Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{Short description|20th-century SS-Hauptsturmführer, soldier and Gestapo member}}', 1 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}', 2 => '{{Infobox criminal', 3 => '| name = Klaus Barbie', 4 => '| image = File:Klaus Barbie.jpg', 5 => '| image_size = ', 6 => '| caption = ', 7 => '| birth_name = Nikolaus Barbie', 8 => '| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|10|25}}', 9 => '| birth_place = [[Bad Godesberg|Godesberg]], [[Rhine Province]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[German Empire|Germany]]', 10 => '| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1991|09|25|1913|10|25}}', 11 => '| death_place = [[Lyon]], [[France]]', 12 => '| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1991|9|25|1913|10|25}}', 13 => '| nationality = German', 14 => '| other_names = "Butcher of Lyon"', 15 => '| criminal_charge = [[Crimes against humanity]]', 16 => '| trial = ', 17 => '| known_for = ', 18 => '| conviction_penalty = [[Life imprisonment]]', 19 => '| party = [[Nazi Party|NSDAP]] (1937–1945)', 20 => '| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes', 21 => '| embed_title = [[SS]] career', 22 => '| allegiance = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}', 23 => '*{{flagicon image|Schutzstaffel SS.png}} [[SS]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Klaus Barbie The Butcher of Lyon|url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/barbie.html|website=Holocaust Research Project|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>', 24 => '| branch = [[File:Schutzstaffel Abzeichen.svg|25px]] [[Gestapo]]', 25 => '| serviceyears = 1935–1945', 26 => '| rank = ''[[Hauptsturmführer]]''', 27 => '| unit = ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' (SD)', 28 => '| battles =', 29 => '| awards = ', 30 => '}}}}', 31 => '', 32 => ''''Nikolaus''' "'''Klaus'''" '''Barbie''' (25 October 1913 – 25 September 1991) was an [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] and [[Gestapo]] functionary during the [[Nazi era]]. He was known as the "'''Butcher of Lyon'''" for having personally tortured French prisoners of the Gestapo while stationed in Lyon, France. After the war, United States intelligence services employed him for his anti-Marxist efforts and also aided his escape to Bolivia.<ref name="criminaltospy"/>', 33 => '', 34 => 'The [[Bundesnachrichtendienst|West German Intelligence Service]] later recruited him. Barbie is suspected of having had a hand in the Bolivian coup d'état orchestrated by [[Luis García Meza]] in 1980. After the fall of the dictatorship, Barbie no longer had the protection of the government in [[La Paz]] and in 1983 was extradited to France, where he was convicted of [[crimes against humanity]]. He died of cancer in prison on 25 September 1991.', 35 => '', 36 => '==Early life and education==', 37 => 'Nikolaus "Klaus" Barbie was born on 25 October 1913 in [[Bad Godesberg|Godesberg]], later renamed Bad Godesberg, which is today part of Bonn. The Barbie family came from Merzig, in the [[Saarland|Saar]] near the French border. It is likely that his patrilineal ancestors were French Roman Catholics named Barbier who left France at the time of the [[French Revolution]]. In 1914, his father, also named Nikolaus, was conscripted to fight in the [[First World War]]. He returned an angry, bitter man. He was wounded in the neck at Verdun and captured by the French, whom he hated, and he never recovered his health. He became an alcoholic who abused his children. Until 1923, when he was 10, Klaus Barbie attended the local school where his father taught. Afterwards, he attended a boarding school in Trier, and was relieved to be away from his abusive father. In 1925, the entire Barbie family moved to Trier.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org">[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Barbie.html Profile], jewishvirtuallibrary.org; accessed 29 September 2015.</ref>', 38 => '', 39 => 'In June 1933, Barbie's younger brother, Kurt, died at the age of 18 of chronic illness. Later that year, their father died. The death of his father derailed plans for the 20-year-old Barbie to study [[theology]], or otherwise become an academic, as his peers had expected. While unemployed, Barbie was conscripted into the Nazi labour service, the ''[[Reichsarbeitsdienst]]''. On 26 September 1935, aged 22, he joined the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] (member 272,284), and began working in the ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' (SD), the SS security service, which acted as the [[Intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]]-gathering arm of the [[Nazi Party]]. On 1 May 1937, he became member 4,583,085 of the Nazi Party.', 40 => '', 41 => '==Second World War==', 42 => 'After the German [[Battle of the Netherlands|conquest]] and [[History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)|occupation]] of the Netherlands, Barbie was assigned to Amsterdam. He had been pre-assigned to [[Adolf Eichmann]]'s Amt (Department) IV/B-4. This department was responsible for identification, roundup and deportation of Dutch Jews and [[Freemasons]]. On 11 October 1940 Barbie arrested [[:nl:Hermannus van Tongeren sr.|Hermannus Van Torgeren]], [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of the [[Grand Orient of the Netherlands]]. In March 1941, Torgeren was transported to [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]] where, in freezing conditions, he died two weeks later. On 1 April, Barbie, summoned Torgeren's daughter, Charlotte, to SD headquarters and informed her that her father had died of an infection in both ears and had been cremated.<ref>The Red Triangle. 2011. Pp.95-97. {{ISBN|978-0-85318-332-7}}</ref>', 43 => '', 44 => 'In 1942 he was sent to Dijon, France in the [[Zone occupée|Occupied Zone]]. In November of the same year, at the age of 29, he was assigned to Lyon as the head of the local Gestapo. He established his headquarters at the [[Hôtel Terminus]] in Lyon, where he personally tortured adult and child prisoners.<ref name="criminaltospy">{{cite news|last=Bönisch|first=Georg|title=From Nazi to criminal to post-war spy: German intelligence hired Klaus Barbie as agent|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/from-nazi-criminal-to-postwar-spy-german-intelligence-hired-klaus-barbie-as-agent-a-740393.html|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=20 January 2011|author2=Wiegrefe, Klaus}}</ref><ref name=hotelterminus>{{cite AV media|authorlink=[[Marcel Ophüls|Ophüls, Marcel]]|year=1988|title=Hôtel Terminus|medium=Motion picture}}</ref><ref>[http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/barbie.html "Klaus Barbie: women testify of torture at his hands"], upenn.edu; 23 March 1987.</ref> He became known as the "Butcher of Lyon".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ich bin gekommen, um zu töten|url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/zeitgeschichte/0,1518,489560,00.html|work=Der Spiegel|date=2 July 2007|accessdate=22 January 2011}}</ref> The daughter of a [[French Resistance]] leader based in Lyon said her father was beaten and [[flayed|skinned alive]], and that his head was immersed in a bucket of ammonia; he died shortly afterwards.<ref name=hotelterminus/>', 45 => '', 46 => 'Historians estimate that Barbie was directly responsible for the deaths of up to 14,000 people,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie gets life|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/3/newsid_2492000/2492285.stm|publisher=BBC|date=3 July 1987|accessdate=1 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Klaus Barbie ausgeliefert|url=http://einestages.spiegel.de/enwiki/static/topicalbumbackground/1316/klaus_barbie_ausgeliefert.html|work=Der Spiegel|date=4 February 2008|accessdate=22 January 2011}}</ref> personnally participating in roundups such as the [[Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup]] which saw 84 people arrested in a single day.', 47 => 'He arrested [[Jean Moulin]], a high-ranking member of the [[French Resistance]] and his most prominent captive. In 1943, he was awarded the Iron Cross (First Class) by [[Adolf Hitler]] for his campaign against the French Resistance and the capture of Moulin.<ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Barbie.htm "On behalf of his cruel crimes and specially for the Moulin case, Barbie was awarded, by Hitler, the ''First Class Iron Cross with Swords''"], jewishvirtuallibrary.org; accessed 29 September 2015.</ref>', 48 => '', 49 => 'In April 1944, Barbie ordered the [[deportation]] to [[Auschwitz]] of a group of 44 Jewish children from an orphanage at [[Izieu]].<!--This was just one of the charges brought up at his trial--><ref>[http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/childrens-homes/izieu/index.asp On the deportation of the children of Izieu], at [[Yad Vashem]] website</ref> He then rejoined the SiPo-SD of Lyon in its retreat to [[Bruyères]], where he led an anti-partisan attack in [[Rehaupal]] in September 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dirkdeklein.net/2016/07/30/klaus-barbie-the-butcher-of-lyon/ |title=Klaus Barbie - The Butcher of Lyon |work=Dirkdeklein.net |date=30 July 2016}}</ref>', 50 => '', 51 => '==U.S. intelligence and Bolivia==', 52 => 'In 1947, Barbie was recruited as an agent for the 66th Detachment of the [[Counterintelligence Corps (United States Army)|U.S. Army Counterintelligence Corps]] (CIC).<ref name="Wolfe">{{cite web|last=Wolfe|first=Robert|title=Analysis of the Investigative Records Repository file of Klaus Barbie|url=https://www.archives.gov/iwg/research-papers/barbie-irr-file.html|publisher=Interagency Working Group|date=19 September 2001|accessdate=1 May 2009}}</ref> The U.S. used Barbie and other Nazi Party members to further [[anti-communism|anti-communist]] efforts in Europe. Specifically, they were interested in British interrogation techniques which Barbie had experienced firsthand, and the identities of SS officers the British were using for their own ends. Later, the CIC housed him in a hotel in Memmingen, and he reported on French intelligence activities in the [[French Zone of Occupation|French zone of occupied Germany]] because they suspected that the French had been infiltrated by communists.<ref name="CockburnClair1998">{{cite book|last1=Cockburn|first1=Alexander|last2=Clair|first2=Jeffrey St.|title=Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA167|accessdate=17 January 2013|year=1998|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781859841396|pages=167–70}}</ref>', 53 => '', 54 => 'The French discovered that Barbie was in U.S. hands, and having sentenced him to death [[trial in absentia|''in absentia'']] for [[war crimes]], made a plea to [[John J. McCloy]], [[Allied High Commission|U.S. High Commissioner]] for Germany, to hand him over for execution, but McCloy allegedly refused.<ref name="CockburnClair1998"/> Instead, the CIC helped him flee to Bolivia assisted by [[ratlines (World War II)|"ratlines"]] organized by U.S. intelligence services,<ref name="Terkel">{{Cite book|last=Terkel|first=Studs|authorlink=Studs Terkel|title=The Good War|publisher=Ballantine|year=1985|isbn=978-0-345-32568-6|title-link=The Good War}}</ref> and by Croatian Roman Catholic clergy, including Father [[Krunoslav Draganović]]. The CIC asserted that Barbie knew too much about the network of German spies the CIC had planted in various European communist organizations, and were suspicious of communist influence within the French government, but their protection of Barbie may have been as much to avoid the embarrassment of having recruited him in the first place.<ref name="Wolfe"/>', 55 => '', 56 => 'In 1965, Barbie was recruited by the West German foreign intelligence agency ''[[Bundesnachrichtendienst]]'' (BND), under the codename "Adler" (''Eagle'') and the registration number V-43118. His initial monthly salary of 500 [[Deutsche Mark]] was transferred in May 1966 to an account of the Chartered Bank of London in San Francisco. During his time with the BND, Barbie made at least 35 reports to the BND headquarters in [[Pullach]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vom Nazi-Verbrecher zum BND-Agenten|url=http://einestages.spiegel.de/enwiki/static/topicalbumbackground/20021/vom_nazi_verbrecher_zum_bnd_agenten.html|work=Der Spiegel|date=19 January 2011|accessdate=22 January 2011|language=de}}</ref>', 57 => '', 58 => 'Barbie emigrated to Bolivia,{{when|date=July 2018}} where he lived well in [[Cochabamba]], under the alias Klaus Altmann. It was easier and less embarrassing for him to find employment there than in Europe, and he enjoyed excellent relations with high-ranking Bolivian officials, including Bolivian dictators [[Hugo Banzer]] and [[Luis García Meza Tejada]]. "Altmann" was known for his [[German nationalism|German nationalist]] and [[anti-communist]] stances.<ref>Hammerschmidt, Peter: [http://www.peterhammerschmidt.de/forschungen/publikationen "Die Tatsache allein, daß V-43 118 SS-Hauptsturmführer war, schließt nicht aus, ihn als Quelle zu verwenden". Der Bundesnachrichtendienst und sein Agent Klaus Barbie], ''Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft'' (ZfG), 59. Jahrgang, 4/2011. METROPOL Verlag. Berlin 2011, S. 333–349. {{de icon}}</ref> While engaged in arms-trade operations in Bolivia, he was appointed to the rank of lieutenant colonel within the [[Bolivian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/10/bolivia-germany|title=In pursuit of Bolivia's secret Nazi|date=10 September 2008|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref>', 59 => '', 60 => '==Extradition, trial, and death==', 61 => '[[File:Klaus Barbie Bolivian secret police.jpg|thumb|275px|Barbie's Bolivian secret police ID card]]', 62 => 'Barbie was identified as being in Peru in 1971 by the [[Beate Klarsfeld|Klarsfelds]] ([[Nazi hunter]]s from France) who came across a secret document that revealed his alias. On 19 January 1972, this information was published in the French newspaper ''[[l'Aurore (1944 newspaper)|L'Aurore]]'', along with a photograph of Altmann which the Klarsfelds obtained from a German expatriate living in Lima, Peru. Despite global outcry, Barbie was able to return to Bolivia where the government refused to extradite him, stating that France and Bolivia did not have an extradition treaty and that the [[statute of limitations]] on his crimes had expired.<ref name="Iglesias2013">{{cite book|last=Iglesias|first=Peter McFarren; Fadrique|title=The Devil's Agent: Life, Times and Crimes of Nazi Klaus Barbie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1dKyoaBbsIC&pg=PA269|accessdate=19 January 2017|date=5 June 2013|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=9781483636443|pages=269–282}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}</ref>', 63 => '', 64 => 'The testimony of Italian insurgent [[Stefano Delle Chiaie]] before the Italian Parliamentary Commission on Terrorism suggests that Barbie took part in the "cocaine coup" of [[Luis García Meza Tejada]], when the regime forced its way to power in Bolivia in 1980.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bolivianexpress.org/blog/posts/the-butcher-of-bolivia | title=The Butcher of Bolivia | work=Bolivian Express Magazine | author=Laetitia Grevers | date=4 November 2012 | accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref> In 1983, the newly elected democratic government of [[Hernán Siles Zuazo]] arrested Barbie in La Paz on the pretext of owing the government 10,000 dollars for goods he was supposed to have shipped but did not, and a few days later, the government delivered him to France to stand trial.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/barbie.html | title=Klaus Barbie, The Butcher of Lyon | website=Holocaust Research Project | accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref>', 65 => '', 66 => 'In 1984, Barbie was indicted for crimes committed as [[Gestapo]] chief in Lyon between 1942 and 1944, chief among which was the [[Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup]]. The [[jury trial]] started on 11 May 1987 in Lyon before the Rhône ''[[Cour d'Assises]]''. Unusually, the court allowed the trial to be filmed because of its historical value. A special courtroom was constructed with seating for an audience of about 700.The major key pointers about his life is the fact that he was also a nazi boomer (Boomer: boomari: old in the times of young <ref>{{cite AV media|title=L'avocat de la terreur|trans-title=Terror's Advocate|year=2007|publisher=La Sofica Uni Etoile 3|location=France|authorlink=[[Barbet Schroeder|Schroeder, Barbet]]}}</ref> The head prosecutor was Pierre Truche.', 67 => '', 68 => 'At the trial, Barbie's defense was funded by Swiss financier [[François Genoud]] and undertaken by attorney [[Jacques Vergès]]. He was tried on 41 separate counts of [[crimes against humanity]], based on the depositions of 730 Jews and French Resistance survivors who described how he tortured and murdered prisoners.<ref name="Finkielkraut1992">{{cite book|author=Finkielkraut, Alain|title=Remembering in Vain: The Klaus Barbie Trial and Crimes Against Humanity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X10nG2T-uDAC|accessdate=21 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-07464-3}}</ref> The father of French [[Ministry of Justice (France)|Minister for Justice]] [[Robert Badinter]] had died in [[Sobibor extermination camp|Sobibor]] after being deported from Lyon during Barbie's tenure.<ref name="Beigbeder2006">{{cite book|author=Beigbeder, Yves|title=Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtaU8_z2SngC&pg=PA204|accessdate=21 May 2012|year=2006|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-04-15329-5|pages=204–}}</ref>', 69 => '', 70 => 'Barbie gave his name as Klaus Altmann, the name that he used while in Bolivia. He claimed that his extradition was technically illegal and asked to be excused from the trial and returned to his cell at [[Prison Saint-Paul]]. This was granted. He was brought back to court on 26 May 1987 to face some of his accusers, about whose testimony he had "nothing to say".<ref>{{cite news|title=Six Witnesses Identify Barbie, Who Was Ordered Back to Court|url=http://www.jta.org/1987/05/27/archive/six-witnesses-identify-barbie-who-was-ordered-back-to-court|publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]|date=27 May 1987}}</ref>', 71 => '', 72 => 'Barbie's defense attorney, Vergès, had a reputation for attacking the French political system, particularly in the historic [[French colonial empire]]. His strategy was to use the trial to talk about war crimes committed by France since 1945. He got the prosecution to drop some of the charges against Barbie due to French legislation that had protected French citizens accused of the same crimes under the [[Vichy regime]] and in [[French Algeria]]. Vergès tried to argue that Barbie's actions were no worse than the supposedly ordinary actions of [[colonialism|colonialists]] worldwide, and that his trial was tantamount to selective prosecution. During his trial, Barbie said "When I stand before the throne of God, I shall be judged innocent."<ref>{{cite web|title=Klaus Barbie profile|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Barbie.html|website=Jewish Virtual Library|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref>', 73 => '', 74 => 'The court rejected the defense's argument. On 4 July 1987, Barbie was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died in prison in Lyon four years later of [[leukemia]] and spine and prostate cancer at the age of 77.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/26/world/klaus-barbie-77-lyons-gestapo-chief.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|work=The New York Times|last=Saxon|first=Wolfgang|title=Klaus Barbie, 77, Lyons Gestapo Chief|date=26 September 1991}}</ref>', 75 => '', 76 => '==Personal life==', 77 => 'In April 1939, Barbie became engaged to Regina Margaretta Willms, the 23-year-old daughter of a postal clerk; they had two children, a son named Klaus-Georg Altmann and a daughter named Ute Messner.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org"/> In 1983, Françoise Croizier, Klaus Barbie's French daughter-in-law, said in an interview the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] kidnapped Klaus-Georg in 1946 to make sure his father carried out intelligence missions for the agency. Croizier met Klaus-Georg while both were students in Paris; they married in 1968, had three children and lived in Europe and Bolivia using the surname Altmann. Croizier said when she married she did not know who her father-in-law was, but that she could guess the reasons for a German to settle in South America after the war. Klaus-Georg died in a hang-gliding accident in 1981.<ref>{{citation |url= https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/07/31/The-CIA-kidnapped-the-young-son-of-Klaus-Barbie/7447428472000/ |title= The CIA kidnapped the young son of Klaus Barbie |website= UPI}}</ref>', 78 => '', 79 => '==See also==', 80 => '{{Portal|Biography|Germany|World War II}}', 81 => '* [[Operation Condor]]', 82 => '* [[Operation Bloodstone]]', 83 => '* [[Glossary of Nazi Germany]]', 84 => '* [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials]]', 85 => '* [[Alice Vansteenberghe]]', 86 => '* [[Hôtel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie]]', 87 => '', 88 => '== References ==', 89 => '{{Reflist}}', 90 => '', 91 => '== Further reading ==', 92 => '* {{cite book|last=Bower|first=Tom|title=Klaus Barbie, the Butcher of Lyons|year=1984|publisher=[[Pantheon Books]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-394-53359-9|url=https://archive.org/details/klausbarbiebutch00bowe}}', 93 => '* {{cite book |last=Goni|first=Uki |title=The Real Odessa: How Peron Brought the Nazi War Criminals to Argentina|publisher=[[Granta Books]]|year=2002|isbn=978-1-86207-403-3 }} A chapter in this book also follows how top Nazis made their way to Argentina and Latin America.', 94 => '* Hammerschmidt, Peter: "Die Tatsache allein, daß V-43 118 SS-Hauptsturmführer war, schließt nicht aus, ihn als Quelle zu verwenden". Der Bundesnachrichtendienst und sein Agent Klaus Barbie, in: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft (ZfG), 59. Jahrgang, 4/2011. METROPOL Verlag. Berlin 2011, S. 333–349.', 95 => '* {{cite book |title=Die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden |last=Hilberg|first=Raul|language=German|isbn=978-3-88395-431-8|oclc=10125090|publisher=Olle & Wolter|year=1982|edition=110|page=453|chapter=Barbie (SS, Lyon)}} Case No. 77, Fn 908 KsD Lyon IV-B (gez. [[Ostubaf]]. Barbie) an BdS, Paris IV-B, 6 April 1944, RF-1235.', 96 => '* {{cite book|authors=Linklater, Magnus; Hilton, Isabel; Ascherson, Neal|year=1984|title=The Nazi Legacy: Klaus Barbie and the International Fascist Connection|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston|isbn=978-0-03-069303-8|url=https://archive.org/details/nazilegacyklausb00link}}', 97 => '* {{cite web |author=Ryan Jr., Allan A. |title=Klaus Barbie and the United States Government: A Report to the Attorney General |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |url = http://www.justice.gov/criminal/hrsp/archives/1983/08-02-83barbie-rpt.pdf |date=2 August 1983 |accessdate=27 November 2014 |author-link=Allan Ryan (attorney) }}', 98 => '', 99 => '==External links==', 100 => '{{Wikiquote}}', 101 => '* [http://www.archives-judiciaires.justice.gouv.fr/index.php?rubrique=10774&ssrubrique=10842 French Judicial Archives on Klaus Barbie] {{fr icon}}', 102 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160302055100/https://portal.d-nb.de/opac.htm?query=Woe%3D118653121&method=simpleSearch Klaus Barbie] at the [[German National Library]] {{de icon}}', 103 => '* {{IMDb name|0053597}}', 104 => '* [[Marcel Ophüls]]'s {{IMDb title|0095341|Hôtel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie (1988)}}', 105 => '* [[Kevin Macdonald (director)|Kevin Macdonald]]’s {{IMDb title|0896952|My Enemy's Enemy (2007)}}', 106 => '* {{IMDb title|1032854|L'avocat de la terreur}} (English: "Terror's Advocate")', 107 => '', 108 => '{{Nazis South America|state=collapsed}}', 109 => '{{Holocaust France}}', 110 => '{{Authority control}}', 111 => '', 112 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Barbie, Klaus}}', 113 => '[[Category:1913 births]]', 114 => '[[Category:1991 deaths]]', 115 => '[[Category:SS-Hauptsturmführer]]', 116 => '[[Category:German people convicted of crimes against humanity]]', 117 => '[[Category:German people who died in prison custody]]', 118 => '[[Category:German prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]', 119 => '[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by France]]', 120 => '[[Category:Prisoners who died in French detention]]', 121 => '[[Category:German people imprisoned abroad]]', 122 => '[[Category:People convicted of murder by France]]', 123 => '[[Category:War crimes in France]]', 124 => '[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]', 125 => '[[Category:Holocaust perpetrators in France]]', 126 => '[[Category:Nazis in South America]]', 127 => '[[Category:Gestapo personnel]]', 128 => '[[Category:Bundesnachrichtendienst informants]]', 129 => '[[Category:People of the Central Intelligence Agency]]', 130 => '[[Category:German emigrants to Bolivia]]', 131 => '[[Category:Bolivian military personnel]]', 132 => '[[Category:Bolivian anti-communists]]', 133 => '[[Category:Freemasons]]', 134 => '[[Category:Freemasonry]]', 135 => '[[Category:People extradited to France]]', 136 => '[[Category:People from Bonn]]', 137 => '[[Category:People from the Rhine Province]]', 138 => '[[Category:People extradited from Bolivia]]', 139 => '[[Category:German police officers convicted of murder]]', 140 => '[[Category:Police misconduct in France]]', 141 => '[[Category:German anti-communists]]', 142 => '[[Category:Deaths from leukemia]]', 143 => '[[Category:Deaths from prostate cancer]]', 144 => '[[Category:Deaths from spinal cancer]]', 145 => '[[Category:Deaths from cancer in France]]' ]