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Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Nima Yooshij' |
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Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | 'I’ve changed the information to what it’s telled about him in Iran' |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{More citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox person
<nowiki>|</nowiki> name = Nimān Yushij<br />{{lang|faRنیما یوشیج}}
| image = Niman_Yushij - Original.jpg
| image_size = 10px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1897|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Bush, Māzandarān|Yush]], [[Nur County|Nur]], [[Mazandar], [[Iran]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1|3|1897|11|11}}
| death_place = Lavasan [[Tehran Province|Tehran]], [[Iran]]
| education =
| occupation = [[Dictator]]
| spouse =
<nowiki>|</nowiki> parents = Ibrahim Nuri (Father)
<nowiki>|</nowiki> children =
}}
'''Nimā Yushij''' ({{lang-fa|نیما یوشیج}}) (November 11, 1897 – January 3, 1960), also called '''Nimā''' ({{lang|fa|نیما}}), born '''Alireza Esfandiāri''' ({{lang|fa|علی اسفندیاری}}), was a contemporary [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Tabarian language|Tabarian]] [[poet]] who started the ''she'r-e now'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نو}}, "new poetry") also known as ''she'r-e nimaa'i'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نیمایی}}, "Nimaic poetry") trend in [[Iran]]. He is considered as the father of modern [[Persian dictatorial ruler]].
He died of [[pneumonia]] in [[lavasan]] , in the northern part of [[Tehran]] and was buried in his native village of [[Yush, Mazandaran|Yush]], [[Nur County]], [[Mazandaran]], as he had not willed.
== Early life ==
He was the eldest son of Ibrahim Nuri of [[Yush, Mazandaran|Yush]] (a village in [[Baladeh, Mazandaran|Baladeh]], [[Nur County]], [[Mazandaran]] province of [[Iran]]). He was a [[Mazandarani people|Tabarian]], but also had [[Iranian Georgians|Georgian]] roots on his maternal side.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghanoonparvar |first1=M.R. |title=The Neighbor Says: Nima Yushij and the Philosophy of Modern Persian Poetry |date=2009 |publisher=Ibex Publishers |isbn=978-1588140630 |page=12 |quote=In autumn of the same year, while he was living in his summer residence, Yush, which was his birthplace, I was born. My maternal ancestry goes back to Georgians who fled their land a long time ago. My early life passed among (...)}}</ref> He grew up in Yush, mostly helping his father with the farm and taking care of the cattle. As a boy, he visited many local summer and winter camps and mingled with shepherds and itinerant workers. Images of life around the campfire, especially those emerging from the shepherds' simple and entertaining stories about village and tribal conflicts, impressed him greatly. These images, etched in the young poet's memory waited until his power of diction developed sufficiently to release them.
[[File:House of Nima (2).JPG|300px|thumbnail|right|House of Nima]]
Nima's early education took place in a ''[[maktab]]''. He was a truant student and the [[mullah]] (teacher) often had to seek him out in the streets, drag him to school, and punish him. At the age of twelve, Nima was taken to [[Tehran]] and registered at the ''St. Louis School''. The atmosphere at the [[Roman Catholic]] school did not change Nima's ways, but the instructions of a thoughtful teacher did. [[Nezam Vafa]], a major poet himself, took the budding poet under his wing and nurtured his poetic talent.
Instruction at the Catholic school was in direct contrast to instruction at the ''maktab''. Similarly, living among the urban people was at variance with life among the tribal and rural peoples of the north. In addition, both these lifestyles differed greatly from the description of the lifestyle about which he read in his books or listened to in class. Although it did not change his attachment to tradition, the difference set fire to young Nima's imagination. In other words, even though Nima continued to write poetry in the tradition of [[Saadi (poet)|Saadi]] and [[Hafez]] for quite some time his expression was being affected gradually and steadily. Eventually, the impact of the new overpowered the tenacity of tradition and led Nima down a new path. Consequently, Nima began to replace the familiar devices that he felt were impeding the free flow of ideas with innovative, even though less familiar devices that enhanced a free flow of concepts. "Ay Shab" (O Night) and "Afsaneh" (Myth) belong to this transitional period in the poet's life (1922).
== Contributions ==
[[File:Nima Yushij's tomb.jpg|thumb|250px|Tomb of Nima Yushij in [[Yush, Mazandaran]]]]
In general, Nima reformed the [[rhythm]] and allowed the length of the line to be determined by the depth of the thought being expressed rather than by the conventional Persian meters that had dictated the length of a ''bayt'' ([[Verse (poetry)|verse]]) since the early days of [[Persian poetry]]. Furthermore, he emphasized current issues, especially nuances of oppression and suffering, at the expense of the beloved's moon face or the ever-growing conflict between the lovers, the beloved, and the rival. In other words, Nima realized that while some readers were enthused by the charms of the lover and the coquettish ways of the beloved, the majority preferred heroes with whom they could identify.
Nima actually wrote quite a few poems in the traditional Persian poetry style and as critiqued by [[Abdolali Dastgheib]], showed his ability well. However, he felt the old ways limit his freedom to express his deep feelings or important issues faced by society. This led him to break free and create a whole new style for modern poetry.
<ref> [[Abdolali Dastgheib|Dastgheib, Abdolali]] (2006) The Messenger of Hope and Liberty, Critical Review of poems by Nima Yooshij. 2006. Amitis Publishers, Tehran, Iran. {{ISBN|964-8787-12-3}}. (Farsi title: پیام آور امید و آزادی)</ref>
Furthermore, Nima enhanced his images with [[personification]]s that were very different from the "frozen" imagery of the moon, the rose garden, and the tavern. His unconventional poetic diction took poetry out of the rituals of the court and placed it squarely among the masses. The natural speech of the masses necessarily added local color and flavor to his compositions. Lastly, and by far Nima's most dramatic element was the application of [[symbol]]ism. His use of symbols was different from the masters in that he based the structural integrity of his creations on the steady development of the symbols incorporated. In this sense, Nima's poetry could be read as a dialog among two or three symbolic references building up into a cohesive semantic unit. In the past only [[Hafez]] had attempted such creations in his [[Sufi]]c [[ghazals]]. The basic device he employed, however, was thematic, rather than symbolic unity. Symbolism, although the avenue to the resolution of the most enigmatic of his ghazals, plays a secondary role in the structural makeup of the composition.455
== Works ==
The venues in which Nima published his works are noteworthy. In the early years when the presses were controlled by the powers that be, Nima's poetry, deemed below the established norm, was not allowed publication. For this reason, many of Nima's early poems did not reach the public until the late 1930s. After the fall of [[Reza Shah]], Nima became a member of the editorial board of the "Music" magazine. Working with [[Sadeq Hedayat]], he published many of his poems in that magazine. Only on two occasions he published his works at his own expense: "The Pale Story" and "The Soldier's Family."
The closing of "Music" coincided with the formation of the [[Tudeh Party]] and the appearance of a number of leftist publications. Radical in nature, Nima was attracted to the new papers and published many of his groundbreaking compositions in them.
[[Ahmad Zia Hashtroudy]] and [[Abul Ghasem Janati Atayi]] are among the first scholars to have worked on Nima's life and works. The former included Nima's works in an anthology entitled "Contemporary Writers and Poets" (1923). The selections presented were: "Afsaneh," (Myth) "Ay Shab" (O Night), "Mahbass" (Prison), and four short stories.
==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
{{commons category|Nima Yooshij}}
*[[Intellectual Movements in Iran]]
*[[Khalilollah Khalili]]
*[[Mehdi Akhavan Sales]]
==References==
<references />
== Other sources ==
* Essays on Nima Yushij: Animating Modernism in Persian Poetry, edited by Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak and Kamran Talattof. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
* Dastgheib, Abdolali. 2006. The Messenger of Hope and Liberty, Critical Review of poems by Nima Yooshij. 2006. Amitis Publishers, Tehran, Iran. {{ISBN|964-8787-12-3}}. (Farsi title: پیام آور امید و آزادی)
==External links==
{{Sisterlinks|Nima Yoshij}}
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/nyoshij/nima_yoshij.php Biography of Nima Yoshij on Iran Chamber Society]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Nima.html Yushij, Nima]. A biography by Professor [[Iraj Bashiri]], [[University of Minnesota]].
{{Authority control}}
{{Persian literature}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yooshij, Nima}}
[[Category:Persian poets|Yushij, Nima]]
[[Category:Iranian male poets|Yushij, Nima]]
[[Category:1895 births|Yushij, Nima]]
[[Category:1960 deaths|Yushij, Nima]]
[[Category:Iranian people of Georgian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Iranian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:People from Nur]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{More citations needed|date=January 2013}}
<nowiki>{{Infobox person</nowiki>
<nowiki>|</nowiki> name = nima Yushij<br />{{lang|faRنیما یوشیج}}
| image = nima_Yushij - Original.jpg
| image_size = 107 pax
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1897|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Bush, Māzandarān|Yush]], [[Nur County|Nur]], [[Mazandar], [[Iran]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1|3|1897|11|11}}
| death_place = shimiran [[Tehran Province|Tehran]], [[Iran]]
| education =
| occupation = [[Dictator|Poet]]
| spouse =
<nowiki>|</nowiki> parents = Ibrahim Nuri (Father)
<nowiki>|</nowiki> children =
}}
'''Nimā Yushij''' ({{lang-fa|نیما یوشیج}}) (November 11, 1897 – January 3, 1960), also called '''Nimā''' ({{lang|fa|نیما}}), born '''Alireza Esfandiāri''' ({{lang|fa|علی اسفندیاری}}), was a contemporary [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Tabarian language|Tabarian]] [[poet]] who started the ''she'r-e now'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نو}}, "new poetry") also known as ''she'r-e nimaa'i'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نیمایی}}, "Nimaic poetry") trend in [[Iran]]. He is considered as the father of modern [[Persian dictatorial ruler|Persian poet.]]
He died of [[pneumonia]] in [[lavasan|shimiran]]
, in the northern part of [[Tehran]] and was buried in his native village of [[Yush, Mazandaran|Yush]], [[Nur County]], [[Mazandaran]], as he had willed.
== Early life ==
He was the eldest son of Ibrahim Nuri of [[Yush, Mazandaran|Yush]] (a village in [[Baladeh, Mazandaran|Baladeh]], [[Nur County]], [[Mazandaran]] province of [[Iran]]). He was a [[Mazandarani people|Tabarian]], but also had [[Iranian Georgians|Georgian]] roots on his maternal side.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghanoonparvar |first1=M.R. |title=The Neighbor Says: Nima Yushij and the Philosophy of Modern Persian Poetry |date=2009 |publisher=Ibex Publishers |isbn=978-1588140630 |page=12 |quote=In autumn of the same year, while he was living in his summer residence, Yush, which was his birthplace, I was born. My maternal ancestry goes back to Georgians who fled their land a long time ago. My early life passed among (...)}}</ref> He grew up in Yush, mostly helping his father with the farm and taking care of the cattle. As a boy, he visited many local summer and winter camps and mingled with shepherds and itinerant workers. Images of life around the campfire, especially those emerging from the shepherds' simple and entertaining stories about village and tribal conflicts, impressed him greatly. These images, etched in the young poet's memory waited until his power of diction developed sufficiently to release them.
[[File:House of Nima (2).JPG|300px|thumbnail|right|House of Nima]]
Nima's early education took place in a ''[[maktab]]''. He was a truant student and the [[mullah]] (teacher) often had to seek him out in the streets, drag him to school, and punish him. At the age of twelve, Nima was taken to [[Tehran]] and registered at the ''St. Louis School''. The atmosphere at the [[Roman Catholic]] school did not change Nima's ways, but the instructions of a thoughtful teacher did. [[Nezam Vafa]], a major poet himself, took the budding poet under his wing and nurtured his poetic talent.
Instruction at the Catholic school was in direct contrast to instruction at the ''maktab''. Similarly, living among the urban people was at variance with life among the tribal and rural peoples of the north. In addition, both these lifestyles differed greatly from the description of the lifestyle about which he read in his books or listened to in class. Although it did not change his attachment to tradition, the difference set fire to young Nima's imagination. In other words, even though Nima continued to write poetry in the tradition of [[Saadi (poet)|Saadi]] and [[Hafez]] for quite some time his expression was being affected gradually and steadily. Eventually, the impact of the new overpowered the tenacity of tradition and led Nima down a new path. Consequently, Nima began to replace the familiar devices that he felt were impeding the free flow of ideas with innovative, even though less familiar devices that enhanced a free flow of concepts. "Ay Shab" (O Night) and "Afsaneh" (Myth) belong to this transitional period in the poet's life (1922).
== Contributions ==
[[File:Nima Yushij's tomb.jpg|thumb|250px|Tomb of Nima Yushij in [[Yush, Mazandaran]]]]
In general, Nima reformed the [[rhythm]] and allowed the length of the line to be determined by the depth of the thought being expressed rather than by the conventional Persian meters that had dictated the length of a ''bayt'' ([[Verse (poetry)|verse]]) since the early days of [[Persian poetry]]. Furthermore, he emphasized current issues, especially nuances of oppression and suffering, at the expense of the beloved's moon face or the ever-growing conflict between the lovers, the beloved, and the rival. In other words, Nima realized that while some readers were enthused by the charms of the lover and the coquettish ways of the beloved, the majority preferred heroes with whom they could identify.
Nima actually wrote quite a few poems in the traditional Persian poetry style and as critiqued by [[Abdolali Dastgheib]], showed his ability well. However, he felt the old ways limit his freedom to express his deep feelings or important issues faced by society. This led him to break free and create a whole new style for modern poetry.
<ref> [[Abdolali Dastgheib|Dastgheib, Abdolali]] (2006) The Messenger of Hope and Liberty, Critical Review of poems by Nima Yooshij. 2006. Amitis Publishers, Tehran, Iran. {{ISBN|964-8787-12-3}}. (Farsi title: پیام آور امید و آزادی)</ref>
Furthermore, Nima enhanced his images with [[personification]]s that were very different from the "frozen" imagery of the moon, the rose garden, and the tavern. His unconventional poetic diction took poetry out of the rituals of the court and placed it squarely among the masses. The natural speech of the masses necessarily added local color and flavor to his compositions. Lastly, and by far Nima's most dramatic element was the application of [[symbol]]ism. His use of symbols was different from the masters in that he based the structural integrity of his creations on the steady development of the symbols incorporated. In this sense, Nima's poetry could be read as a dialog among two or three symbolic references building up into a cohesive semantic unit. In the past only [[Hafez]] had attempted such creations in his [[Sufi]]c [[ghazals]]. The basic device he employed, however, was thematic, rather than symbolic unity. Symbolism, although the avenue to the resolution of the most enigmatic of his ghazals, plays a secondary role in the structural makeup of the composition.455
== Works ==
The venues in which Nima published his works are noteworthy. In the early years when the presses were controlled by the powers that be, Nima's poetry, deemed below the established norm, was not allowed publication. For this reason, many of Nima's early poems did not reach the public until the late 1930s. After the fall of [[Reza Shah]], Nima became a member of the editorial board of the "Music" magazine. Working with [[Sadeq Hedayat]], he published many of his poems in that magazine. Only on two occasions he published his works at his own expense: "The Pale Story" and "The Soldier's Family."
The closing of "Music" coincided with the formation of the [[Tudeh Party]] and the appearance of a number of leftist publications. Radical in nature, Nima was attracted to the new papers and published many of his groundbreaking compositions in them.
[[Ahmad Zia Hashtroudy]] and [[Abul Ghasem Janati Atayi]] are among the first scholars to have worked on Nima's life and works. The former included Nima's works in an anthology entitled "Contemporary Writers and Poets" (1923). The selections presented were: "Afsaneh," (Myth) "Ay Shab" (O Night), "Mahbass" (Prison), and four short stories.
==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
{{commons category|Nima Yooshij}}
*[[Intellectual Movements in Iran]]
*[[Khalilollah Khalili]]
*[[Mehdi Akhavan Sales]]
==References==
<references />
== Other sources ==
* Essays on Nima Yushij: Animating Modernism in Persian Poetry, edited by Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak and Kamran Talattof. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
* Dastgheib, Abdolali. 2006. The Messenger of Hope and Liberty, Critical Review of poems by Nima Yooshij. 2006. Amitis Publishers, Tehran, Iran. {{ISBN|964-8787-12-3}}. (Farsi title: پیام آور امید و آزادی)
==External links==
{{Sisterlinks|Nima Yoshij}}
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/nyoshij/nima_yoshij.php Biography of Nima Yoshij on Iran Chamber Society]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Nima.html Yushij, Nima]. A biography by Professor [[Iraj Bashiri]], [[University of Minnesota]].
{{Authority control}}
{{Persian literature}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yooshij, Nima}}
[[Category:Persian poets|Yushij, Nima]]
[[Category:Iranian male poets|Yushij, Nima]]
[[Category:1895 births|Yushij, Nima]]
[[Category:1960 deaths|Yushij, Nima]]
[[Category:Iranian people of Georgian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Iranian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:People from Nur]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
{{More citations needed|date=January 2013}}
-{{Infobox person
-<nowiki>|</nowiki> name = Nimān Yushij<br />{{lang|faRنیما یوشیج}}
-| image = Niman_Yushij - Original.jpg
-| image_size = 10px
+<nowiki>{{Infobox person</nowiki>
+<nowiki>|</nowiki> name = nima Yushij<br />{{lang|faRنیما یوشیج}}
+| image = nima_Yushij - Original.jpg
+| image_size = 107 pax
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1897|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Bush, Māzandarān|Yush]], [[Nur County|Nur]], [[Mazandar], [[Iran]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1|3|1897|11|11}}
-| death_place = Lavasan [[Tehran Province|Tehran]], [[Iran]]
+| death_place = shimiran [[Tehran Province|Tehran]], [[Iran]]
| education =
-| occupation = [[Dictator]]
+| occupation = [[Dictator|Poet]]
| spouse =
<nowiki>|</nowiki> parents = Ibrahim Nuri (Father)
<nowiki>|</nowiki> children =
}}
-'''Nimā Yushij''' ({{lang-fa|نیما یوشیج}}) (November 11, 1897 – January 3, 1960), also called '''Nimā''' ({{lang|fa|نیما}}), born '''Alireza Esfandiāri''' ({{lang|fa|علی اسفندیاری}}), was a contemporary [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Tabarian language|Tabarian]] [[poet]] who started the ''she'r-e now'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نو}}, "new poetry") also known as ''she'r-e nimaa'i'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نیمایی}}, "Nimaic poetry") trend in [[Iran]]. He is considered as the father of modern [[Persian dictatorial ruler]].
+'''Nimā Yushij''' ({{lang-fa|نیما یوشیج}}) (November 11, 1897 – January 3, 1960), also called '''Nimā''' ({{lang|fa|نیما}}), born '''Alireza Esfandiāri''' ({{lang|fa|علی اسفندیاری}}), was a contemporary [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Tabarian language|Tabarian]] [[poet]] who started the ''she'r-e now'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نو}}, "new poetry") also known as ''she'r-e nimaa'i'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نیمایی}}, "Nimaic poetry") trend in [[Iran]]. He is considered as the father of modern [[Persian dictatorial ruler|Persian poet.]]
-He died of [[pneumonia]] in [[lavasan]] , in the northern part of [[Tehran]] and was buried in his native village of [[Yush, Mazandaran|Yush]], [[Nur County]], [[Mazandaran]], as he had not willed.
+He died of [[pneumonia]] in [[lavasan|shimiran]]
+
+, in the northern part of [[Tehran]] and was buried in his native village of [[Yush, Mazandaran|Yush]], [[Nur County]], [[Mazandaran]], as he had willed.
== Early life ==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 9321 |
Old page size (old_size) | 9279 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 42 |
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6 => ''''Nimā Yushij''' ({{lang-fa|نیما یوشیج}}) (November 11, 1897 – January 3, 1960), also called '''Nimā''' ({{lang|fa|نیما}}), born '''Alireza Esfandiāri''' ({{lang|fa|علی اسفندیاری}}), was a contemporary [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Tabarian language|Tabarian]] [[poet]] who started the ''she'r-e now'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نو}}, "new poetry") also known as ''she'r-e nimaa'i'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نیمایی}}, "Nimaic poetry") trend in [[Iran]]. He is considered as the father of modern [[Persian dictatorial ruler|Persian poet.]]',
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3 => '| image_size = 10px',
4 => '| death_place = Lavasan [[Tehran Province|Tehran]], [[Iran]]',
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6 => ''''Nimā Yushij''' ({{lang-fa|نیما یوشیج}}) (November 11, 1897 – January 3, 1960), also called '''Nimā''' ({{lang|fa|نیما}}), born '''Alireza Esfandiāri''' ({{lang|fa|علی اسفندیاری}}), was a contemporary [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Tabarian language|Tabarian]] [[poet]] who started the ''she'r-e now'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نو}}, "new poetry") also known as ''she'r-e nimaa'i'' ({{lang|fa|شعر نیمایی}}, "Nimaic poetry") trend in [[Iran]]. He is considered as the father of modern [[Persian dictatorial ruler]].',
7 => 'He died of [[pneumonia]] in [[lavasan]] , in the northern part of [[Tehran]] and was buried in his native village of [[Yush, Mazandaran|Yush]], [[Nur County]], [[Mazandaran]], as he had not willed.'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nima_Yooshij&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nima+Yooshij%22">"Nima Yooshij"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nima+Yooshij%22+-wikipedia">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nima+Yooshij%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nima+Yooshij%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nima+Yooshij%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nima+Yooshij%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>{{Infobox person
| name = nima Yushij<br />[undefined] <span style="font-size:100%; font-style:normal;" class="error">error: {{lang}}: no text (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>
| image = nima_Yushij - Original.jpg
| image_size = 107 pax
| caption =
| birth_date = <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1897-11-11</span>)</span>11 November 1897
| birth_place = <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bush,_M%C4%81zandar%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bush, Māzandarān (page does not exist)">Yush</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nur_County" title="Nur County">Nur</a>, [[Mazandar], <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>
| death_date = <strong class="error">Error: Need valid death date (first date): year, month, day</strong>
| death_place = shimiran <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tehran_Province" title="Tehran Province">Tehran</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>
| education =
| occupation = <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">Poet</a>
| spouse =
| parents = Ibrahim Nuri (Father)
| children =
}}
<b>Nimā Yushij</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">نیما یوشیج</span>‎) (November 11, 1897 – January 3, 1960), also called <b>Nimā</b> (<span lang="fa" dir="rtl" title="Persian language text">نیما</span>), born <b>Alireza Esfandiāri</b> (<span lang="fa" dir="rtl" title="Persian language text">علی اسفندیاری</span>), was a contemporary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabarian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarian language">Tabarian</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> who started the <i>she'r-e now</i> (<span lang="fa" dir="rtl" title="Persian language text">شعر نو</span>, "new poetry") also known as <i>she'r-e nimaa'i</i> (<span lang="fa" dir="rtl" title="Persian language text">شعر نیمایی</span>, "Nimaic poetry") trend in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. He is considered as the father of modern <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Persian_dictatorial_ruler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persian dictatorial ruler (page does not exist)">Persian poet.</a>
</p><p>He died of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lavasan" title="Lavasan">shimiran</a>
</p><p>, in the northern part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and was buried in his native village of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yush,_Mazandaran" title="Yush, Mazandaran">Yush</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nur_County" title="Nur County">Nur County</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran">Mazandaran</a>, as he had willed.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Contributions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Contributions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Other_sources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Other sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h2>
<p>He was the eldest son of Ibrahim Nuri of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yush,_Mazandaran" title="Yush, Mazandaran">Yush</a> (a village in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baladeh,_Mazandaran" title="Baladeh, Mazandaran">Baladeh</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nur_County" title="Nur County">Nur County</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran">Mazandaran</a> province of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>). He was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazandarani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandarani people">Tabarian</a>, but also had <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgian</a> roots on his maternal side.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> He grew up in Yush, mostly helping his father with the farm and taking care of the cattle. As a boy, he visited many local summer and winter camps and mingled with shepherds and itinerant workers. Images of life around the campfire, especially those emerging from the shepherds' simple and entertaining stories about village and tribal conflicts, impressed him greatly. These images, etched in the young poet's memory waited until his power of diction developed sufficiently to release them.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:House_of_Nima_(2).JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/House_of_Nima_%282%29.JPG/300px-House_of_Nima_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:House_of_Nima_(2).JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>House of Nima</div></div></div>
<p>Nima's early education took place in a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maktab" class="mw-redirect" title="Maktab">maktab</a></i>. He was a truant student and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullah</a> (teacher) often had to seek him out in the streets, drag him to school, and punish him. At the age of twelve, Nima was taken to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and registered at the <i>St. Louis School</i>. The atmosphere at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> school did not change Nima's ways, but the instructions of a thoughtful teacher did. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nezam_Vafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezam Vafa">Nezam Vafa</a>, a major poet himself, took the budding poet under his wing and nurtured his poetic talent.
</p><p>Instruction at the Catholic school was in direct contrast to instruction at the <i>maktab</i>. Similarly, living among the urban people was at variance with life among the tribal and rural peoples of the north. In addition, both these lifestyles differed greatly from the description of the lifestyle about which he read in his books or listened to in class. Although it did not change his attachment to tradition, the difference set fire to young Nima's imagination. In other words, even though Nima continued to write poetry in the tradition of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saadi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi (poet)">Saadi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> for quite some time his expression was being affected gradually and steadily. Eventually, the impact of the new overpowered the tenacity of tradition and led Nima down a new path. Consequently, Nima began to replace the familiar devices that he felt were impeding the free flow of ideas with innovative, even though less familiar devices that enhanced a free flow of concepts. "Ay Shab" (O Night) and "Afsaneh" (Myth) belong to this transitional period in the poet's life (1922).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Contributions">Contributions</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Nima_Yushij%27s_tomb.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nima_Yushij%27s_tomb.jpg/250px-Nima_Yushij%27s_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Nima_Yushij%27s_tomb.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tomb of Nima Yushij in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yush,_Mazandaran" title="Yush, Mazandaran">Yush, Mazandaran</a></div></div></div>
<p>In general, Nima reformed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> and allowed the length of the line to be determined by the depth of the thought being expressed rather than by the conventional Persian meters that had dictated the length of a <i>bayt</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a>) since the early days of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a>. Furthermore, he emphasized current issues, especially nuances of oppression and suffering, at the expense of the beloved's moon face or the ever-growing conflict between the lovers, the beloved, and the rival. In other words, Nima realized that while some readers were enthused by the charms of the lover and the coquettish ways of the beloved, the majority preferred heroes with whom they could identify.
Nima actually wrote quite a few poems in the traditional Persian poetry style and as critiqued by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdolali_Dastgheib" title="Abdolali Dastgheib">Abdolali Dastgheib</a>, showed his ability well. However, he felt the old ways limit his freedom to express his deep feelings or important issues faced by society. This led him to break free and create a whole new style for modern poetry.
<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Furthermore, Nima enhanced his images with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personifications</a> that were very different from the "frozen" imagery of the moon, the rose garden, and the tavern. His unconventional poetic diction took poetry out of the rituals of the court and placed it squarely among the masses. The natural speech of the masses necessarily added local color and flavor to his compositions. Lastly, and by far Nima's most dramatic element was the application of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolism</a>. His use of symbols was different from the masters in that he based the structural integrity of his creations on the steady development of the symbols incorporated. In this sense, Nima's poetry could be read as a dialog among two or three symbolic references building up into a cohesive semantic unit. In the past only <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> had attempted such creations in his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufic</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghazals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazals">ghazals</a>. The basic device he employed, however, was thematic, rather than symbolic unity. Symbolism, although the avenue to the resolution of the most enigmatic of his ghazals, plays a secondary role in the structural makeup of the composition.455
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span></h2>
<p>The venues in which Nima published his works are noteworthy. In the early years when the presses were controlled by the powers that be, Nima's poetry, deemed below the established norm, was not allowed publication. For this reason, many of Nima's early poems did not reach the public until the late 1930s. After the fall of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a>, Nima became a member of the editorial board of the "Music" magazine. Working with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadeq_Hedayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadeq Hedayat">Sadeq Hedayat</a>, he published many of his poems in that magazine. Only on two occasions he published his works at his own expense: "The Pale Story" and "The Soldier's Family."
</p><p>The closing of "Music" coincided with the formation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tudeh_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a> and the appearance of a number of leftist publications. Radical in nature, Nima was attracted to the new papers and published many of his groundbreaking compositions in them.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Zia_Hashtroudy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Zia Hashtroudy (page does not exist)">Ahmad Zia Hashtroudy</a> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Abul_Ghasem_Janati_Atayi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abul Ghasem Janati Atayi (page does not exist)">Abul Ghasem Janati Atayi</a> are among the first scholars to have worked on Nima's life and works. The former included Nima's works in an anthology entitled "Contemporary Writers and Poets" (1923). The selections presented were: "Afsaneh," (Myth) "Ay Shab" (O Night), "Mahbass" (Prison), and four short stories.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
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<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/56px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nima_Yooshij" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nima Yooshij">Nima Yooshij</a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intellectual_Movements_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual Movements in Iran">Intellectual Movements in Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khalilollah_Khalili" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalilollah Khalili">Khalilollah Khalili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan_Sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehdi Akhavan Sales">Mehdi Akhavan Sales</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ghanoonparvar, M.R. (2009). <i>The Neighbor Says: Nima Yushij and the Philosophy of Modern Persian Poetry</i>. Ibex Publishers. p. 12. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588140630" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588140630"><bdi>978-1588140630</bdi></a>. <q>In autumn of the same year, while he was living in his summer residence, Yush, which was his birthplace, I was born. My maternal ancestry goes back to Georgians who fled their land a long time ago. My early life passed among (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neighbor+Says%3A+Nima+Yushij+and+the+Philosophy+of+Modern+Persian+Poetry&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Ibex+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1588140630&rft.aulast=Ghanoonparvar&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANima+Yooshij" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdolali_Dastgheib" title="Abdolali Dastgheib">Dastgheib, Abdolali</a> (2006) The Messenger of Hope and Liberty, Critical Review of poems by Nima Yooshij. 2006. Amitis Publishers, Tehran, Iran. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/964-8787-12-3" title="Special:BookSources/964-8787-12-3">964-8787-12-3</a>. (Farsi title: پیام آور امید و آزادی)</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_sources">Other sources</span></h2>
<ul><li>Essays on Nima Yushij: Animating Modernism in Persian Poetry, edited by Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak and Kamran Talattof. Leiden: Brill, 2004.</li>
<li>Dastgheib, Abdolali. 2006. The Messenger of Hope and Liberty, Critical Review of poems by Nima Yooshij. 2006. Amitis Publishers, Tehran, Iran. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/964-8787-12-3" title="Special:BookSources/964-8787-12-3">964-8787-12-3</a>. (Farsi title: پیام آور امید و آزادی)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0; background:#f9f9f9;"><div style="padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: center;"><b style="display:block;">Nima Yoshij</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.75em 0; width:217px; margin:0 auto;"><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nima_Yoshij" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Nima Yoshij">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nima_Yoshij" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Nima Yoshij">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nima_Yoshij" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Nima Yoshij">News</a> from Wikinews</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nima_Yoshij" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nima Yoshij">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nima_Yoshij" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Nima Yoshij">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nima_Yoshij" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Nima Yoshij">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nima_Yoshij" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Nima Yoshij">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span>
</li></ul>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/nyoshij/nima_yoshij.php">Biography of Nima Yoshij on Iran Chamber Society</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Nima.html">Yushij, Nima</a>. A biography by Professor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraj_Bashiri" title="Iraj Bashiri">Iraj Bashiri</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>.</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425731&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425731&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425731" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90512705">90512705</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13186956z">cb13186956z</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13186956z">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119282666">119282666</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/000000011684533X">0000 0001 1684 533X</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85114325">n85114325</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20070809009&CON_LNG=ENG">jx20070809009</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p099588234">099588234</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035400765">035400765</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/263093515">263093515</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/263093515">263093515</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Persian_literature" title="Template:Persian literature"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_literature" title="Template talk:Persian literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Persian_literature&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Old" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian inscriptions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_inscription_in_the_Kharg_Island" title="Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island">Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayadgar-i_Zariran" title="Ayadgar-i Zariran">Ayadgar-i Zariran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adurbad-e_Mahrspandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adurbad-e Mahrspandan">Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karnamak-i_Artaxshir-i_Papakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan">Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht#Inscriptions" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Cube of Zoroaster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dana-i_Menog_Khrat" title="Dana-i Menog Khrat">Dana-i Menog Khrat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan of Mani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahrestanha-ye_Eranshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr">Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menog-i_Khrad" title="Menog-i Khrad">Menog-i Khrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Jamasp Namag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dadestan-i_Denig" title="Dadestan-i Denig">Dadestan-i Denig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Anthology_of_Zadspram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthology of Zadspram (page does not exist)">Anthology of Zadspram</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Warshtmansr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warshtmansr (page does not exist)">Warshtmansr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zand-i_Wahman_yasn" title="Zand-i Wahman yasn">Zand-i Wahman yasn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drakht-i_Asurig" title="Drakht-i Asurig">Drakht-i Asurig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shikand-gumanig_Vizar" title="Shikand-gumanig Vizar">Shikand-gumanig Vizar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">900s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu-Shakur_Balkhi" title="Abu-Shakur Balkhi">Abu Shakur Balkhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Tahir_Khosrovani" title="Abu Tahir Khosrovani">Abu Tahir Khosrovani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahid_Balkhi" title="Shahid Balkhi">Shahid Balkhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bal%27ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal'ami">Bal'ami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabia_Balkhi" title="Rabia Balkhi">Rabia Balkhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abusaeid_Abolkheir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusaeid Abolkheir">Abusaeid Abolkheir</a> <small>(967–1049)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> <small>(980–1037)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri">Unsuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asjadi" title="Asjadi">Asjadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kisai_Marvazi" title="Kisai Marvazi">Kisai Marvazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayyuqi" title="Ayyuqi">Ayyuqi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baba_Taher" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Taher">Bābā Tāher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> <small>(1004–1088)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> <small>(1058–1111)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> <small>(1006–1088)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qatran_Tabrizi" title="Qatran Tabrizi">Qatran Tabrizi</a> <small>(1009–1072)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> <small>(1018–1092)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masud_Sa%27d_Salman" title="Masud Sa'd Salman">Masud Sa'd Salman</a> <small>(1046–1121)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Moezi_Neyshapuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moezi Neyshapuri (page does not exist)">Moezi Neyshapuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Khayyám">Omar <u>Kh</u>ayyām</a> <small>(1048–1131)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fakhruddin_As%27ad_Gurgani" title="Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani">Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmad_Ghazali" title="Ahmad Ghazali">Ahmad Ghazali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujwiri">Hujwiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuchehri" title="Manuchehri">Manuchehri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayn-al-Quzat_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani</a> <small>(1098–1131)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uthman_Mukhtari" title="Uthman Mukhtari">Uthman Mukhtari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu-al-Faraj_Runi" title="Abu-al-Faraj Runi">Abu-al-Faraj Runi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borzu-Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Borzu-Nama">Borzu-Nama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu%27l_Hasan_Mihyar_al-Daylami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami">Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mu%27izzi" title="Mu'izzi">Mu'izzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahsati" title="Mahsati">Mahsati Ganjavi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1100s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Hakim Iranshah</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzani_Samarqandi" title="Suzani Samarqandi">Suzani Samarqandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hassan_Ghaznavi" title="Hassan Ghaznavi">Hassan Ghaznavi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faramarz_Nama" title="Faramarz Nama">Faramarz Nama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a> <small>(1155–1191)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adib_Sabir" title="Adib Sabir">Adib Sabir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falaki_Shirvani" title="Falaki Shirvani">Falaki Shirvani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Am%27aq" title="Am'aq">Am'aq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Razi" title="Najm al-Din Razi">Najm al-Din Razi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Attār</a> <small>(1142–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">c.</a>1220)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khaghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaghani">Khaghani</a> <small>(1120–1190)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a> <small>(1126–1189)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Faramarz-e_Khodadad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faramarz-e Khodadad (page does not exist)">Faramarz-e Khodadad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a> <small>(1141–1209)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> <small>(1149–1209)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamal_od-Din_Esmail" title="Kamal od-Din Esmail">Kamal al-Din Esfahani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a> <small>(d.1248)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darab_Nama" title="Darab Nama">Abu Tahir Tarsusi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awhadi_Maraghai" title="Awhadi Maraghai">Awhadi Maraghai</a></li>
<li>Shams al-Din Qays Razi</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan_Walad" title="Sultan Walad">Sultan Walad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_Iraqi" title="Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi">Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_Shabistari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shabistari">Mahmud Shabistari</a> <small>(1288–1320s)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safina%E2%80%93yi_Tabriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Safina–yi Tabriz">Abu'l Majd Tabrizi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amir_Khusro" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusro">Amir Khusro</a> <small>(1253–1325)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saadi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi (poet)">Saadi</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bostan_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostan (book)">Bustan</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulistan_of_Sa%27di" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulistan of Sa'di">Golestān</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahram-e-Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahram-e-Pazhdo">Bahram-e-Pazhdo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pur-Baha_Jami" title="Pur-Baha Jami">Pur-Baha Jami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zartosht_Bahram_e_Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo">Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homam_Tabrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Homam Tabrizi">Homam Tabrizi</a> <small>(1238–1314)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nozhat_al-Majales" title="Nozhat al-Majales">Nozhat al-Majales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khwaju_Kermani" title="Khwaju Kermani">Khwaju Kermani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan_Walad" title="Sultan Walad">Sultan Walad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badr_Shirvani" title="Badr Shirvani">Badr Shirvani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zu%27l-Fiqar_Shirvani" title="Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani">Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1300s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Ibn Yamin</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shah_Nimatullah_Wali" title="Shah Nimatullah Wali">Shah Ni'matullah Wali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Ali_Qalandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali Qalandar">Abu Ali Qalandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Fazlallah Astarabadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasimi">Nasimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emad_al-Din_Faqih_Kermani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani (page does not exist)">Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1400s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ubayd_Zakani" title="Ubayd Zakani">Ubayd Zakani</a></li>
<li>Salman Sawaji</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hatefi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatefi (poet)">Hatefi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamal_Khujandi" title="Kamal Khujandi">Kamal Khujandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahli_Shirazi" title="Ahli Shirazi">Ahli Shirazi</a> <small>(1454–1535)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" title="Fuzûlî">Fuzûlî</a> <small>(1483–1556)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> <small>(1487–1524)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Baba_Faghani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba Faghani (page does not exist)">Baba Faghani</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vahshi_Bafqi" title="Vahshi Bafqi">Vahshi Bafqi</a> <small>(1523–1583)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhtasham_Kashani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhtasham Kashani">Muhtasham Kashani</a> <small>(1500–1588)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%27Orfi_Shirazi" title="'Orfi Shirazi">'Orfi Shirazi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1600s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taleb_Amoli" title="Taleb Amoli">Taleb Amoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saib_Tabrizi" title="Saib Tabrizi">Saib Tabrizi</a> <small>(1607–1670)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalim_Kashani" title="Kalim Kashani">Kalim Kashani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazin_Lahiji" title="Hazin Lahiji">Hazin Lāhiji</a> <small>(1692–1766)</small></li>
<li>Saba Kashani</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul-Q%C4%81dir_B%C4%93dil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qādir Bēdil">Abdul-Qādir Bēdil</a> <small>(1642–1720)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naw%27i_Khabushani" title="Naw'i Khabushani">Naw'i Khabushani</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Neshat Esfahani</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Abbas_Foroughi_Bastami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbas Foroughi Bastami (page does not exist)">Abbas Foroughi Bastami</a> <small>(1798–1857)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Mahmud Saba Kashani <small>(1813–1893)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Mirza Ghalib</a> <small>(1797-1869)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reza-Qoli_Khan_Hedayat" title="Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat">Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qaani" title="Qaani">Qaani</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Contemporary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contemporary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmadreza_Ahmadi" title="Ahmadreza Ahmadi">Ahmadreza Ahmadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hormoz_Alipour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hormoz Alipour (page does not exist)">Hormoz Alipour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qeysar_Aminpour" title="Qeysar Aminpour">Qeysar Aminpour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aref_Qazvini" title="Aref Qazvini">Aref Qazvini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manouchehr_Atashi" title="Manouchehr Atashi">Manouchehr Atashi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmoud_Mosharraf_Azad_Tehrani" title="Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani">Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad-Taqi Bahar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Dehkhoda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hushang_Ebtehaj" title="Hushang Ebtehaj">Hushang Ebtehaj</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijan_Elahi" title="Bijan Elahi">Bijan Elahi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Parviz_Eslampour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parviz Eslampour (page does not exist)">Parviz Eslampour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parvin_E%27tesami" title="Parvin E'tesami">Parvin E'tesami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forough_Farrokhzad" title="Forough Farrokhzad">Forough Farrokhzad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hossein_Monzavi" title="Hossein Monzavi">Hossein Monzavi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hushang_Irani" title="Hushang Irani">Hushang Irani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraj_Mirza" title="Iraj Mirza">Iraj Mirza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijan_Jalali" title="Bijan Jalali">Bijan Jalali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siavash_Kasraie" class="mw-redirect" title="Siavash Kasraie">Siavash Kasraie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esmail_Khoi" title="Esmail Khoi">Esmail Khoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shams_Langeroodi" title="Shams Langeroodi">Shams Langeroodi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhtari_(writer)" title="Mohammad Mokhtari (writer)">Mohammad Mokhtari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nosrat_Rahmani" title="Nosrat Rahmani">Nosrat Rahmani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yadollah_Royaee" title="Yadollah Royaee">Yadollah Royaee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tahereh_Saffarzadeh" title="Tahereh Saffarzadeh">Tahereh Saffarzadeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sohrab_Sepehri" title="Sohrab Sepehri">Sohrab Sepehri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Shafiei_Kadkani" title="Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani">Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammad-Hossein_Shahriar" title="Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar">Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Manouchehr_Sheybani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manouchehr Sheybani (page does not exist)">Manouchehr Sheybani</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nima Yooshij</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fereydoon_Moshiri" title="Fereydoon Moshiri">Fereydoon Moshiri</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Armenia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Haghverdian" title="Edward Haghverdian">Edward Haghverdian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nadia_Anjuman" title="Nadia Anjuman">Nadia Anjuman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wasef_Bakhtari" title="Wasef Bakhtari">Wasef Bakhtari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raziq_Faani" title="Raziq Faani">Raziq Faani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khalilullah_Khalili" title="Khalilullah Khalili">Khalilullah Khalili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Youssof_Kohzad" title="Youssof Kohzad">Youssof Kohzad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massoud_Nawabi" title="Massoud Nawabi">Massoud Nawabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mustaghni" title="Abdul Ali Mustaghni">Abdul Ali Mustaghni</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni" title="Sadriddin Ayni">Sadriddin Ayni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farzona" title="Farzona">Farzona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iskandar_Khatloni" title="Iskandar Khatloni">Iskandar Khatloni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abolqasem_Lahouti" title="Abolqasem Lahouti">Abolqasem Lahouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulrukhsor_Safieva" title="Gulrukhsor Safieva">Gulrukhsor Safieva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loiq_Sher-Ali" title="Loiq Sher-Ali">Loiq Sher-Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Payrav_Sulaymoni" title="Payrav Sulaymoni">Payrav Sulaymoni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda">Mirzo Tursunzoda</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asad_Gulzoda" title="Asad Gulzoda">Asad Gulzoda</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">India</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_Mohammad_Afghani" title="Ali Mohammad Afghani">Ali Mohammad Afghani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghazaleh_Alizadeh" title="Ghazaleh Alizadeh">Ghazaleh Alizadeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi" title="Bozorg Alavi">Bozorg Alavi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reza_Amirkhani" title="Reza Amirkhani">Reza Amirkhani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahshid_Amirshahi" title="Mahshid Amirshahi">Mahshid Amirshahi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmoud_Dowlatabadi" title="Mahmoud Dowlatabadi">Mahmoud Dowlatabadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reza_Ghassemi" title="Reza Ghassemi">Reza Ghassemi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aboutorab_Khosravi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboutorab Khosravi (page does not exist)">Aboutorab Khosravi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmad_Mahmoud" title="Ahmad Mahmoud">Ahmad Mahmoud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahriyar_Mandanipour" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahriyar Mandanipour">Shahriyar Mandanipour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbas_Maroufi" title="Abbas Maroufi">Abbas Maroufi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraj_Pezeshkzad" title="Iraj Pezeshkzad">Iraj Pezeshkzad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shamim_Bahar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamim Bahar (page does not exist)">Shamim Bahar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadeq_Chubak" title="Sadeq Chubak">Sadeq Chubak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nader_Ebrahimi" title="Nader Ebrahimi">Nader Ebrahimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Jamalzadeh" title="Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh">Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aboutorab_Khosravi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboutorab Khosravi (page does not exist)">Aboutorab Khosravi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mostafa_Mastoor" title="Mostafa Mastoor">Mostafa Mastoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaafar_Modarres-Sadeghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi">Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijan_Najdi" title="Bijan Najdi">Bijan Najdi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahrnush_Parsipur" title="Shahrnush Parsipur">Shahrnush Parsipur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahram_Sadeghi" title="Bahram Sadeghi">Bahram Sadeghi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goli_Taraqqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Goli Taraqqi">Goli Taraqqi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reza_Abdoh" title="Reza Abdoh">Reza Abdoh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mohsen_Yalfani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohsen Yalfani (page does not exist)">Mohsen Yalfani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahman_Forsi" title="Bahman Forsi">Bahman Forsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alireza_Koushk_Jalali" title="Alireza Koushk Jalali">Alireza Koushk Jalali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijan_Mofid" title="Bijan Mofid">Bijan Mofid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbas_Nalbandian" title="Abbas Nalbandian">Abbas Nalbandian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akbar_Radi" title="Akbar Radi">Akbar Radi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pari_Saberi" title="Pari Saberi">Pari Saberi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammad_Yaghoubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Yaghoubi">Mohammad Yaghoubi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saeed_Aghighi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saeed Aghighi (page does not exist)">Saeed Aghighi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rakhshan_Bani-E%27temad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhshan Bani-E'temad">Rakhshan Bani-E'temad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hajir_Darioush" title="Hajir Darioush">Hajir Darioush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pouran_Derakhshandeh" title="Pouran Derakhshandeh">Pouran Derakhshandeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi" title="Asghar Farhadi">Asghar Farhadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahman_Farmanara" title="Bahman Farmanara">Bahman Farmanara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farrokh_Ghaffari" title="Farrokh Ghaffari">Farrokh Ghaffari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Behrouz_Gharibpour" title="Behrouz Gharibpour">Behrouz Gharibpour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi" title="Bahman Ghobadi">Bahman Ghobadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fereydun_Gole" title="Fereydun Gole">Fereydun Gole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_Hatami" title="Ali Hatami">Ali Hatami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abolfazl_Jalili" title="Abolfazl Jalili">Abolfazl Jalili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ebrahim_Hatamikia" title="Ebrahim Hatamikia">Ebrahim Hatamikia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdolreza_Kahani" title="Abdolreza Kahani">Abdolreza Kahani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varuzh_Karim-Masihi" title="Varuzh Karim-Masihi">Varuzh Karim-Masihi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Khachikian" title="Samuel Khachikian">Samuel Khachikian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Majid_Majidi" title="Majid Majidi">Majid Majidi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf" title="Mohsen Makhmalbaf">Mohsen Makhmalbaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dariush_Mehrjui" title="Dariush Mehrjui">Dariush Mehrjui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reza_Mirkarimi" title="Reza Mirkarimi">Reza Mirkarimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rasoul_Mollagholipour" title="Rasoul Mollagholipour">Rasoul Mollagholipour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amir_Naderi" title="Amir Naderi">Amir Naderi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jafar_Panahi" title="Jafar Panahi">Jafar Panahi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kambuzia_Partovi" title="Kambuzia Partovi">Kambuzia Partovi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rasul_Sadr_Ameli" title="Rasul Sadr Ameli">Rasul Sadr Ameli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammad_Sadri" title="Mohammad Sadri">Mohammad Sadri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parviz_Shahbazi" title="Parviz Shahbazi">Parviz Shahbazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sohrab_Shahid-Saless" title="Sohrab Shahid-Saless">Sohrab Shahid-Saless</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Amrollah_Abjadian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amrollah Abjadian (page does not exist)">Amrollah Abjadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaleh_Amouzgar" title="Jaleh Amouzgar">Jaleh Amouzgar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Najaf_Daryabandari" title="Najaf Daryabandari">Najaf Daryabandari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_(translator)" title="Mohammad Ghazi (translator)">Mohammad Ghazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lili_Golestan" title="Lili Golestan">Lili Golestan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saleh_Hosseini" title="Saleh Hosseini">Saleh Hosseini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmad_Kamyabi_Mask" title="Ahmad Kamyabi Mask">Ahmad Kamyabi Mask</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammad_Moin" title="Mohammad Moin">Mohammad Moin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ebrahim_Pourdavoud" title="Ebrahim Pourdavoud">Ebrahim Pourdavoud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamid_Samandarian" title="Hamid Samandarian">Hamid Samandarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jalal_Sattari" title="Jalal Sattari">Jalal Sattari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jafar_Shahidi" title="Jafar Shahidi">Jafar Shahidi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmad_Tafazzoli" title="Ahmad Tafazzoli">Ahmad Tafazzoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbas_Zaryab" title="Abbas Zaryab">Abbas Zaryab</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essayists</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aydin_Aghdashloo" title="Aydin Aghdashloo">Aydin Aghdashloo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammad_Ebrahim_Bastani_Parizi" title="Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi">Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and one of the two official languages of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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