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{{Use Australian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = '''Torres Strait Islanders'''
<!-- | flag = [[:File:Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders.svg|Link to file]] --><!-- This image is non-free and cannot be used here. See linked discussions at file talk page fore more information -->
| flag_caption = The [[Torres Strait Islander Flag]]
| image = Queensland State Archives 5750 Villagers with Hon J C Peterson and party Poid Torres Strait Island June 1931.png
| population = 48,005
| poptime =
| popplace = [[Australia]]
| languages = [[Torres Strait Island languages]], [[Australian English]]
| religions = [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]]
| related = [[Aboriginal Australians]], [[Papuans]], [[Melanesians]]
| footnotes =
}}
[[Image:TorresStraitIslandsMap.png|thumb|Map of Torres Strait Islands]]
hibrid turtles ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|r|ɪ|s|-}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait|title=Torres Strait. Oxford Dictionary Online|author=|date=|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2018-08-23|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref>
) are the [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous people]] of the [[Torres Strait Islands]], part of [[Queensland]], Australia. They are distinct from the [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] people of the rest of Australia, and are generally referred to separately. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland at [[Bamaga, Queensland|Bamaga]] and [[Seisia, Queensland|Seisia]].
==Population==
[[File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population, in Australia at the {{CensusAU|2011}}]]
There are 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders who live in the area of the [[Torres Strait]], and 42,000 others who live outside the area, mostly in the north of Queensland, particularly in [[Townsville]] and [[Cairns]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|title=Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples|work=Australia Now|publisher=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|accessdate=10 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|archivedate=8 October 2006}}</ref>
==Culture==
[[Image:Face mask torres strait.JPG|thumb|upright|Ritual face [[mask]] from a Torres Strait Island (19th century).]]
The indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. They are a seafaring people, and they trade with people of [[Papua New Guinea]]. The culture is complex, with some Australian elements, some Papuan elements, and [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] elements, just like the languages. The Islanders seem to have been the dominant culture for many centuries, and neighbouring Aboriginal and Papuan cultures show some Island influence in religious ceremonies and the like.{{original research inline|date=November 2015}}
Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is Papuo-Austronesian. Unlike the indigenous peoples of mainland Australia, but like those of neighbouring Papua, islanders are agriculturalists as well as engaging in [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]]. [[Dugong]], [[turtle]]s, [[crayfish]], crabs, shellfish, reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their [[Artisan fishing|subsistence lifestyle]].<ref name="vafi">{{cite book|title=Valuing Fisheries|last=Smyth|first=Dermot|editor1-first=Tor|editor1-last=Hundloe|chapter=Appendix B: The Indigenous Sector: An Anthropological Perspective|year=2002|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=0702233293|pages=230–231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8iprCUC-BQC|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. Dugong and turtle hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea.<ref name="vafi"/>
Their more recent, post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences, most notably the place of [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]] (particularly of the [[Baptist Church|Baptist]] and [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglican]] strains) which caused major shifts in cultural paradigms, as well as subtler additions through the influence of Polynesians, particularly [[Samoa]]n and [[Rotuman people|Rotuman]] sea workers and missionaries who worked in the area in the 19th century.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
===Art===
The Torres Strait Islands, particularly since the 1970s, have produced some outstanding and successful artists, in particular printmakers, sculptors and mask-makers, and dancers. The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. The modern and portable art form of [[printmaking]], particularly [[linocut]] and [[etching]] has been a natural progression for island artists many of whom grew up learning carving, especially in wood.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
The College of Technical and Further Education on [[Thursday Island]] was a starting point for young islanders to pursue studies in art. Many went on to further art studies, especially in printmaking, initially in [[Cairns, Queensland]] and later at the [[Australian National University]] in what is now the School of Art and Design, then called the Canberra Institute of the Arts. [[Linocut]] prints are produced with black ink on white paper. Prints tell the stories of spiritual beings, island life, the environment, and the range of creatures central to Torres Strait Island life. The prints often incorporate extensive background patterning, some of which has been rediscovered after research in anthropological collections in overseas and local museums. Artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, Alick Tipoti, Dennis Nona, Billy Missi, David Bosun, and more recently Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau produce vibrant and energetic prints which are held in local and overseas collections.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
At around the same time as these artists were beginning studies in art, there was underway a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends. Many of these had been all but forgotten when Margaret Lawrie's significant publications, ''Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait'' and ''Tales from the Torres Strait'' were published in 1970 and 1972 respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait/collected and translated by Margaret Lawrie|date=1970|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=Brisbane}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Tales from Torres Strait|date=1972|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=St Lucia Qld}}</ref> While some of these stories had been written down by Alfred Cort Haddon after his anthropological expedition to the Torres Strait in 1898,<ref>{{Citation
| title=Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
| author1=Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits (1898)
| author2=Hodes, Jeremy. Index to the Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
| author3=Haddon, Alfred C. (Alfred Cort), 1855–1940
| author4=Ray, Sidney Herbert, 1858–1939. Linguistics
| year=1901
| publisher=University Press
| language=English
}}</ref> in the years after his publications up to perhaps [[World War II]], dispersal of the islanders and lack of any further written records meant there was a real danger that the material culture of the islands was being lost. The artists found a new direction in interpreting and presenting these traditional stories in prints. Prints not only served as a vehicle for interpreting stories to their own people, but have found a new and increasingly large Australian and international audience with their striking imagery. Artists have produced prints that are up to eight metres in length, foregrounding a narrative with exquisitely detailed patterned backgrounds. The imagery fuses the myths and legends with the maritime perspective of the Torres Strait Islands, and depicts spirit figures and human elements, in the sea, on the land and under the stars, surrounded by the dugongs, turtles, fish, crocodiles and birds that are part of the Islands' environment.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
Not all Torres Strait Islander printmakers work exclusively in myths and legends. Some include a range of contemporary iconography, including western art references and pop culture images such as comic book characters, either to add depth of meaning to or comparisons with local cultural chronicling. Others represent day-to-day life and the environment, such as the dugong and her calf swimming together, or turtles or jellyfish with traditional patterning on their bodies or as background.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
Several of these artists also produce sculptures, and carved and decorated masks and headdresses. Dance performances have been a constant expression of Torres Strait Islands culture throughout the twentieth century. Head decorations, masks, costumes and mechanical dance machines are created to use in traditional ceremonies and performances. Contemporary masks can be simple carved faces or more elaborate decorated pieces. Headdresses or dhari (see the TI flag, above right) and dance machines (hand-held mechanical objects) constructed of a mix of traditional and contemporary materials, bring colour and movement to performances. Like much of the art of the Torres Strait, dharis and masks are essentially spiritual, but have taken on the ability to reflect stories and historical and contemporary events, using modern materials of metal and plywood but also more traditional feathers, human hair, bamboo, bean pods and shell. Masks, drumming and chanting are often combined with dance performances for exhibitions such as Alick Tipoti's Zugubal. Ancestral Spirits at the [[Cairns Regional Gallery]] in July 2015.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
Prominent among the artforms is ''wame'' (alt. ''wameya''), many different [[string figure]]s<ref name="LalFortune2000">{{cite book|editor1=Brij V. Lal|editor2=Kate Fortune|title=The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA456|accessdate=7 March 2016|year=2000|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1|page=456}}</ref><ref>[[Alfred Cort Haddon]], along with one of his daughters, the pioneers in the modern study of Torres Strait string figures</ref><ref>[http://www.isfa.org/biblio.htm A string figure bibliography] including examples from Torres Strait.</ref> (a particular string figure game played by two or more participants that generates several string figures is familiar to people of many cultures under the name [[Cat's cradle]]), some extremely elaborate and beautiful, and 'string catches' (games in which strings are wrapped around fingers then removed quickly with a single pull).{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
==Languages==
{{main|Torres Strait Island languages}}
The [[Western-central Torres Strait Language]], or [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]], is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands. It is a member of the [[Pama-Nyungan]] family of languages of Australia. [[Meriam Mir]] is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages]], the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.<ref>{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|title=Indigenous Fact Sheet: Torres Strait Islanders|work=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)|Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs]]|accessdate=10 December 2006|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518061701/http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|archivedate=18 May 2006}}</ref>
==Administration==
{{see also|Torres Strait Regional Authority}}
The Torres Strait Islanders have been administered by a system of elected councils.<ref name="Beckett1990">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Beckett|title=Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA17|accessdate=7 March 2016|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37862-8|pages=17–18}}</ref> This is a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.<ref name="Beckett1990"/>
==Notable Torres Strait Islanders==
* [[Eddie Mabo]] - [[Indigenous land rights|land rights]] campaigner
* [[Patty Mills]] - [[NBA]] player for the [[San Antonio Spurs]]
* [[Sam Powell-Pepper]] – [[Australian Football League]] player for [[Port Adelaide Football Club|Port Adelaide]]<ref>[http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/resilience-the-driving-force-behind-sam-powellpeppers-draft-bid/news-story/d71dd6190727eb9efdff1290b9335fbe Resilience the driving force behind Sam Powell-Pepper's draft bid]</ref>
* [[Albert Proud]] – [[Australian Football League]] player for [[Brisbane Lions]]<ref>AFL Record. Round 9,2009. Slattery Publishing. pg 75.</ref>
* [[Cynthia Lui]] – the first Torres Strait Islander elected to the [[Parliament of Queensland]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Tony|title=Labor one seat closer as first Torres Strait Islander woman elected to Parliament|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland-election-2017/first-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=Brisbane Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
* [[Sam Thaiday]] - an Australian [[National Rugby League]] player for the [[Brisbane Broncos]].
* [[Dane Gagai]] - an Australian [[National Rugby League]] player for the [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]].
* [[Christine Anu]] - an Australian [[pop music|pop]] singer and actress. She gained popularity with the release of her song "[[My Island Home]]". Anu has been nominated for 17 [[ARIA Awards]].<ref name="ARIA Award History">{{cite web|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519020402/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2011 |title=History: Winners by Artist: Christine Anu |work=[[ARIA Award]]s |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) |accessdate=18 May 2009 }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Queensland|Australia}}
* [[Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA)]]
* [[Indigenous Australians]]
* [[List of Indigenous Australian firsts]]
* [[Papuan people]]
* [[Torres Strait Islander Flag]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading ==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=Torres Strait Islanders}}
*[http://www.tsra.gov.au/ Torres Strait Regional Authority]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184126/http://www.churchoftorresstrait.org/ Church of Torres Strait]
*[http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/search/eresources/ebooks/virtual-books Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders' virtual books] – held by the State Library of Queensland.
*[http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/atsi/contemporary-stories Contemporary stories] by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
*[http://www.humanrights.gov.au/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner], [http://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/social-justice-reports Social Justice Reports 1993–2015] and [http://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/native-title-reports Native Title Reports 1994–2015] for more information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander affairs.
*[http://www.baduartcentre.com.au/ Torres Strait Islander Art from Badu Island]
*[http://moaart.com.au/ Art of Mua Island Torres Strait]
*[http://www.erubarts.com.au/Erub_Ewer_Meta/Erub_Ewer_Meta.html Darnley Island Arts Centre]
*[http://www.alicktipoti.com Alick Tipoti artist]
*[http://www.gabtitui.com.au/ Gab Titui Cultural Centre]
*[https://iview.abc.net.au/show/blue-water-empire Blue Water Empire] - ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about TSI
{{Indigenous Australians}}
{{Indigenous peoples by continent}}
{{Ethnic groups in Australia}}
[[Category:Torres Strait Islanders| ]]
[[Category:Torres Strait Islands culture]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Australia]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = '''Torres Strait Islanders'''
<!-- | flag = [[:File:Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders.svg|Link to file]] --><!-- This image is non-free and cannot be used here. See linked discussions at file talk page fore more information -->
| flag_caption = The [[Torres Strait Islander Flag]]
| image = Queensland State Archives 5750 Villagers with Hon J C Peterson and party Poid Torres Strait Island June 1931.png
| population = 48,005
| poptime =
| popplace = [[Australia]]
| languages = [[Torres Strait Island languages]], [[Australian English]]
| religions = [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]]
| related = [[Aboriginal Australians]], [[Papuans]], [[Melanesians]]
| footnotes =
}}
[[Image:TorresStraitIslandsMap.png|thumb|Map of Torres Strait Islands]]
hibrid turtles ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|r|ɪ|s|-}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait|title=Torres Strait. Oxford Dictionary Online|author=|date=|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2018-08-23|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref>
) are the [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous people]] of the [[Torres Strait Islands]], part of [[Queensland]], Australia. They are distinct from the [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] people of the rest of Australia, and are generally referred to separately. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities ohiiihihihihihihihihihihiihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihiihihihihiihi[[File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population, in Australia at the {{CensusAU|2011}}]]
There are 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders who live in the area of the [[Torres Strait]], and 42,000 others who live outside the area, mostly in the north of Queensland, particularly in [[Townsville]] and [[Cairns]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|title=Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples|work=Australia Now|publisher=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|accessdate=10 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|archivedate=8 October 2006}}</ref>
==Culture==
[[Image:Face mask torres strait.JPG|thumb|upright|Ritual face [[mask]] from a Torres Strait Island (19th century).]]
The indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. They are a seafaring people, and they trade with people of [[Papua New Guinea]]. The culture is complex, with some Australian elements, some Papuan elements, and [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] elements, just like the languages. The Islanders seem to have been the dominant culture for many centuries, and neighbouring Aboriginal and Papuan cultures show some Island influence in religious ceremonies and the like.{{original research inline|date=November 2015}}
Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is Papuo-Austronesian. Unlike the indigenous peoples of mainland Australia, but like those of neighbouring Papua, islanders are agriculturalists as well as engaging in [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]]. [[Dugong]], [[turtle]]s, [[crayfish]], crabs, shellfish, reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their [[Artisan fishing|subsistence lifestyle]].<ref name="vafi">{{cite book|title=Valuing Fisheries|last=Smyth|first=Dermot|editor1-first=Tor|editor1-last=Hundloe|chapter=Appendix B: The Indigenous Sector: An Anthropological Perspective|year=2002|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=0702233293|pages=230–231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8iprCUC-BQC|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. Dugong and turtle hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea.<ref name="vafi"/>
Their more recent, post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences, most notably the place of [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]] (particularly of the [[Baptist Church|Baptist]] and [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglican]] strains) which caused major shifts in cultural paradigms, as well as subtler additions through the influence of Polynesians, particularly [[Samoa]]n and [[Rotuman people|Rotuman]] sea workers and missionaries who worked in the area in the 19th century.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
===Art===
The Torres Strait Islands, particularly since the 1970s, have produced some outstanding and successful artists, in particular printmakers, sculptors and mask-makers, and dancers. The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. The modern and portable art form of [[printmaking]], particularly [[linocut]] and [[etching]] has been a natural progression for island artists many of whom grew up learning carving, especially in wood.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
The College of Technical and Further Education on [[Thursday Island]] was a starting point for young islanders to pursue studies in art. Many went on to further art studies, especially in printmaking, initially in [[Cairns, Queensland]] and later at the [[Australian National University]] in what is now the School of Art and Design, then called the Canberra Institute of the Arts. [[Linocut]] prints are produced with black ink on white paper. Prints tell the stories of spiritual beings, island life, the environment, and the range of creatures central to Torres Strait Island life. The prints often incorporate extensive background patterning, some of which has been rediscovered after research in anthropological collections in overseas and local museums. Artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, Alick Tipoti, Dennis Nona, Billy Missi, David Bosun, and more recently Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau produce vibrant and energetic prints which are held in local and overseas collections.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
At around the same time as these artists were beginning studies in art, there was underway a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends. Many of these had been all but forgotten when Margaret Lawrie's significant publications, ''Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait'' and ''Tales from the Torres Strait'' were published in 1970 and 1972 respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait/collected and translated by Margaret Lawrie|date=1970|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=Brisbane}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Tales from Torres Strait|date=1972|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=St Lucia Qld}}</ref> While some of these stories had been written down by Alfred Cort Haddon after his anthropological expedition to the Torres Strait in 1898,<ref>{{Citation
| title=Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
| author1=Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits (1898)
| author2=Hodes, Jeremy. Index to the Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
| author3=Haddon, Alfred C. (Alfred Cort), 1855–1940
| author4=Ray, Sidney Herbert, 1858–1939. Linguistics
| year=1901
| publisher=University Press
| language=English
}}</ref> in the years after his publications up to perhaps [[World War II]], dispersal of the islanders and lack of any further written records meant there was a real danger that the material culture of the islands was being lost. The artists found a new direction in interpreting and presenting these traditional stories in prints. Prints not only served as a vehicle for interpreting stories to their own people, but have found a new and increasingly large Australian and international audience with their striking imagery. Artists have produced prints that are up to eight metres in length, foregrounding a narrative with exquisitely detailed patterned backgrounds. The imagery fuses the myths and legends with the maritime perspective of the Torres Strait Islands, and depicts spirit figures and human elements, in the sea, on the land and under the stars, surrounded by the dugongs, turtles, fish, crocodiles and birds that are part of the Islands' environment.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
Not all Torres Strait Islander printmakers work exclusively in myths and legends. Some include a range of contemporary iconography, including western art references and pop culture images such as comic book characters, either to add depth of meaning to or comparisons with local cultural chronicling. Others represent day-to-day life and the environment, such as the dugong and her calf swimming together, or turtles or jellyfish with traditional patterning on their bodies or as background.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
Several of these artists also produce sculptures, and carved and decorated masks and headdresses. Dance performances have been a constant expression of Torres Strait Islands culture throughout the twentieth century. Head decorations, masks, costumes and mechanical dance machines are created to use in traditional ceremonies and performances. Contemporary masks can be simple carved faces or more elaborate decorated pieces. Headdresses or dhari (see the TI flag, above right) and dance machines (hand-held mechanical objects) constructed of a mix of traditional and contemporary materials, bring colour and movement to performances. Like much of the art of the Torres Strait, dharis and masks are essentially spiritual, but have taken on the ability to reflect stories and historical and contemporary events, using modern materials of metal and plywood but also more traditional feathers, human hair, bamboo, bean pods and shell. Masks, drumming and chanting are often combined with dance performances for exhibitions such as Alick Tipoti's Zugubal. Ancestral Spirits at the [[Cairns Regional Gallery]] in July 2015.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
Prominent among the artforms is ''wame'' (alt. ''wameya''), many different [[string figure]]s<ref name="LalFortune2000">{{cite book|editor1=Brij V. Lal|editor2=Kate Fortune|title=The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA456|accessdate=7 March 2016|year=2000|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1|page=456}}</ref><ref>[[Alfred Cort Haddon]], along with one of his daughters, the pioneers in the modern study of Torres Strait string figures</ref><ref>[http://www.isfa.org/biblio.htm A string figure bibliography] including examples from Torres Strait.</ref> (a particular string figure game played by two or more participants that generates several string figures is familiar to people of many cultures under the name [[Cat's cradle]]), some extremely elaborate and beautiful, and 'string catches' (games in which strings are wrapped around fingers then removed quickly with a single pull).{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
==Languages==
{{main|Torres Strait Island languages}}
The [[Western-central Torres Strait Language]], or [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]], is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands. It is a member of the [[Pama-Nyungan]] family of languages of Australia. [[Meriam Mir]] is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages]], the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.<ref>{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|title=Indigenous Fact Sheet: Torres Strait Islanders|work=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)|Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs]]|accessdate=10 December 2006|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518061701/http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|archivedate=18 May 2006}}</ref>
==Administration==
{{see also|Torres Strait Regional Authority}}
The Torres Strait Islanders have been administered by a system of elected councils.<ref name="Beckett1990">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Beckett|title=Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA17|accessdate=7 March 2016|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37862-8|pages=17–18}}</ref> This is a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.<ref name="Beckett1990"/>
==Notable Torres Strait Islanders==
* [[Eddie Mabo]] - [[Indigenous land rights|land rights]] campaigner
* [[Patty Mills]] - [[NBA]] player for the [[San Antonio Spurs]]
* [[Sam Powell-Pepper]] – [[Australian Football League]] player for [[Port Adelaide Football Club|Port Adelaide]]<ref>[http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/resilience-the-driving-force-behind-sam-powellpeppers-draft-bid/news-story/d71dd6190727eb9efdff1290b9335fbe Resilience the driving force behind Sam Powell-Pepper's draft bid]</ref>
* [[Albert Proud]] – [[Australian Football League]] player for [[Brisbane Lions]]<ref>AFL Record. Round 9,2009. Slattery Publishing. pg 75.</ref>
* [[Cynthia Lui]] – the first Torres Strait Islander elected to the [[Parliament of Queensland]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Tony|title=Labor one seat closer as first Torres Strait Islander woman elected to Parliament|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland-election-2017/first-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=Brisbane Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
* [[Sam Thaiday]] - an Australian [[National Rugby League]] player for the [[Brisbane Broncos]].
* [[Dane Gagai]] - an Australian [[National Rugby League]] player for the [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]].
* [[Christine Anu]] - an Australian [[pop music|pop]] singer and actress. She gained popularity with the release of her song "[[My Island Home]]". Anu has been nominated for 17 [[ARIA Awards]].<ref name="ARIA Award History">{{cite web|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519020402/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2011 |title=History: Winners by Artist: Christine Anu |work=[[ARIA Award]]s |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) |accessdate=18 May 2009 }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Queensland|Australia}}
* [[Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA)]]
* [[Indigenous Australians]]
* [[List of Indigenous Australian firsts]]
* [[Papuan people]]
* [[Torres Strait Islander Flag]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading ==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=Torres Strait Islanders}}
*[http://www.tsra.gov.au/ Torres Strait Regional Authority]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184126/http://www.churchoftorresstrait.org/ Church of Torres Strait]
*[http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/search/eresources/ebooks/virtual-books Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders' virtual books] – held by the State Library of Queensland.
*[http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/atsi/contemporary-stories Contemporary stories] by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
*[http://www.humanrights.gov.au/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner], [http://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/social-justice-reports Social Justice Reports 1993–2015] and [http://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/native-title-reports Native Title Reports 1994–2015] for more information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander affairs.
*[http://www.baduartcentre.com.au/ Torres Strait Islander Art from Badu Island]
*[http://moaart.com.au/ Art of Mua Island Torres Strait]
*[http://www.erubarts.com.au/Erub_Ewer_Meta/Erub_Ewer_Meta.html Darnley Island Arts Centre]
*[http://www.alicktipoti.com Alick Tipoti artist]
*[http://www.gabtitui.com.au/ Gab Titui Cultural Centre]
*[https://iview.abc.net.au/show/blue-water-empire Blue Water Empire] - ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about TSI
{{Indigenous Australians}}
{{Indigenous peoples by continent}}
{{Ethnic groups in Australia}}
[[Category:Torres Strait Islanders| ]]
[[Category:Torres Strait Islands culture]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Australia]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -19,8 +19,5 @@
hibrid turtles ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|r|ɪ|s|-}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait|title=Torres Strait. Oxford Dictionary Online|author=|date=|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2018-08-23|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref>
-) are the [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous people]] of the [[Torres Strait Islands]], part of [[Queensland]], Australia. They are distinct from the [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] people of the rest of Australia, and are generally referred to separately. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland at [[Bamaga, Queensland|Bamaga]] and [[Seisia, Queensland|Seisia]].
-
-==Population==
-[[File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population, in Australia at the {{CensusAU|2011}}]]
+) are the [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous people]] of the [[Torres Strait Islands]], part of [[Queensland]], Australia. They are distinct from the [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] people of the rest of Australia, and are generally referred to separately. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities ohiiihihihihihihihihihihiihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihiihihihihiihi[[File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population, in Australia at the {{CensusAU|2011}}]]
There are 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders who live in the area of the [[Torres Strait]], and 42,000 others who live outside the area, mostly in the north of Queensland, particularly in [[Townsville]] and [[Cairns]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|title=Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples|work=Australia Now|publisher=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|accessdate=10 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|archivedate=8 October 2006}}</ref>
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0 => ') are the [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous people]] of the [[Torres Strait Islands]], part of [[Queensland]], Australia. They are distinct from the [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] people of the rest of Australia, and are generally referred to separately. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities ohiiihihihihihihihihihihiihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihiihihihihiihi[[File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population, in Australia at the {{CensusAU|2011}}]]'
] |
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0 => ') are the [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous people]] of the [[Torres Strait Islands]], part of [[Queensland]], Australia. They are distinct from the [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] people of the rest of Australia, and are generally referred to separately. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland at [[Bamaga, Queensland|Bamaga]] and [[Seisia, Queensland|Seisia]].',
1 => '',
2 => '==Population==',
3 => '[[File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population, in Australia at the {{CensusAU|2011}}]]'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><caption class="fn org"><b>Torres Strait Islanders</b></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png" class="image"><img alt="Queensland State Archives 5750 Villagers with Hon J C Peterson and party Poid Torres Strait Island June 1931.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png/220px-Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png/330px-Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png/440px-Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="485" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">48,005</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuans" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuans">Papuans</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/220px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/330px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/440px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="922" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Map of Torres Strait Islands</div></div></div>
<p>hibrid turtles (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>-/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>
) are the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous people</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>, part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia. They are distinct from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> people of the rest of Australia, and are generally referred to separately. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities ohiiihihihihihihihihihihiihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihiihihihihiihi</p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_0048_Indigenous_Persons_Torres_Strait_Islander_Persons.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_0048_Indigenous_Persons_Torres_Strait_Islander_Persons.svg/290px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_0048_Indigenous_Persons_Torres_Strait_Islander_Persons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="228" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_0048_Indigenous_Persons_Torres_Strait_Islander_Persons.svg/435px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_0048_Indigenous_Persons_Torres_Strait_Islander_Persons.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_0048_Indigenous_Persons_Torres_Strait_Islander_Persons.svg/580px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_0048_Indigenous_Persons_Torres_Strait_Islander_Persons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1574" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_0048_Indigenous_Persons_Torres_Strait_Islander_Persons.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population, in Australia at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Census_in_Australia#2011" title="Census in Australia">2011 census</a></div></div></div>
<p>There are 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders who live in the area of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>, and 42,000 others who live outside the area, mostly in the north of Queensland, particularly in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Art"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Art</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Administration"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Administration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Notable_Torres_Strait_Islanders"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notable Torres Strait Islanders</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG/170px-Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG/255px-Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG/340px-Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ritual face <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">mask</a> from a Torres Strait Island (19th century).</div></div></div>
<p>The indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. They are a seafaring people, and they trade with people of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. The culture is complex, with some Australian elements, some Papuan elements, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> elements, just like the languages. The Islanders seem to have been the dominant culture for many centuries, and neighbouring Aboriginal and Papuan cultures show some Island influence in religious ceremonies and the like.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2015)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is Papuo-Austronesian. Unlike the indigenous peoples of mainland Australia, but like those of neighbouring Papua, islanders are agriculturalists as well as engaging in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugong</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>, crabs, shellfish, reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artisan_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisan fishing">subsistence lifestyle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vafi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vafi-3">[3]</a></sup> Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. Dugong and turtle hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-vafi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vafi-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Their more recent, post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences, most notably the place of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Christianity</a> (particularly of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Church">Baptist</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican</a> strains) which caused major shifts in cultural paradigms, as well as subtler additions through the influence of Polynesians, particularly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotuman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotuman people">Rotuman</a> sea workers and missionaries who worked in the area in the 19th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Art">Art</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Torres Strait Islands, particularly since the 1970s, have produced some outstanding and successful artists, in particular printmakers, sculptors and mask-makers, and dancers. The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. The modern and portable art form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>, particularly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linocut" title="Linocut">linocut</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> has been a natural progression for island artists many of whom grew up learning carving, especially in wood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The College of Technical and Further Education on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a> was a starting point for young islanders to pursue studies in art. Many went on to further art studies, especially in printmaking, initially in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns, Queensland">Cairns, Queensland</a> and later at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> in what is now the School of Art and Design, then called the Canberra Institute of the Arts. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linocut" title="Linocut">Linocut</a> prints are produced with black ink on white paper. Prints tell the stories of spiritual beings, island life, the environment, and the range of creatures central to Torres Strait Island life. The prints often incorporate extensive background patterning, some of which has been rediscovered after research in anthropological collections in overseas and local museums. Artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, Alick Tipoti, Dennis Nona, Billy Missi, David Bosun, and more recently Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau produce vibrant and energetic prints which are held in local and overseas collections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>At around the same time as these artists were beginning studies in art, there was underway a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends. Many of these had been all but forgotten when Margaret Lawrie's significant publications, <i>Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait</i> and <i>Tales from the Torres Strait</i> were published in 1970 and 1972 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> While some of these stories had been written down by Alfred Cort Haddon after his anthropological expedition to the Torres Strait in 1898,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> in the years after his publications up to perhaps <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, dispersal of the islanders and lack of any further written records meant there was a real danger that the material culture of the islands was being lost. The artists found a new direction in interpreting and presenting these traditional stories in prints. Prints not only served as a vehicle for interpreting stories to their own people, but have found a new and increasingly large Australian and international audience with their striking imagery. Artists have produced prints that are up to eight metres in length, foregrounding a narrative with exquisitely detailed patterned backgrounds. The imagery fuses the myths and legends with the maritime perspective of the Torres Strait Islands, and depicts spirit figures and human elements, in the sea, on the land and under the stars, surrounded by the dugongs, turtles, fish, crocodiles and birds that are part of the Islands' environment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Not all Torres Strait Islander printmakers work exclusively in myths and legends. Some include a range of contemporary iconography, including western art references and pop culture images such as comic book characters, either to add depth of meaning to or comparisons with local cultural chronicling. Others represent day-to-day life and the environment, such as the dugong and her calf swimming together, or turtles or jellyfish with traditional patterning on their bodies or as background.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Several of these artists also produce sculptures, and carved and decorated masks and headdresses. Dance performances have been a constant expression of Torres Strait Islands culture throughout the twentieth century. Head decorations, masks, costumes and mechanical dance machines are created to use in traditional ceremonies and performances. Contemporary masks can be simple carved faces or more elaborate decorated pieces. Headdresses or dhari (see the TI flag, above right) and dance machines (hand-held mechanical objects) constructed of a mix of traditional and contemporary materials, bring colour and movement to performances. Like much of the art of the Torres Strait, dharis and masks are essentially spiritual, but have taken on the ability to reflect stories and historical and contemporary events, using modern materials of metal and plywood but also more traditional feathers, human hair, bamboo, bean pods and shell. Masks, drumming and chanting are often combined with dance performances for exhibitions such as Alick Tipoti's Zugubal. Ancestral Spirits at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns_Regional_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns Regional Gallery">Cairns Regional Gallery</a> in July 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Prominent among the artforms is <i>wame</i> (alt. <i>wameya</i>), many different <a href="/enwiki/wiki/String_figure" title="String figure">string figures</a><sup id="cite_ref-LalFortune2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LalFortune2000-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> (a particular string figure game played by two or more participants that generates several string figures is familiar to people of many cultures under the name <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cat%27s_cradle" title="Cat's cradle">Cat's cradle</a>), some extremely elaborate and beautiful, and 'string catches' (games in which strings are wrapped around fingers then removed quickly with a single pull).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western-central_Torres_Strait_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western-central Torres Strait Language">Western-central Torres Strait Language</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a>, is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands. It is a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama-Nyungan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pama-Nyungan">Pama-Nyungan</a> family of languages of Australia. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriam_Mir" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriam Mir">Meriam Mir</a> is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly languages</a>, the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Administration">Administration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a></div>
<p>The Torres Strait Islanders have been administered by a system of elected councils.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckett1990_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckett1990-11">[11]</a></sup> This is a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckett1990_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckett1990-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_Torres_Strait_Islanders">Notable Torres Strait Islanders</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable Torres Strait Islanders">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eddie_Mabo" title="Eddie Mabo">Eddie Mabo</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">land rights</a> campaigner</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a> player for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">San Antonio Spurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Powell-Pepper" title="Sam Powell-Pepper">Sam Powell-Pepper</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> player for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club" title="Port Adelaide Football Club">Port Adelaide</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Proud" title="Albert Proud">Albert Proud</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> player for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brisbane_Lions" title="Brisbane Lions">Brisbane Lions</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cynthia_Lui" title="Cynthia Lui">Cynthia Lui</a> – the first Torres Strait Islander elected to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Queensland" title="Parliament of Queensland">Parliament of Queensland</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Thaiday" title="Sam Thaiday">Sam Thaiday</a> - an Australian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> player for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos" title="Brisbane Broncos">Brisbane Broncos</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dane_Gagai" title="Dane Gagai">Dane Gagai</a> - an Australian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> player for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs" title="South Sydney Rabbitohs">South Sydney Rabbitohs</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christine_Anu" title="Christine Anu">Christine Anu</a> - an Australian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> singer and actress. She gained popularity with the release of her song "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/My_Island_Home" title="My Island Home">My Island Home</a>". Anu has been nominated for 17 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARIA_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="ARIA Awards">ARIA Awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ARIA_Award_History_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARIA_Award_History-15">[15]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
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<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Queensland" title="Portal:Queensland">Queensland portal</a></span></li>
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts_(ACPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA)">Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_firsts" title="List of Indigenous Australian firsts">List of Indigenous Australian firsts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_Flag" title="Torres Strait Islander Flag">Torres Strait Islander Flag</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait">"Torres Strait. Oxford Dictionary Online"</a>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torres+Strait.+Oxford+Dictionary+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Ftorres_strait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html">"Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples"</a>. <i>Australia Now</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Australia" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia+Now&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+peoples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Ffacts%2Findg_overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-vafi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vafi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vafi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smyth, Dermot (2002). "Appendix B: The Indigenous Sector: An Anthropological Perspective". In Hundloe, Tor (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8iprCUC-BQC"><i>Valuing Fisheries</i></a>. University of Queensland Press. pp. 230–231. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0702233293" title="Special:BookSources/0702233293"><bdi>0702233293</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+B%3A+The+Indigenous+Sector%3A+An+Anthropological+Perspective&rft.btitle=Valuing+Fisheries&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0702233293&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Dermot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8iprCUC-BQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lawrie, Margaret Elizabeth (1970). <i>Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait/collected and translated by Margaret Lawrie</i>. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends+of+the+Torres+Strait%2Fcollected+and+translated+by+Margaret+Lawrie&rft.place=Brisbane&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lawrie, Margaret Elizabeth (1972). <i>Tales from Torres Strait</i>. St Lucia Qld: University of Queensland Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+from+Torres+Strait&rft.place=St+Lucia+Qld&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCambridge_Anthropological_Expedition_to_Torres_Straits_(1898)Hodes,_Jeremy._Index_to_the_Reports_of_the_Cambridge_Anthropological_Expedition_to_Torres_StraitsHaddon,_Alfred_C._(Alfred_Cort),_1855–1940Ray,_Sidney_Herbert,_1858–1939._Linguistics1901" class="citation">Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits (1898); Hodes, Jeremy. Index to the Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits; Haddon, Alfred C. (Alfred Cort), 1855–1940; Ray, Sidney Herbert, 1858–1939. Linguistics (1901), <i>Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits</i>, University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+of+the+Cambridge+Anthropological+Expedition+to+Torres+Straits&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Cambridge+Anthropological+Expedition+to+Torres+Straits+%281898%29&rft.au=Hodes%2C+Jeremy.+Index+to+the+Reports+of+the+Cambridge+Anthropological+Expedition+to+Torres+Straits&rft.au=Haddon%2C+Alfred+C.+%28Alfred+Cort%29%2C+1855%E2%80%931940&rft.au=Ray%2C+Sidney+Herbert%2C+1858%E2%80%931939.+Linguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LalFortune2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LalFortune2000_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brij V. Lal; Kate Fortune, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA456"><i>The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 456. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2265-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2265-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-2265-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Islands%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5pPpJl8E5wC%26pg%3DPA456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Alfred Cort Haddon</a>, along with one of his daughters, the pioneers in the modern study of Torres Strait string figures</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfa.org/biblio.htm">A string figure bibliography</a> including examples from Torres Strait.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518061701/http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf">"Indigenous Fact Sheet: Torres Strait Islanders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Australia" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Families,_Community_Services_and_Indigenous_Affairs_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)">Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Government%2C+Department+of+Families%2C+Community+Services+and+Indigenous+Affairs&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Fact+Sheet%3A+Torres+Strait+Islanders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsia.gov.au%2FFacts%2Fdocs%2FFS_series23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Beckett1990-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beckett1990_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckett1990_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jeremy Beckett (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA17"><i>Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37862-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37862-8"><bdi>978-0-521-37862-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torres+Strait+Islanders%3A+Custom+and+Colonialism&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37862-8&rft.au=Jeremy+Beckett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7iO-blAUczcC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/resilience-the-driving-force-behind-sam-powellpeppers-draft-bid/news-story/d71dd6190727eb9efdff1290b9335fbe">Resilience the driving force behind Sam Powell-Pepper's draft bid</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AFL Record. Round 9,2009. Slattery Publishing. pg 75.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Moore, Tony (28 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland-election-2017/first-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html">"Labor one seat closer as first Torres Strait Islander woman elected to Parliament"</a>. <i>Brisbane Times</i>. Fairfax Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+Times&rft.atitle=Labor+one+seat+closer+as+first+Torres+Strait+Islander+woman+elected+to+Parliament&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Fqueensland-election-2017%2Ffirst-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ARIA_Award_History-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARIA_Award_History_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519020402/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu">"History: Winners by Artist: Christine Anu"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARIA_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="ARIA Award">ARIA Awards</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">Australian Recording Industry Association</a> (ARIA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu">the original</a> on 19 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARIA+Awards&rft.atitle=History%3A+Winners+by+Artist%3A+Christine+Anu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ariaawards.com.au%2Fhistory-by-artist.php%3Fletter%3DC%26artist%3DChristine%2520Anu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Torres Strait Islanders</b> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Torres+Strait+Islanders">Resources in your library</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Torres+Strait+Islanders&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul></td>
</tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsra.gov.au/">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184126/http://www.churchoftorresstrait.org/">Church of Torres Strait</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/search/eresources/ebooks/virtual-books">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders' virtual books</a> – held by the State Library of Queensland.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/atsi/contemporary-stories">Contemporary stories</a> by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrights.gov.au/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/social-justice-reports">Social Justice Reports 1993–2015</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/native-title-reports">Native Title Reports 1994–2015</a> for more information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander affairs.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baduartcentre.com.au/">Torres Strait Islander Art from Badu Island</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moaart.com.au/">Art of Mua Island Torres Strait</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erubarts.com.au/Erub_Ewer_Meta/Erub_Ewer_Meta.html">Darnley Island Arts Centre</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alicktipoti.com">Alick Tipoti artist</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gabtitui.com.au/">Gab Titui Cultural Centre</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iview.abc.net.au/show/blue-water-empire">Blue Water Empire</a> - ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about TSI</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_Australians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Indigenous_Australians" title="Template:Indigenous Australians"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_Australians" title="Template talk:Indigenous Australians"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Indigenous_Australians&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_Australians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Australia" title="Indigenous peoples of Australia">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackfella" title="Blackfella">Blackfellas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_communities" title="Category:Indigenous Australian communities">Communities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_group_names" title="List of Indigenous Australian group names">Groups</a></li>
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<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_indigenous_rights_activists" title="Category:Australian indigenous rights activists">Activists</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australians_in_politics_and_public_service" title="List of Indigenous Australians in politics and public service">People from politics and public service</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_avoidance_practices" title="Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices">Avoidance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corroboree" title="Corroboree">Corroboree</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deadly_Awards" title="Deadly Awards">Deadly Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_deities" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal deities">Deities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dreamtime" title="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</a></li>
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<li>Flags
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Flag" title="Australian Aboriginal Flag">Aboriginal</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_literature" title="Indigenous Australian literature">Literature of Indigenous Australians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn Grook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Message_stick" title="Message stick">Message stick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NAIDOC_Week" title="NAIDOC Week">NAIDOC Week</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Indigenous_Human_Rights_Awards" title="National Indigenous Human Rights Awards">National Indigenous Human Rights Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outstation_movement" title="Outstation movement">Outstation movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riji" title="Riji">Riji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_seasons" title="Indigenous Australian seasons">Seasons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sacred_sites" title="Australian Aboriginal sacred sites">Sacred sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smoking_ceremony" title="Smoking ceremony">Smoking ceremony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songline" title="Songline">Songlines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tjurunga" title="Tjurunga">Tjurunga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Torres_Strait_Islands_culture" title="Category:Torres Strait Islands culture">Torres Strait Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woggabaliri" title="Woggabaliri">Woggabaliri</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avoidance_speech" title="Avoidance speech">Avoidance speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Kriol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Kriol language">Australian Creole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_group_names" title="List of Indigenous Australian group names">Language groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Australian_Aboriginal_origin" title="List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin">Loanwords into English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Palawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_place_names_of_Aboriginal_origin" title="List of Australian place names of Aboriginal origin">Placenames</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Sign languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Organisations_serving_Indigenous_Australians" title="Category:Organisations serving Indigenous Australians">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Commission" title="Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission">ATSIC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Medical_Service" title="Aboriginal Medical Service">Aboriginal Medical Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aborigines_Advancement_League" title="Aborigines Advancement League">Aborigines Advancement League</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aborigines_Progressive_Association" title="Aborigines Progressive Association">Aborigines Progressive Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Progress_Association" title="Australian Aboriginal Progress Association">Australian Aboriginal Progress Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aborigines%27_League" title="Australian Aborigines' League">Australian Aborigines' League</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Land_Council" title="Central Land Council">Central Land Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_media" title="Category:Indigenous Australian media">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Congress_of_Australia%27s_First_Peoples" title="National Congress of Australia's First Peoples">National Congress of Australia's First Peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Indigenous_Council" title="National Indigenous Council">National Indigenous Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Land_Council" title="Northern Land Council">Northern Land Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_the_Registrar_of_Indigenous_Corporations" title="Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations">Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_politics" title="Category:Indigenous Australian politics">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconciliation_Australia" title="Reconciliation Australia">Reconciliation Australia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Sorry_Day" title="National Sorry Day">Sorry Day</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">TSRA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_bushcraft" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft">Bushcraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buka_cloak" title="Buka cloak">Buka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bush_bread" title="Bush bread">Bush bread</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Bush tucker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coolamon_(vessel)" title="Coolamon (vessel)">Coolamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Dugout_Canoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Dugout Canoes">Dugout canoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft" title="Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft">Fibrecraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire-stick_farming" title="Fire-stick farming">Fire-stick farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_food_groups" title="Indigenous Australian food groups">Food groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humpy" title="Humpy">Humpy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Possum-skin_cloak" title="Possum-skin cloak">Possum-skin cloak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scarred_tree" title="Scarred tree">Scarred tree</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soakage_(source_of_water)" title="Soakage (source of water)">Soaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spinifex_resin" title="Spinifex resin">Spinifex resin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweet_foods" title="Australian Aboriginal sweet foods">Sweet foods</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waddy" title="Waddy">Waddy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">Woomera</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_art" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_artifacts" title="Australian Aboriginal artifacts">Artifacts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bark_painting" title="Bark painting">Bark painting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary visual art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian dance">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Didgeridoo" title="Didgeridoo">Didgeridoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dreaming_(Australian_Aboriginal_art)" title="Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art)">Dreaming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Music</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_musical_groups" title="Category:Indigenous Australian musical groups">Music groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_rock" title="Indigenous rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Aboriginal_%26_Torres_Strait_Islander_Art_Award" title="National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award">NATSIA Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papunya_Tula" title="Papunya Tula">Papunya Tula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandpainting#Indigenous_Australian_sandpainting" title="Sandpainting">Sandpainting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vibe_Australia" title="Vibe Australia">Vibe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Visual art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yininmadyemi_-_Thou_didst_let_fall" title="Yininmadyemi - Thou didst let fall">Yininmadyemi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Category:History of Indigenous Australians">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Land_Rights_Act_1976" title="Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976">Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Frontier_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Frontier Wars">Australian Frontier Wars</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bathurst_War" title="Bathurst War">Bathurst War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars" title="Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars">Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caledon_Bay_crisis" title="Caledon Bay crisis">Caledon Bay crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cummeragunja_walk-off" title="Cummeragunja walk-off">Cummeragunja walk-off</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Day_of_Mourning_(Australia)" title="Day of Mourning (Australia)">Day of Mourning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_Hill_walk-off" title="Wave Hill walk-off">Gurindji Strike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_historical_figures" title="List of Indigenous Australian historical figures">Historical figures</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">History</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_wars" title="History wars">History wars</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_breastplate" title="Aboriginal breastplate">King plates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">Massacres</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_missions" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal missions">Missions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_native_police" title="Australian native police">Native police</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1946_Pilbara_strike" title="1946 Pilbara strike">Pilbara strike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pintupi_Nine" title="Pintupi Nine">Pintupi Nine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apology_to_Australia%27s_Indigenous_peoples" title="Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples">Apology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Tent_Embassy" title="Aboriginal Tent Embassy">Tent embassy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_history_of_Western_Australia" title="Aboriginal history of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians_and_crime" title="Indigenous Australians and crime">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_health_in_Australia" title="Indigenous health in Australia">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_land_rights_in_Australia" title="Aboriginal land rights in Australia">Land rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">Native title</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Indigenous Protected Area">Protected Area</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Media portrayals of Indigenous Australians">Media portrayal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Territory_National_Emergency_Response" title="Northern Territory National Emergency Response">Northern Territory National Emergency Response</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-determination_of_Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-determination of Australian Aborigines">Self-determination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Half-Caste_Act" title="Half-Caste Act">Half-Caste Act</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">Treaties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Indigenous_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Indigenous Australians">Voting rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">1967 Referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:khaki; padding-top:0.1em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:khaki; padding-top:0.1em;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:khaki; padding-top:0.1em;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:khaki; padding-top:0.1em;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of the world by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:17%;"><div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Location of Africa"><img alt="Location of Africa" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">Africa</a>
</p>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:17%;"><div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Asia" title="Location of Asia"><img alt="Location of Asia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples#Asia" title="List of indigenous peoples">Asia</a>
</p>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:17%;"><div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Europe" title="Location of Europe"><img alt="Location of Europe" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a>
</p>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:17%;"><div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Location of North America"><img alt="Location of North America" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of North America">North America</a>
</p>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:17%;"><div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Location of Oceania"><img alt="Location of Oceania" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Oceania</a>
</p>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:17%;"><div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Location of South America"><img alt="Location of South America" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a>
</p>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:khaki;"><div><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_by_geographic_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples by geographic regions">Indigenous peoples by geographic regions</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancestry_of_Australians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Ancestry_of_Australians" title="Template:Ancestry of Australians"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_of_Australians" title="Template talk:Ancestry of Australians"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Ancestry_of_Australians&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancestry_of_Australians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demography_of_Australia#Ancestry" title="Demography of Australia">Ancestry of Australians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Ancestral_background_of_Australians_and_overseas-born_Australians">Ancestral background of Australians and overseas-born Australians</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Australia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Australia"><img alt="Flag of Australia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/80px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/160px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanian_Australians" title="Albanian Australians">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="British Australians">British</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Celtic</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australians" title="Anglo-Celtic Australians">Anglo-Celtic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornish_Australians" title="Cornish Australians">Cornish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manx_Australians" title="Manx Australians">Manx</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welsh_Australians" title="Welsh Australians">Welsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austrian_Australians" title="Austrian Australians">Austrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgian_Australians" title="Belgian Australians">Belgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_Australians" title="Belarusian Australians">Belarusian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnian_Australians" title="Bosnian Australians">Bosnian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarian_Australians" title="Bulgarian Australians">Bulgarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatian_Australians" title="Croatian Australians">Croatian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_Australians" title="Cypriot Australians">Cypriot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Australians" title="Czech Australians">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danish_Australians" title="Danish Australians">Danish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estonian_Australians" title="Estonian Australians">Estonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Australians" title="French Australians">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finnish_Australians" title="Finnish Australians">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_Australians" title="Hungarian Australians">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Icelandic_Australians" title="Icelandic Australians">Icelandic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Australian">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosovan_Australians" title="Kosovan Australians">Kosovan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latvian_Australians" title="Latvian Australians">Latvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuanian_Australians" title="Lithuanian Australians">Lithuanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macedonian_Australians" title="Macedonian Australians">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maltese_Australians" title="Maltese Australians">Maltese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montenegrin_Australians" title="Montenegrin Australians">Montenegrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norwegian_Australians" title="Norwegian Australians">Norwegian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_Australians" title="Polish Australians">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Australians" title="Portuguese Australians">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_Australians" title="Romanian Australians">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Australians" title="Russian Australians">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbian_Australians" title="Serbian Australians">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovak_Australians" title="Slovak Australians">Slovak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovene_Australians" title="Slovene Australians">Slovene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Australians" title="Spanish Australians">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_Australians" title="Swedish Australians">Swedish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swiss_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Australian">Swiss</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Australians" title="Ukrainian Australians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghan_Australians" title="Afghan Australians">Afghan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_Australians" title="Arab Australians">Arab</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emirati_Australians" title="Emirati Australians">Emirati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Australians" title="Iraqi Australians">Iraqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordanian_Australians" title="Jordanian Australians">Jordanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwaiti_Australians" title="Kuwaiti Australians">Kuwaiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanese_Australians" title="Lebanese Australians">Lebanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Australians" title="Palestinian Australians">Palestinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Australians" title="Saudi Australians">Saudi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Australians" title="Syrian Australians">Syrian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_Australians" title="Armenian Australians">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assyrian_Australians" title="Assyrian Australians">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladeshi_Australians" title="Bangladeshi Australians">Bangladeshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burmese_Australians" title="Burmese Australians">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodian_Australians" title="Cambodian Australians">Cambodian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timorese_Australians" title="East Timorese Australians">East Timorese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filipino_Australians" title="Filipino Australians">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hong_Kong_Australians" title="Hong Kong Australians">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Indian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayali_Australians" title="Malayali Australians">Malayali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_Australians" title="Indonesian Australians">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_Australians" title="Iranian Australians">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli_Australians" title="Israeli Australians">Israeli</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Jews" title="Australian Jews">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_Australians" title="Japanese Australians">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_Australians" title="Korean Australians">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdish_Australians" title="Kurdish Australians">Kurdish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laotian_Australians" title="Laotian Australians">Laotian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Australians" title="Malaysian Australians">Malaysian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongolian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Australians">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepalese_Australians" title="Nepalese Australians">Nepali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistani_Australians" title="Pakistani Australians">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Australians" title="Russian Australians">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singaporean_Australians" title="Singaporean Australians">Singaporean</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Australians" title="Sri Lankan Australians">Sri Lankan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiwanese_Australians" title="Taiwanese Australians">Taiwanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_Australians" title="Thai Australians">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Australians" title="Turkish Australians">Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_Australians" title="Vietnamese Australians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fijian_Australians" title="Fijian Australians">Fijian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_Australians" title="New Zealand Australians">New Zealander</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians" title="Māori Australians">Māori</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Australians" title="Papua New Guinean Australians">Papua New Guinean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samoan_Australians" title="Samoan Australians">Samoan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islander</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tongan_Australians" title="Tongan Australians">Tongan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egyptian_Australians" title="Egyptian Australians">Egyptian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coptic_Australians" title="Coptic Australians">Coptic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopian_Australians" title="Ethiopian Australians">Ethiopian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghanaian_Australians" title="Ghanaian Australians">Ghanaian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenyan_Australians" title="Kenyan Australians">Kenyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritian_Australians" title="Mauritian Australians">Mauritian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigerian_Australians" title="Nigerian Australians">Nigerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somali_Australians" title="Somali Australians">Somali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Australians" title="South African Australians">South African</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sudanese_Australians" title="South Sudanese Australians">South Sudanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudanese_Australians" title="Sudanese Australians">Sudanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ugandan_Australians" title="Ugandan Australians">Ugandan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zimbabwean_Australians" title="Zimbabwean Australians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Australians" title="American Australians">American</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentine_Australians" title="Argentine Australians">Argentine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazilian_Australians" title="Brazilian Australians">Brazilian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Australians" title="Canadian Australians">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chilean_Australians" title="Chilean Australians">Chilean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombian_Australians" title="Colombian Australians">Colombian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecuadorian_Australians" title="Ecuadorian Australians">Ecuadorian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaican_Australians" title="Jamaican Australians">Jamaican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_Australians" title="Peruvian Australians">Peruvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvadoran_Australians" title="Salvadoran Australians">Salvadoran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruguayan_Australians" title="Uruguayan Australians">Uruguayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venezuelan_Australians" title="Venezuelan Australians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013">Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20">Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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</div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1569466405 |