Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox ethnic group |group = Igorot |image = File:PHIL2770a.jpg |caption = A group of elderly Igorots. |population = 1,500,000<ref>{{cite web|last=Editors |first=The |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282386/Igorot |title=Igorot &#124; people |publisher=Britannica.com |date=2015-03-26 |accessdate=2015-09-03}}</ref> |regions = {{Flagcountry|Philippines}}<br/>{{Smaller|([[Cordillera Administrative Region]], [[Ilocos Region]], [[Cagayan Valley]])}}<hr/> |languages = [[Bontoc language|Bontoc]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Itneg language|Itneg]], [[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]], [[Isneg language|Isnag]], [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]], [[Kalanguya language|Kalanguya]], [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Philippine English|English]] |religions = [[Paganism]], [[Animism]], [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]], [[Episcopal Church in the Philippines|Episcopalianism]], other Protestant sects) |related = }} Igorot, (Tagalog: “Mountaineer”) any of various ethnic groups in the mountains of northern Luzon, Philippines, all of whom keep, or have kept until recently, their traditional religion and way of life. Some live in the tropical forests of the foothills, but most live in rugged grassland and pine forest zones higher up. The Igorot numbered about 1.5 million in the early 21st century. Their languages belong to the northern Luzon subgroup of the Philippine languages, which belong to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family. ==Etymology== Igorot, from the root word "golot" which means mountain. Igolot which became Igorot means people from the mountains. (Tagalog: “Mountaineer”) any of various ethnic groups in the mountains of northern Luzon, Philippines, all of whom keep, or have kept until recently, their traditional religion and way of life. Some live in the tropical forests of the foothills, but most live in rugged grassland and pine forest zones higher up. The Igorot numbered about 1.5 million in the early 21st century. Their languages belong to the northern Luzon subgroup of the Philippine languages, which belong to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family. The [[endonyms]] '''Ifugao''' or '''Ipugao''' (also meaning "mountain people") are used more frequently within the Igorots themselves, as ''igorot'' is viewed by some as slightly pejorative,<ref name="ember"/> except by the [[Ibaloi people|Ibaloys]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plarideljournal.org/article/ibaloys-reclaiming-baguio-role-intellectuals/|title=Ibaloys “Reclaiming” Baguio: The Role of Intellectuals|first=UP College of Mass|last=Communication|website=Plaridel Journal}}</ref> ==Cordillera ethnic groups== [[File:Banaue-terrace.JPG|thumb|The [[Banaue Rice Terraces]]]] The Igorots may be roughly divided into two general subgroups: the larger group lives in the south, central and western areas, and is very adept at [[rice]]-[[Terrace (agriculture)|terrace]] [[farming]]; the smaller group lives in the east and north. Prior to Spanish colonisation of the islands, the peoples now included under the term did not consider themselves as belonging to a single, cohesive ethnic group.<ref name="ember">{{cite book|author1=Carol R. Ember |author2=Melvin Ember |title =Encyclopedia of sex and gender: men and women in the world's cultures, Volume 1|publisher =Springer|year =2003|page=498|isbn =978-0-306-47770-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&lpg=PA498&dq=Ifugao&pg=PA498#v=onepage&q=Ifugao&f=false}}</ref> They may be further subdivided into five ethnolinguistic groups: the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Isnag (or Isneg/Apayao), Kalinga, and the [[Kankanaey people|Kankanaey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sagada-igorot.blogspot.com/2007/12/igorot-ethnic-groups.html|title=IGOROT Ethnic Groups - sagada-igorot.com|publisher=}}</ref> {{anchor|The Bontoc}} ===Bontoc=== [[File:Bontoc woman with snake skeletton.JPG|thumb|right|A Bontoc woman with a snake skeleton in her hair. Skeletons serve as a charm against lightning.]] [[File:University of California publications in American archaeology and ethnology (1903) (14579727919).jpg|thumb|left|A Bontoc man (c. 1903)]] The Bontoc live on the banks of the [[Chico River (Philippines)|Chico River]] in the Central Mountain Province on the island of Luzon. They speak [[Bontoc language|Bontoc]] and [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]. They formerly practiced head-hunting and had distinctive body tattoos. The Bontoc describe three types of tattoos: The ''chak-lag′'', the tattooed chest of the head taker; ''pong′-o'', the tattooed arms of men and women; and ''fa′-tĕk'', for all other tattoos of both sexes. Women were tattooed on the arms only. In the past, the Bontoc engaged in none of the usual pastimes or games of chance practiced in other areas of the country, but did perform a circular rhythmic dance acting out certain aspects of the hunt, always accompanied by the gang′-sa or bronze gong. There was no singing or talking during the dance drama, but the women took part, usually outside the circumference. It was a serious but pleasurable event for all concerned, including the children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bohol.ph/books/bi/bi.htm#d0e8370|title=The Bontoc Igorot|publisher=}}</ref> Present-day Bontocs are a peaceful agricultural people who have, by choice, retained most of their traditional culture despite frequent contacts with other groups. [[File:Ritual during a wake.JPG|thumb|right|A traditional Bontoc ritual during a wake with a death chair.]] The pre-Christian Bontoc belief system centers on a hierarchy of spirits, the highest being a supreme deity called ''Intutungcho'', whose son, ''Lumawig'', descended from the sky (''chayya''), to marry a Bontoc girl. Lumawig taught the Bontoc their arts and skills, including irrigation of their land. The Bontoc also believe in the ''anito'', spirits of the dead, who are omnipresent and must be constantly consoled. Anyone can invoke the anito, but a seer (''insup-ok'') intercedes when someone is sick through evil spirits.<ref name="Bontok">{{cite book |last1=Sumeg-ang |first1=Arsenio |title=Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera |date=2005 |publisher=New Day Publishers |location=Quezon City |isbn=9789711011093 |pages=1-27 |chapter=1 The Bontoks}}</ref> [[File:University of California publications in American archaeology and ethnology (1903) (14579912297).jpg|thumb|right|A traditional [[Bontoc, Mountain Province|Bontoc]] house, 1903.Bale house of Igorot people with its skeletal displays.]] The Bontoc social structure used to be centered around village wards (''ato'') containing about 14 to 50 homes. Traditionally, young men and women lived in dormitories and ate meals with their families. This gradually changed with the advent of Christianity. In general, however, it can be said that all Bontocs are very aware of their own way of life and are not overly eager to change. ===Ibaloi=== {{main article|Ibaloi people}} The Ibaloi (also Ibaloi, Ibaluy, Nabaloi, Inavidoy, Inibaloi, Ivadoy) and Kalanguya (also Kallahan and Ikalahan) are one of the [[indigenous peoples]] of the [[Philippines]] who live mostly in the southern part of [[Benguet]], located in the [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera]] of northern [[Luzon]], and [[Nueva Vizcaya]] in the [[Cagayan Valley]] region. They were traditionally an agrarian society. Many of the Ibaloi and Kalanguya people continue with their agriculture and rice cultivation. Their native language belongs to the [[Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages]] family and is closely related to the [[Pangasinan language]], primarily spoken in the province of [[Pangasinan]], located southwest of Benguet. [[Baguio City]], the major city of the [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera]], dubbed the "Summer Capital of the Philippines," is located in southern Benguet. The largest feast of the Ibaloi is the ''Pesshet'', a public feast mainly sponsored by people of prestige and wealth. ''Pesshet'' can last for weeks and involves the killing and sacrifice of dozens of animals. One of the more popular dances of the Ibaloi is the ''bendiyan'', a mass dance participated in by hundreds of male and female dancers. Originally a victory dance in time of war, it evolved into a celebratory dance. It is used as entertainment (''ad-adivay'') in the [[Cañao|cañao]] feasts, hosted by the wealthy class (''baknang''). <ref name="Ibaloy">{{cite book |last1=Sumeg-ang |first1=Arsenio |title=Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera |date=2005 |publisher=New Day Publishers |location=Quezon City |isbn=9789711011093 |pages=28-51 |chapter=2 The Ibaloys}}</ref> ===Ifugao=== <!--- Article link directs to the Ifugao province and not the Ifugao people {{main|Ifugao}}---> [[File:Banaue Philippines Ifugao-Tribesman-01.jpg|thumbnail|left|An Ifugao man from [[Banaue]]]] Ifugaos are the people inhabiting [[Ifugao Province]]. They come from the municipalities of Lagawe (Capital Town), Aguinaldo, Alfonso Lista, Asipulo, Banaue, Hingyon, Hungduan, Kiangan, Lamut, Mayoyao and Tinoc. The term "Ifugao" is derived from "''ipugo''" which means "earth people", "mortals" or "humans", as distinguished from spirits and deities. It also means "from the hill", as ''pugo'' means hill.<ref name="Ifugaos">{{cite book |last1=Sumeg-ang |first1=Arsenio |title=Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera |date=2005 |publisher=New Day Publishers |location=Quezon City |isbn=9789711011093 |pages=71-91 |chapter=4 The Ifugaos}}</ref> The province of Ifugao in the southeastern part of the Cordillera region is best known for its famous [[Banaue Rice Terraces]], which in modern times have become one of the major tourist attractions of the Philippines and one of the eight wonders of the world. Traditionally, Ifugaos build their typical houses (''bale''), consisting of one room, built on 4 wooden posts 3 meters off the ground. There is a detachable ladder (''tete'') for the front door (''panto''). Huts are temporary buildings. Rice granaries are called ''alang'', protected by a wooden idol (''bulul'').<ref name=Ifugaos/> Aside from their rice terraces, the Ifugaos, who speak four distinct dialects, are known for their rich oral literary traditions of ''hudhud'' and the ''alim''. Due to being isolated by the terrain, Ifugaos usually speak in English and Ilocano as their alternative to their mother tongue. Most Ifugaos are not fluent in Filipino/Tagalog. The Ifugaos’ highest prestige feasts are the ''hagabi'', sponsored by the elite (''kadangyan''); and the ''uyauy'', a marriage feast sponsored by those immediately below the wealthiest (inmuy-ya-uy''). The middle class are the ''tagu'', while the poor are the ''nawotwot''.<ref name=Ifugaos/> '''Alim and Hudhud Oral traditions of Ifugao''' of [[Ifugao]] people of the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] in [[Luzon]] island of [[Philippines]]. In 2001, the '''Hudhud Chants''' of the Ifugao was chosen as one of the 11 [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]. It was then formally inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2008. ===Isneg=== {{main article|Isnag people}} [[File:Isnag Woman Traditional Attire.JPG|thumb|right|200px|An Isneg woman.]] The Isnag, also Isneg or Apayao, live at the northwesterly end of northern Luzon, in the upper half of the Cordillera province of [[Apayao]]. The term "Isneg" derives from ''itneg'', meaning inhabitants of the [[Tineg River]]. Apayao derives from the battle cry ''Ma-ap-ay-ao'' as their hand is clapped rapidly over their mouth. They may also refer to themselves as ''Imandaya'' if they live upstream, or ''Imallod'' if they live downstream. The municipalities in the Isneg domain include Pudtol, Kabugao, Calanasan, Flora, Conner, Sta. Marcela, and Luna. Two major river systems, the [[Abulog River]] and the [[Apayao River]], run through Isnag country.<ref name="Isnegs">{{cite book |last1=Sumeg-ang |first1=Arsenio |title=Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera |date=2005 |publisher=New Day Publishers |location=Quezon City |isbn=9789711011093 |pages=92-93 |chapter=5 The Isnegs}}</ref> Jars of [[basi]] are half buried in the ground within a small shed, ''abulor'', constructed of 4 posts and a shed. This ''abulor'' is found within the open space, ''linong'' or ''sidong'', below their houses (''balay''). They grow upland rice, while also practicing swidden farming, and fishing.<ref name=Isnegs/>{{rp|99-100,102}} ''Say-am'' was an important ceremony after a successful headhunting, or other important occasions, hosted by the wealthy, and lasting one to five days or more. Dancing, singing, eating and drinking mark the feast, and Isnegs wear their finest clothes. The shaman, ''Anituwan'', prays to the spirit Gatan, before the first dog is sacrificed, if a human head had not been taken, and offered at the sacred tree, ''ammadingan''. On the last day, a coconut is split in honor of the headhunter guardian, Anglabbang.The ''Pildap'' is an equivalent ''say-am'' but hosted by the poor. Conversion to Christianity grew after 1920, and today, the Isnegs are divided in their religious beliefs, with some still being animistic.<ref name=Isnegs/>{{rp|107-108,110-111,113}} === Kalinga === [[File:Kalinga 5927.JPG|thumb|right|Children from [[Lubuagan, Kalinga]] perform the muscle dance.]] The Kalinga, also known as "iKalingas", inhabit the drainage basin of the middle Chico River in [[Kalinga Province]]. The Kalinga are sub-divided into Southern and Northern groups; the latter is considered the most heavily ornamented people of the northern Philippines. The Kalinga practice both wet and dry rice farming. They also developed an institution of peace pacts called ''[[Bodong]]'' which has minimised traditional warfare and headhunting and serves as a mechanism for the initiation, maintenance, renewal and reinforcement of kinship and social ties.<ref name="Kalingas">{{cite book |last1=Sumeg-ang |first1=Arsenio |title=Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera |date=2005 |publisher=New Day Publishers |location=Quezon City |isbn=9789711011093 |pages=115-135 |chapter=5 The Kalingas}}</ref> They also speak different kalinga tribal languages, Ilocano, Tagalog and English [[Kalinga languages|Kalinga]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] languages. Kalinga society is very kinship-oriented, and relatives are held responsible for avenging any injury done to a member. Disputes are usually settled by the regional leaders, who listen to all sides and then impose fines on the guilty party. These are not formal council meetings, but carry a good deal of authority. ===Kankanaey=== {{main article|Kankanaey people}} [[File:Bucassen, Suyoc Chief. (Taken during the 1904 World's Fair).jpg|thumb|right|A Kankanaey chief from the town of Suyoc, in [[Mankayan, Benguet]] (taken {{circa|1904}}).]] The Kankanaey domain includes Western Mountain Province, northern Benguet and southeastern Ilocos Sur. Like most Igorot ethnic groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the Cordilleras. Kankanaey houses include the two-story ''innagamang'', the larger ''binangi'', the cheaper ''tinokbob'', and the elevated ''tinabla''. Their granaries (''agamang'') are elevated to avoid rats. Two other institutions of the Kankanaey of Mountain Province are the ''dap-ay'', or the men's dormitory and civic center, and the ''ebgan'', or the girls' dormitory.<ref name="Northern">{{cite book |last1=Sumeg-ang |first1=Arsenio |title=Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera |date=2005 |publisher=New Day Publishers |location=Quezon City |isbn=9789711011093 |pages=143 |chapter=7 The Northern Kankana-eys}}</ref><ref name="Southern">{{cite book |last1=Sumeg-ang |first1=Arsenio |title=Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera |date=2005 |publisher=New Day Publishers |location=Quezon City |isbn=9789711011093 |pages=161-162 |chapter=8 The Southern Kankana-eys}}</ref> Kankanaey's major dances include ''tayaw'', ''pat-tong'', ''takik'' (a wedding dance), and ''balangbang''. The ''tayaw'' is a community dance that is usually done in weddings it maybe also danced by the Ibaloi but has a different style. ''Pattong'', also a community dance from Mountain Province which every municipality has its own style, while ''Balangbang'' is the dance's modern term. There are also some other dances like the ''sakkuting'', ''pinanyuan'' (another wedding dance) and ''bogi-bogi'' (courtship dance). ===="Hard" and "Soft" Kankanaey==== The name Kankanaey came from the language which they speak. The only difference amongst the Kankanaey are the way they speak such as intonation and word usage. In intonation, there is distinction between those who speak Hard Kankanaey (''Applai'') and Soft Kankanaey. Speakers of Hard Kankanaey are from the towns of [[Sagada]] and Besao in the western Mountain Province as well as their environs. They speak Kankanaey with a hard intonation where they differ in some words from the soft-speaking Kankanaey. Soft-speaking Kankanaey come from Northern and other parts of Benguet, and from the municipalities of Sabangan, Tadian and Bauko in Mountain Province. In words for example an ''Applai'' might say ''otik'' or ''beteg'' (pig) and the soft-speaking Kankanaey use ''busaang'' or ''beteg'' as well. The Kankanaey may also differ in some words like ''egay'' or ''aga'', ''maid'' or ''maga''. They also differ in their ways of life and sometimes in culture. The Kankanaey are also internally identified by the language they speak and the province from whence they came. Kankanaey people from Mountain Province may call the Kankanaey from [[Benguet]] as ''iBenget'' while the Kankanaey of Benguet may call their fellow Kankanaey from Mountain Province ''iBontok''. The Hard and Soft Kankanaey also differ in the way they dress. Women's dress of the Soft dialect generally has a colour combination of black, white and red. The design of the upper attire is a criss-crossed style of black, white and red colors. The skirt or ''tapis'' is a combination of stripes of black, white and red. Hard dialect women dress in mainly red and black with less white, with the skirt or ''tapis'' which is mostly called ''bakget'' and ''gateng''. The men formerly wore a [[g-string]] known as a ''wanes'' for the Kanakaney's of Besao and Sagada. The design of the ''wanes'' may vary according to social status or municipality. ==Ethnic groups by linguistic classification== [[Image:Ph cordillera.png|thumb|250px|Political map of the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]].]] Below is a list of northern Luzon ethnic groups organized by linguistic classification. *'''[[Northern Luzon languages]]''' **[[Ilokano language|Ilokano]] ([[Ilocos Norte]] and [[Ilocos Sur]]) **Northern Cordilleran ***[[Isnag language|Isneg]] (northern [[Apayao Province]]) ***[[Gaddang language|Gaddang]] ([[Nueva Vizcaya Province]] and [[Isabela Province]]) ***Ibanagic ****[[Ibanag language|Ibanag]] ([[Cagayan Province]] and [[Isabela Province]]) ****[[Itawis language|Itawis]] (southern [[Cagayan Province]]) ****[[Yogad language|Yogad]] ([[Isabela Province]]) **Central Cordilleran ***Kalinga–Itneg ****[[Kalinga languages|Kalinga]] ([[Kalinga Province]]) ****[[Itneg languages|Itneg]] ([[Abra Province]]) ***Nuclear ****[[Ifugao language|Ifugao]] ([[Ifugao Province]]) ****[[Balangao language|Balangao]] (eastern [[Mountain Province]]) ****[[Bontok language|Bontok]] (central [[Mountain Province]]) ****[[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]] (western [[Mountain Province]], northern [[Benguet Province]]) **Southern Cordilleran ***[[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]] (southern [[Benguet Province]]) ***Kalanguya/[[Kallahan language|Kallahan]] (eastern [[Benguet Province]], [[Ifugao Province]], northwestern [[Nueva Vizcaya Province]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-peoples/kalanguya/|title=Kalanguya Archives - Intercontinental Cry|publisher=}}</ref> ****Kalanguya Keley-i <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ify|title=Kallahan, Keley-i|publisher=}}</ref> ****Kalanguya Kayapa <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kak|title=Kalanguya|publisher=}}</ref> ****Kalanguya Tinoc <ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/19181/RP|title=Kalanguya, Tinoc in Philippines|first=Joshua|last=Project|publisher=}}</ref> ***[[Karao language|Karao]] (Karao, Bokod, Benguet) ***[[Ilongot language|Ilongot]] (eastern [[Nueva Vizcaya Province]], western [[Quirino Province]]) ***[[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] ([[Pangasinan Province]]) ==History== {{main article|Igorot society|Igorot Revolt}} [[File:Seated Bulul from Ifugao, narra wood, Honolulu Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|160px|A seated [[Bulul]], the anthropomorphical representations of rice divinities protecting the seeds and the harvest of Ifugao people.]] The gold found in the land of the Igorot were an attraction for the Spanish.<ref name="West2010">{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA300&lpg=PA300&dq=igorot+gold+spanish&source=bl&ots=Z4qWAY9vL6&sig=AxW22LeIXaEMdwIWXOZA2huDqbM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhxvudg8LNAhWrz4MKHVzgBBIQ6AEIODAI#v=onepage&q=igorot%20gold%20spanish&f=false|date=19 May 2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|pages=300–}}</ref> Originally gold was exchanged at Pangasinan by the Igorot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-1839300301/ifugao.html|title=Ifugao - Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life - Encyclopedia.com|publisher=}}</ref> The gold was used to buy consumable products by the Igorot.<ref name="Newson2009">{{cite book|author=Linda A. Newson|title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LF_UgEGu0dEC&pg=PA232&lpg=PA232&dq=igorot+gold+spanish&source=bl&ots=0mAKFD8QsQ&sig=pSTmJYP2ZLMj2yUnfwPrxLaIQH8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhxvudg8LNAhWrz4MKHVzgBBIQ6AEIRzAL#v=onepage&q=igorot%20gold%20spanish&f=false|year=2009|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3272-8|pages=232–}}</ref> Both gold and desire to Christianize the Igorot were given as reasons for Spanish conquest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amiananbalitangayon.com/archives/18960|title=Benguet mines, forever in resistance by the Igorots – Amianan Balita Ngayon|publisher=}}</ref> In 1572 the Spanish started hunting for the gold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/historical-research/ethnic-history-cordillera/|title=Ethnic History (Cordillera) - National Commission for Culture and the Arts|author=|date=|website=ncca.gov.ph}}</ref> Benguet Province was entered by the Spanish with the intention of obtaining gold.<ref name="Wiber1993">{{cite book|author=Melanie Wiber|title=Politics, Property and Law in the Philippine Uplands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIeMEilzNc4C&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=igorot+gold+spanish&source=bl&ots=zYdNNELWI-&sig=hX389pG-Jz3BQdnK-yGx1NJFkSc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhxvudg8LNAhWrz4MKHVzgBBIQ6AEISjAM#v=onepage&q=igorot%20gold%20spanish&f=false|year=1993|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-88920-222-1|pages=27–}}</ref> The fact that the Igorots managed to stay out of Spanish dominion vexed the Spaniards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ars2510.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext|title=The Igorot struggle for independence: William Henry Scott.|publisher=}}</ref> The gold evaded the hands of the Spaniards due to Igorot opposition.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=42634423|title=Gold Mining in Benguet to 1898|first=Olivia M.|last=Habana|date=1 January 2000|publisher=|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=48|issue=4|pages=455–487}}</ref> Samuel E. Kane wrote about his life amongst the Bontoc, Ifugao, and Kalinga after the [[Philippine–American War]], in his book ''Thirty Years with the Philippine Head-Hunters'' (1933).<ref name=Kane>Kane, S.E., 1933, ''Life and Death in Luzon or Thirty Years with the Philippine Head-Hunters'', New York: Grosset & Dunlap</ref> The first American school for Igorot girls was opened in [[Baguio]] in 1901 by Alice McKay Kelly.<ref name=Kane/>{{rp|317}} Kane noted that [[Dean C. Worcester]] "did more than any one man to stop head-hunting and to bring the traditional enemy tribes together in friendship."<ref name=Kane/>{{rp|329}} Kane wrote of the Igorot people, "there is a peace, a rhythm and an elemental strength in the life...which all the comforts and refinements of civilization can not replace...fifty years hence...there will be little left to remind the young Igorots of the days when the drums and ''ganzas'' of the head-hunting ''canyaos'' resounded throughout the land.<ref name=Kane/>{{rp|330–331}} In 1904, a group of Igorot people were brought to [[St. Louis, Missouri]], United States for the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|St. Louis World's Fair]]. They constructed the Igorot Village in the Philippine Exposition section of the fair, which became one of the most popular exhibits. The poet [[T. S. Eliot]], who was born and raised in St. Louis, visited and explored the Village. Inspired by their tribal dance and others, he wrote the short story, "The Man Who Was King" (1905).<ref>Narita, Tatsushi. "How Far is T. S. Eliot from Here?: The Young Poet's Imagined World of Polynesian Matahiva," In ''How Far is America from Here?'', ed. Theo D'haen, Paul Giles, Djelal Kadir and Lois Parkinson Zamora. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2005, pp .271-282.</ref> In 1905, 50 tribespeople were on display at a Brooklyn, New York amusement park for the summer, ending in the custody of the unscrupulous Truman K. Hunt, a showman "on the run across America with the tribe in tow."<ref>Prentice, Claire, 2014, ''The Lost Tribe of Coney Island: Headhunters, Luna Park, and the Man Who Pulled Off the Spectacle of the Century,'' New Harvest. {{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/The-Lost-Tribe-Coney-Island/dp/054426228X |title=The Lost Tribe of Coney Island: Product Details |publisher=Amazon.com |date=October 14, 2014 |accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> During the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]], [[Philippine resistance against Japan|Igorots fought against Japan]]. [[Donald Blackburn]]'s World War II [[guerrilla]] force had a strong core of Igorots.<ref name=Harkins>Harkins, P., 1956, ''Blackburn's Headhunters,'' London: Cassell & Co. LTD</ref>{{rp|148–165}} In 2014, [[Victoria Tauli-Corpuz]], a veteran indigenous rights of Igorot ethnicity was appointed UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.<ref name=unsr>James Anaya [http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/notes/victoria-tauli-corpuz-begins-as-new-special-rapporteur Victoria Tauli-Corpuz begins as new Special Rapporteur, 02 June 2014]</ref> ==See also== * [[Ethnicities of the Philippine Cordilleras]] * [[Demographics of the Philippines]] * [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines]] * [[Indigenous peoples of the Philippines]] * [[Proto-Malay]] *[[Gaddang people]] *[[Ibanag people]] * [[Tagalog people]] * [[Kapampangan people]] * [[Ilocano people]] * [[Ivatan people]] * [[Pangasinan people]] * [[Bicolano people]] * [[Negrito]] * [[Visayans|Visayan people]] ** [[Cebuano people]] *** [[Boholano people]] ** [[Hiligaynon people]] ** [[Waray people]] * [[Lumad]] *[[Moro people]] ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== *Boeger, Astrid. 'St. Louis 1904'. In ''Encyclopedia of World's Fairs and Expositions'', ed. John E. Findling and Kimberly D. Pelle. McFarland, 2008. *{{cite book |author= Conklin, Harold C., Pugguwon Lupaih, Miklos Pinther, and the American Geographical Society of New York. |editor=American Geographical Society of New York |title=Ethnographic Atlas of Ifugao: A Study of Environment, Culture, and Society in Northern Luzon |year=1980 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-02529-7}} *Jones, Arun W, “A View from the Mountains: Episcopal Missionary Depictions of the Igorot of Northern Luzon, The Philippines, 1903-1916” in ''Anglican and Episcopal History 71.3 (Sep 2002): 380-410. *Narita, Tatsushi."How Far is T. S. Eliot from Here?: The Young Poet's Imagined World of Polynesian Matahiva". In ''How Far is America from Here?'', ed. Theo D'haen, Paul Giles, Djelal Kadir and Lois Parkinson Zamora. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2005, pp.&nbsp;271–282. *Narita, Tatsushi. ''T. S. Eliot, the World Fair of St. Louis and 'Autonomy''' (Published for Nagoya Comparative Culture Forum). Nagoya: Kougaku Shuppan Press, 2013. *Rydell, Robert W. ''All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916''. The University of Chicago Press, 1984. *{{cite book|title=The head hunters of northern Luzon: from Ifugao to Kalinga, a ride through the mountains of northern Luzon : with an appendix on the independence of the Philippines|volume=Volume 31 of Philippine culture series|issue=|author=Cornélis De Witt Willcox|edition=|year=1912|publisher=Franklin Hudson Publishing Co.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bssAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }} ==External links== {{Commons category|Igorot}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080706115821/http://www.karitoon.com/ Cordillera region Hometown news] * [http://www.bibak.org BIBAK.net BIBAK Online Community] * [http://www.oovrag.com/essays/essay2004a-1 The Igorots in St. Louis Fair 1904] * [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3308 Jenks' ''The Bontoc Igorot''] * [http://www.gutenberg.org Project Gutenberg] {{IgorotTribesmall}} {{PHTribesmall}} {{Ethnic groups in the Philippines}} [[Category:Igorot| ]] [[Category:Headhunting]]'