Examine individual changes

'[[Image:Mostra Olearie - sistro 1010384.JPG|thumb|300px|A ''sekhem'' style sistrum.]] A '''sistrum''' (plural: '''sistrums''', '''sistra'''<ref name="randomhouse">{{Citation | year =1988 | editor-last= Stein | editor-first= Jess | title = The Random House College Dictionary | place =New York | publisher =Random House | edition=Revised | page=1230 | isbn =0-394-43500-1}}</ref>) is a [[musical instrument]] of the [[percussion instrument|percussion]] family, chiefly associated with ancient [[Iraq]] and [[Egypt]]. It consists of a handle and a U-shaped metal frame, made of brass or bronze and between 76 and 30 cm in width. When shaken the small rings or loops of thin metal on its movable crossbars produce a sound that can be a from a soft CLANK to a loud jangling. The name derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] verb ''σείω, seio'', to shake, and '''''σείστρον, seistron''''', is that which is being shaken. Its name in the ancient [[Egyptian language]] was sekhem ''(sḫm)'' and sesheshet ''(sššt).'' Sekhem is the simpler, hoop-like sistrum, while sesheshet (an [[onomatopoeic]] word) is the [[naos]]-shaped one. ==The Egyptian sistrum== [[Image:Nefertari.JPG|thumb|[[Nefertari]] holding '''sistrum,''' from her [[Abu Simbel]] temple.]] {{Hiero|Sistrum|<hiero>Y8</hiero>|align=left|era=egypt}} The sistrum was a sacred instrument in ancient Egypt. Perhaps originating in the worship of [[Bastet]], it was used in dances and religious ceremonies, particularly in the worship of the goddess [[Hathor]], with the U-shape of the sistrum's handle and frame seen as resembling the face and horns of the cow goddess.<ref>Hart, ''op.cit.'', p.65</ref> It was also shaken to avert the flooding of the [[Nile]] and to frighten away [[Set (mythology)|Set]].<ref>Plutarch, ''op.cit.'', cap.63</ref> Isis in her role as mother and creator was depicted holding a pail symbolizing the flooding of the Nile, in one hand and a sistrum in the other.<ref>Merchant, ''op.cit.'', p.115</ref> The goddess [[Bast (goddess)|Bast]] too is often depicted holding a '''sistrum''', symbolizing her role as a goddess of dance, joy, and festivity.<ref>Hart, ''op.cit.'', p.47</ref> Sistra are still used in the rites of the [[Coptic Christianity|Coptic]] and [[Ethiopia]]n churches.<ref>Borroff, ''op.cit.'', p.9</ref> Besides the depiction in [[Art|Egyptian art]] with dancing and expressions of joy, the sistrum was also mentioned in [[Literature|Egyptian literature]].<ref>''[[The Instruction of Amenemope]]'' in Lichtheim, ''op.cit.'', p.149</ref> The hieroglyph for the sistrum is shown, but there are other varieties (sistrum and castanets). ==The sistrum today== The sistrum was occasionally revived in 19th century Western orchestral music, appearing most prominently in Act 1 of the opera ''[[Les Troyens]]'' (1856-1858) by the French composer [[Hector Berlioz]]. Nowadays, however, it is replaced by its close modern equivalent, the [[tambourine]]. The effect produced by the sistrum in music - when shaken in short, sharp, rhythmic pulses - is to arouse movement and activity. The rhythmical shaking of the sistrum, like the tambourine, is associated with religious or ecstatic events, whether shaken as a sacred rattle in the worship of Hathor of ancient Egypt, or, in the strident jangling of the tambourine in modern-day [[Evangelism]], in [[Romani people|Gypsy]] song and dance, on stage at a rock concert, or to heighten a large-scale orchestral [[tutti]]. The "[[barcoo dog]]," a sheep herding tool used in Australian [[bush band]] music, is a type of sistrum.[http://www.bushmusic.org.au/instruments.html] ==Gallery== <!--<div align="center">--> <gallery> Image:As-Hadrian-Aegyptus-RIC 0839,As.jpg|[[Hadrian]] coin, showing seated woman with Sistrum. Image:Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1010937.jpg|Collection of sistrums(sistra) at the [[Louvre]] </gallery> </div> ==References== * George Hart, ''The Routledge Dictionary Of Egyptian Gods And Goddesses'', Routledge 2005 * Carolyn Merchant, ''Radical Ecology: The Search for a Livable World'', Routledge 1992 * [[Plutarch]], ''Isis and Osiris '', Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1936 * Edith Borroff, ''Music in Europe and the United States: A History'', Prentice-Hall 1971 * [[Miriam Lichtheim]], ''Ancient Egyptian Literature'', Vol.2, ==Footnotes== <references /> '''SISTRUM''' SISTRUM was founded in 2004 with the mission of creating and developing ideas into businesses that solve an existing need or problem in the market. Each of those projects uses SISTRUM’s infrastructure and is incubated within SISTRUM until it can fly on its own. 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