Examine individual changes

''''Traditional [[gender role]]s''' among [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] and [[First Nation]]s [[Indigenous peoples of North America|peoples]] tend to vary greatly by region and community. As with all [[Pre-Columbian era]] societies, historical traditions may or may not reflect contemporary attitudes. In many communities, these things are not discussed with outsiders. ==Apache== {{main|Apache}} Traditional [[Apache]] have a number of gender roles, however the same skills are learned by both females and males. All children traditionally learn how to cook, follow tracks, skin leather, sew stitches, ride horses, and use weapons.<ref>100 Native Americans Who Shaped American History, Juettner, 2007.</ref> ==Eastern Woodland Societies== {{main|Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands}} Eastern Woodland communities vary widely in whether they divide labor based on sex. In general, like in the [[Plains Indians|Plains nations]], women own the home while men's work may involve more travel.<ref>James Ax tell, The Indian Peoples of Eastern America: A Documentary History of the Sexes, New York, Oxford University Press, 1981, 107-110</ref> [[Narragansett people|Narragansett]] men in farming communities have traditionally helped clear the fields, cultivate the crops and assist with the harvesting, whereas women hold authority in the home.<ref>James Ax tell, The Indian Peoples of Eastern America: A Documentary History of the Sexes, New York, Oxford University Press, 1981, 123</ref> Among the [[Lenape]], men and women have both participated in agriculture and hunting according to age and ability, although primary leadership in agriculture traditionally belongs to women, while men have generally held more responsibility in the area of hunting. Whether gained by hunting, fishing or agriculture, older Lenape women take responsibility for community food distribution. Land management, whether used for hunting or agriculture, also is the traditional responsibility of Lenape women.<ref>Gun log Fur, A Nation of Women: Gender and Colonial Encounters Among the Delaware Indians, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, 87</ref> Historically, a number of social norms in Eastern Woodland communities demonstrate a balance of power held between women and men. Men and women have traditionally both had the final say over who they would end up marrying, though parents usually have a great deal of influence as well.<ref>James Axtell, The Indian Peoples of Eastern America: A Documentary History of the Sexes, New York, Oxford University Press, 1981, 74-75</ref> ==Hopi== {{Main|Hopi}} The Hopi (in what is now the [[Hopi Reservation]] in northeastern [[Arizona]]) are traditionally both [[matriarchy|matriarchal]] and [[matrilineality|matrilineal]],<ref>Schlegel, Alice, ''Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority'', in ''Quarterly Journal of Ideology: "A Critique of the Conventional Wisdom"'', vol. VIII, no. 4, 1984, p. 44 and see pp. 44–52 (essay based partly on "seventeen years of fieldwork among the Hopi", per p. 44 n. 1) (author of Dep't of Anthropology, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson).</ref> with egalitarian roles in community, and no sense of superiority or inferiority based on sex or gender.<ref>LeBow, Diana, ''Rethinking Matriliny Among the Hopi'', ''op. cit.'', p. [8].</ref> Both women and men have traditionally participated in politics and community management,<ref>LeBow, Diana, ''Rethinking Matriliny Among the Hopi'', ''op. cit.'', p. 18.</ref> although colonization has brought patriarchal influences that have seen changes in the traditional structures and formerly-higher status of women.<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p44n1">Schlegel, Alice, ''Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority'', ''op. cit.'', p. 44 n. 1.</ref> However, even with these changes, matrilineal structures still remain, along with the central role of the mothers and grandmothers in the family, household and clan structure.<ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p45">Schlegel, Alice, ''Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority'', ''op. cit.'', p. 45.</ref><ref name="Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50">Schlegel, Alice, ''Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority'', ''op. cit.'', p. 50.</ref> ==Haudenosaunee== {{main|Iroquois}} The Haudenosaunee are a [[matriarchy|matriarchal society]]. Traditionally, the Clan Mother has held the ultimate power over all decisions, though her specific role has varied by Nation. In this structure the men under her are the Chiefs, serving primarily in a diplomatic capacity. Tradition holds that she has the power to veto any idea proposed by her chiefs, and that both the naming traditions and transfer of political power are [[matrilineal]]. <ref name=Thomas>{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Katsithawi|title=Gender Roles among the Iroquois|url=https://www.vaniercollege.qc.ca/tlc/publications/native-circle/native-circle-2003/ashley-thomas3.pdf}}</ref> ==Navajo== {{main|Navajo}} The [[third gender]] role of ''[[nádleehi]]'' (meaning "one who is transformed" or "one who changes"), beyond contemporary Anglo-American definition limits of [[gender]], is part of the [[Navajo Nation]] society, a "[[two-spirit]]" cultural role. The renowned 19th century Navajo artist [[Hosteen Klah]] (1849–1896) is an example.<ref>Franc Johnson Newcomb (1980-06). Hosteen Klah: Navaho Medicine Man and Sand Painter. University of Oklahoma Press. {{ISBN|0-8061-1008-2}}.</ref><ref>Lapahie, Harrison, Jr. Hosteen Klah (Sir Left Handed). Lapahie.com. 2001 (retrieved 19 Oct 2009)</ref><ref>Berlo, Janet C. and Ruth B. Phillips. Native North American Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-284218-3}} . pg. 34</ref> == Nez Perce == {{main|Nez Perce people}} During the [[European colonization of the Americas|early colonial period]], Nez Perce communities tended to have specific gender roles. Men were responsible for the production of equipment used for hunting, fishing and protection of their communities as well as the performance of these activities. Men made up the governing bodies of villages which were composed of a council and headman.<ref name=NPmuseum>"[https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/nepe/genderRoles.html# Gender Roles]" at the ''Nez Perce Museum'', [[United States Department of the Interior]], [[National Park Service|Parks Service]]; accessed 5 April 2016</ref><ref name=Colombi>Colombi, Benedict J. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.36.1.0075 Salmon and the Adaptive Capacity of Nimiipuu (Nez Perce) Culture to Cope with Change]" in the ''[[American Indian Quarterly]]'', Vol. 36, No. 1 (Winter 2012), pp. 75-97. [[University of Nebraska Press]]; accessed 5 April 2016</ref><ref name=CTUIRhistory>"[http://ctuir.org/history-culture/history-ctuir History of CTUIR]" at ''[[Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation]]''; accessed 5 April 2016</ref> Nez Perce women in the early contact period were responsible for maintaining the household which included the production of utilitarian tools for the home. The harvest of medicinal plants was the responsibility of the women in the community due to their extensive knowledge. Edibles were harvested by both women and children. Women also regularly participated in politics, but due to their responsibilities to their families and medicine gathering, they did not hold office.<ref name=NPmuseum/><ref name=Colombi/><ref name=CTUIRhistory/> Critical knowledge regarding culture and tradition were passed down by all the elders of the community.<ref name=NPmuseum/><ref name=Colombi/><ref name=CTUIRhistory/> ==Osage== {{main|Osage Nation}} ==Sioux== {{main|Sioux}} The [[Lakota people|Lakota]], [[Dakota people|Dakota]] and [[Assiniboine|Nakoda]] peoples are patriarchal and have historically had highly defined gender roles. In the 19th century, the men customarily harvested [[wild rice]] whereas women harvested all other grain (among the Dakota or Santee).<ref>Jonathan Periam, Home and Farm Manual, 1884, likely citing USDA brief on "Wild Rice".</ref> The ''[[winkte]]'' are a social category in Lakota culture, of male people who adopt the clothing, work, Yeah, I'm in my bag, but I'm in his too And that's why every time you see me, I got some new shoes Ah, muah, ay, look (Lil Ju made this beat) Bitch, I'm a star, got these niggas wishin' He say he hungry, this pussy the kitchen Yeah, that's my dawg, he gon' sit down and listen Call him a trick and he don't get off', hold up Bitch, I'm a star, got these niggas wishin' He say he hungry, this pussy the kitchen Yeah, that's my dawg, he gon' sit down and listen Call him a trick and he don't get offended He know he giving his money to Megan He know it's very expensive to date me Told him go put my name on that account Because when I need money, I ain't tryna, hold up He know he giving his money to Megan He know it's very expensive to date me Told him go put my name on that account Because when I need money, I ain't tryna wait I can't be fucked with, no Ho you can't touch this, ay Bitch, I do rich shit, huh My money thick thick, ay Walk with a limp, limp, huh I'm on some pimp shit, ay He say, "You all about money, " yeah I'm on that cash shit, huh I'm in my bag, bitch, huh I'm on your ass, bitch, huh I'm in that new new shit You on that last year, huh Bitch, I do pimp shit, huh Ho, you on simp shit, ay He say, "You all about money, " yeah I'm on that cash shit, ah You know why these bitches love me? (why?) 'Cause Baby don't give a fuck (what you do?) I be fixin' the weave while she suckin' my dick Pull it out, then I titty fuck (uh, uh) I fuck her from the back and she nasty, killin' her Know how I give it up (yeah, yeah) I be cool on 'em, bitch, ain't no pressure (uh-uh) 'Til I met this lil' freak, her name Megan (ooh) This lil' thing here a stallion, look how she walk Look how she talk, she sexy (muah) I like when they pretty and ghetto (uh-huh) Type of bitch that don't even say hello (yeah, yeah) And whenever we fuck, she be fuckin' me back Put her in the headlock with my elbow (mmh) Now she done reversed it Got up on the dick and ride the shit like a Camaro, uh I can't be fucked with, no Ho you can't touch this, ay Bitch, I do rich shit, huh My money thick thick, ay Walk with a limp, limp, huh I'm on some pimp shit, ay He say, "You all about money, " yeah I'm on that cash shit, huh I'm in my bag, bitch, huh I'm on your ass, bitch, huh I'm in that new new shit You on that last year, huh Bitch, I do pimp shit, huh Ho, you on simp shit, ay He say, "You all about money, " yeah I'm on that cash shit, ah (hey, hey, look) I don't be stressin' 'bout none of these niggas When they be talkin', I don't even listen Tellin' me secrets, I probably forget it But I'ma tune in when he say he gon' lick it He told 'em send me a pic 'cause he miss me I told him send me a stack if he really I don't be trusting these tricks 'cause they tricky Send him a pic of somebody else titties I'm a finesser and I'm a fly dresser Move to the top floor and flew in my dresser My bitches hustle, make money together Your bitches birds and they flockin' together I can't decide if I want the new Louis Dapper Dan yellow, I'm always in Gucci Your mama don't bring your dad to the mall 'Cause when he be in there she know he be choosin' I can't be fucked with, no Ho you can't touch this, ay Bitch, I do rich shit, huh My money thick thick, ay Walk with a limp, limp, huh I'm on some pimp shit, ay He say, "You all about money, " yeah I'm on that cash shit, huh I'm in my bag, bitch, huh I'm on your ass, bitch, huh I'm in that new new shit You on that last year, huh Bitch, I do pimp shit, huh Ho, you on simp shit, ay He say, "You all about money, " yeah I'm on that cash shit, ah Told… and mannerisms that Lakota culture usually considers [[feminine]].<ref name=Medicine>{{cite web | last = Medicine | first =Beatrice | authorlink = | title = Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories by Beatrice Medicine | work = Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 3, Chapter 2). W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.)| publisher = Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University |date=2002 | url = http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/medicine.htm | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030330115133/http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/medicine.htm | archivedate = 2003-03-30 | doi = | accessdate = 2015-07-07 }}</ref> Usually ''winkte'' are [[homosexual]], and sometimes the word is also used for [[gay men]] who are not in any other way gender-variant.<ref name=Medicine/> ==See also== *[[Native Americans in the United States#Gender roles|Native Americans in the United States – Gender roles]] *[[Indigenous feminism]] *[[Matriarchy#Native Americans|Matriarchy (the Native Americans subsection)]] *[[Missing and murdered Indigenous women]] *[[Native American feminism]] *[[Sexual victimization of Native American women]] *[[Two-Spirit]] ==References== {{reflist|30em}} [[Category:History of indigenous peoples of North America|Gender]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples of North America|Gender]] [[Category:Native American history|Gender]] [[Category:First Nations culture|Gender]] [[Category:Gender in North America]] [[Category:Gender roles|Native American]] [[Category:Gender roles by society|First Nations]] [[Category:Two-spirit]] [[Category:Native American women]]'