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{{Greek alphabet|letter=sigma}}
'''Sigma''' ([[uppercase]] '''Σ''', [[lowercase]] '''σ''', lowercase in word-final position '''ς'''; {{lang-grc-gre|σίγμα}}) is the eighteenth letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]], it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not [[all caps]]), the [[final form]] (ς) is used, e.g. {{lang|grc|Ὀδυσσεύς}} (Odysseus); note the two sigmas in the center of the name, and the word-final sigma at the end.
==History==
The shape and alphabetic position of sigma is derived from [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] [[Shin (letter)|shin]] 𐤔 [[Image:Phoenician sin.svg|20px]].
===Etymology===
The original name of the letter "sigma" may have been ''san'', but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, "san" came to be identified as a separate letter, [[San (letter)|Ϻ]].<ref name="woodard">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of ancient Greece|editor-first=Nigel Guy|editor-last= Wilson|title=Alphabet|first=Roger D.| last=Woodard|year=2006| publisher=Routldedge| place=London| page=38}}</ref>
[[Herodotus]] reports that "san" was the name given by the [[Doric Greek|Dorians]] to the same letter called "sigma" by the [[Ionic Greek|Ionians]].<ref>"{{lang|grc|…τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα}}" ('…the same letter, which the Dorians call "san", but the Ionians "sigma"…'; Herodotus, ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html ''Non-Attic letters''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120628161421/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html |date=2012-06-28 }}.</ref>
The name of sigma, according to one hypothesis,<ref name="jeffery25">{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Lilian H.|title=The local scripts of archaic Greece|place=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon|year=1961|pages=25–27}}</ref> may continue that of Phoenician [[Samekh]], the letter continued by Greek [[Xi (letter)|Ξ]].
Alternatively, the name ''sigma'' may have been a Greek innovation that simply meant "hissing", from the root of {{lang|grc|σίζω}} (''{{transl|grc|sízō}}'', earlier *''sig-jō'', meaning "I hiss").<ref name="woodard"/>
=== Lunate sigma ===
[[File:Madaba Jerusalem Mosaic.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Madaba Map]], a sixth-century mosaic of [[Jerusalem]] ({{lang|grc|Η [[Agia (disambiguation)|ΑΓΙΑ]] [[polis|ΠΟΛΙ{{strong|Ϲ}}]]}}) uses the lunate sigma]]
[[File:Metochion Gethsimanis, Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A plaque reading "[[Metochion]] of [[Gethsemane]]" ({{lang|grc|Μετόχιον Γεθσημανῆς}}) in Jerusalem, with a lunate sigma both at the end and in the middle of the word]]
In handwritten Greek during the [[Hellenistic period]] (4th and 3rd centuries BC), the [[epigraphic]] form of Σ was simplified into a C-like shape.<ref>Edward M. Thompson (1912), ''Introduction to Greek and Latin paleography'', Oxford: Clarendon. p. 108, 144</ref> It is also found on coins from the fourth century BC onward.<ref>[http://www.parthia.com/fonts/letterforms_usage.htm Parthia.com]: ''Numismatica Font Projects''.</ref> This became the universal standard form of sigma during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is today known as ''lunate sigma'' (uppercase Ϲ, lowercase ϲ), because of its [[crescent]]-like shape.
It is still widely used in decorative typefaces in Greece, especially in religious and church contexts, as well as in some modern print editions of classical Greek texts.
A dotted lunate sigma (''sigma periestigmenon'', encoded at U+03FE Ͼ) was used by [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]] (220–143 BC) as an editorial sign indicating that the line so marked is at an incorrect position. Similarly, an [[antisigma]], or reversed sigma (Ͻ), may mark a line that is out of place. A dotted [[antisigma]] or dotted reversed sigma (''antisigma periestigmenon'': Ͽ) may indicate a line after which rearrangements should be made, or to variant readings of uncertain priority.
===Derived alphabets===
Sigma was adopted in the [[Old Italic alphabets]] beginning in the 8th century BC.
A simplified three-stroke version, omitting the lowermost stroke, is found already in Western Greek alphabets,
and becomes current in classical Etruscan, in Oscan, and also in the earliest [[History of the Latin script|Latin]] epigraphy (early Latin [[S]]), such as the [[Duenos inscription]].
The alternation between three and four strokes (occasionally also more than four) is also adopted into the [[Elder Futhark|early runic alphabet]] (early form of the [[Sowilō|''s''-rune]].
Both the [[Anglo-Saxon runes]] and the [[Younger Futhark]] consistently use the simplified three-stroke version.
The forms of the [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic letter]] {{coptic|Ⲥ}} ''sima'' (2nd century BC) and
of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic letter]] [[Es (Cyrillic)|С]] (9th century) are derived from lunate sigma.
==Uses==
===Greek===
In both [[Ancient Greek|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]], the sigma represents the [[voiceless alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/s/}}. In Modern Greek, this sound is [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] to {{IPA|/z/}} before {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/ɣ/}}.
=== International African Alphabet===
{{anchor|Uppercase of esh}}
The uppercase form of sigma was re-borrowed into the [[Latin alphabet]] – more precisely, the [[Africa Alphabet|International African Alphabet]] – to serve as the uppercase of modern [[esh (letter)|esh]] (lowercase: ʃ).
===Science and mathematics===
====Uppercase====
Uppercase Σ is used as a symbol for:
* the [[summation]] [[operator (mathematics)|operator]]
*: e.g.: <math>\sum_{k=0}^5k= 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15</math>
* a class of [[baryon]]s in [[particle physics]]
* macroscopic [[Cross section (physics)|cross section]]s in [[nuclear physics|nuclear]] and particle physics
* [[self-energy]] in [[condensed matter physics]]
* the [[Balance (accounting)|balance]] of the invoice classes and the overall amount of the debts and demands in [[economics]]
* the set of symbols that form an alphabet in [[linguistics]] and [[Computer Science|computer science]]
* the [[covariance matrix]] of a set of [[random variable]]s in [[probability theory]] and [[statistics]], sometimes in the form <math>\;|\!\!\!\Sigma</math> to distinguish it from the summation operator.
* The [[busy beaver]] function
====Lowercase====
Lowercase σ is used for:
=====Biology and medicine=====
* the [[sigma receptor]] in [[biology]]
* the [[sigma factor]] of [[RNA polymerase]]
* the [[Sigma (bone remodeling)|life span]] of a basic multicellular unit (BMU) in [[bone remodeling]]
* a [[millisecond]] in early 20th-century [[physiology]] literature<ref name=Hill1935>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hill | first1 = A. V. | title = Units and Symbols | doi = 10.1038/136222a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 136 | issue = 3432 | pages = 222 | year = 1935 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>
=====Business, finance, and economics=====
* volatility of a [[stock]] generally needed for [[options pricing]]
* the [[elasticity of substitution]] between two inputs in macroeconomics
* a quality model, [[Six Sigma]] (6σ), based on the [[standard deviation]]
=====Chemistry=====
* [[sigma bond]]s
* [[Hammett equation|sigma constant]] in [[organic chemistry]]
=====Engineering and computer science=====
* the [[unary operation]] of [[Selection (relational algebra)|selection]] on a database relation in [[relational algebra]]
* the [[Sigmoid_function|Sigmoid]]/Logistic function in machine learning
* a target's [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) in [[radar jamming]] or [[electronic warfare]]
* the [[damping]] parameter in [[signal processing]]
=====Linguistics=====
* a [[syllable]] in [[phonology]]
=====Mathematics and statistics=====
* [[sigma-algebra]]s, sigma-fields, and [[Sigma-finite measure|sigma-finiteness]] in [[Measure (mathematics)|measure theory]]; in general terms, the symbol ''σ'' serves as a shorthand for "[[countable set|countably]]", e.g. a ''σ''-compact [[topological space]] is one that can be written as a countable [[union (set theory)|union]] of [[compact space|compact subsets]].
* the [[Sigma-algebra#Generated_.CF.83-algebra|generated sigma-algebra]] of a set ''A'' is denoted ''σ''(''A'')
* the [[divisor function|sum-of-divisors function]] in [[number theory]]
* the [[spectrum of a linear map]] ''T'', denoted as ''σ''(''T''), in [[applied mathematics]]
* the [[Weierstrass functions#Weierstrass sigma-function|Weierstrass sigma-function]]
* the [[standard deviation]] of a [[Standard deviation#Estimating_population_standard_deviation|population]] or [[probability distribution]] in [[statistics]] (See [[#Business|Business]] for Six Sigma)
* an unknown angle
=====Physics=====
* [[cross section (physics)]]
* the [[Stefan–Boltzmann constant]]
* a measure of [[electrical conductivity]]
* the [[surface charge]] density in electrostatics
* [[Normal stress|normal]] [[Stress (physics)|stress]] in [[continuum mechanics]]
* [[surface tension]]
* the [[Pauli matrices]] in [[quantum mechanics]]
* [[velocity dispersion]] in [[astronomy]]
=== Organizations ===
{{anchor|Politics}}
During the 1930s, an uppercase Σ was in use as the symbol of the [[Brazilian Integralism|Ação Integralista Brasileira]], a fascist political party in [[Brazil]].
{{anchor|Companies}}
[[Sigma Corporation]] uses the name of the letter but not the letter itself, but in many Internet forums, photographers refer to the company or its lenses using the letter. [[Sigma Aldrich]] incorporate both the name and the character in their logo.
==Character encoding==
;Greek Sigma
{{charmap
|03A3|name1=Greek Capital Letter Sigma
|03C3|name2=Greek Small Letter Sigma
|03C2|name3=Greek Small Letter Final Sigma
|03F9|name4=Greek Capital Lunate Sigma Symbol
|03F2|name5=Greek Lunate Sigma Symbol
|map2=DOS Greek|map2char1=91|map2char2=A9|map2char3=AA
|map3=DOS Greek-2|map3char1=CF|map3char2=EC|map3char3=ED
|map4=Windows 1253|map4char1=D3|map4char2=F3|map4char3=F2
|namedref1=[[TeX]]|ref1char1=\Sigma|ref1char2=\sigma|ref1char3=\varsigma
}}
<ref>Unicode Code Charts: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)]</ref>
{{charmap
|03FD|name1=Greek Capital Reversed Lunate Sigma Symbol
|037B|name2=Greek Small Reversed Lunate Sigma Symbol
|03FE|name3=Greek Capital Dotted Lunate Sigma Symbol
|037C|name4=Greek Small Dotted Lunate Sigma Symbol
|03FF|name5=Greek Capital Reversed Dotted Lunate Sigma Symbol
|037D|name6=Greek Small Reversed Dotted Lunate Sigma Symbol
}}
;Coptic Sima
{{charmap
|2CA4|name1=Coptic Capital Letter Sima
|2CA5|name2=Coptic Small Letter Sima
}}
;Mathematical Sigma
{{charmap
|2211|name1=N-ary Summation
|1D6BA|name2=Mathematical Bold<br />Capital Sigma
|1D6D4|name3=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Sigma
|1D6D3|name4=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Final Sigma
|1D6F4|name5=Mathematical Italic<br />Capital Sigma
|1D70E|name6=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Sigma
}}
{{charmap
|1D70D|name1=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Final Sigma
|1D72E|name2=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Capital Sigma
|1D748|name3=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Sigma
|1D747|name4=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Final Sigma
|1D768|name5=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Capital Sigma
}}
{{charmap
|1D782|name1=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Sigma
|1D781|name2=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Final Sigma
|1D7A2|name3=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Capital Sigma
|1D7BC|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Sigma
|1D7BB|name5=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Final Sigma
}}
These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
==See also==
{{Commonscat|Sigma (letter)|the letter sigma}}
{{Wiktionary|Σ|σ|ς}}
*[[Antisigma]]
*[[Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering]]
*[[Sampi]]
*[[Sho (letter)]]
*[[Stigma (letter)]]
*[[Sibilant consonant]]
*[[∑]], or [[summation]]
*"Sigm-" as a combining form, as in [[sigmodon|''sigm''odon]], [[sigmurethra|''sigm''urethra]], or in the derivative "sigmoid", as in [[sigmoid sinus]], [[sigmoid colon]], [[sigmoidoscopy]], etc.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Greek letters]]
[[Category:Letters with final form]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{other uses}}
{{Greek alphabet|letter=sigma}}
'''Ligma''' ([[uppercase]] '''Σ''', [[lowercase]] '''σ''', lowercase in word-final position '''ς'''; {{lang-grc-gre|σίγμα}}) is the eighteenth letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]], it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not [[all caps]]), the [[final form]] (ς) is used, e.g. {{lang|grc|Ὀδυσσεύς}} (Odysseus); note the two ligmas in the center of the name, and the word-final ligma at the end.
==History==
The shape and alphabetic position of ligma is derived from [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] [[Shin (letter)|shin]] 𐤔 [[Image:Phoenician sin.svg|20px]].
===Etymology===
The original name of the letter "ligma" may have been ''san'', but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, "san" came to be identified as a separate letter, [[San (letter)|Ϻ]].<ref name="woodard">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of ancient Greece|editor-first=Nigel Guy|editor-last= Wilson|title=Alphabet|first=Roger D.| last=Woodard|year=2006| publisher=Routldedge| place=London| page=38}}</ref>
[[Herodotus]] reports that "san" was the name given by the [[Doric Greek|Dorians]] to the same letter called "ligma" by the [[Ionic Greek|Ionians]].<ref>"{{lang|grc|…τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα}}" ('…the same letter, which the Dorians call "san", but the Ionians "sigma"…'; Herodotus, ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html ''Non-Attic letters''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120628161421/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html |date=2012-06-28 }}.</ref>
The name of ligma, according to one hypothesis,<ref name="jeffery25">{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Lilian H.|title=The local scripts of archaic Greece|place=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon|year=1961|pages=25–27}}</ref> may continue that of Phoenician [[Samekh]], the letter continued by Greek [[Xi (letter)|Ξ]].
Alternatively, the name ''ligma'' may have been a Greek innovation that simply meant "hissing", from the root of {{lang|grc|σίζω}} (''{{transl|grc|sízō}}'', earlier *''sig-jō'', meaning "I hiss").<ref name="woodard"/>
=== Lunate ligma ===
[[File:Madaba Jerusalem Mosaic.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Madaba Map]], a sixth-century mosaic of [[Jerusalem]] ({{lang|grc|Η [[Agia (disambiguation)|ΑΓΙΑ]] [[polis|ΠΟΛΙ{{strong|Ϲ}}]]}}) uses the lunate ligma]]
[[File:Metochion Gethsimanis, Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A plaque reading "[[Metochion]] of [[Gethsemane]]" ({{lang|grc|Μετόχιον Γεθσημανῆς}}) in Jerusalem, with a lunate ligma both at the end and in the middle of the word]]
In handwritten Greek during the [[Hellenistic period]] (4th and 3rd centuries BC), the [[epigraphic]] form of Σ was simplified into a C-like shape.<ref>Edward M. Thompson (1912), ''Introduction to Greek and Latin paleography'', Oxford: Clarendon. p. 108, 144</ref> It is also found on coins from the fourth century BC onward.<ref>[http://www.parthia.com/fonts/letterforms_usage.htm Parthia.com]: ''Numismatica Font Projects''.</ref> This became the universal standard form of ligma during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is today known as ''lunate ligma'' (uppercase Ϲ, lowercase ϲ), because of its [[crescent]]-like shape.
It is still widely used in decorative typefaces in Greece, especially in religious and church contexts, as well as in some modern print editions of classical Greek texts.
A dotted lunate ligma (''ligma periestigmenon'', encoded at U+03FE Ͼ) was used by [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]] (220–143 BC) as an editorial sign indicating that the line so marked is at an incorrect position. Similarly, an [[antisigma|antiligma]], or reversed ligma (Ͻ), may mark a line that is out of place. A dotted [[antisigma|antiligma]] or dotted reversed ligma (''antiligma periestigmenon'': Ͽ) may indicate a line after which rearrangements should be made, or to variant readings of uncertain priority.
===Derived alphabets===
ligma was adopted in the [[Old Italic alphabets]] beginning in the 8th century BC.
A simplified three-stroke version, omitting the lowermost stroke, is found already in Western Greek alphabets,
and becomes current in classical Etruscan, in Oscan, and also in the earliest [[History of the Latin script|Latin]] epigraphy (early Latin [[S]]), such as the [[Duenos inscription]].
The alternation between three and four strokes (occasionally also more than four) is also adopted into the [[Elder Futhark|early runic alphabet]] (early form of the [[Sowilō|''s''-rune]].
Both the [[Anglo-Saxon runes]] and the [[Younger Futhark]] consistently use the simplified three-stroke version.
The forms of the [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic letter]] {{coptic|Ⲥ}} ''sima'' (2nd century BC) and
of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic letter]] [[Es (Cyrillic)|С]] (9th century) are derived from lunate ligma.
==Uses==
===Greek===
In both [[Ancient Greek|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]], the ligma represents the [[voiceless alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/s/}}. In Modern Greek, this sound is [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] to {{IPA|/z/}} before {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/ɣ/}}.
=== International African Alphabet===
{{anchor|Uppercase of esh}}
The uppercase form of ligma was re-borrowed into the [[Latin alphabet]] – more precisely, the [[Africa Alphabet|International African Alphabet]] – to serve as the uppercase of modern [[esh (letter)|esh]] (lowercase: ʃ).
===Science and mathematics===
====Uppercase====
Uppercase Σ is used as a symbol for:
* the [[summation]] [[operator (mathematics)|operator]]
*: e.g.: <math>\sum_{k=0}^5k= 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15</math>
* a class of [[baryon]]s in [[particle physics]]
* macroscopic [[Cross section (physics)|cross section]]s in [[nuclear physics|nuclear]] and particle physics
* [[self-energy]] in [[condensed matter physics]]
* the [[Balance (accounting)|balance]] of the invoice classes and the overall amount of the debts and demands in [[economics]]
* the set of symbols that form an alphabet in [[linguistics]] and [[Computer Science|computer science]]
* the [[covariance matrix]] of a set of [[random variable]]s in [[probability theory]] and [[statistics]], sometimes in the form <math>\;|\!\!\!\Sigma</math> to distinguish it from the summation operator.
* The [[busy beaver]] function
====Lowercase====
Lowercase σ is used for:
=====Biology and medicine=====
* the [[sigma receptor|ligma receptor]] in [[biology]]
* the [[sigma factor|ligma factor]] of [[RNA polymerase]]
* the [[Sigma (bone remodeling)|life span]] of a basic multicellular unit (BMU) in [[bone remodeling]]
* a [[millisecond]] in early 20th-century [[physiology]] literature<ref name=Hill1935>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hill | first1 = A. V. | title = Units and Symbols | doi = 10.1038/136222a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 136 | issue = 3432 | pages = 222 | year = 1935 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>
=====Business, finance, and economics=====
* volatility of a [[stock]] generally needed for [[options pricing]]
* the [[elasticity of substitution]] between two inputs in macroeconomics
* a quality model, [[Six Sigma|Six ligma]] (6σ), based on the [[standard deviation]]
=====Chemistry=====
* [[sigma bond|ligma bond]]s
* [[Hammett equation|ligma constant]] in [[organic chemistry]]
=====Engineering and computer science=====
* the [[unary operation]] of [[Selection (relational algebra)|selection]] on a database relation in [[relational algebra]]
* the [[Sigmoid_function|Sigmoid]]/Logistic function in machine learning
* a target's [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) in [[radar jamming]] or [[electronic warfare]]
* the [[damping]] parameter in [[signal processing]]
=====Linguistics=====
* a [[syllable]] in [[phonology]]
=====Mathematics and statistics=====
* [[sigma-algebra|ligma-algebra]]s, ligma-fields, and [[Sigma-finite measure|ligma-finiteness]] in [[Measure (mathematics)|measure theory]]; in general terms, the symbol ''σ'' serves as a shorthand for "[[countable set|countably]]", e.g. a ''σ''-compact [[topological space]] is one that can be written as a countable [[union (set theory)|union]] of [[compact space|compact subsets]].
* the [[Sigma-algebra#Generated_.CF.83-algebra|generated ligma-algebra]] of a set ''A'' is denoted ''σ''(''A'')
* the [[divisor function|sum-of-divisors function]] in [[number theory]]
* the [[spectrum of a linear map]] ''T'', denoted as ''σ''(''T''), in [[applied mathematics]]
* the [[Weierstrass functions#Weierstrass sigma-function|Weierstrass ligma-function]]
* the [[standard deviation]] of a [[Standard deviation#Estimating_population_standard_deviation|population]] or [[probability distribution]] in [[statistics]] (See [[#Business|Business]] for Six ligma)
* an unknown angle
=====Physics=====
* [[cross section (physics)]]
* the [[Stefan–Boltzmann constant]]
* a measure of [[electrical conductivity]]
* the [[surface charge]] density in electrostatics
* [[Normal stress|normal]] [[Stress (physics)|stress]] in [[continuum mechanics]]
* [[surface tension]]
* the [[Pauli matrices]] in [[quantum mechanics]]
* [[velocity dispersion]] in [[astronomy]]
=== Organizations ===
{{anchor|Politics}}
During the 1930s, an uppercase Σ was in use as the symbol of the [[Brazilian Integralism|Ação Integralista Brasileira]], a fascist political party in [[Brazil]].
{{anchor|Companies}}
[[Sigma Corporation|ligma Corporation]] uses the name of the letter but not the letter itself, but in many Internet forums, photographers refer to the company or its lenses using the letter. [[Sigma Aldrich|ligma Aldrich]] incorporate both the name and the character in their logo.
==Character encoding==
;Greek ligma
{{charmap
|03A3|name1=Greek Capital Letter Sigma
|03C3|name2=Greek Small Letter Sigma
|03C2|name3=Greek Small Letter Final Sigma
|03F9|name4=Greek Capital Lunate Sigma Symbol
|03F2|name5=Greek Lunate Sigma Symbol
|map2=DOS Greek|map2char1=91|map2char2=A9|map2char3=AA
|map3=DOS Greek-2|map3char1=CF|map3char2=EC|map3char3=ED
|map4=Windows 1253|map4char1=D3|map4char2=F3|map4char3=F2
|namedref1=[[TeX]]|ref1char1=\Sigma|ref1char2=\sigma|ref1char3=\varsigma
}}
<ref>Unicode Code Charts: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)]</ref>
{{charmap
|03FD|name1=Greek Capital Reversed Lunate Sigma Symbol
|037B|name2=Greek Small Reversed Lunate Sigma Symbol
|03FE|name3=Greek Capital Dotted Lunate Sigma Symbol
|037C|name4=Greek Small Dotted Lunate Sigma Symbol
|03FF|name5=Greek Capital Reversed Dotted Lunate Sigma Symbol
|037D|name6=Greek Small Reversed Dotted Lunate Sigma Symbol
}}
;Coptic Sima
{{charmap
|2CA4|name1=Coptic Capital Letter Sima
|2CA5|name2=Coptic Small Letter Sima
}}
;Mathematical ligma
{{charmap
|2211|name1=N-ary Summation
|1D6BA|name2=Mathematical Bold<br />Capital Sigma
|1D6D4|name3=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Sigma
|1D6D3|name4=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Final Sigma
|1D6F4|name5=Mathematical Italic<br />Capital Sigma
|1D70E|name6=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Sigma
}}
{{charmap
|1D70D|name1=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Final Sigma
|1D72E|name2=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Capital Sigma
|1D748|name3=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Sigma
|1D747|name4=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Final Sigma
|1D768|name5=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Capital Sigma
}}
{{charmap
|1D782|name1=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Sigma
|1D781|name2=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Final Sigma
|1D7A2|name3=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Capital Sigma
|1D7BC|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Sigma
|1D7BB|name5=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Final Sigma
}}
These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
==See also==
{{Commonscat|Sigma (letter)|the letter sigma}}
{{Wiktionary|Σ|σ|ς}}
*[[Antisigma|Antiligma]]
*[[Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering]]
*[[Sampi]]
*[[Sho (letter)]]
*[[Stigma (letter)]]
*[[Sibilant consonant]]
*[[∑]], or [[summation]]
*"Sigm-" as a combining form, as in [[sigmodon|''sigm''odon]], [[sigmurethra|''sigm''urethra]], or in the derivative "sigmoid", as in [[sigmoid sinus]], [[sigmoid colon]], [[sigmoidoscopy]], etc.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Greek letters]]
[[Category:Letters with final form]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
{{other uses}}
{{Greek alphabet|letter=sigma}}
-'''Sigma''' ([[uppercase]] '''Σ''', [[lowercase]] '''σ''', lowercase in word-final position '''ς'''; {{lang-grc-gre|σίγμα}}) is the eighteenth letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]], it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not [[all caps]]), the [[final form]] (ς) is used, e.g. {{lang|grc|Ὀδυσσεύς}} (Odysseus); note the two sigmas in the center of the name, and the word-final sigma at the end.
+'''Ligma''' ([[uppercase]] '''Σ''', [[lowercase]] '''σ''', lowercase in word-final position '''ς'''; {{lang-grc-gre|σίγμα}}) is the eighteenth letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]], it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not [[all caps]]), the [[final form]] (ς) is used, e.g. {{lang|grc|Ὀδυσσεύς}} (Odysseus); note the two ligmas in the center of the name, and the word-final ligma at the end.
==History==
-The shape and alphabetic position of sigma is derived from [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] [[Shin (letter)|shin]] 𐤔 [[Image:Phoenician sin.svg|20px]].
+The shape and alphabetic position of ligma is derived from [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] [[Shin (letter)|shin]] 𐤔 [[Image:Phoenician sin.svg|20px]].
===Etymology===
-The original name of the letter "sigma" may have been ''san'', but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, "san" came to be identified as a separate letter, [[San (letter)|Ϻ]].<ref name="woodard">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of ancient Greece|editor-first=Nigel Guy|editor-last= Wilson|title=Alphabet|first=Roger D.| last=Woodard|year=2006| publisher=Routldedge| place=London| page=38}}</ref>
-[[Herodotus]] reports that "san" was the name given by the [[Doric Greek|Dorians]] to the same letter called "sigma" by the [[Ionic Greek|Ionians]].<ref>"{{lang|grc|…τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα}}" ('…the same letter, which the Dorians call "san", but the Ionians "sigma"…'; Herodotus, ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html ''Non-Attic letters''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120628161421/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html |date=2012-06-28 }}.</ref>
+The original name of the letter "ligma" may have been ''san'', but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, "san" came to be identified as a separate letter, [[San (letter)|Ϻ]].<ref name="woodard">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of ancient Greece|editor-first=Nigel Guy|editor-last= Wilson|title=Alphabet|first=Roger D.| last=Woodard|year=2006| publisher=Routldedge| place=London| page=38}}</ref>
+[[Herodotus]] reports that "san" was the name given by the [[Doric Greek|Dorians]] to the same letter called "ligma" by the [[Ionic Greek|Ionians]].<ref>"{{lang|grc|…τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα}}" ('…the same letter, which the Dorians call "san", but the Ionians "sigma"…'; Herodotus, ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html ''Non-Attic letters''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120628161421/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html |date=2012-06-28 }}.</ref>
-The name of sigma, according to one hypothesis,<ref name="jeffery25">{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Lilian H.|title=The local scripts of archaic Greece|place=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon|year=1961|pages=25–27}}</ref> may continue that of Phoenician [[Samekh]], the letter continued by Greek [[Xi (letter)|Ξ]].
-Alternatively, the name ''sigma'' may have been a Greek innovation that simply meant "hissing", from the root of {{lang|grc|σίζω}} (''{{transl|grc|sízō}}'', earlier *''sig-jō'', meaning "I hiss").<ref name="woodard"/>
+The name of ligma, according to one hypothesis,<ref name="jeffery25">{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Lilian H.|title=The local scripts of archaic Greece|place=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon|year=1961|pages=25–27}}</ref> may continue that of Phoenician [[Samekh]], the letter continued by Greek [[Xi (letter)|Ξ]].
+Alternatively, the name ''ligma'' may have been a Greek innovation that simply meant "hissing", from the root of {{lang|grc|σίζω}} (''{{transl|grc|sízō}}'', earlier *''sig-jō'', meaning "I hiss").<ref name="woodard"/>
-=== Lunate sigma ===
-[[File:Madaba Jerusalem Mosaic.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Madaba Map]], a sixth-century mosaic of [[Jerusalem]] ({{lang|grc|Η [[Agia (disambiguation)|ΑΓΙΑ]] [[polis|ΠΟΛΙ{{strong|Ϲ}}]]}}) uses the lunate sigma]]
-[[File:Metochion Gethsimanis, Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A plaque reading "[[Metochion]] of [[Gethsemane]]" ({{lang|grc|Μετόχιον Γεθσημανῆς}}) in Jerusalem, with a lunate sigma both at the end and in the middle of the word]]
-In handwritten Greek during the [[Hellenistic period]] (4th and 3rd centuries BC), the [[epigraphic]] form of Σ was simplified into a C-like shape.<ref>Edward M. Thompson (1912), ''Introduction to Greek and Latin paleography'', Oxford: Clarendon. p. 108, 144</ref> It is also found on coins from the fourth century BC onward.<ref>[http://www.parthia.com/fonts/letterforms_usage.htm Parthia.com]: ''Numismatica Font Projects''.</ref> This became the universal standard form of sigma during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is today known as ''lunate sigma'' (uppercase Ϲ, lowercase ϲ), because of its [[crescent]]-like shape.
+=== Lunate ligma ===
+[[File:Madaba Jerusalem Mosaic.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Madaba Map]], a sixth-century mosaic of [[Jerusalem]] ({{lang|grc|Η [[Agia (disambiguation)|ΑΓΙΑ]] [[polis|ΠΟΛΙ{{strong|Ϲ}}]]}}) uses the lunate ligma]]
+[[File:Metochion Gethsimanis, Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A plaque reading "[[Metochion]] of [[Gethsemane]]" ({{lang|grc|Μετόχιον Γεθσημανῆς}}) in Jerusalem, with a lunate ligma both at the end and in the middle of the word]]
+In handwritten Greek during the [[Hellenistic period]] (4th and 3rd centuries BC), the [[epigraphic]] form of Σ was simplified into a C-like shape.<ref>Edward M. Thompson (1912), ''Introduction to Greek and Latin paleography'', Oxford: Clarendon. p. 108, 144</ref> It is also found on coins from the fourth century BC onward.<ref>[http://www.parthia.com/fonts/letterforms_usage.htm Parthia.com]: ''Numismatica Font Projects''.</ref> This became the universal standard form of ligma during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is today known as ''lunate ligma'' (uppercase Ϲ, lowercase ϲ), because of its [[crescent]]-like shape.
It is still widely used in decorative typefaces in Greece, especially in religious and church contexts, as well as in some modern print editions of classical Greek texts.
-A dotted lunate sigma (''sigma periestigmenon'', encoded at U+03FE Ͼ) was used by [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]] (220–143 BC) as an editorial sign indicating that the line so marked is at an incorrect position. Similarly, an [[antisigma]], or reversed sigma (Ͻ), may mark a line that is out of place. A dotted [[antisigma]] or dotted reversed sigma (''antisigma periestigmenon'': Ͽ) may indicate a line after which rearrangements should be made, or to variant readings of uncertain priority.
+A dotted lunate ligma (''ligma periestigmenon'', encoded at U+03FE Ͼ) was used by [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]] (220–143 BC) as an editorial sign indicating that the line so marked is at an incorrect position. Similarly, an [[antisigma|antiligma]], or reversed ligma (Ͻ), may mark a line that is out of place. A dotted [[antisigma|antiligma]] or dotted reversed ligma (''antiligma periestigmenon'': Ͽ) may indicate a line after which rearrangements should be made, or to variant readings of uncertain priority.
===Derived alphabets===
-Sigma was adopted in the [[Old Italic alphabets]] beginning in the 8th century BC.
+ligma was adopted in the [[Old Italic alphabets]] beginning in the 8th century BC.
A simplified three-stroke version, omitting the lowermost stroke, is found already in Western Greek alphabets,
and becomes current in classical Etruscan, in Oscan, and also in the earliest [[History of the Latin script|Latin]] epigraphy (early Latin [[S]]), such as the [[Duenos inscription]].
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@
The forms of the [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic letter]] {{coptic|Ⲥ}} ''sima'' (2nd century BC) and
-of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic letter]] [[Es (Cyrillic)|С]] (9th century) are derived from lunate sigma.
+of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic letter]] [[Es (Cyrillic)|С]] (9th century) are derived from lunate ligma.
==Uses==
===Greek===
-In both [[Ancient Greek|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]], the sigma represents the [[voiceless alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/s/}}. In Modern Greek, this sound is [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] to {{IPA|/z/}} before {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/ɣ/}}.
+In both [[Ancient Greek|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]], the ligma represents the [[voiceless alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/s/}}. In Modern Greek, this sound is [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] to {{IPA|/z/}} before {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/ɣ/}}.
=== International African Alphabet===
{{anchor|Uppercase of esh}}
-The uppercase form of sigma was re-borrowed into the [[Latin alphabet]] – more precisely, the [[Africa Alphabet|International African Alphabet]] – to serve as the uppercase of modern [[esh (letter)|esh]] (lowercase: ʃ).
+The uppercase form of ligma was re-borrowed into the [[Latin alphabet]] – more precisely, the [[Africa Alphabet|International African Alphabet]] – to serve as the uppercase of modern [[esh (letter)|esh]] (lowercase: ʃ).
===Science and mathematics===
@@ -60,6 +60,6 @@
=====Biology and medicine=====
-* the [[sigma receptor]] in [[biology]]
-* the [[sigma factor]] of [[RNA polymerase]]
+* the [[sigma receptor|ligma receptor]] in [[biology]]
+* the [[sigma factor|ligma factor]] of [[RNA polymerase]]
* the [[Sigma (bone remodeling)|life span]] of a basic multicellular unit (BMU) in [[bone remodeling]]
* a [[millisecond]] in early 20th-century [[physiology]] literature<ref name=Hill1935>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hill | first1 = A. V. | title = Units and Symbols | doi = 10.1038/136222a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 136 | issue = 3432 | pages = 222 | year = 1935 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@
* volatility of a [[stock]] generally needed for [[options pricing]]
* the [[elasticity of substitution]] between two inputs in macroeconomics
-* a quality model, [[Six Sigma]] (6σ), based on the [[standard deviation]]
+* a quality model, [[Six Sigma|Six ligma]] (6σ), based on the [[standard deviation]]
=====Chemistry=====
-* [[sigma bond]]s
-* [[Hammett equation|sigma constant]] in [[organic chemistry]]
+* [[sigma bond|ligma bond]]s
+* [[Hammett equation|ligma constant]] in [[organic chemistry]]
=====Engineering and computer science=====
@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@
=====Mathematics and statistics=====
-* [[sigma-algebra]]s, sigma-fields, and [[Sigma-finite measure|sigma-finiteness]] in [[Measure (mathematics)|measure theory]]; in general terms, the symbol ''σ'' serves as a shorthand for "[[countable set|countably]]", e.g. a ''σ''-compact [[topological space]] is one that can be written as a countable [[union (set theory)|union]] of [[compact space|compact subsets]].
-* the [[Sigma-algebra#Generated_.CF.83-algebra|generated sigma-algebra]] of a set ''A'' is denoted ''σ''(''A'')
+* [[sigma-algebra|ligma-algebra]]s, ligma-fields, and [[Sigma-finite measure|ligma-finiteness]] in [[Measure (mathematics)|measure theory]]; in general terms, the symbol ''σ'' serves as a shorthand for "[[countable set|countably]]", e.g. a ''σ''-compact [[topological space]] is one that can be written as a countable [[union (set theory)|union]] of [[compact space|compact subsets]].
+* the [[Sigma-algebra#Generated_.CF.83-algebra|generated ligma-algebra]] of a set ''A'' is denoted ''σ''(''A'')
* the [[divisor function|sum-of-divisors function]] in [[number theory]]
* the [[spectrum of a linear map]] ''T'', denoted as ''σ''(''T''), in [[applied mathematics]]
-* the [[Weierstrass functions#Weierstrass sigma-function|Weierstrass sigma-function]]
-* the [[standard deviation]] of a [[Standard deviation#Estimating_population_standard_deviation|population]] or [[probability distribution]] in [[statistics]] (See [[#Business|Business]] for Six Sigma)
+* the [[Weierstrass functions#Weierstrass sigma-function|Weierstrass ligma-function]]
+* the [[standard deviation]] of a [[Standard deviation#Estimating_population_standard_deviation|population]] or [[probability distribution]] in [[statistics]] (See [[#Business|Business]] for Six ligma)
* an unknown angle
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@
{{anchor|Companies}}
-[[Sigma Corporation]] uses the name of the letter but not the letter itself, but in many Internet forums, photographers refer to the company or its lenses using the letter. [[Sigma Aldrich]] incorporate both the name and the character in their logo.
+[[Sigma Corporation|ligma Corporation]] uses the name of the letter but not the letter itself, but in many Internet forums, photographers refer to the company or its lenses using the letter. [[Sigma Aldrich|ligma Aldrich]] incorporate both the name and the character in their logo.
==Character encoding==
-;Greek Sigma
+;Greek ligma
{{charmap
@@ -142,5 +142,5 @@
}}
-;Mathematical Sigma
+;Mathematical ligma
{{charmap
@@ -174,5 +174,5 @@
{{Commonscat|Sigma (letter)|the letter sigma}}
{{Wiktionary|Σ|σ|ς}}
-*[[Antisigma]]
+*[[Antisigma|Antiligma]]
*[[Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering]]
*[[Sampi]]
' |
New page size (new_size) | 12638 |
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Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 125 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => ''''Ligma''' ([[uppercase]] '''Σ''', [[lowercase]] '''σ''', lowercase in word-final position '''ς'''; {{lang-grc-gre|σίγμα}}) is the eighteenth letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]], it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not [[all caps]]), the [[final form]] (ς) is used, e.g. {{lang|grc|Ὀδυσσεύς}} (Odysseus); note the two ligmas in the center of the name, and the word-final ligma at the end.',
1 => 'The shape and alphabetic position of ligma is derived from [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] [[Shin (letter)|shin]] 𐤔 [[Image:Phoenician sin.svg|20px]].',
2 => 'The original name of the letter "ligma" may have been ''san'', but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, "san" came to be identified as a separate letter, [[San (letter)|Ϻ]].<ref name="woodard">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of ancient Greece|editor-first=Nigel Guy|editor-last= Wilson|title=Alphabet|first=Roger D.| last=Woodard|year=2006| publisher=Routldedge| place=London| page=38}}</ref>',
3 => '[[Herodotus]] reports that "san" was the name given by the [[Doric Greek|Dorians]] to the same letter called "ligma" by the [[Ionic Greek|Ionians]].<ref>"{{lang|grc|…τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα}}" ('…the same letter, which the Dorians call "san", but the Ionians "sigma"…'; Herodotus, ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html ''Non-Attic letters''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120628161421/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html |date=2012-06-28 }}.</ref>',
4 => 'The name of ligma, according to one hypothesis,<ref name="jeffery25">{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Lilian H.|title=The local scripts of archaic Greece|place=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon|year=1961|pages=25–27}}</ref> may continue that of Phoenician [[Samekh]], the letter continued by Greek [[Xi (letter)|Ξ]].',
5 => 'Alternatively, the name ''ligma'' may have been a Greek innovation that simply meant "hissing", from the root of {{lang|grc|σίζω}} (''{{transl|grc|sízō}}'', earlier *''sig-jō'', meaning "I hiss").<ref name="woodard"/>',
6 => '=== Lunate ligma ===',
7 => '[[File:Madaba Jerusalem Mosaic.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Madaba Map]], a sixth-century mosaic of [[Jerusalem]] ({{lang|grc|Η [[Agia (disambiguation)|ΑΓΙΑ]] [[polis|ΠΟΛΙ{{strong|Ϲ}}]]}}) uses the lunate ligma]]',
8 => '[[File:Metochion Gethsimanis, Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A plaque reading "[[Metochion]] of [[Gethsemane]]" ({{lang|grc|Μετόχιον Γεθσημανῆς}}) in Jerusalem, with a lunate ligma both at the end and in the middle of the word]]',
9 => 'In handwritten Greek during the [[Hellenistic period]] (4th and 3rd centuries BC), the [[epigraphic]] form of Σ was simplified into a C-like shape.<ref>Edward M. Thompson (1912), ''Introduction to Greek and Latin paleography'', Oxford: Clarendon. p. 108, 144</ref> It is also found on coins from the fourth century BC onward.<ref>[http://www.parthia.com/fonts/letterforms_usage.htm Parthia.com]: ''Numismatica Font Projects''.</ref> This became the universal standard form of ligma during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is today known as ''lunate ligma'' (uppercase Ϲ, lowercase ϲ), because of its [[crescent]]-like shape.',
10 => 'A dotted lunate ligma (''ligma periestigmenon'', encoded at U+03FE Ͼ) was used by [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]] (220–143 BC) as an editorial sign indicating that the line so marked is at an incorrect position. Similarly, an [[antisigma|antiligma]], or reversed ligma (Ͻ), may mark a line that is out of place. A dotted [[antisigma|antiligma]] or dotted reversed ligma (''antiligma periestigmenon'': Ͽ) may indicate a line after which rearrangements should be made, or to variant readings of uncertain priority.',
11 => 'ligma was adopted in the [[Old Italic alphabets]] beginning in the 8th century BC.',
12 => 'of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic letter]] [[Es (Cyrillic)|С]] (9th century) are derived from lunate ligma.',
13 => 'In both [[Ancient Greek|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]], the ligma represents the [[voiceless alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/s/}}. In Modern Greek, this sound is [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] to {{IPA|/z/}} before {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/ɣ/}}.',
14 => 'The uppercase form of ligma was re-borrowed into the [[Latin alphabet]] – more precisely, the [[Africa Alphabet|International African Alphabet]] – to serve as the uppercase of modern [[esh (letter)|esh]] (lowercase: ʃ).',
15 => '* the [[sigma receptor|ligma receptor]] in [[biology]]',
16 => '* the [[sigma factor|ligma factor]] of [[RNA polymerase]]',
17 => '* a quality model, [[Six Sigma|Six ligma]] (6σ), based on the [[standard deviation]]',
18 => '* [[sigma bond|ligma bond]]s',
19 => '* [[Hammett equation|ligma constant]] in [[organic chemistry]]',
20 => '* [[sigma-algebra|ligma-algebra]]s, ligma-fields, and [[Sigma-finite measure|ligma-finiteness]] in [[Measure (mathematics)|measure theory]]; in general terms, the symbol ''σ'' serves as a shorthand for "[[countable set|countably]]", e.g. a ''σ''-compact [[topological space]] is one that can be written as a countable [[union (set theory)|union]] of [[compact space|compact subsets]].',
21 => '* the [[Sigma-algebra#Generated_.CF.83-algebra|generated ligma-algebra]] of a set ''A'' is denoted ''σ''(''A'')',
22 => '* the [[Weierstrass functions#Weierstrass sigma-function|Weierstrass ligma-function]]',
23 => '* the [[standard deviation]] of a [[Standard deviation#Estimating_population_standard_deviation|population]] or [[probability distribution]] in [[statistics]] (See [[#Business|Business]] for Six ligma)',
24 => '[[Sigma Corporation|ligma Corporation]] uses the name of the letter but not the letter itself, but in many Internet forums, photographers refer to the company or its lenses using the letter. [[Sigma Aldrich|ligma Aldrich]] incorporate both the name and the character in their logo.',
25 => ';Greek ligma',
26 => ';Mathematical ligma',
27 => '*[[Antisigma|Antiligma]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => ''''Sigma''' ([[uppercase]] '''Σ''', [[lowercase]] '''σ''', lowercase in word-final position '''ς'''; {{lang-grc-gre|σίγμα}}) is the eighteenth letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]], it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not [[all caps]]), the [[final form]] (ς) is used, e.g. {{lang|grc|Ὀδυσσεύς}} (Odysseus); note the two sigmas in the center of the name, and the word-final sigma at the end.',
1 => 'The shape and alphabetic position of sigma is derived from [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] [[Shin (letter)|shin]] 𐤔 [[Image:Phoenician sin.svg|20px]].',
2 => 'The original name of the letter "sigma" may have been ''san'', but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, "san" came to be identified as a separate letter, [[San (letter)|Ϻ]].<ref name="woodard">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of ancient Greece|editor-first=Nigel Guy|editor-last= Wilson|title=Alphabet|first=Roger D.| last=Woodard|year=2006| publisher=Routldedge| place=London| page=38}}</ref>',
3 => '[[Herodotus]] reports that "san" was the name given by the [[Doric Greek|Dorians]] to the same letter called "sigma" by the [[Ionic Greek|Ionians]].<ref>"{{lang|grc|…τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα}}" ('…the same letter, which the Dorians call "san", but the Ionians "sigma"…'; Herodotus, ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html ''Non-Attic letters''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120628161421/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html |date=2012-06-28 }}.</ref>',
4 => 'The name of sigma, according to one hypothesis,<ref name="jeffery25">{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Lilian H.|title=The local scripts of archaic Greece|place=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon|year=1961|pages=25–27}}</ref> may continue that of Phoenician [[Samekh]], the letter continued by Greek [[Xi (letter)|Ξ]].',
5 => 'Alternatively, the name ''sigma'' may have been a Greek innovation that simply meant "hissing", from the root of {{lang|grc|σίζω}} (''{{transl|grc|sízō}}'', earlier *''sig-jō'', meaning "I hiss").<ref name="woodard"/>',
6 => '=== Lunate sigma ===',
7 => '[[File:Madaba Jerusalem Mosaic.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Madaba Map]], a sixth-century mosaic of [[Jerusalem]] ({{lang|grc|Η [[Agia (disambiguation)|ΑΓΙΑ]] [[polis|ΠΟΛΙ{{strong|Ϲ}}]]}}) uses the lunate sigma]]',
8 => '[[File:Metochion Gethsimanis, Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A plaque reading "[[Metochion]] of [[Gethsemane]]" ({{lang|grc|Μετόχιον Γεθσημανῆς}}) in Jerusalem, with a lunate sigma both at the end and in the middle of the word]]',
9 => 'In handwritten Greek during the [[Hellenistic period]] (4th and 3rd centuries BC), the [[epigraphic]] form of Σ was simplified into a C-like shape.<ref>Edward M. Thompson (1912), ''Introduction to Greek and Latin paleography'', Oxford: Clarendon. p. 108, 144</ref> It is also found on coins from the fourth century BC onward.<ref>[http://www.parthia.com/fonts/letterforms_usage.htm Parthia.com]: ''Numismatica Font Projects''.</ref> This became the universal standard form of sigma during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is today known as ''lunate sigma'' (uppercase Ϲ, lowercase ϲ), because of its [[crescent]]-like shape.',
10 => 'A dotted lunate sigma (''sigma periestigmenon'', encoded at U+03FE Ͼ) was used by [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]] (220–143 BC) as an editorial sign indicating that the line so marked is at an incorrect position. Similarly, an [[antisigma]], or reversed sigma (Ͻ), may mark a line that is out of place. A dotted [[antisigma]] or dotted reversed sigma (''antisigma periestigmenon'': Ͽ) may indicate a line after which rearrangements should be made, or to variant readings of uncertain priority.',
11 => 'Sigma was adopted in the [[Old Italic alphabets]] beginning in the 8th century BC.',
12 => 'of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic letter]] [[Es (Cyrillic)|С]] (9th century) are derived from lunate sigma.',
13 => 'In both [[Ancient Greek|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]], the sigma represents the [[voiceless alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/s/}}. In Modern Greek, this sound is [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] to {{IPA|/z/}} before {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/ɣ/}}.',
14 => 'The uppercase form of sigma was re-borrowed into the [[Latin alphabet]] – more precisely, the [[Africa Alphabet|International African Alphabet]] – to serve as the uppercase of modern [[esh (letter)|esh]] (lowercase: ʃ).',
15 => '* the [[sigma receptor]] in [[biology]]',
16 => '* the [[sigma factor]] of [[RNA polymerase]]',
17 => '* a quality model, [[Six Sigma]] (6σ), based on the [[standard deviation]]',
18 => '* [[sigma bond]]s',
19 => '* [[Hammett equation|sigma constant]] in [[organic chemistry]]',
20 => '* [[sigma-algebra]]s, sigma-fields, and [[Sigma-finite measure|sigma-finiteness]] in [[Measure (mathematics)|measure theory]]; in general terms, the symbol ''σ'' serves as a shorthand for "[[countable set|countably]]", e.g. a ''σ''-compact [[topological space]] is one that can be written as a countable [[union (set theory)|union]] of [[compact space|compact subsets]].',
21 => '* the [[Sigma-algebra#Generated_.CF.83-algebra|generated sigma-algebra]] of a set ''A'' is denoted ''σ''(''A'')',
22 => '* the [[Weierstrass functions#Weierstrass sigma-function|Weierstrass sigma-function]]',
23 => '* the [[standard deviation]] of a [[Standard deviation#Estimating_population_standard_deviation|population]] or [[probability distribution]] in [[statistics]] (See [[#Business|Business]] for Six Sigma)',
24 => '[[Sigma Corporation]] uses the name of the letter but not the letter itself, but in many Internet forums, photographers refer to the company or its lenses using the letter. [[Sigma Aldrich]] incorporate both the name and the character in their logo.',
25 => ';Greek Sigma',
26 => ';Mathematical Sigma',
27 => '*[[Antisigma]]'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sigma (disambiguation)">Sigma (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0.4em 0;padding:1.0em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sigma_uc_lc.svg" class="image"><img alt="Sigma uc lc.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sigma_uc_lc.svg/100px-Sigma_uc_lc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sigma_uc_lc.svg/150px-Sigma_uc_lc.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sigma_uc_lc.svg/200px-Sigma_uc_lc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#ccf;font-size:150%;padding:0.25em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Αα</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></td><td> Νν</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ββ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a></td><td> Ξξ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Γγ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a></td><td> Οο</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Δδ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></td><td> Ππ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Εε</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a></td><td> Ρρ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ζζ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Zeta</a></td><td> Σσς</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigma</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ηη</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></td><td> Ττ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Θθ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Theta</a></td><td> Υυ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ιι</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></td><td> Φφ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Κκ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a></td><td> Χχ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Λλ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></td><td> Ψψ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Psi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Μμ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></td><td> Ωω</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic local variants</a>
<div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma"><img alt="Digamma" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heta" title="Heta"><img alt="Heta" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San"><img alt="San" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Greek_San_slanted.svg/13px-Greek_San_slanted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Greek_San_slanted.svg/19px-Greek_San_slanted.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Greek_San_slanted.svg/26px-Greek_San_slanted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa"><img alt="Koppa" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi"><img alt="Sampi" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg/13px-Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg/19px-Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg/26px-Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsan" title="Tsan"><img alt="Tsan" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li></ul></div> </div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Ligatures</a></li></ul>
<div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a>
<div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϛ <span style="font-size:85%;">(6)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϟ <span style="font-size:85%;">(90)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ <span style="font-size:85%;">(900)</span></a></li></ul></div> </div></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em">
Use in other languages</th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanian_alphabet#Greek" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em">
Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Use as scientific symbols</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.6em;font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book:Greek_alphabet" title="Book:Greek alphabet">Book</a></li>
<li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Category</a></li></ul>
</div>
<ul><li><img alt="Commons page" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_alphabet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greek alphabet">Commons</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Ligma</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uppercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppercase">uppercase</a> <b>Σ</b>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lowercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowercase">lowercase</a> <b>σ</b>, lowercase in word-final position <b>ς</b>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text">σίγμα</span>) is the eighteenth letter of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. In the system of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a>, it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all caps</a>), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Final_form" title="Final form">final form</a> (ς) is used, e.g. <span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text">Ὀδυσσεύς</span> (Odysseus); note the two ligmas in the center of the name, and the word-final ligma at the end.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Lunate_ligma"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Lunate ligma</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Derived_alphabets"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Derived alphabets</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Uses"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Greek"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Greek</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#International_African_Alphabet"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">International African Alphabet</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Science_and_mathematics"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Science and mathematics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Uppercase"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Uppercase</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Lowercase"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Lowercase</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11"><a href="#Biology_and_medicine"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Biology and medicine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-12"><a href="#Business,_finance,_and_economics"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Business, finance, and economics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-13"><a href="#Chemistry"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Chemistry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-14"><a href="#Engineering_and_computer_science"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Engineering and computer science</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-15"><a href="#Linguistics"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Linguistics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16"><a href="#Mathematics_and_statistics"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Mathematics and statistics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-17"><a href="#Physics"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Physics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Organizations"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Organizations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Character_encoding"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Character encoding</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The shape and alphabetic position of ligma is derived from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">shin</a> 𐤔 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="image"><img alt="Phoenician sin.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/20px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/30px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/40px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The original name of the letter "ligma" may have been <i>san</i>, but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, "san" came to be identified as a separate letter, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">Ϻ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-woodard_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodard-1">[1]</a></sup>
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> reports that "san" was the name given by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Dorians</a> to the same letter called "ligma" by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The name of ligma, according to one hypothesis,<sup id="cite_ref-jeffery25_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffery25-3">[3]</a></sup> may continue that of Phoenician <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samekh</a>, the letter continued by Greek <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Ξ</a>.
Alternatively, the name <i>ligma</i> may have been a Greek innovation that simply meant "hissing", from the root of <span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text">σίζω</span> (<i><i lang="grc-Latn" title="Ancient Greek-language romanization">sízō</i></i>, earlier *<i>sig-jō</i>, meaning "I hiss").<sup id="cite_ref-woodard_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodard-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Lunate_ligma">Lunate ligma</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lunate ligma">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Madaba_Jerusalem_Mosaic.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Madaba_Jerusalem_Mosaic.jpg/220px-Madaba_Jerusalem_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Madaba_Jerusalem_Mosaic.jpg/330px-Madaba_Jerusalem_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Madaba_Jerusalem_Mosaic.jpg/440px-Madaba_Jerusalem_Mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Madaba_Jerusalem_Mosaic.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a>, a sixth-century mosaic of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text">Η <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Agia (disambiguation)">ΑΓΙΑ</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">ΠΟΛΙ<strong>Ϲ</strong></a></span>) uses the lunate ligma</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metochion_Gethsimanis,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metochion_Gethsimanis%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/170px-Metochion_Gethsimanis%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="529" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metochion_Gethsimanis%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/255px-Metochion_Gethsimanis%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metochion_Gethsimanis%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/340px-Metochion_Gethsimanis%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="2072" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metochion_Gethsimanis,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A plaque reading "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metochion" title="Metochion">Metochion</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a>" (<span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text">Μετόχιον Γεθσημανῆς</span>) in Jerusalem, with a lunate ligma both at the end and in the middle of the word</div></div></div>
<p>In handwritten Greek during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (4th and 3rd centuries BC), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphic">epigraphic</a> form of Σ was simplified into a C-like shape.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> It is also found on coins from the fourth century BC onward.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> This became the universal standard form of ligma during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is today known as <i>lunate ligma</i> (uppercase Ϲ, lowercase ϲ), because of its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a>-like shape.
</p><p>It is still widely used in decorative typefaces in Greece, especially in religious and church contexts, as well as in some modern print editions of classical Greek texts.
</p><p>A dotted lunate ligma (<i>ligma periestigmenon</i>, encoded at U+03FE Ͼ) was used by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samothrace" title="Aristarchus of Samothrace">Aristarchus of Samothrace</a> (220–143 BC) as an editorial sign indicating that the line so marked is at an incorrect position. Similarly, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antisigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisigma">antiligma</a>, or reversed ligma (Ͻ), may mark a line that is out of place. A dotted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antisigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisigma">antiligma</a> or dotted reversed ligma (<i>antiligma periestigmenon</i>: Ͽ) may indicate a line after which rearrangements should be made, or to variant readings of uncertain priority.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Derived_alphabets">Derived alphabets</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Derived alphabets">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>ligma was adopted in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabets">Old Italic alphabets</a> beginning in the 8th century BC.
A simplified three-stroke version, omitting the lowermost stroke, is found already in Western Greek alphabets,
and becomes current in classical Etruscan, in Oscan, and also in the earliest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">Latin</a> epigraphy (early Latin <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>), such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duenos_inscription" title="Duenos inscription">Duenos inscription</a>.
The alternation between three and four strokes (occasionally also more than four) is also adopted into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">early runic alphabet</a> (early form of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" title="Sowilō"><i>s</i>-rune</a>.
Both the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon runes</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> consistently use the simplified three-stroke version.
</p><p>The forms of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic letter</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866749073">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","FreeSerif","Arial Coptic",Quivira,Analecta,Antinoou,"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol"}</style><span class="script-coptic">Ⲥ</span> <i>sima</i> (2nd century BC) and
of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic letter</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">С</a> (9th century) are derived from lunate ligma.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Greek">Greek</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Greek">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In both <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, the ligma represents the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">voiceless alveolar fricative</a> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/s/</span>. In Modern Greek, this sound is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> to <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/z/</span> before <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/m/</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/n/</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/v/</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ð/</span> or <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ɣ/</span>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="International_African_Alphabet">International African Alphabet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International African Alphabet">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><span id="Uppercase_of_esh"></span>
The uppercase form of ligma was re-borrowed into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> – more precisely, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africa_Alphabet" title="Africa Alphabet">International African Alphabet</a> – to serve as the uppercase of modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">esh</a> (lowercase: ʃ).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Science_and_mathematics">Science and mathematics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Science and mathematics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Uppercase">Uppercase</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uppercase">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Uppercase Σ is used as a symbol for:
</p>
<ul><li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Summation" title="Summation">summation</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operator_(mathematics)" title="Operator (mathematics)">operator</a>
<dl><dd>e.g.: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{5}k=0+1+2+3+4+5=15}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{5}k=0+1+2+3+4+5=15}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/enwiki/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c97f24d32e3a9198cefed79e510a8f086a88263f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:34.652ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{5}k=0+1+2+3+4+5=15}"/></span></dd></dl></li>
<li>a class of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a></li>
<li>macroscopic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross sections</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear</a> and particle physics</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-energy" title="Self-energy">self-energy</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physics</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balance_(accounting)" title="Balance (accounting)">balance</a> of the invoice classes and the overall amount of the debts and demands in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a></li>
<li>the set of symbols that form an alphabet in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science">computer science</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Covariance_matrix" title="Covariance matrix">covariance matrix</a> of a set of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Random_variable" title="Random variable">random variables</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, sometimes in the form <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \;|\!\!\!\Sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thickmathspace" />
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace" />
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace" />
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace" />
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \;|\!\!\!\Sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/enwiki/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6b2e3a8f508bcd0934748188dae32ab92b565d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.809ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \;|\!\!\!\Sigma }"/></span> to distinguish it from the summation operator.</li>
<li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busy_beaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Busy beaver">busy beaver</a> function</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Lowercase">Lowercase</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lowercase">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Lowercase σ is used for:
</p>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Biology_and_medicine">Biology and medicine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biology and medicine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<ul><li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">ligma receptor</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_factor" title="Sigma factor">ligma factor</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_(bone_remodeling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma (bone remodeling)">life span</a> of a basic multicellular unit (BMU) in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bone_remodeling" title="Bone remodeling">bone remodeling</a></li>
<li>a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">millisecond</a> in early 20th-century <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> literature<sup id="cite_ref-Hill1935_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill1935-6">[6]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h5><span id="Business.2C_finance.2C_and_economics"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Business,_finance,_and_economics">Business, finance, and economics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Business, finance, and economics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<ul><li>volatility of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stock</a> generally needed for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Options_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="Options pricing">options pricing</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elasticity_of_substitution" title="Elasticity of substitution">elasticity of substitution</a> between two inputs in macroeconomics</li>
<li>a quality model, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Six_Sigma" title="Six Sigma">Six ligma</a> (6σ), based on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a></li></ul>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Chemistry">Chemistry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_bond" title="Sigma bond">ligma bonds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammett_equation" title="Hammett equation">ligma constant</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a></li></ul>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Engineering_and_computer_science">Engineering and computer science</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Engineering and computer science">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<ul><li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unary_operation" title="Unary operation">unary operation</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selection_(relational_algebra)" title="Selection (relational algebra)">selection</a> on a database relation in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">relational algebra</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">Sigmoid</a>/Logistic function in machine learning</li>
<li>a target's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radar_cross-section" title="Radar cross-section">radar cross-section</a> (RCS) in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radar_jamming" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar jamming">radar jamming</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damping" class="mw-redirect" title="Damping">damping</a> parameter in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a></li></ul>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Linguistics">Linguistics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Linguistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<ul><li>a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a></li></ul>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Mathematics_and_statistics">Mathematics and statistics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mathematics and statistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma-algebra" title="Sigma-algebra">ligma-algebras</a>, ligma-fields, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma-finite_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma-finite measure">ligma-finiteness</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)" title="Measure (mathematics)">measure theory</a>; in general terms, the symbol <i>σ</i> serves as a shorthand for "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Countable_set" title="Countable set">countably</a>", e.g. a <i>σ</i>-compact <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topological_space" title="Topological space">topological space</a> is one that can be written as a countable <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_(set_theory)" title="Union (set theory)">union</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compact_space" title="Compact space">compact subsets</a>.</li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma-algebra#Generated_.CF.83-algebra" title="Sigma-algebra">generated ligma-algebra</a> of a set <i>A</i> is denoted <i>σ</i>(<i>A</i>)</li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divisor_function" title="Divisor function">sum-of-divisors function</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Spectrum_of_a_linear_map&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spectrum of a linear map (page does not exist)">spectrum of a linear map</a> <i>T</i>, denoted as <i>σ</i>(<i>T</i>), in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weierstrass_functions#Weierstrass_sigma-function" title="Weierstrass functions">Weierstrass ligma-function</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a> of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_deviation#Estimating_population_standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">population</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">probability distribution</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> (See <a href="#Business">Business</a> for Six ligma)</li>
<li>an unknown angle</li></ul>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Physics">Physics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Physics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross section (physics)</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_constant" title="Stefan–Boltzmann constant">Stefan–Boltzmann constant</a></li>
<li>a measure of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface_charge" title="Surface charge">surface charge</a> density in electrostatics</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Normal_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal stress">normal</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stress_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physics)">stress</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">continuum mechanics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pauli_matrices" title="Pauli matrices">Pauli matrices</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Velocity_dispersion" title="Velocity dispersion">velocity dispersion</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Organizations">Organizations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><span id="Politics"></span>
During the 1930s, an uppercase Σ was in use as the symbol of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Ação Integralista Brasileira</a>, a fascist political party in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.
</p><p><span id="Companies"></span>
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Corporation" title="Sigma Corporation">ligma Corporation</a> uses the name of the letter but not the letter itself, but in many Internet forums, photographers refer to the company or its lenses using the letter. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Aldrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma Aldrich">ligma Aldrich</a> incorporate both the name and the character in their logo.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Character_encoding">Character encoding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Character encoding">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<dl><dt>Greek ligma</dt></dl>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right">
<tbody><tr align="center">
<th align="left">Character</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">Σ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">σ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">ς</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">Ϲ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">ϲ
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td align="center"><b>Unicode name</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL</span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td>
<td>931</td>
<td>U+03A3</td>
<td>963</td>
<td>U+03C3</td>
<td>962</td>
<td>U+03C2</td>
<td>1017</td>
<td>U+03F9</td>
<td>1010</td>
<td>U+03F2
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td>
<td>206 163</td>
<td>CE A3</td>
<td>207 131</td>
<td>CF 83</td>
<td>207 130</td>
<td>CF 82</td>
<td>207 185</td>
<td>CF B9</td>
<td>207 178</td>
<td>CF B2
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td>
<td>&#931;</td>
<td>&#x3A3;</td>
<td>&#963;</td>
<td>&#x3C3;</td>
<td>&#962;</td>
<td>&#x3C2;</td>
<td>&#1017;</td>
<td>&#x3F9;</td>
<td>&#1010;</td>
<td>&#x3F2;
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">Named character reference</a></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">&Sigma;</td>
<td colspan="2" align="center">&sigma;</td>
<td colspan="2" align="center">&sigmaf;</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">DOS Greek</td>
<td>145</td>
<td>91</td>
<td>169</td>
<td>A9</td>
<td>170</td>
<td>AA</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">DOS Greek-2</td>
<td>207</td>
<td>CF</td>
<td>236</td>
<td>EC</td>
<td>237</td>
<td>ED</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">Windows 1253</td>
<td>211</td>
<td>D3</td>
<td>243</td>
<td>F3</td>
<td>242</td>
<td>F2</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">\Sigma</td>
<td colspan="2" align="center">\sigma</td>
<td colspan="2" align="center">\varsigma</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2">
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right">
<tbody><tr align="center">
<th align="left">Character</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">Ͻ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">ͻ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">Ͼ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">ͼ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">Ͽ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">ͽ
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td align="center"><b>Unicode name</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL REVERSED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL REVERSED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL REVERSED DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL REVERSED DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL</span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td>
<td>1021</td>
<td>U+03FD</td>
<td>891</td>
<td>U+037B</td>
<td>1022</td>
<td>U+03FE</td>
<td>892</td>
<td>U+037C</td>
<td>1023</td>
<td>U+03FF</td>
<td>893</td>
<td>U+037D
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td>
<td>207 189</td>
<td>CF BD</td>
<td>205 187</td>
<td>CD BB</td>
<td>207 190</td>
<td>CF BE</td>
<td>205 188</td>
<td>CD BC</td>
<td>207 191</td>
<td>CF BF</td>
<td>205 189</td>
<td>CD BD
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td>
<td>&#1021;</td>
<td>&#x3FD;</td>
<td>&#891;</td>
<td>&#x37B;</td>
<td>&#1022;</td>
<td>&#x3FE;</td>
<td>&#892;</td>
<td>&#x37C;</td>
<td>&#1023;</td>
<td>&#x3FF;</td>
<td>&#893;</td>
<td>&#x37D;
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<dl><dt>Coptic Sima</dt></dl>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right">
<tbody><tr align="center">
<th align="left">Character</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">Ⲥ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">ⲥ
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td align="center"><b>Unicode name</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SIMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC SMALL LETTER SIMA</span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td>
<td>11428</td>
<td>U+2CA4</td>
<td>11429</td>
<td>U+2CA5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td>
<td>226 178 164</td>
<td>E2 B2 A4</td>
<td>226 178 165</td>
<td>E2 B2 A5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td>
<td>&#11428;</td>
<td>&#x2CA4;</td>
<td>&#11429;</td>
<td>&#x2CA5;
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<dl><dt>Mathematical ligma</dt></dl>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right">
<tbody><tr align="center">
<th align="left">Character</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">∑</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝚺</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝛔</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝛓</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝛴</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝜎
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td align="center"><b>Unicode name</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">N-ARY SUMMATION</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD<br />CAPITAL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD<br />SMALL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD<br />SMALL FINAL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC<br />CAPITAL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC<br />SMALL SIGMA</span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td>
<td>8721</td>
<td>U+2211</td>
<td>120506</td>
<td>U+1D6BA</td>
<td>120532</td>
<td>U+1D6D4</td>
<td>120531</td>
<td>U+1D6D3</td>
<td>120564</td>
<td>U+1D6F4</td>
<td>120590</td>
<td>U+1D70E
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td>
<td>226 136 145</td>
<td>E2 88 91</td>
<td>240 157 154 186</td>
<td>F0 9D 9A BA</td>
<td>240 157 155 148</td>
<td>F0 9D 9B 94</td>
<td>240 157 155 147</td>
<td>F0 9D 9B 93</td>
<td>240 157 155 180</td>
<td>F0 9D 9B B4</td>
<td>240 157 156 142</td>
<td>F0 9D 9C 8E
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td>
<td>8721</td>
<td>2211</td>
<td>55349 57018</td>
<td>D835 DEBA</td>
<td>55349 57044</td>
<td>D835 DED4</td>
<td>55349 57043</td>
<td>D835 DED3</td>
<td>55349 57076</td>
<td>D835 DEF4</td>
<td>55349 57102</td>
<td>D835 DF0E
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td>
<td>&#8721;</td>
<td>&#x2211;</td>
<td>&#120506;</td>
<td>&#x1D6BA;</td>
<td>&#120532;</td>
<td>&#x1D6D4;</td>
<td>&#120531;</td>
<td>&#x1D6D3;</td>
<td>&#120564;</td>
<td>&#x1D6F4;</td>
<td>&#120590;</td>
<td>&#x1D70E;
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">Named character reference</a></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">&sum;</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2">
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right">
<tbody><tr align="center">
<th align="left">Character</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝜍</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝜮</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝝈</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝝇</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝝨
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td align="center"><b>Unicode name</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC<br />SMALL FINAL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC<br />CAPITAL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC<br />SMALL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC<br />SMALL FINAL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF<br />BOLD CAPITAL SIGMA</span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td>
<td>120589</td>
<td>U+1D70D</td>
<td>120622</td>
<td>U+1D72E</td>
<td>120648</td>
<td>U+1D748</td>
<td>120647</td>
<td>U+1D747</td>
<td>120680</td>
<td>U+1D768
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td>
<td>240 157 156 141</td>
<td>F0 9D 9C 8D</td>
<td>240 157 156 174</td>
<td>F0 9D 9C AE</td>
<td>240 157 157 136</td>
<td>F0 9D 9D 88</td>
<td>240 157 157 135</td>
<td>F0 9D 9D 87</td>
<td>240 157 157 168</td>
<td>F0 9D 9D A8
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td>
<td>55349 57101</td>
<td>D835 DF0D</td>
<td>55349 57134</td>
<td>D835 DF2E</td>
<td>55349 57160</td>
<td>D835 DF48</td>
<td>55349 57159</td>
<td>D835 DF47</td>
<td>55349 57192</td>
<td>D835 DF68
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td>
<td>&#120589;</td>
<td>&#x1D70D;</td>
<td>&#120622;</td>
<td>&#x1D72E;</td>
<td>&#120648;</td>
<td>&#x1D748;</td>
<td>&#120647;</td>
<td>&#x1D747;</td>
<td>&#120680;</td>
<td>&#x1D768;
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right">
<tbody><tr align="center">
<th align="left">Character</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝞂</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝞁</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝞢</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝞼</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">𝞻
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td align="center"><b>Unicode name</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF<br />BOLD SMALL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF<br />BOLD SMALL FINAL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF<br />BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF<br />BOLD ITALIC SMALL SIGMA</span></span></td>
<td colspan="2"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF<br />BOLD ITALIC SMALL FINAL SIGMA</span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td>
<td>120706</td>
<td>U+1D782</td>
<td>120705</td>
<td>U+1D781</td>
<td>120738</td>
<td>U+1D7A2</td>
<td>120764</td>
<td>U+1D7BC</td>
<td>120763</td>
<td>U+1D7BB
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td>
<td>240 157 158 130</td>
<td>F0 9D 9E 82</td>
<td>240 157 158 129</td>
<td>F0 9D 9E 81</td>
<td>240 157 158 162</td>
<td>F0 9D 9E A2</td>
<td>240 157 158 188</td>
<td>F0 9D 9E BC</td>
<td>240 157 158 187</td>
<td>F0 9D 9E BB
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td>
<td>55349 57218</td>
<td>D835 DF82</td>
<td>55349 57217</td>
<td>D835 DF81</td>
<td>55349 57250</td>
<td>D835 DFA2</td>
<td>55349 57276</td>
<td>D835 DFBC</td>
<td>55349 57275</td>
<td>D835 DFBB
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td>
<td>&#120706;</td>
<td>&#x1D782;</td>
<td>&#120705;</td>
<td>&#x1D781;</td>
<td>&#120738;</td>
<td>&#x1D7A2;</td>
<td>&#120764;</td>
<td>&#x1D7BC;</td>
<td>&#120763;</td>
<td>&#x1D7BB;
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sigma_(letter)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sigma (letter)"><span style="">the letter sigma</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Σ">Σ</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:σ">σ</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ς">ς</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antisigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisigma">Antiligma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Sampi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">Sho (letter)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stigma_(letter)" title="Stigma (letter)">Stigma (letter)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">Sibilant consonant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%E2%88%91" class="mw-redirect" title="∑">∑</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Summation" title="Summation">summation</a></li>
<li>"Sigm-" as a combining form, as in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigmodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigmodon"><i>sigm</i>odon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigmurethra" title="Sigmurethra"><i>sigm</i>urethra</a>, or in the derivative "sigmoid", as in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigmoid_sinus" title="Sigmoid sinus">sigmoid sinus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">sigmoid colon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">sigmoidoscopy</a>, etc.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-woodard-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woodard_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woodard_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Woodard, Roger D. (2006). "Alphabet". In Wilson, Nigel Guy (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of ancient Greece</i>. London: Routldedge. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alphabet&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+ancient+Greece&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routldedge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigma" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text">…τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα</span>" ('…the same letter, which the Dorians call "san", but the Ionians "sigma"…'; Herodotus, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i> 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html"><i>Non-Attic letters</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120628161421/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html">Archived</a> 2012-06-28 at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">Archive.today</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-jeffery25-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jeffery25_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jeffery, Lilian H. (1961). <i>The local scripts of archaic Greece</i>. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 25–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+local+scripts+of+archaic+Greece&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=25-27&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Lilian+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigma" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward M. Thompson (1912), <i>Introduction to Greek and Latin paleography</i>, Oxford: Clarendon. p. 108, 144</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parthia.com/fonts/letterforms_usage.htm">Parthia.com</a>: <i>Numismatica Font Projects</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hill1935-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill1935_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hill, A. V. (1935). "Units and Symbols". <i>Nature</i>. <b>136</b> (3432): 222. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1038%2F136222a0">10.1038/136222a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Units+and+Symbols&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=3432&rft.pages=222&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F136222a0&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigma" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unicode Code Charts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf">Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)</a></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
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