227014507/http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=1205-7533&volume=56&issue=1&startPage=97 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-02-27 |doi=10.1139/cjfas-56-1-97 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=J. T. Nordeide |year=2000 |title=Is cod lekking or a promiscuous group spawner? |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=90–93 |doi=10.1046/j.1467-2979.2000.00005.x |last2=Folstad}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=D. Bekkevold |author2=M. M. Hansen |author3=V. Loeschcke |last-author-amp=yes |year=2002 |title=Male reproductive competition in spawning aggregations of cod |journal=[[Molecular Ecology (journal)|Molecular Ecology]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=91–102 |doi=10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01424.x |pmid=11903907 }}</ref> Fertilized eggs drift with ocean currents and develop into larvae ("fry"). Age of maturation varies between cod stocks, from ages two to four in the west Atlantic,<ref>O'Brien, L.,
J. Burnett, and R. K. Mayo. (1993) Maturation of Nineteen Species of Finfish off the Northeast Coast of the United States, 1985–1990. [[NOAA]] Tech. Report. NMFS 113, 66 p.</ref> but as late as eight years in the northeast Arctic.<ref name="ices.dk" /> Cod can live for 13 years or more.<ref>ICES (2007), Arctic Fisheries Working Group Report, Section 03, [http://www.ices.dk/reports/ACOM/2007/AFWG/03-North%20East%20Arctic%20Cod%20(Subareas%20I%20and%20II).pdf International Council for the Exploration of the Sea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612100447/http://www.ices.dk/reports/ACOM/2007/AFWG/03-North%20East%20Arctic%20Cod%20%28Subareas%20I%20and%20II%29.pdf |date=2011-06-12 }} (accessed 2008/12/11)</ref>
{{clear left}}
==Taxonomy==
The Atlantic cod is one of three cod species in the genus ''[[Gadus]] ''along with [[Pacific cod]] and [[Greenland cod]]. A variety of fish species are colloquially known as cod, but they are not all classified within the ''Gadus'', though some are in the Atlantic cod family, [[Gadidae]].
==Behaviour==
===Shoaling===
[[File:Kabeljauwen houden zich op bij een wrak en bevrijden zichzelf-4885741.webm|{{largethumb}}|[[Shoaling and schooling|Shoaling]] Atlantic cod on a wreck in the [[North Sea]]]]
Atlantic cod are a [[Shoaling and schooling|shoaling]] species and move in large, size-structured aggregations. Larger fish act as scouts and lead the shoal's direction, particularly during post [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]] [[Fish migration|migrations]] inshore for feeding. Cod actively feed during migration and changes in shoal structure occur when food is encountered. Shoals are generally thought to be relatively leaderless, with all fish having equal status and an equal distribution of resources and benefits.<ref name=Pitcher>{{cite book|last=Pitcher|first=TJ, Parrish JK|title=Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts|year=1993|publisher=Chapman and Hall|pages=363–427}}</ref> However, some studies suggest that leading fish gain certain feeding benefits. One study of a migrating Atlantic cod shoal showed significant variability in feeding habits based on size and position in the shoal. Larger scouts consumed a more variable, higher quantity of food, while trailing fish had less variable diets and consumed less food. Fish distribution throughout the shoal seems to be dictated by fish size, and ultimately, the smaller lagging fish likely benefit from shoaling because they are more successful in feeding in the shoal than they would be if migrating individually, due to social facilitation.<ref name=DeBlois>{{cite journal|last=DeBlois|first=Elisabeth M.|author2=Rose, George A.|title=Cross-shoal variability in the feeding habits of migrating Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)|journal=Oecologia|date=1 January 1996|volume=108|issue=1|pages=192–196|doi=10.1007/BF00333231}}</ref>
===Predation===
[[File:Jonge kabeljauwen oftewel gul rondom een wrak met andere vissen-4885742.webm|left|{{largethumb}}|Young Atlantic cod avoid larger cod and pouting (''[[Trisopterus luscus]]'') and crabs on a wreck in the southern [[North Sea]]]]
Atlantic cod are apex predators in the Baltic and adults are generally free from the concerns of [[predation]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Steneck|first=R. S.|title=Apex predators and trophic cascades in large marine ecosystems: Learning from serendipity|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=14 May 2012|volume=109|issue=21|pages=7953–7954|doi=10.1073/pnas.1205591109|pmid=22586126|pmc=3361373}}</ref> Juvenile cod, however, may serve as prey for adult cod, which sometimes practice [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]]. Juvenile cod make substrate decisions based on risk of predation. Substrates refer to different feeding and swimming environments. Without apparent risk of predation, juvenile cod demonstrated a preference for finer-grained substrates such as sand and gravel-pebble. However, in the presence of a predator, they preferred to seek safety in the space available between stones of a cobble substrate. Selection of cobble significantly reduces the risk of predation. Without access to cobble, the juvenile cod simply tries to escape a predator by fleeing.
Additionally, juvenile Atlantic cod vary their behaviour according to the foraging behaviour of predators. In the vicinity of a passive predator, cod behaviour changes very little. The juveniles prefer finer-grained substrates and otherwise avoid the safer kelp, steering clear of the predator. In contrast, in the presence of an actively foraging predator, juveniles are highly avoidant and hide in cobble or in kelp if cobble is unavailable.<ref name=Gotceitas>{{cite journal|last=Gotceitas|first=V|author2=S. Fraser |author3=J.A. Brown|title=Habitat use by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the presence of an actively foraging and non-foraging predator|journal=Marine Biology|year=1995|volume=123 | issue = 3|pages=421–430|doi=10.1007/bf00349220}}</ref>
As apex predators, heavy fishing of cod in the 1990s and the collapse of American and Canadian cod stocks resulted in trophic cascades. [[Overfishing]] cod removed a significant predatory pressure on other Atlantic fish and crustacean species. Population-limiting effects on several species including [[American lobster]]s, [[crab]]s, and [[shrimp]] from cod predation have decreased significantly, and the abundance of these species and their increasing range serve as evidence of the Atlantic cod's role as a major predator rather than prey.<ref name=":0" />
===Swimming===
Atlantic cod have been recorded to swim at speeds of a minimum of {{cvt|2|-|5|cm/s}} and a maximum of {{cvt|21|-|54|cm/s}} with a mean swimming speed of {{cvt|9|-|17|cm/s}}. In one hour, cod have been recorded to cover a mean range of {{cvt|99|to|226|m2}}. Swimming speed was higher during the day than at night. This is reflected in the fact that cod more actively search for food during the day. Cod likely modify their activity pattern according to the length of daylight, thus activity varies with time of year.<ref name=Lokkeborg>{{cite journal|last=LØKKEBORG|first=SVEIN|title=Feeding behaviour of cod, Gadus morhua: activity rhythm and chemically mediated food search|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=1 August 1998|volume=56|issue=2|pages=371–378|doi=10.1006/anbe.1998.0772|pmid=9787028}}</ref>
===Response to changing temperatures===
Swimming and physiological behaviours change in response to fluctuations in water temperature. [[Respirometry]] experiments show that heart rates of Atlantic cod change drastically with changes in temperature of only a few degrees. A rise in water temperature causes marked increases in cod swimming activity. Cod typically avoid new temperature conditions, and the temperatures can dictate where they are distributed in water. They prefer to be deeper, in colder water layers during the day, and in shallower, warmer water layers at night. These fine-tuned behavioural changes to water temperature are driven by an effort to maintain homeostasis to preserve energy. This is demonstrated by the fact that a decrease of only {{convert|2.5|C-change|0}} caused a highly costly increase in metabolic rate of 15 to 30%.<ref name=Claireaux>{{cite journal|last=Claireaux|first=G|title=Physiology and behaviour of free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) facing fluctuating temperature conditions|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|year=1995|volume=198 | issue = 1|pages=49–60|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/198/1/49.short|accessdate=27 October 2013|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
==Feeding and diet==
Stomach sampling studies have discovered that small Atlantic cod feed primarily on crustaceans, while large Atlantic cod feed primarily on fish.<ref name=Daan>{{cite journal|last=Daan|first=N.|title=A quantitative analysis of the food intake of North Sea cod, Gadus Morhua|journal=Netherlands Journal of Sea Research|date=1 December 1973|volume=6|issue=4|pages=479–517|doi=10.1016/0077-7579(73)90002-1}}</ref> In certain regions, the main food source is [[decapods]] with fish as a complementary food item in the diet.<ref name=Klemetsen>{{cite journal|last=Klemetsen|first=A.|title=Food and feeding habits of cod from the Balsfjord, northern Norway during a one-year period|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|date=1 May 1982|volume=40|issue=2|pages=101–111|doi=10.1093/icesjms/40.2.101}}</ref> Wild Atlantic cod throughout the [[North Sea]] depend, to a large extent, on commercial fish species also used in fisheries, such as [[Atlantic mackerel]], [[haddock]], [[Merlangius|whiting]], [[Atlantic herring]], [[European plaice]], and [[common sole]], making fishery manipulation of cod significantly easier.<ref name=Daan /> Ultimately, food selection by cod is affected by the food item size relative to their own size. However, providing for size, cod do exhibit food preference and are not simply driven by availability.<ref name=Daan />
Atlantic cod practice some [[cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]]. In the southern North Sea, 1–2% (by weight) of stomach contents for cod larger than {{cvt|10|cm}} consisted of juvenile cod. In the northern North Sea, cannibalism was higher, at 10%.<ref name=Daan /> Other reports of cannibalism have estimated as high as 56% of the diet consists of juvenile cod.<ref name="Ponomarenko 1965 349–354">{{cite journal|last=Ponomarenko|first=I. Ja|title=Comparative characteristics of some biological indices of the bottom stages of 0-group cod belonging to the 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961 year-classes|journal=Spec. Publ. Int. Comm. Northw. Atlant. Fish|year=1965|pages=349–354}}</ref>
==Reproduction==
[[File:Gadus morhua (High Arctic, Canada).png|thumb|Atlantic cod in a High Arctic Lake in Canada. These cod resemble those of past Atlantic catches. Measuring {{cvt|47|-|53|in|cm|order=flip}} long and weighing between {{cvt|44|and|57|lb|kg|order=flip}}, it is easy to see that today's {{cvt|16|-|20|in|cm|order=flip}} commercially caught cod are less than half this size.]]
Atlantic cod reproduce during a 1- to 2-month spawning season annually. Males and females aggregate in [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]] schools and each spawning season yields an average of 8.3 egg batches. Females release gametes in a ventral mount, and males then [[fertilization|fertilize]] the released eggs. Evidence suggests male sound production and other sexually selected characteristics allow female cod to actively choose a spawning partner. Males also exhibit aggressive interactions for access to females.<ref name=Hutchings>{{cite journal|last=Hutchings|first=Jeffrey A|author2=Bishop, Todd D|author3= McGregor-Shaw, Carolyn R|title=Spawning behaviour of Atlantic cod: evidence of mate competition and mate choice in a broadcast spawner|journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|date=1 January 1999|volume=56|issue=1|pages=97–104|doi=10.1139/f98-216}}</ref> Based on behavioral observations of cod, <!-- some researchers have hypothesized --> that cod mating systems resemble those of [[lekking]] species, which is characterized by males aggregating and establishing dominance hierarchies, at which point females may visit and choose a spawning partner based on status and sexual characteristics.<ref name="Ponomarenko 1965 349–354"/>
Cod males experience reproductive hierarchies based on size. Larger cod males are ultimately more successful in mating and produce the largest proportion of offspring in a population. However, cod males do experience high levels of [[sperm competition]]. In 75% of examined spawning in one study, sperm from multiple males contributed to offspring. As a result of high competition and unpredictable paternity, males may engage in varied [[Mating strategy|mating strategies]] and may invest in [[courtship]] or may simply ejaculate with other spawning couples. Spawning success also varies according to male size relative to female size. Males that are significantly smaller than females demonstrate significantly lower success rates relative to males that are larger than females.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bekkevold|first=D|author2=Hansen, M M|author3= Loeschcke, V|title=Male reproductive competition in spawning aggregations of cod (Gadus morhua, L.)|journal=Molecular Ecology|date=1 January 2002|volume=11|issue=1|pages=91–102|doi=10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01424.x|pmid=11903907}}</ref>
== Parasites ==
{{see also|Diseases and parasites in cod}}
Atlantic cod act as intermediate, paratenic, or definitive hosts to a large number of parasite species: 107 taxa listed by Hemmingsen and MacKenzie (2001)<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> and seven new records by Perdiguero-Alonso et al. (2008).<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> The predominant groups of cod parasites in the northeast Atlantic were trematodes (19 species) and nematodes (13 species), including larval anisakids, which comprised 58.2% of the total number of individuals.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> Parasites of Atlantic cod include copepods, digeneans, monogeneans, acanthocephalans, cestodes, nematodes, myxozoans, and protozoans.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/>
==Fisheries==
[[File:Total harvest of Atlantic cod 1950-2012.png|thumb|right|Capture of Northeast and Northwest Atlantic cod 1950–2012, ([[FAO]])]]
{{See also|Cod fisheries}}
===Northwest Atlantic cod===
{{main|Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery}}
The Northwest Atlantic cod has been regarded as heavily overfished throughout its range, resulting in a crash in the fishery in the United States and Canada during the early 1990s.
Newfoundland's northern cod fishery can be traced back to the 16th century. On average, about {{cvt|300000|tonnes}} of cod were landed annually until the 1960s, when advances in technology enabled factory trawlers to take larger catches. By 1968, landings for the fish peaked at {{cvt|800000|tonnes}} before a gradual decline set in. With the reopening of the limited cod fisheries in 2006, nearly {{cvt|2700|tonnes}} of cod were hauled in. In 2007, offshore cod stocks were estimated at 1% of what they were in 1977.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2007/07/02/cod-moratorium.html?ref=rss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104111114/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2007/07/02/cod-moratorium.html?ref=rss |title=N.L. funds cod fishery research on 15th anniversary of moratorium |date=2 July 2007 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref>
Technologies that contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod include engine-powered vessels and frozen food compartments aboard ships. Engine-powered vessels had larger nets, greater range, and better navigation. The capacity to catch fish became limitless. In addition, sonar technology gave an edge to detecting and catching fish. Sonar was originally developed during World War II to locate enemy submarines, but was later applied to locating schools of fish. These new technologies, as well as bottom trawlers that destroyed entire ecosystems, contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod. They were vastly different from old techniques used, such as hand lines and long lines.<ref>Freedman, Bill. "Atlantic Cod and its fishery". Codfishes: Atlantic Cod and its fishery, 2008. 3 November 2008 [http://science.jrank.org/pages/1563/Codfishes.html Free Site Search Engine]</ref>
The fishery has only recently begun to recover, and may never fully recover because of a possibly stable change in the [[food chain]]. Atlantic cod was a top-tier predator, along with [[haddock]], [[flounder]] and [[hake]], feeding upon smaller prey, such as [[herring]], [[capelin]], [[shrimp]], and [[snow crab]].<ref name=Frank>{{cite journal|author=Kenneth T. Frank |author2=Brian Petrie |author3=Jae S. Choi |author4=William C. Leggett|year=2005|title=Trophic Cascades in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=308 |pages=1621–1623 |doi=10.1126/science.1113075|pmid=15947186|issue=5728 }}</ref> With the large predatory fish removed, their prey have had population explosions and have become the top predators, affecting the survival rates of cod eggs and fry.
[[File:Atlantic cod under a shipwreck.jpg|thumb|left|Atlantic cod are [[demersal fish]]—they prefer sea bottoms with coarse sediments.<ref>[http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/cod/species_pages/atlantic_cod.htm Atlantic cod] ''NOAA FishWatch''. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</ref>]]
In the winter of 2011–2012, the cod fishery succeeded in convincing [[NOAA]] to postpone for one year the planned 82% reduction in catch limits. Instead, the limit was reduced by 22%. The fishery brought in $15.8 million in 2010, coming second behind Georges Bank haddock among the region's 20 regulated bottom-dwelling [[groundfish]]. Data released in 2011 indicated that even closing the fishery would not allow populations to rebound by 2014 to levels required under federal law. Restrictions on cod effectively limit fishing on other groundfish species with which the cod swim, such as [[flounder]] and haddock.<ref name="Press">{{cite news |author=The Associated Press |title=Cod Fishermen's Alarm Outlasts Reprieve on Catch Limits |work=The New York Times |date=12 February 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/us/cod-fishermens-alarm-outlasts-reprieve-on-catch-limits.html}}</ref>
Cod populations or stocks can differ significantly both in appearance and biology. For instance, the cod stocks of the [[Baltic Sea]] are adapted to low-salinity water. Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks; however, these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks. Some major stocks/management units on the Canadian/US shelf are the Southern Labrador-Eastern Newfoundland stock (NAFO divisions 2J3KL), the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock (NAFO divisions 3Pn4RS), the Northern [[Scotian Shelf]] stock (NAFO divisions 4VsW), which all lie in Canadian waters, and the Georges Bank and [[Gulf of Maine]] stocks in United States waters. In the European Atlantic, the numerous separate stocks are on the shelves of Iceland, the coast of Norway, the Barents Sea, the Faroe Islands, off western Scotland, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the [[Celtic Sea]], and the Baltic Sea.
===Northeast Atlantic cod===
[[File:NEAcodBiomass.png|thumb|Estimated biomass of the Northeast Arctic cod stock for the period 1946–2012, in million tons: Light blue bars represent the immature fraction of the stock, while the darker blue bars represent the spawning biomass.<ref>Arctic Fisheries Working Group of [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|ICES]], published in the ICES Report AFWG CM 2013, ACOM:05. The estimation method was standard [[virtual population analysis]].</ref>]]
The Northeast Atlantic has the world's largest population of cod. By far, the largest part of this population is the Northeast Arctic cod, as it is labelled by the [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|ICES]], or the Arcto-Norwegian cod stock, also referred to as ''skrei'', a Norwegian name meaning something like "the wanderer", distinguishing it from coastal cod. The Northeast Arctic cod is found in the [[Barents Sea]] area. This stock spawns in March and April along the Norwegian coast, about 40% around the [[Lofoten]] [[archipelago]]. Newly hatched larvae drift northwards with the coastal current while feeding on larval [[copepod]]s. By summer, the young cod reach the Barents Sea, where they stay for the rest of their lives, until their spawning migration. As the cod grow, they feed on [[krill]] and other small crustaceans and fish. Adult cod primarily feed on fish such as [[capelin]] and [[Atlantic herring|herring]]. The northeast Arctic cod also show [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalistic]] behaviour. Estimated stock size was {{cvt|2260000|tonnes}} in 2008.
The North Sea cod stock is primarily fished by [[European Union]] member states and Norway. In 1999, the catch was divided among Denmark (31%), Scotland (25%), the rest of the [[United Kingdom]] (12%), the [[Netherlands]] (10%), [[Belgium]], [[Germany]] and [[Norway]] (17%). In the 1970s, the annual catch rose to between {{cvt|200000|and|300000|tonnes}}. Due to concerns about [[overfishing]], catch quotas were repeatedly reduced in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2003, ICES stated a high risk existed of stock collapse if then current exploitation levels continued, and recommended a moratorium on catching Atlantic cod in the North Sea during 2004. However, agriculture and fisheries ministers from the [[Council of the European Union]] endorsed the EU/Norway Agreement and set the total allowable catch <!-- (TAC) --> at {{cvt|27300|tonnes}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portunusgroup.com/products/atlantic-cod/|title=Our Products: Atlantic Cod|work=portunusgroup.com|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref> [[Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification#Guides and advisory lists|Seafood sustainability guides]], such as the [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]]'s [[Seafood Watch]], often recommend environmentally conscious customers not purchase Atlantic cod.
The stock of Northeast Arctic cod was more than four million tons following [[World War II]], but declined to a historic minimum of {{cvt|740000|tonnes}} in 1983. The catch reached a historic maximum of {{cvt|1343000|tonnes}} in 1956, and bottomed out at {{cvt|212000|tonnes}} in 1990. Since 2000, the spawning stock has increased quite quickly, helped by low fishing pressure. The total catch in 2012 was {{cvt|754131|tonnes}}, the major fishers being Norway and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325115725/http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515|title=ICES Stock Database Disclaimer|accessdate=25 March 2014|archive-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>
==Human consumption==
[[File:Torskfilé (Gadus morhua) - Ystad-2017.jpg|thumb|left|Atlantic cod used as food]]
==See also==
*[[Cod#Cod trade and history|Cod trade history]]
*[[Cod War]]
*[[Sacred Cod]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}
==References==
This article incorporates CC BY-2.0 text from the reference.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Perdiguero-Alonso | first1 = D. | last2 = Montero | first2 = F. E. | last3 = Raga | first3 = J. A. | last4 = Kostadinova | first4 = A. | year = 2008 | title = Composition and structure of the parasite faunas of cod, ''Gadus morhua'' L. (Teleostei: Gadidae), in the North East Atlantic | url = | journal = [[Parasites & Vectors]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1| page = 23 | doi = 10.1186/1756-3305-1-23 | pmid = 18638387 | pmc = 2503959 }}</ref>
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{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Gadus morhua}}
{{Commons category|Gadus morhua|Atlantic cod}}
* [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?genusname=Gadus&speciesname=morhua FishBase]
* [http://www.ucd.ie/codtrace/codbio.htm Codtrace]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040405134957/http://www.cefas.co.uk/fishinfo/gadus_morhua.htm The Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science]
* [http://www.cdli.ca/cod/home1.htm The history of the northern cod fishery in Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033246/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/oct/cod-347d.pdf ICES recommendation for the North Sea Cod stock (2007)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033243/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/may/cod-arct.pdf ICES recommendation for the North East Arctic Cod stock (2007)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090605190719/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/reports-rapports-eng.htm Reports on the status of Canadian fishing stocks, including cod]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070305182003/http://www.fisheries.no/marine_stocks/fish_stocks/cod/north_east_arctic_cod.htm Governmental Norwegian fact sheet on North-East Arctic Cod]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123943/http://www.fisherieswiki.org/species/show/1 Atlantic cod-Gadus morhua fishery profiles] Status of Atlantic cod fisheries, summarised in FisheriesWiki
* {{eol|206692}}
* View the [http://www.ensembl.org/Gadus_morhua/Info/Index/ Atlantic cod genome] in [[Ensembl]]
* [http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/stats/commercial/sea-maritimes-eng.htm Government of Canada Seafisheries Landings]
* {{UCSC genomes|gadMor1}}
* {{sealifephotos|126436}}
{{commercial fish topics|state=expanded}}
{{cod topics}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q199788}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:cod, Atlantic}}
[[Category:Gadus|Atlantic cod]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Fish of the Arctic Ocean]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of the Baltic Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of Greenland]]
[[Category:Fauna of Newfoundland and Labrador]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Sport fish]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758|Atlantic cod]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|Atlantic cod]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'thicccccccccccccccccccccc James Charles peen '''greenfish'''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted '''[[stockfish]]''',<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish | 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|In [[South Africa]], however, "stockfish" refers to the [[South African hake|local hake]] (''Merluccius capensis'').}} as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] '''[[salt cod]]''' or '''[[clipfish]]'''.{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include '''cured cod''',<ref name=greencod/> '''ling''',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and '''haberdine'''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as '''green cod''', '''white cod''', '''corefish''',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> '''coursfish''',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}
In the western [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[cod]] has a distribution north of [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], and around both coasts of [[Greenland]] and the [[Labrador Sea]]; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the [[Bay of Biscay]] north to the [[Arctic Ocean]], including the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[North Sea]], [[Sea of the Hebrides]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, (2011) [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 ''Sea of the Hebrides''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 |date=May 24, 2013 }}. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</ref> areas around [[Iceland]] and the [[Barents Sea]].
The largest individual on record was {{cvt|6|ft|m|order=flip}} long and weighed {{cvt|211|lb|kg|order=flip}}, but usually the cod is between {{cvt|24|in|cm|order=flip}} and {{cvt|4|ft|m|order=flip}} long and weighs up to {{cvt|88|lb|kg|order=flip}}. Males and females are similar in size and weight.<ref>{{cite book|title=Field Guide to Fishes, National Audubon Society|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=978-0-375-41224-0|pages=224|edition=2nd Edition fully revised, April 2002|year=2002|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00nati_1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gadus_morhua/|title=Gadus morhua (Cod)|website=Animal Diversity Web|language=en|access-date=2017-02-13}}</ref>
Atlantic cod can live for 25 years, and usually attain sexual maturity between ages two and four,<ref>O'Brien, L., J. Burnett, and R. K. Mayo. (1993) Maturation of Nineteen Species of Finfish off the Northeast Coast of the United States, 1985–1990. NOAA Tech. Report. NMFS 113, 66 p.</ref> although cod in the northeast Arctic can take as long as eight years to mature fully.<ref name="ices.dk">ICES (2007), Arctic Fisheries Working Group
Report, Section 03, Table 3.5,
[http://www.ices.dk/reports/ACOM/2007/AFWG/03-5North%20East%20Arctic%20Cod%20(Subareas%20I%20and%20II).pdf International Council for the Exploration of the Sea]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
(accessed 2008/12/11)</ref> Colouring is brown or green, with spots on the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] side, shading to silver ventrally. A stripe along its [[lateral line]] (used to detect vibrations)<ref name="Bleckmann 13–25">{{Cite journal|last=Bleckmann|first=Horst|last2=Zelick|first2=Randy|date=2009-03-01|title=Lateral line system of fish|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=13–25|doi=10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00131.x|issn=1749-4877|pmid=21392273}}</ref> is clearly visible. Its [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] ranges from the shoreline down to the [[continental shelf]].
Several cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s (declined by >95% of maximum historical [[biomass]]) and have failed to fully recover even with the cessation of fishing.<ref name=Frank/> This absence of the [[apex predator]] has led to a [[trophic cascade]] in many areas.<ref name=Frank/> Many other cod stocks remain at risk. The Atlantic cod is labelled vulnerable on the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref name="IUCN">{{Cite journal | author = J. Sobel | title = ''Gadus morhua'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 1996 | page = e.T8784A12931575 | date = 1996 | url = http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/8784/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en | access-date = 6 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181108220213/http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/8784/0 | archive-date = 8 November 2018 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
==Lifecycle==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Gravid female cod.jpg|[[Gravid]] female in captivity
File:Jonge kabeljauwen of gul nieuwsgierig bij een wrak-4885743.webm|Juveniles on a wreck in the [[North Sea]]
File:Gadus morhua (head).jpg|Atlantic cod juvenile
File:Gadus morhua Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG|Adult
</gallery>
Adult cod form spawning aggregations from late winter to spring.<ref>{{cite journal |author=K. M. Brander |year=1994 |title=The location and timing of cod spawning around the British Isles |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=71–89 |url=http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/51/1/71 |doi=10.1006/jmsc.1994.1007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kai Wieland |author2=Astrid Jarre-Teichmann |author3=Katarzyna Horbowa |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2000 |title=Changes in the timing of spawning of Baltic cod: possible causes and implications for recruitment |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=452–464 |url=http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/2/452 |doi=10.1006/jmsc.1999.0522}}</ref> Females release their eggs in batches,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Beth E. |last=Scott |first2=Gudrun |last2=Marteinsdottir |first3=Gavin A. |last3=Begg |first4=Peter J. |last4=Wright |first5=Olav Sigurd |last5=Kjesbu |year=2005 |title=Effects of population size/age structure, condition and temporal dynamics of spawning on reproductive output in Atlantic cod (''Gadus morhua'') |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=191 |issue=3–4 |pages=383–415 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.05.015 }}</ref> and males compete to fertilize them.<ref>{{cite journal |author=J. A. Hutchings |author2=T. D. Bishop |author3=C. R. McGregor-Shaw |year=1999 |title=Spawning behaviour of Atlantic cod, ''Gadus morhua'': evidence of mate competition and mate choice in a broadcast spawner |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=97–104 |url=http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=1205-7533&volume=56&issue=1&startPage=97 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120227014507/http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=1205-7533&volume=56&issue=1&startPage=97 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-02-27 |doi=10.1139/cjfas-56-1-97 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=J. T. Nordeide |year=2000 |title=Is cod lekking or a promiscuous group spawner? |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=90–93 |doi=10.1046/j.1467-2979.2000.00005.x |last2=Folstad}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=D. Bekkevold |author2=M. M. Hansen |author3=V. Loeschcke |last-author-amp=yes |year=2002 |title=Male reproductive competition in spawning aggregations of cod |journal=[[Molecular Ecology (journal)|Molecular Ecology]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=91–102 |doi=10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01424.x |pmid=11903907 }}</ref> Fertilized eggs drift with ocean currents and develop into larvae ("fry"). Age of maturation varies between cod stocks, from ages two to four in the west Atlantic,<ref>O'Brien, L.,
J. Burnett, and R. K. Mayo. (1993) Maturation of Nineteen Species of Finfish off the Northeast Coast of the United States, 1985–1990. [[NOAA]] Tech. Report. NMFS 113, 66 p.</ref> but as late as eight years in the northeast Arctic.<ref name="ices.dk" /> Cod can live for 13 years or more.<ref>ICES (2007), Arctic Fisheries Working Group Report, Section 03, [http://www.ices.dk/reports/ACOM/2007/AFWG/03-North%20East%20Arctic%20Cod%20(Subareas%20I%20and%20II).pdf International Council for the Exploration of the Sea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612100447/http://www.ices.dk/reports/ACOM/2007/AFWG/03-North%20East%20Arctic%20Cod%20%28Subareas%20I%20and%20II%29.pdf |date=2011-06-12 }} (accessed 2008/12/11)</ref>
{{clear left}}
==Taxonomy==
The Atlantic cod is one of three cod species in the genus ''[[Gadus]] ''along with [[Pacific cod]] and [[Greenland cod]]. A variety of fish species are colloquially known as cod, but they are not all classified within the ''Gadus'', though some are in the Atlantic cod family, [[Gadidae]].
==Behaviour==
===Shoaling===
[[File:Kabeljauwen houden zich op bij een wrak en bevrijden zichzelf-4885741.webm|{{largethumb}}|[[Shoaling and schooling|Shoaling]] Atlantic cod on a wreck in the [[North Sea]]]]
Atlantic cod are a [[Shoaling and schooling|shoaling]] species and move in large, size-structured aggregations. Larger fish act as scouts and lead the shoal's direction, particularly during post [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]] [[Fish migration|migrations]] inshore for feeding. Cod actively feed during migration and changes in shoal structure occur when food is encountered. Shoals are generally thought to be relatively leaderless, with all fish having equal status and an equal distribution of resources and benefits.<ref name=Pitcher>{{cite book|last=Pitcher|first=TJ, Parrish JK|title=Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts|year=1993|publisher=Chapman and Hall|pages=363–427}}</ref> However, some studies suggest that leading fish gain certain feeding benefits. One study of a migrating Atlantic cod shoal showed significant variability in feeding habits based on size and position in the shoal. Larger scouts consumed a more variable, higher quantity of food, while trailing fish had less variable diets and consumed less food. Fish distribution throughout the shoal seems to be dictated by fish size, and ultimately, the smaller lagging fish likely benefit from shoaling because they are more successful in feeding in the shoal than they would be if migrating individually, due to social facilitation.<ref name=DeBlois>{{cite journal|last=DeBlois|first=Elisabeth M.|author2=Rose, George A.|title=Cross-shoal variability in the feeding habits of migrating Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)|journal=Oecologia|date=1 January 1996|volume=108|issue=1|pages=192–196|doi=10.1007/BF00333231}}</ref>
===Predation===
[[File:Jonge kabeljauwen oftewel gul rondom een wrak met andere vissen-4885742.webm|left|{{largethumb}}|Young Atlantic cod avoid larger cod and pouting (''[[Trisopterus luscus]]'') and crabs on a wreck in the southern [[North Sea]]]]
Atlantic cod are apex predators in the Baltic and adults are generally free from the concerns of [[predation]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Steneck|first=R. S.|title=Apex predators and trophic cascades in large marine ecosystems: Learning from serendipity|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=14 May 2012|volume=109|issue=21|pages=7953–7954|doi=10.1073/pnas.1205591109|pmid=22586126|pmc=3361373}}</ref> Juvenile cod, however, may serve as prey for adult cod, which sometimes practice [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]]. Juvenile cod make substrate decisions based on risk of predation. Substrates refer to different feeding and swimming environments. Without apparent risk of predation, juvenile cod demonstrated a preference for finer-grained substrates such as sand and gravel-pebble. However, in the presence of a predator, they preferred to seek safety in the space available between stones of a cobble substrate. Selection of cobble significantly reduces the risk of predation. Without access to cobble, the juvenile cod simply tries to escape a predator by fleeing.
Additionally, juvenile Atlantic cod vary their behaviour according to the foraging behaviour of predators. In the vicinity of a passive predator, cod behaviour changes very little. The juveniles prefer finer-grained substrates and otherwise avoid the safer kelp, steering clear of the predator. In contrast, in the presence of an actively foraging predator, juveniles are highly avoidant and hide in cobble or in kelp if cobble is unavailable.<ref name=Gotceitas>{{cite journal|last=Gotceitas|first=V|author2=S. Fraser |author3=J.A. Brown|title=Habitat use by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the presence of an actively foraging and non-foraging predator|journal=Marine Biology|year=1995|volume=123 | issue = 3|pages=421–430|doi=10.1007/bf00349220}}</ref>
As apex predators, heavy fishing of cod in the 1990s and the collapse of American and Canadian cod stocks resulted in trophic cascades. [[Overfishing]] cod removed a significant predatory pressure on other Atlantic fish and crustacean species. Population-limiting effects on several species including [[American lobster]]s, [[crab]]s, and [[shrimp]] from cod predation have decreased significantly, and the abundance of these species and their increasing range serve as evidence of the Atlantic cod's role as a major predator rather than prey.<ref name=":0" />
===Swimming===
Atlantic cod have been recorded to swim at speeds of a minimum of {{cvt|2|-|5|cm/s}} and a maximum of {{cvt|21|-|54|cm/s}} with a mean swimming speed of {{cvt|9|-|17|cm/s}}. In one hour, cod have been recorded to cover a mean range of {{cvt|99|to|226|m2}}. Swimming speed was higher during the day than at night. This is reflected in the fact that cod more actively search for food during the day. Cod likely modify their activity pattern according to the length of daylight, thus activity varies with time of year.<ref name=Lokkeborg>{{cite journal|last=LØKKEBORG|first=SVEIN|title=Feeding behaviour of cod, Gadus morhua: activity rhythm and chemically mediated food search|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=1 August 1998|volume=56|issue=2|pages=371–378|doi=10.1006/anbe.1998.0772|pmid=9787028}}</ref>
===Response to changing temperatures===
Swimming and physiological behaviours change in response to fluctuations in water temperature. [[Respirometry]] experiments show that heart rates of Atlantic cod change drastically with changes in temperature of only a few degrees. A rise in water temperature causes marked increases in cod swimming activity. Cod typically avoid new temperature conditions, and the temperatures can dictate where they are distributed in water. They prefer to be deeper, in colder water layers during the day, and in shallower, warmer water layers at night. These fine-tuned behavioural changes to water temperature are driven by an effort to maintain homeostasis to preserve energy. This is demonstrated by the fact that a decrease of only {{convert|2.5|C-change|0}} caused a highly costly increase in metabolic rate of 15 to 30%.<ref name=Claireaux>{{cite journal|last=Claireaux|first=G|title=Physiology and behaviour of free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) facing fluctuating temperature conditions|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|year=1995|volume=198 | issue = 1|pages=49–60|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/198/1/49.short|accessdate=27 October 2013|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
==Feeding and diet==
Stomach sampling studies have discovered that small Atlantic cod feed primarily on crustaceans, while large Atlantic cod feed primarily on fish.<ref name=Daan>{{cite journal|last=Daan|first=N.|title=A quantitative analysis of the food intake of North Sea cod, Gadus Morhua|journal=Netherlands Journal of Sea Research|date=1 December 1973|volume=6|issue=4|pages=479–517|doi=10.1016/0077-7579(73)90002-1}}</ref> In certain regions, the main food source is [[decapods]] with fish as a complementary food item in the diet.<ref name=Klemetsen>{{cite journal|last=Klemetsen|first=A.|title=Food and feeding habits of cod from the Balsfjord, northern Norway during a one-year period|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|date=1 May 1982|volume=40|issue=2|pages=101–111|doi=10.1093/icesjms/40.2.101}}</ref> Wild Atlantic cod throughout the [[North Sea]] depend, to a large extent, on commercial fish species also used in fisheries, such as [[Atlantic mackerel]], [[haddock]], [[Merlangius|whiting]], [[Atlantic herring]], [[European plaice]], and [[common sole]], making fishery manipulation of cod significantly easier.<ref name=Daan /> Ultimately, food selection by cod is affected by the food item size relative to their own size. However, providing for size, cod do exhibit food preference and are not simply driven by availability.<ref name=Daan />
Atlantic cod practice some [[cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]]. In the southern North Sea, 1–2% (by weight) of stomach contents for cod larger than {{cvt|10|cm}} consisted of juvenile cod. In the northern North Sea, cannibalism was higher, at 10%.<ref name=Daan /> Other reports of cannibalism have estimated as high as 56% of the diet consists of juvenile cod.<ref name="Ponomarenko 1965 349–354">{{cite journal|last=Ponomarenko|first=I. Ja|title=Comparative characteristics of some biological indices of the bottom stages of 0-group cod belonging to the 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961 year-classes|journal=Spec. Publ. Int. Comm. Northw. Atlant. Fish|year=1965|pages=349–354}}</ref>
==Reproduction==
[[File:Gadus morhua (High Arctic, Canada).png|thumb|Atlantic cod in a High Arctic Lake in Canada. These cod resemble those of past Atlantic catches. Measuring {{cvt|47|-|53|in|cm|order=flip}} long and weighing between {{cvt|44|and|57|lb|kg|order=flip}}, it is easy to see that today's {{cvt|16|-|20|in|cm|order=flip}} commercially caught cod are less than half this size.]]
Atlantic cod reproduce during a 1- to 2-month spawning season annually. Males and females aggregate in [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]] schools and each spawning season yields an average of 8.3 egg batches. Females release gametes in a ventral mount, and males then [[fertilization|fertilize]] the released eggs. Evidence suggests male sound production and other sexually selected characteristics allow female cod to actively choose a spawning partner. Males also exhibit aggressive interactions for access to females.<ref name=Hutchings>{{cite journal|last=Hutchings|first=Jeffrey A|author2=Bishop, Todd D|author3= McGregor-Shaw, Carolyn R|title=Spawning behaviour of Atlantic cod: evidence of mate competition and mate choice in a broadcast spawner|journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|date=1 January 1999|volume=56|issue=1|pages=97–104|doi=10.1139/f98-216}}</ref> Based on behavioral observations of cod, <!-- some researchers have hypothesized --> that cod mating systems resemble those of [[lekking]] species, which is characterized by males aggregating and establishing dominance hierarchies, at which point females may visit and choose a spawning partner based on status and sexual characteristics.<ref name="Ponomarenko 1965 349–354"/>
Cod males experience reproductive hierarchies based on size. Larger cod males are ultimately more successful in mating and produce the largest proportion of offspring in a population. However, cod males do experience high levels of [[sperm competition]]. In 75% of examined spawning in one study, sperm from multiple males contributed to offspring. As a result of high competition and unpredictable paternity, males may engage in varied [[Mating strategy|mating strategies]] and may invest in [[courtship]] or may simply ejaculate with other spawning couples. Spawning success also varies according to male size relative to female size. Males that are significantly smaller than females demonstrate significantly lower success rates relative to males that are larger than females.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bekkevold|first=D|author2=Hansen, M M|author3= Loeschcke, V|title=Male reproductive competition in spawning aggregations of cod (Gadus morhua, L.)|journal=Molecular Ecology|date=1 January 2002|volume=11|issue=1|pages=91–102|doi=10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01424.x|pmid=11903907}}</ref>
== Parasites ==
{{see also|Diseases and parasites in cod}}
Atlantic cod act as intermediate, paratenic, or definitive hosts to a large number of parasite species: 107 taxa listed by Hemmingsen and MacKenzie (2001)<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> and seven new records by Perdiguero-Alonso et al. (2008).<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> The predominant groups of cod parasites in the northeast Atlantic were trematodes (19 species) and nematodes (13 species), including larval anisakids, which comprised 58.2% of the total number of individuals.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> Parasites of Atlantic cod include copepods, digeneans, monogeneans, acanthocephalans, cestodes, nematodes, myxozoans, and protozoans.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/>
==Fisheries==
[[File:Total harvest of Atlantic cod 1950-2012.png|thumb|right|Capture of Northeast and Northwest Atlantic cod 1950–2012, ([[FAO]])]]
{{See also|Cod fisheries}}
===Northwest Atlantic cod===
{{main|Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery}}
The Northwest Atlantic cod has been regarded as heavily overfished throughout its range, resulting in a crash in the fishery in the United States and Canada during the early 1990s.
Newfoundland's northern cod fishery can be traced back to the 16th century. On average, about {{cvt|300000|tonnes}} of cod were landed annually until the 1960s, when advances in technology enabled factory trawlers to take larger catches. By 1968, landings for the fish peaked at {{cvt|800000|tonnes}} before a gradual decline set in. With the reopening of the limited cod fisheries in 2006, nearly {{cvt|2700|tonnes}} of cod were hauled in. In 2007, offshore cod stocks were estimated at 1% of what they were in 1977.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2007/07/02/cod-moratorium.html?ref=rss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104111114/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2007/07/02/cod-moratorium.html?ref=rss |title=N.L. funds cod fishery research on 15th anniversary of moratorium |date=2 July 2007 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref>
Technologies that contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod include engine-powered vessels and frozen food compartments aboard ships. Engine-powered vessels had larger nets, greater range, and better navigation. The capacity to catch fish became limitless. In addition, sonar technology gave an edge to detecting and catching fish. Sonar was originally developed during World War II to locate enemy submarines, but was later applied to locating schools of fish. These new technologies, as well as bottom trawlers that destroyed entire ecosystems, contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod. They were vastly different from old techniques used, such as hand lines and long lines.<ref>Freedman, Bill. "Atlantic Cod and its fishery". Codfishes: Atlantic Cod and its fishery, 2008. 3 November 2008 [http://science.jrank.org/pages/1563/Codfishes.html Free Site Search Engine]</ref>
The fishery has only recently begun to recover, and may never fully recover because of a possibly stable change in the [[food chain]]. Atlantic cod was a top-tier predator, along with [[haddock]], [[flounder]] and [[hake]], feeding upon smaller prey, such as [[herring]], [[capelin]], [[shrimp]], and [[snow crab]].<ref name=Frank>{{cite journal|author=Kenneth T. Frank |author2=Brian Petrie |author3=Jae S. Choi |author4=William C. Leggett|year=2005|title=Trophic Cascades in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=308 |pages=1621–1623 |doi=10.1126/science.1113075|pmid=15947186|issue=5728 }}</ref> With the large predatory fish removed, their prey have had population explosions and have become the top predators, affecting the survival rates of cod eggs and fry.
[[File:Atlantic cod under a shipwreck.jpg|thumb|left|Atlantic cod are [[demersal fish]]—they prefer sea bottoms with coarse sediments.<ref>[http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/cod/species_pages/atlantic_cod.htm Atlantic cod] ''NOAA FishWatch''. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</ref>]]
In the winter of 2011–2012, the cod fishery succeeded in convincing [[NOAA]] to postpone for one year the planned 82% reduction in catch limits. Instead, the limit was reduced by 22%. The fishery brought in $15.8 million in 2010, coming second behind Georges Bank haddock among the region's 20 regulated bottom-dwelling [[groundfish]]. Data released in 2011 indicated that even closing the fishery would not allow populations to rebound by 2014 to levels required under federal law. Restrictions on cod effectively limit fishing on other groundfish species with which the cod swim, such as [[flounder]] and haddock.<ref name="Press">{{cite news |author=The Associated Press |title=Cod Fishermen's Alarm Outlasts Reprieve on Catch Limits |work=The New York Times |date=12 February 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/us/cod-fishermens-alarm-outlasts-reprieve-on-catch-limits.html}}</ref>
Cod populations or stocks can differ significantly both in appearance and biology. For instance, the cod stocks of the [[Baltic Sea]] are adapted to low-salinity water. Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks; however, these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks. Some major stocks/management units on the Canadian/US shelf are the Southern Labrador-Eastern Newfoundland stock (NAFO divisions 2J3KL), the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock (NAFO divisions 3Pn4RS), the Northern [[Scotian Shelf]] stock (NAFO divisions 4VsW), which all lie in Canadian waters, and the Georges Bank and [[Gulf of Maine]] stocks in United States waters. In the European Atlantic, the numerous separate stocks are on the shelves of Iceland, the coast of Norway, the Barents Sea, the Faroe Islands, off western Scotland, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the [[Celtic Sea]], and the Baltic Sea.
===Northeast Atlantic cod===
[[File:NEAcodBiomass.png|thumb|Estimated biomass of the Northeast Arctic cod stock for the period 1946–2012, in million tons: Light blue bars represent the immature fraction of the stock, while the darker blue bars represent the spawning biomass.<ref>Arctic Fisheries Working Group of [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|ICES]], published in the ICES Report AFWG CM 2013, ACOM:05. The estimation method was standard [[virtual population analysis]].</ref>]]
The Northeast Atlantic has the world's largest population of cod. By far, the largest part of this population is the Northeast Arctic cod, as it is labelled by the [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|ICES]], or the Arcto-Norwegian cod stock, also referred to as ''skrei'', a Norwegian name meaning something like "the wanderer", distinguishing it from coastal cod. The Northeast Arctic cod is found in the [[Barents Sea]] area. This stock spawns in March and April along the Norwegian coast, about 40% around the [[Lofoten]] [[archipelago]]. Newly hatched larvae drift northwards with the coastal current while feeding on larval [[copepod]]s. By summer, the young cod reach the Barents Sea, where they stay for the rest of their lives, until their spawning migration. As the cod grow, they feed on [[krill]] and other small crustaceans and fish. Adult cod primarily feed on fish such as [[capelin]] and [[Atlantic herring|herring]]. The northeast Arctic cod also show [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalistic]] behaviour. Estimated stock size was {{cvt|2260000|tonnes}} in 2008.
The North Sea cod stock is primarily fished by [[European Union]] member states and Norway. In 1999, the catch was divided among Denmark (31%), Scotland (25%), the rest of the [[United Kingdom]] (12%), the [[Netherlands]] (10%), [[Belgium]], [[Germany]] and [[Norway]] (17%). In the 1970s, the annual catch rose to between {{cvt|200000|and|300000|tonnes}}. Due to concerns about [[overfishing]], catch quotas were repeatedly reduced in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2003, ICES stated a high risk existed of stock collapse if then current exploitation levels continued, and recommended a moratorium on catching Atlantic cod in the North Sea during 2004. However, agriculture and fisheries ministers from the [[Council of the European Union]] endorsed the EU/Norway Agreement and set the total allowable catch <!-- (TAC) --> at {{cvt|27300|tonnes}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portunusgroup.com/products/atlantic-cod/|title=Our Products: Atlantic Cod|work=portunusgroup.com|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref> [[Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification#Guides and advisory lists|Seafood sustainability guides]], such as the [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]]'s [[Seafood Watch]], often recommend environmentally conscious customers not purchase Atlantic cod.
The stock of Northeast Arctic cod was more than four million tons following [[World War II]], but declined to a historic minimum of {{cvt|740000|tonnes}} in 1983. The catch reached a historic maximum of {{cvt|1343000|tonnes}} in 1956, and bottomed out at {{cvt|212000|tonnes}} in 1990. Since 2000, the spawning stock has increased quite quickly, helped by low fishing pressure. The total catch in 2012 was {{cvt|754131|tonnes}}, the major fishers being Norway and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325115725/http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515|title=ICES Stock Database Disclaimer|accessdate=25 March 2014|archive-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>
==Human consumption==
[[File:Torskfilé (Gadus morhua) - Ystad-2017.jpg|thumb|left|Atlantic cod used as food]]
==See also==
*[[Cod#Cod trade and history|Cod trade history]]
*[[Cod War]]
*[[Sacred Cod]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}
==References==
This article incorporates CC BY-2.0 text from the reference.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Perdiguero-Alonso | first1 = D. | last2 = Montero | first2 = F. E. | last3 = Raga | first3 = J. A. | last4 = Kostadinova | first4 = A. | year = 2008 | title = Composition and structure of the parasite faunas of cod, ''Gadus morhua'' L. (Teleostei: Gadidae), in the North East Atlantic | url = | journal = [[Parasites & Vectors]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1| page = 23 | doi = 10.1186/1756-3305-1-23 | pmid = 18638387 | pmc = 2503959 }}</ref>
<!--<nowiki>
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below.
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{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Gadus morhua}}
{{Commons category|Gadus morhua|Atlantic cod}}
* [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?genusname=Gadus&speciesname=morhua FishBase]
* [http://www.ucd.ie/codtrace/codbio.htm Codtrace]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040405134957/http://www.cefas.co.uk/fishinfo/gadus_morhua.htm The Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science]
* [http://www.cdli.ca/cod/home1.htm The history of the northern cod fishery in Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033246/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/oct/cod-347d.pdf ICES recommendation for the North Sea Cod stock (2007)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033243/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/may/cod-arct.pdf ICES recommendation for the North East Arctic Cod stock (2007)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090605190719/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/reports-rapports-eng.htm Reports on the status of Canadian fishing stocks, including cod]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070305182003/http://www.fisheries.no/marine_stocks/fish_stocks/cod/north_east_arctic_cod.htm Governmental Norwegian fact sheet on North-East Arctic Cod]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123943/http://www.fisherieswiki.org/species/show/1 Atlantic cod-Gadus morhua fishery profiles] Status of Atlantic cod fisheries, summarised in FisheriesWiki
* {{eol|206692}}
* View the [http://www.ensembl.org/Gadus_morhua/Info/Index/ Atlantic cod genome] in [[Ensembl]]
* [http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/stats/commercial/sea-maritimes-eng.htm Government of Canada Seafisheries Landings]
* {{UCSC genomes|gadMor1}}
* {{sealifephotos|126436}}
{{commercial fish topics|state=expanded}}
{{cod topics}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q199788}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:cod, Atlantic}}
[[Category:Gadus|Atlantic cod]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Fish of the Arctic Ocean]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of the Baltic Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of Greenland]]
[[Category:Fauna of Newfoundland and Labrador]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Sport fish]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758|Atlantic cod]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|Atlantic cod]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,26 +1,3 @@
-{{Speciesbox
-| name = Atlantic cod
-| status = VU
-| status_system = IUCN2.3
-| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN"/>
-| image = Atlantic cod.jpg
-| taxon = Gadus morhua
-| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
-| range_map = Gadus morhua-Atlantic cod.png
-| range_map_caption = Distribution of Atlantic cod
-| synonyms = *''Asellus major''
-*''Gadus callarias'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
-*''Gadus vertagus'' <small>[[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792</small>
-*''Gadus heteroglossus'' <small>Walbaum, 1792</small>
-*''Gadus ruber'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacepède]], 1803</small>
-*''Gadus arenosus'' <small>[[Samuel L. Mitchill|Mitchill]], 1815</small>
-*''Gadus rupestris'' <small>Mitchill, 1815</small>
-*''Morhua vulgaris'' <small>[[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1828</small>
-*''Morhua punctatus'' <small>Fleming, 1828</small>
-*''Gadus nanus'' <small>Faber, 1829</small>
-*''Morrhua americana'' <small>[[David Humphreys Storer|Storer]], 1839</small>
-}}
-
-The '''Atlantic cod''' (''Gadus morhua'') is a [[benthopelagic]] fish of the family [[Gadidae]], widely [[seafood|consumed]] by humans. It is also [[Commercial fishing|commercially]] known as '''[[cod]]''' or '''codling'''.<ref name=seaport>[http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua:Atlantic_cod ''Atlantic Cod''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225151638/http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua%3AAtlantic_cod |date=2009-12-25 }}. Seafood Portal.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|During the Middle Ages, [[Middle English]] used many, many forms of '''mulvel''', '''milvel''', '''melvel''', and '''milwell''' to refer to fresh, large cod<ref name=milwell/> and '''morhwell''' to refer to smaller ones.<ref name=morwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "morhwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref> Fresh cod was also known as the '''common cod''',<ref>{{Citation |last=Richardson |first=John |title=Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. |volume=Vol. III: The Fish |contribution=93. Gadus Morrhua. (Auct.) ''Common Cod-fish'' |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc5cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA242 |pp=242–245 |location=London |publisher=Richard Bentley |date=1836 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Grant |first=Francis William |title=The New Statistical Account of Scotland |volume=Vol. XI |contribution=Parish of Banff (Presbytery of Fordyce, Synod of Aberdeen.) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5DVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |p=12 |date=1836 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons }}.</ref> the '''Scotch cod''',<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Riley |editor-first=Henry Thomas |title=Munimenta Gildallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn |volume=Vol. II, Part II., containing Liber Custumarum, with extracts from the Cottonian MS Claudius, D. II. |date=1860 |location=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode for Her Majesty's Stationery Office |contribution=Glossary of Mediæval Latin |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMMKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA816 |p=816 }}.</ref> and as the '''green fish''' or '''greenfish'''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted '''[[stockfish]]''',<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish | 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|In [[South Africa]], however, "stockfish" refers to the [[South African hake|local hake]] (''Merluccius capensis'').}} as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] '''[[salt cod]]''' or '''[[clipfish]]'''.{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include '''cured cod''',<ref name=greencod/> '''ling''',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and '''haberdine'''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as '''green cod''', '''white cod''', '''corefish''',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> '''coursfish''',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}
+thicccccccccccccccccccccc James Charles peen '''greenfish'''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted '''[[stockfish]]''',<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish | 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|In [[South Africa]], however, "stockfish" refers to the [[South African hake|local hake]] (''Merluccius capensis'').}} as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] '''[[salt cod]]''' or '''[[clipfish]]'''.{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include '''cured cod''',<ref name=greencod/> '''ling''',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and '''haberdine'''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as '''green cod''', '''white cod''', '''corefish''',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> '''coursfish''',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}
In the western [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[cod]] has a distribution north of [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], and around both coasts of [[Greenland]] and the [[Labrador Sea]]; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the [[Bay of Biscay]] north to the [[Arctic Ocean]], including the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[North Sea]], [[Sea of the Hebrides]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, (2011) [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 ''Sea of the Hebrides''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 |date=May 24, 2013 }}. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</ref> areas around [[Iceland]] and the [[Barents Sea]].
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0 => 'thicccccccccccccccccccccc James Charles peen '''greenfish'''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted '''[[stockfish]]''',<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish | 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|In [[South Africa]], however, "stockfish" refers to the [[South African hake|local hake]] (''Merluccius capensis'').}} as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] '''[[salt cod]]''' or '''[[clipfish]]'''.{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include '''cured cod''',<ref name=greencod/> '''ling''',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and '''haberdine'''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as '''green cod''', '''white cod''', '''corefish''',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> '''coursfish''',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}'
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0 => '{{Speciesbox',
1 => '| name = Atlantic cod',
2 => '| status = VU',
3 => '| status_system = IUCN2.3',
4 => '| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN"/>',
5 => '| image = Atlantic cod.jpg',
6 => '| taxon = Gadus morhua',
7 => '| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]',
8 => '| range_map = Gadus morhua-Atlantic cod.png',
9 => '| range_map_caption = Distribution of Atlantic cod',
10 => '| synonyms = *''Asellus major'' ',
11 => '*''Gadus callarias'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> ',
12 => '*''Gadus vertagus'' <small>[[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792</small> ',
13 => '*''Gadus heteroglossus'' <small>Walbaum, 1792</small> ',
14 => '*''Gadus ruber'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacepède]], 1803</small> ',
15 => '*''Gadus arenosus'' <small>[[Samuel L. Mitchill|Mitchill]], 1815</small> ',
16 => '*''Gadus rupestris'' <small>Mitchill, 1815</small> ',
17 => '*''Morhua vulgaris'' <small>[[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1828</small> ',
18 => '*''Morhua punctatus'' <small>Fleming, 1828</small> ',
19 => '*''Gadus nanus'' <small>Faber, 1829</small> ',
20 => '*''Morrhua americana'' <small>[[David Humphreys Storer|Storer]], 1839</small> ',
21 => '}}',
22 => '',
23 => 'The '''Atlantic cod''' (''Gadus morhua'') is a [[benthopelagic]] fish of the family [[Gadidae]], widely [[seafood|consumed]] by humans. It is also [[Commercial fishing|commercially]] known as '''[[cod]]''' or '''codling'''.<ref name=seaport>[http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua:Atlantic_cod ''Atlantic Cod''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225151638/http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua%3AAtlantic_cod |date=2009-12-25 }}. Seafood Portal.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|During the Middle Ages, [[Middle English]] used many, many forms of '''mulvel''', '''milvel''', '''melvel''', and '''milwell''' to refer to fresh, large cod<ref name=milwell/> and '''morhwell''' to refer to smaller ones.<ref name=morwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "morhwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref> Fresh cod was also known as the '''common cod''',<ref>{{Citation |last=Richardson |first=John |title=Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. |volume=Vol. III: The Fish |contribution=93. Gadus Morrhua. (Auct.) ''Common Cod-fish'' |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc5cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA242 |pp=242–245 |location=London |publisher=Richard Bentley |date=1836 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Grant |first=Francis William |title=The New Statistical Account of Scotland |volume=Vol. XI |contribution=Parish of Banff (Presbytery of Fordyce, Synod of Aberdeen.) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5DVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |p=12 |date=1836 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons }}.</ref> the '''Scotch cod''',<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Riley |editor-first=Henry Thomas |title=Munimenta Gildallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn |volume=Vol. II, Part II., containing Liber Custumarum, with extracts from the Cottonian MS Claudius, D. II. |date=1860 |location=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode for Her Majesty's Stationery Office |contribution=Glossary of Mediæval Latin |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMMKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA816 |p=816 }}.</ref> and as the '''green fish''' or '''greenfish'''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted '''[[stockfish]]''',<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish | 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|In [[South Africa]], however, "stockfish" refers to the [[South African hake|local hake]] (''Merluccius capensis'').}} as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] '''[[salt cod]]''' or '''[[clipfish]]'''.{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include '''cured cod''',<ref name=greencod/> '''ling''',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and '''haberdine'''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as '''green cod''', '''white cod''', '''corefish''',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> '''coursfish''',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>thicccccccccccccccccccccc James Charles peen <b>greenfish</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-greenfish_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenfish-1">[1]</a></sup> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenfish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Greenfish (disambiguation)">other fish</a>. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morids" class="mw-redirect" title="Morids">morids</a>.}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">stockfish</a></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-milwell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milwell-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stockfish_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stockfish-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[n 1]</a></sup> as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">cured</a> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt cod">salt cod</a></b> or <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clipfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipfish">clipfish</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[n 2]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the western <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> has a distribution north of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, and around both coasts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a>; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> north to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></sup> areas around <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>.
</p><p>The largest individual on record was 1.8 m (6 ft) long and weighed 96 kg (211 lb), but usually the cod is between 61 cm (24 in) and 1.2 m (4 ft) long and weighs up to 40 kg (88 lb). Males and females are similar in size and weight.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Atlantic cod can live for 25 years, and usually attain sexual maturity between ages two and four,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></sup> although cod in the northeast Arctic can take as long as eight years to mature fully.<sup id="cite_ref-ices.dk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ices.dk-14">[12]</a></sup> Colouring is brown or green, with spots on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> side, shading to silver ventrally. A stripe along its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> (used to detect vibrations)<sup id="cite_ref-Bleckmann_13–25_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleckmann_13–25-15">[13]</a></sup> is clearly visible. Its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a> ranges from the shoreline down to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>.
</p><p>Several cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s (declined by >95% of maximum historical <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>) and have failed to fully recover even with the cessation of fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-16">[14]</a></sup> This absence of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predator</a> has led to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">trophic cascade</a> in many areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-16">[14]</a></sup> Many other cod stocks remain at risk. The Atlantic cod is labelled vulnerable on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Red List of Threatened Species">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-17">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Lifecycle"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Lifecycle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Behaviour"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Behaviour</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Shoaling"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shoaling</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Predation"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Predation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Swimming"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Swimming</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Response_to_changing_temperatures"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Response to changing temperatures</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Feeding_and_diet"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Feeding and diet</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Reproduction"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Reproduction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Parasites"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Parasites</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Fisheries"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Fisheries</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Northwest_Atlantic_cod"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Northwest Atlantic cod</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Northeast_Atlantic_cod"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Northeast Atlantic cod</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Human_consumption"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Human consumption</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Lifecycle">Lifecycle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Lifecycle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gravid_female_cod.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gravid_female_cod.jpg/240px-Gravid_female_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gravid_female_cod.jpg/360px-Gravid_female_cod.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gravid_female_cod.jpg/480px-Gravid_female_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravid">Gravid</a> female in captivity
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<p>Juveniles on a wreck in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gadus_morhua_(head).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg/240px-Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg/360px-Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg/480px-Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="3084" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Atlantic cod juvenile
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"><div style="width: 221.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG/329px-Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG/493px-Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG/658px-Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="1312" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Adult
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<p>Adult cod form spawning aggregations from late winter to spring.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup> Females release their eggs in batches,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></sup> and males compete to fertilize them.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup> Fertilized eggs drift with ocean currents and develop into larvae ("fry"). Age of maturation varies between cod stocks, from ages two to four in the west Atlantic,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup> but as late as eight years in the northeast Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-ices.dk_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ices.dk-14">[12]</a></sup> Cod can live for 13 years or more.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup>
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<div style="clear:left;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Atlantic cod is one of three cod species in the genus <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gadus" title="Gadus">Gadus</a> </i>along with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific cod</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenland_cod" title="Greenland cod">Greenland cod</a>. A variety of fish species are colloquially known as cod, but they are not all classified within the <i>Gadus</i>, though some are in the Atlantic cod family, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gadidae" title="Gadidae">Gadidae</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Behaviour">Behaviour</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behaviour">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Shoaling">Shoaling</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shoaling">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="234" data-bandwidth="317312" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" data-bandwidth="372168" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" data-bandwidth="568520" data-framerate="25"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Kabeljauwen houden zich op bij een wrak en bevrijden zichzelf-4885741.webm" style="width:310px;height:171px" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm/310px--Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm.jpg" /><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling</a> Atlantic cod on a wreck in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></div></div></div>
<p>Atlantic cod are a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">shoaling</a> species and move in large, size-structured aggregations. Larger fish act as scouts and lead the shoal's direction, particularly during post <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">migrations</a> inshore for feeding. Cod actively feed during migration and changes in shoal structure occur when food is encountered. Shoals are generally thought to be relatively leaderless, with all fish having equal status and an equal distribution of resources and benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitcher_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher-26">[24]</a></sup> However, some studies suggest that leading fish gain certain feeding benefits. One study of a migrating Atlantic cod shoal showed significant variability in feeding habits based on size and position in the shoal. Larger scouts consumed a more variable, higher quantity of food, while trailing fish had less variable diets and consumed less food. Fish distribution throughout the shoal seems to be dictated by fish size, and ultimately, the smaller lagging fish likely benefit from shoaling because they are more successful in feeding in the shoal than they would be if migrating individually, due to social facilitation.<sup id="cite_ref-DeBlois_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBlois-27">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Predation">Predation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Predation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:312px;"><div id="mwe_player_4" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:310px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/854px--Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:470px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="221.308" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="470" data-bandwidth="976832" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; 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codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="234" data-bandwidth="318080" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" data-bandwidth="498152" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" data-bandwidth="567600" data-framerate="25"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Jonge kabeljauwen oftewel gul rondom een wrak met andere vissen-4885742.webm" style="width:310px;height:171px" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/310px--Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.jpg" /><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Young Atlantic cod avoid larger cod and pouting (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trisopterus_luscus" title="Trisopterus luscus">Trisopterus luscus</a></i>) and crabs on a wreck in the southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></div></div></div>
<p>Atlantic cod are apex predators in the Baltic and adults are generally free from the concerns of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28">[26]</a></sup> Juvenile cod, however, may serve as prey for adult cod, which sometimes practice <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (zoology)">cannibalism</a>. Juvenile cod make substrate decisions based on risk of predation. Substrates refer to different feeding and swimming environments. Without apparent risk of predation, juvenile cod demonstrated a preference for finer-grained substrates such as sand and gravel-pebble. However, in the presence of a predator, they preferred to seek safety in the space available between stones of a cobble substrate. Selection of cobble significantly reduces the risk of predation. Without access to cobble, the juvenile cod simply tries to escape a predator by fleeing.
</p><p>Additionally, juvenile Atlantic cod vary their behaviour according to the foraging behaviour of predators. In the vicinity of a passive predator, cod behaviour changes very little. The juveniles prefer finer-grained substrates and otherwise avoid the safer kelp, steering clear of the predator. In contrast, in the presence of an actively foraging predator, juveniles are highly avoidant and hide in cobble or in kelp if cobble is unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-Gotceitas_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gotceitas-29">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>As apex predators, heavy fishing of cod in the 1990s and the collapse of American and Canadian cod stocks resulted in trophic cascades. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a> cod removed a significant predatory pressure on other Atlantic fish and crustacean species. Population-limiting effects on several species including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_lobster" title="American lobster">American lobsters</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> from cod predation have decreased significantly, and the abundance of these species and their increasing range serve as evidence of the Atlantic cod's role as a major predator rather than prey.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Swimming">Swimming</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Swimming">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Atlantic cod have been recorded to swim at speeds of a minimum of 2–5 cm/s (0.79–1.97 in/s) and a maximum of 21–54 cm/s (8.3–21.3 in/s) with a mean swimming speed of 9–17 cm/s (3.5–6.7 in/s). In one hour, cod have been recorded to cover a mean range of 99 to 226 m<sup>2</sup> (1,070 to 2,430 sq ft). Swimming speed was higher during the day than at night. This is reflected in the fact that cod more actively search for food during the day. Cod likely modify their activity pattern according to the length of daylight, thus activity varies with time of year.<sup id="cite_ref-Lokkeborg_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lokkeborg-30">[28]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Response_to_changing_temperatures">Response to changing temperatures</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Response to changing temperatures">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Swimming and physiological behaviours change in response to fluctuations in water temperature. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Respirometry" title="Respirometry">Respirometry</a> experiments show that heart rates of Atlantic cod change drastically with changes in temperature of only a few degrees. A rise in water temperature causes marked increases in cod swimming activity. Cod typically avoid new temperature conditions, and the temperatures can dictate where they are distributed in water. They prefer to be deeper, in colder water layers during the day, and in shallower, warmer water layers at night. These fine-tuned behavioural changes to water temperature are driven by an effort to maintain homeostasis to preserve energy. This is demonstrated by the fact that a decrease of only 2.5 °C (5 °F) caused a highly costly increase in metabolic rate of 15 to 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-Claireaux_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claireaux-31">[29]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Feeding_and_diet">Feeding and diet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feeding and diet">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Stomach sampling studies have discovered that small Atlantic cod feed primarily on crustaceans, while large Atlantic cod feed primarily on fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Daan_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daan-32">[30]</a></sup> In certain regions, the main food source is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapods">decapods</a> with fish as a complementary food item in the diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemetsen_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemetsen-33">[31]</a></sup> Wild Atlantic cod throughout the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> depend, to a large extent, on commercial fish species also used in fisheries, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Atlantic mackerel</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merlangius" title="Merlangius">whiting</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_herring" title="Atlantic herring">Atlantic herring</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_plaice" title="European plaice">European plaice</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_sole" title="Common sole">common sole</a>, making fishery manipulation of cod significantly easier.<sup id="cite_ref-Daan_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daan-32">[30]</a></sup> Ultimately, food selection by cod is affected by the food item size relative to their own size. However, providing for size, cod do exhibit food preference and are not simply driven by availability.<sup id="cite_ref-Daan_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daan-32">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>Atlantic cod practice some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (zoology)">cannibalism</a>. In the southern North Sea, 1–2% (by weight) of stomach contents for cod larger than 10 cm (3.9 in) consisted of juvenile cod. In the northern North Sea, cannibalism was higher, at 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-Daan_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daan-32">[30]</a></sup> Other reports of cannibalism have estimated as high as 56% of the diet consists of juvenile cod.<sup id="cite_ref-Ponomarenko_1965_349–354_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponomarenko_1965_349–354-34">[32]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction">Reproduction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gadus_morhua_(High_Arctic,_Canada).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png/220px-Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png/330px-Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png/440px-Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="979" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gadus_morhua_(High_Arctic,_Canada).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Atlantic cod in a High Arctic Lake in Canada. These cod resemble those of past Atlantic catches. Measuring 120–130 cm (47–53 in) long and weighing between 20 and 26 kg (44 and 57 lb), it is easy to see that today's 41–51 cm (16–20 in) commercially caught cod are less than half this size.</div></div></div>
<p>Atlantic cod reproduce during a 1- to 2-month spawning season annually. Males and females aggregate in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning</a> schools and each spawning season yields an average of 8.3 egg batches. Females release gametes in a ventral mount, and males then <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilize</a> the released eggs. Evidence suggests male sound production and other sexually selected characteristics allow female cod to actively choose a spawning partner. Males also exhibit aggressive interactions for access to females.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchings_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchings-35">[33]</a></sup> Based on behavioral observations of cod, that cod mating systems resemble those of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lekking" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekking">lekking</a> species, which is characterized by males aggregating and establishing dominance hierarchies, at which point females may visit and choose a spawning partner based on status and sexual characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ponomarenko_1965_349–354_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponomarenko_1965_349–354-34">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cod males experience reproductive hierarchies based on size. Larger cod males are ultimately more successful in mating and produce the largest proportion of offspring in a population. However, cod males do experience high levels of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">sperm competition</a>. In 75% of examined spawning in one study, sperm from multiple males contributed to offspring. As a result of high competition and unpredictable paternity, males may engage in varied <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mating_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mating strategy">mating strategies</a> and may invest in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a> or may simply ejaculate with other spawning couples. Spawning success also varies according to male size relative to female size. Males that are significantly smaller than females demonstrate significantly lower success rates relative to males that are larger than females.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Parasites">Parasites</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parasites">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diseases_and_parasites_in_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases and parasites in cod">Diseases and parasites in cod</a></div>
<p>Atlantic cod act as intermediate, paratenic, or definitive hosts to a large number of parasite species: 107 taxa listed by Hemmingsen and MacKenzie (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-37">[35]</a></sup> and seven new records by Perdiguero-Alonso et al. (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-37">[35]</a></sup> The predominant groups of cod parasites in the northeast Atlantic were trematodes (19 species) and nematodes (13 species), including larval anisakids, which comprised 58.2% of the total number of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-37">[35]</a></sup> Parasites of Atlantic cod include copepods, digeneans, monogeneans, acanthocephalans, cestodes, nematodes, myxozoans, and protozoans.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-37">[35]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fisheries">Fisheries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fisheries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Total_harvest_of_Atlantic_cod_1950-2012.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Total_harvest_of_Atlantic_cod_1950-2012.png/220px-Total_harvest_of_Atlantic_cod_1950-2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Total_harvest_of_Atlantic_cod_1950-2012.png/330px-Total_harvest_of_Atlantic_cod_1950-2012.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Total_harvest_of_Atlantic_cod_1950-2012.png/440px-Total_harvest_of_Atlantic_cod_1950-2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="453" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Total_harvest_of_Atlantic_cod_1950-2012.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Capture of Northeast and Northwest Atlantic cod 1950–2012, (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>)</div></div></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Northwest_Atlantic_cod">Northwest Atlantic cod</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northwest Atlantic cod">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a></div>
<p>The Northwest Atlantic cod has been regarded as heavily overfished throughout its range, resulting in a crash in the fishery in the United States and Canada during the early 1990s.
</p><p>Newfoundland's northern cod fishery can be traced back to the 16th century. On average, about 300,000 t (300,000 long tons; 330,000 short tons) of cod were landed annually until the 1960s, when advances in technology enabled factory trawlers to take larger catches. By 1968, landings for the fish peaked at 800,000 t (790,000 long tons; 880,000 short tons) before a gradual decline set in. With the reopening of the limited cod fisheries in 2006, nearly 2,700 t (2,700 long tons; 3,000 short tons) of cod were hauled in. In 2007, offshore cod stocks were estimated at 1% of what they were in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>Technologies that contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod include engine-powered vessels and frozen food compartments aboard ships. Engine-powered vessels had larger nets, greater range, and better navigation. The capacity to catch fish became limitless. In addition, sonar technology gave an edge to detecting and catching fish. Sonar was originally developed during World War II to locate enemy submarines, but was later applied to locating schools of fish. These new technologies, as well as bottom trawlers that destroyed entire ecosystems, contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod. They were vastly different from old techniques used, such as hand lines and long lines.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>The fishery has only recently begun to recover, and may never fully recover because of a possibly stable change in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>. Atlantic cod was a top-tier predator, along with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a>, feeding upon smaller prey, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">capelin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snow_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow crab">snow crab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-16">[14]</a></sup> With the large predatory fish removed, their prey have had population explosions and have become the top predators, affecting the survival rates of cod eggs and fry.
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<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg/220px-Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg/330px-Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg/440px-Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="493" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Atlantic cod are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal fish</a>—they prefer sea bottoms with coarse sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>In the winter of 2011–2012, the cod fishery succeeded in convincing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> to postpone for one year the planned 82% reduction in catch limits. Instead, the limit was reduced by 22%. The fishery brought in $15.8 million in 2010, coming second behind Georges Bank haddock among the region's 20 regulated bottom-dwelling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groundfish" title="Groundfish">groundfish</a>. Data released in 2011 indicated that even closing the fishery would not allow populations to rebound by 2014 to levels required under federal law. Restrictions on cod effectively limit fishing on other groundfish species with which the cod swim, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a> and haddock.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-41">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cod populations or stocks can differ significantly both in appearance and biology. For instance, the cod stocks of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> are adapted to low-salinity water. Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks; however, these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks. Some major stocks/management units on the Canadian/US shelf are the Southern Labrador-Eastern Newfoundland stock (NAFO divisions 2J3KL), the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock (NAFO divisions 3Pn4RS), the Northern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scotian_Shelf" title="Scotian Shelf">Scotian Shelf</a> stock (NAFO divisions 4VsW), which all lie in Canadian waters, and the Georges Bank and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a> stocks in United States waters. In the European Atlantic, the numerous separate stocks are on the shelves of Iceland, the coast of Norway, the Barents Sea, the Faroe Islands, off western Scotland, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a>, and the Baltic Sea.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Northeast_Atlantic_cod">Northeast Atlantic cod</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Northeast Atlantic cod">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:NEAcodBiomass.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NEAcodBiomass.png/220px-NEAcodBiomass.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NEAcodBiomass.png/330px-NEAcodBiomass.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NEAcodBiomass.png/440px-NEAcodBiomass.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="441" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:NEAcodBiomass.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Estimated biomass of the Northeast Arctic cod stock for the period 1946–2012, in million tons: Light blue bars represent the immature fraction of the stock, while the darker blue bars represent the spawning biomass.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>The Northeast Atlantic has the world's largest population of cod. By far, the largest part of this population is the Northeast Arctic cod, as it is labelled by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Council_for_the_Exploration_of_the_Sea" title="International Council for the Exploration of the Sea">ICES</a>, or the Arcto-Norwegian cod stock, also referred to as <i>skrei</i>, a Norwegian name meaning something like "the wanderer", distinguishing it from coastal cod. The Northeast Arctic cod is found in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> area. This stock spawns in March and April along the Norwegian coast, about 40% around the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>. Newly hatched larvae drift northwards with the coastal current while feeding on larval <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>. By summer, the young cod reach the Barents Sea, where they stay for the rest of their lives, until their spawning migration. As the cod grow, they feed on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> and other small crustaceans and fish. Adult cod primarily feed on fish such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">capelin</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_herring" title="Atlantic herring">herring</a>. The northeast Arctic cod also show <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (zoology)">cannibalistic</a> behaviour. Estimated stock size was 2,260,000 t (2,220,000 long tons; 2,490,000 short tons) in 2008.
</p><p>The North Sea cod stock is primarily fished by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states and Norway. In 1999, the catch was divided among Denmark (31%), Scotland (25%), the rest of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (12%), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (10%), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (17%). In the 1970s, the annual catch rose to between 200,000 and 300,000 t (200,000 and 300,000 long tons; 220,000 and 330,000 short tons). Due to concerns about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, catch quotas were repeatedly reduced in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2003, ICES stated a high risk existed of stock collapse if then current exploitation levels continued, and recommended a moratorium on catching Atlantic cod in the North Sea during 2004. However, agriculture and fisheries ministers from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> endorsed the EU/Norway Agreement and set the total allowable catch at 27,300 t (26,900 long tons; 30,100 short tons).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_seafood_advisory_lists_and_certification#Guides_and_advisory_lists" title="Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification">Seafood sustainability guides</a>, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a>, often recommend environmentally conscious customers not purchase Atlantic cod.
</p><p>The stock of Northeast Arctic cod was more than four million tons following <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but declined to a historic minimum of 740,000 t (730,000 long tons; 820,000 short tons) in 1983. The catch reached a historic maximum of 1,343,000 t (1,322,000 long tons; 1,480,000 short tons) in 1956, and bottomed out at 212,000 t (209,000 long tons; 234,000 short tons) in 1990. Since 2000, the spawning stock has increased quite quickly, helped by low fishing pressure. The total catch in 2012 was 754,131 t (742,221 long tons; 831,287 short tons), the major fishers being Norway and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_consumption">Human consumption</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Human consumption">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Torskfil%C3%A9_(Gadus_morhua)_-_Ystad-2017.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Torskfil%C3%A9_%28Gadus_morhua%29_-_Ystad-2017.jpg/220px-Torskfil%C3%A9_%28Gadus_morhua%29_-_Ystad-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Torskfil%C3%A9_%28Gadus_morhua%29_-_Ystad-2017.jpg/330px-Torskfil%C3%A9_%28Gadus_morhua%29_-_Ystad-2017.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Torskfil%C3%A9_%28Gadus_morhua%29_-_Ystad-2017.jpg/440px-Torskfil%C3%A9_%28Gadus_morhua%29_-_Ystad-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1040" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Torskfil%C3%A9_(Gadus_morhua)_-_Ystad-2017.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Atlantic cod used as food</div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod#Cod_trade_and_history" title="Cod">Cod trade history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cod War">Cod War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_Cod" title="Sacred Cod">Sacred Cod</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, however, "stockfish" refers to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_hake" class="mw-redirect" title="South African hake">local hake</a> (<i>Merluccius capensis</i>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Former names for salted cod include <b>cured cod</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-greencod_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greencod-5">[4]</a></sup> <b>ling</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-greencod_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greencod-5">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ling_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-6">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haberdine_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haberdine-7">[6]</a></sup> and <b>haberdine</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-seaport_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seaport-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haberdine_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haberdine-7">[6]</a></sup> Freshly-salted cod was known as <b>green cod</b>, <b>white cod</b>, <b>corefish</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-greencod_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greencod-5">[4]</a></sup> <b>coursfish</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-stockfish_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stockfish-3">[3]</a></sup> and green fish or greenfish.<sup id="cite_ref-greenfish_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenfish-1">[1]</a></sup> "Green cod" may also refer to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saithe" class="mw-redirect" title="Saithe">saithe</a> (<i>Pollachius virens</i>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollachius_pollachius" title="Pollachius pollachius">pollack</a> (<i>P. pollachius</i>), or uncommonly to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingcod" title="Lingcod">lingcod</a> (<i>O. elongatus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-greenfish_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenfish-1">[1]</a></sup> "Ling" now more often refers to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ling_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ling (disambiguation)">other fish</a>, particularly the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_ling" title="Common ling">common ling</a> (<i>Molva molva</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ling_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-6">[5]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>This article incorporates CC BY-2.0 text from the reference.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-37">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-greenfish-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenfish_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfish_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfish_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 3rd ed. "green fish, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-milwell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-milwell_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 3rd ed. "milwell, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-stockfish-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stockfish_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stockfish_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 1st ed. "stock-fish | 'stockfish, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-greencod-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greencod_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greencod_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greencod_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 3rd ed. "green cod, <i>n.¹</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ling-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ling_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 1st ed. "ling, <i>n.¹</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-haberdine-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haberdine_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haberdine_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 1st ed. "† haberdine, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-seaport-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seaport_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>seaport</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.Michael Hogan, (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523"><i>Sea of the Hebrides</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523">Archived</a> May 24, 2013, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00nati_1"><i>Field Guide to Fishes, National Audubon Society</i></a></span> (2nd Edition fully revised, April 2002 ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. 2002. p. 224. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41224-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41224-0"><bdi>978-0-375-41224-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+Fishes%2C+National+Audubon+Society&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=2nd+Edition+fully+revised%2C+April+2002&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41224-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalaudubons00nati_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gadus_morhua/">"Gadus morhua (Cod)"</a>. <i>Animal Diversity Web</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Diversity+Web&rft.atitle=Gadus+morhua+%28Cod%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.org%2Faccounts%2FGadus_morhua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien, L., J. Burnett, and R. K. Mayo. (1993) Maturation of Nineteen Species of Finfish off the Northeast Coast of the United States, 1985–1990. NOAA Tech. Report. NMFS 113, 66 p.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-ices.dk-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ices.dk_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ices.dk_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ICES (2007), Arctic Fisheries Working Group
Report, Section 03, Table 3.5,
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ices.dk/reports/ACOM/2007/AFWG/03-5North%20East%20Arctic%20Cod%20(Subareas%20I%20and%20II).pdf">International Council for the Exploration of the Sea</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>
(accessed 2008/12/11)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bleckmann_13–25-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bleckmann_13–25_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bleckmann, Horst; Zelick, Randy (2009-03-01). "Lateral line system of fish". <i>Integrative Zoology</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 13–25. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-4877.2008.00131.x">10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00131.x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-4877">1749-4877</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21392273">21392273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+Zoology&rft.atitle=Lateral+line+system+of+fish&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-25&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft.issn=1749-4877&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21392273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-4877.2008.00131.x&rft.aulast=Bleckmann&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Zelick%2C+Randy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IUCN-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">J. Sobel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108220213/http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/8784/0">"<i>Gadus morhua</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species">The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>1996</b>: e.T8784A12931575. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/8784/0">the original</a> on 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Gadus+morhua&rft.volume=1996&rft.pages=e.T8784A12931575&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en&rft.au=J.+Sobel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foldredlist.iucnredlist.org%2Fdetails%2F8784%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#deprecated_params" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">K. M. Brander (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/51/1/71">"The location and timing of cod spawning around the British Isles"</a>. <i>ICES Journal of Marine Science</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 71–89. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmsc.1994.1007">10.1006/jmsc.1994.1007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICES+Journal+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=The+location+and+timing+of+cod+spawning+around+the+British+Isles&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-89&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmsc.1994.1007&rft.au=K.+M.+Brander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficesjms.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F51%2F1%2F71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kai Wieland; Astrid Jarre-Teichmann & Katarzyna Horbowa (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/2/452">"Changes in the timing of spawning of Baltic cod: possible causes and implications for recruitment"</a>. <i>ICES Journal of Marine Science</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 452–464. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmsc.1999.0522">10.1006/jmsc.1999.0522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICES+Journal+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Changes+in+the+timing+of+spawning+of+Baltic+cod%3A+possible+causes+and+implications+for+recruitment&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=452-464&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmsc.1999.0522&rft.au=Kai+Wieland&rft.au=Astrid+Jarre-Teichmann&rft.au=Katarzyna+Horbowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficesjms.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F57%2F2%2F452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bekkevold, D; Hansen, M M; Loeschcke, V (1 January 2002). "Male reproductive competition in spawning aggregations of cod (Gadus morhua, L.)". <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 91–102. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0962-1083.2001.01424.x">10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01424.x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903907">11903907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=Male+reproductive+competition+in+spawning+aggregations+of+cod+%28Gadus+morhua%2C+L.%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-102&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.0962-1083.2001.01424.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11903907&rft.aulast=Bekkevold&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Hansen%2C+M+M&rft.au=Loeschcke%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Perdiguero-Alonso, D.; Montero, F. E.; Raga, J. A.; Kostadinova, A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503959">"Composition and structure of the parasite faunas of cod, <i>Gadus morhua</i> L. (Teleostei: Gadidae), in the North East Atlantic"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parasites_%26_Vectors" title="Parasites & Vectors">Parasites & Vectors</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1): 23. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1186%2F1756-3305-1-23">10.1186/1756-3305-1-23</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503959">2503959</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18638387">18638387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parasites+%26+Vectors&rft.atitle=Composition+and+structure+of+the+parasite+faunas+of+cod%2C+Gadus+morhua+L.+%28Teleostei%3A+Gadidae%29%2C+in+the+North+East+Atlantic&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2503959&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18638387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1756-3305-1-23&rft.aulast=Perdiguero-Alonso&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Montero%2C+F.+E.&rft.au=Raga%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Kostadinova%2C+A.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2503959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104111114/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2007/07/02/cod-moratorium.html?ref=rss">"N.L. funds cod fishery research on 15th anniversary of moratorium"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 2 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2007/07/02/cod-moratorium.html?ref=rss">the original</a> on 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=N.L.+funds+cod+fishery+research+on+15th+anniversary+of+moratorium&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fstory%2F2007%2F07%2F02%2Fcod-moratorium.html%3Fref%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freedman, Bill. "Atlantic Cod and its fishery". Codfishes: Atlantic Cod and its fishery, 2008. 3 November 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.jrank.org/pages/1563/Codfishes.html">Free Site Search Engine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/cod/species_pages/atlantic_cod.htm">Atlantic cod</a> <i>NOAA FishWatch</i>. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Press-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Press_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">The Associated Press (12 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/us/cod-fishermens-alarm-outlasts-reprieve-on-catch-limits.html">"Cod Fishermen's Alarm Outlasts Reprieve on Catch Limits"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cod+Fishermen%27s+Alarm+Outlasts+Reprieve+on+Catch+Limits&rft.date=2012-02-12&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F02%2F12%2Fus%2Fcod-fishermens-alarm-outlasts-reprieve-on-catch-limits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arctic Fisheries Working Group of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Council_for_the_Exploration_of_the_Sea" title="International Council for the Exploration of the Sea">ICES</a>, published in the ICES Report AFWG CM 2013, ACOM:05. The estimation method was standard <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virtual_population_analysis" title="Virtual population analysis">virtual population analysis</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portunusgroup.com/products/atlantic-cod/">"Our Products: Atlantic Cod"</a>. <i>portunusgroup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portunusgroup.com&rft.atitle=Our+Products%3A+Atlantic+Cod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportunusgroup.com%2Fproducts%2Fatlantic-cod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325115725/http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515">"ICES Stock Database Disclaimer"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515">the original</a> on 25 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICES+Stock+Database+Disclaimer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandardgraphs.ices.dk%2Fdownload%2FHandlerDownload.ashx%3Fyear%3D2013%26EcoRegion%3D137491%26Species%3D44515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gadus_morhua" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gadus morhua">Gadus morhua</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gadus_morhua" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gadus morhua">Atlantic cod</a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?genusname=Gadus&speciesname=morhua">FishBase</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/codtrace/codbio.htm">Codtrace</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040405134957/http://www.cefas.co.uk/fishinfo/gadus_morhua.htm">The Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdli.ca/cod/home1.htm">The history of the northern cod fishery in Canada</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033246/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/oct/cod-347d.pdf">ICES recommendation for the North Sea Cod stock (2007)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033243/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/may/cod-arct.pdf">ICES recommendation for the North East Arctic Cod stock (2007)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605190719/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/reports-rapports-eng.htm">Reports on the status of Canadian fishing stocks, including cod</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305182003/http://www.fisheries.no/marine_stocks/fish_stocks/cod/north_east_arctic_cod.htm">Governmental Norwegian fact sheet on North-East Arctic Cod</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123943/http://www.fisherieswiki.org/species/show/1">Atlantic cod-Gadus morhua fishery profiles</a> Status of Atlantic cod fisheries, summarised in FisheriesWiki</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eol.org/pages/206692">"Atlantic cod"</a> at the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i></li>
<li>View the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Gadus_morhua/Info/Index/">Atlantic cod genome</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/stats/commercial/sea-maritimes-eng.htm">Government of Canada Seafisheries Landings</a></li>
<li>View the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=gadMor1"><i>gadMor1</i></a> genome assembly in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a>.</li>
<li>Photos of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sealifecollection.org/taxon/126436">Atlantic cod</a> on Sealife Collection</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Commercial_fish_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">Sea cucumbers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="image" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a><br /><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="image" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a><br /><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="image" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/80px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/160px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cod,_haddock_and_pollock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cod_topics" title="Template:Cod topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Cod_topics" title="Template talk:Cod topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Cod_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cod,_haddock_and_pollock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod#True_cod" title="Cod">True cod</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gadus" title="Gadus">Gadus</a></i></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantic cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenland_cod" title="Greenland cod">Greenland cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norway_pollock" title="Norway pollock">Norway pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="image" title="File:Atlantic cod"><img alt="File:Atlantic cod" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod#Related_species" title="Cod">Cod-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctogadus" title="Arctogadus">Arctic cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Siberian_cod" title="East Siberian cod">East Siberian cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eucla_cod" title="Eucla cod">Eucla cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_ling" title="Blue ling">Blue ling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_ling" title="Common ling">Common ling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelagic_cod" title="Pelagic cod">Pelagic cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boreogadus_saida" title="Boreogadus saida">Polar cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poor_cod" title="Poor cod">Poor cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_cod" title="Rock cod">Rock cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saffron_cod" title="Saffron cod">Saffron cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small-headed_cod" title="Small-headed cod">Small-headed cod</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod#Other_species" title="Cod">Other cod</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_cod" title="Blue cod">Blue cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_freshwater_cod" title="Eastern freshwater cod">Eastern freshwater cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_River_cod" title="Mary River cod">Mary River cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murray_cod" title="Murray cod">Murray cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Potato_grouper" title="Potato grouper">Potato cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sleepy_cod" title="Sleepy cod">Sleepy cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trout_cod" title="Trout cod">Trout cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nototheniidae" title="Nototheniidae">Nototheniidae</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_toothfish" title="Antarctic toothfish">Antarctic cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Notothenia_microlepidota" title="Notothenia microlepidota">Black cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maori_cod" title="Maori cod">Maori cod</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollock#True_cod" title="Pollock">True pollock</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollachius</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollachius_pollachius" title="Pollachius pollachius">Atlantic pollock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollachius_virens" title="Pollachius virens">Saithe (pollock)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Cod boat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_fishing_in_Newfoundland" title="Cod fishing in Newfoundland">Cod fishing in Newfoundland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fishing_stage" title="Fishing stage">Fishing stage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harold_Innis_and_the_cod_fishery" title="Harold Innis and the cod fishery">Harold Innis and the cod fishery</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod as food</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ackee_and_saltfish" title="Ackee and saltfish">Ackee and saltfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arbroath_smokie" title="Arbroath smokie">Arbroath smokie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bacala%C3%ADto" title="Bacalaíto">Bacalaíto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boknafisk" title="Boknafisk">Boknafisk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabbie_claw" title="Cabbie claw">Cabbie claw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crappit_heid" title="Crappit heid">Crappit heid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cullen_skink" title="Cullen skink">Cullen skink</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dried_and_salted_cod" title="Dried and salted cod">Dried and salted cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finnan_haddie" title="Finnan haddie">Finnan haddie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_and_brewis" title="Fish and brewis">Fish and brewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_ball" title="Fish ball">Fish ball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fishcake" title="Fishcake">Fishcake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_finger" title="Fish finger">Fish finger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_fry" title="Fish fry">Fish fry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_pie" title="Fish pie">Fish pie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pescado_frito" title="Pescado frito">Pescado frito</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scrod" title="Scrod">Scrod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taramasalata" title="Taramasalata">Taramasalata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traditional_Grimsby_smoked_fish" title="Traditional Grimsby smoked fish">Traditional Grimsby smoked fish</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banks_dory" title="Banks dory">Banks dory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n_de_rumba" title="Cajón de rumba">Cajón de rumba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lernaeocera_branchialis" title="Lernaeocera branchialis">Cod worm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_flake" title="Fish flake">Fish flake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isinglass" title="Isinglass">Isinglass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_Cod" title="Sacred Cod">Sacred Cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whiting_(fish)" title="Whiting (fish)">Whiting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Taxon_identifiers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199788" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q199788">Q199788</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gadus_morhua" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gadus morhua">Gadus morhua</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gadus_morhua/">Gadus_morhua</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.arkive.org/wd/gadus-morhua/">gadus-morhua</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/12106154">12106154</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/GADUMO">GADUMO</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/69">69</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2415835">2415835</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/63740">63740</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11195684">11195684</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164712">164712</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/enwiki/api/v3/taxonredirect/8784">8784</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000175392">NBNSYS0000175392</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8049">8049</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NOAA_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA Fisheries">NOAA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-cod">atlantic-cod</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/99915444-EC70-3196-7F2D-637F418F0730">99915444-EC70-3196-7F2D-637F418F0730</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=7142">7142</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=126436">126436</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/389BE401-2718-4CF2-BBAE-2E13A97A5E7B">389BE401-2718-4CF2-BBAE-2E13A97A5E7B</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1568035318 |