Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox settlement | official_name = Beira | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | motto = | image_skyline = DF-SD-01-01576.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = Beira | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = Location of Beira in Mozambique | pushpin_map = Mozambique#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Mozambique}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Mozambique|Provinces]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Sofala Province]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | government_type = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Daviz Simango]] | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1887 | established_title2 = City Status | established_date2 = 1907 | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | area_magnitude = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 633 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2017 census | population_footnotes = | population_note = | settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | population_total = 533825 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_mi2 = | timezone = | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|19|50|S|34|51|E|region:MZ|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 14 | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]] | website = | footnotes = | name = }} '''Beira''' is the capital and largest city of [[Sofala Province]], where the [[Pungwe River]] meets the [[Indian Ocean]], in the central region of [[Mozambique]].<ref name="brit" /> It is the fourth-largest city by population in Mozambique, after [[Maputo]], [[Matola]] and [[Nampula]]. Beira had a population of 397,368 in 1997, which grew to 530,604 in 2019. A coastal city, it holds the regionally significant [[Port of Beira]], which acts as a gateway for both the central interior portion of the country as well as the land-locked nations of [[Zimbabwe]], [[Zambia]] and [[Malawi]]. Originally called Chiveve after a local river, it was renamed Beira to honour the [[Portuguese Crown]] prince Dom [[Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal|Luís Filipe]], who had visited Mozambique in the early 1900s. It was first developed by the Portuguese [[Mozambique Company]] in the 19th century, supplanting [[Sofala]] as the country's main port. It was then directly developed by the Portuguese colonial government from 1947 until Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal in 1975. Beira is the second largest seaport for international cargo transportation to Mozambique after [[Maputo]]. In March 2019, the city was heavily damaged by [[Cyclone Idai]],<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Onishi |first1=Norimitsu |title=Large City in Mozambique Nearly Wiped Out as Cyclone Leaves Vast Destruction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/world/africa/flooding-death-toll-mozambique.html |website=New York Times |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref> destroying up to 90% of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/mozambique-beira-buckles-brunt-cylcone-idai-190406153738447.html|title=Mozambique's Beira buckles as it bears the brunt of Cyclone Idai|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> ==Geography== Beira is located on the [[Mozambique Channel]], an [[arm (geography)|arm]] of the [[Indian Ocean]] located between [[Madagascar]] and [[Mozambique]]. The city sits north of the mouth of the convergence of two major rivers of Mozambique: the [[Buzi River]] and the [[Pungwe River]]. The Buzi crosses {{Convert|250|km|mi}} across [[Manica Province|Manica]] and [[Sofala Province|Sofala]] provinces to form a wide [[estuary]]. The Pungwe crosses {{Convert|400|km|mi}} from the [[Eastern Highlands]] of Zimbabwe also through Manica and Sofala provinces to Beira.<ref name="brit"/>9999999999999 ==History== {{see also|Timeline of Beira, Mozambique}} [[File:Beira-c1905.jpg|thumb|200px|left|View of Rua Conselheiro Ennes, Beira, c. 1905.]] The city was established in 1890 by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and soon supplanted [[Sofala]] as the main port in the Portuguese-administered territory. Originally called Chiveve, after a local river, it was renamed to honor the [[Portuguese Crown]] prince Dom [[Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal|Luís Filipe]] who, in 1907, was the first member of the Portuguese royal family to visit Mozambique. Traditionally the Portuguese Crown prince carried the title of [[Prince of Beira]], a [[Beira (Portugal)|historical province]] of [[mainland Portugal]]. The Portuguese built the port and a railway to [[Rhodesia]], Portuguese families settled in the newly founded locality and started to develop commercial activities. With the growth of the village, in 1907 the Portuguese Crown elevated Beira to the status of city (''cidade''). Headquarters of the ''Companhia de Moçambique'' ([[Mozambique Company]]) from 1891,{{sfn|Derman|Kaarhus|2013|p=42}} the city's administration passed from the trading company to the Portuguese government in 1942. <ref> Britannica [https://www.britannica.com/place/Beira-Mozambique Beira], britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019</ref> In 1966, the construction of a new railway station was completed. Before Mozambique's independence from Portugal, as a city of [[Portuguese Mozambique]], Beira was noted for its well-equipped [[seaport]], one of the major facilities of its kind in all [[East Africa]], [[tourism]], [[fishing]] and [[trade]]. The city prospered as a cosmopolitan port with different ethnic communities (Portuguese, Indian, Chinese, Bantus such as the [[Sena people|Sena]] and [[Ndau people|Ndau]]) employed in administration, commerce, and industry. A large English-speaking population was the result of being a favourite holiday destination for [[Whites in Zimbabwe|white Rhodesians]]. One reminder of this is the [[Grande Hotel Beira|Grande Hotel]], built by the Portuguese, near the shore of the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwNCk59J5Ig |title=Cidade da Beira (Moçambique). |publisher=YouTube |date=2007-12-28 |accessdate=2013-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9LR1FYj4m0 |title=Beira-Centenário-O Meu Tributo |publisher=YouTube |date=2007-08-19 |accessdate=2013-11-22}}</ref> By 1970, the city of Beira had 113,770 inhabitants. ===Independence=== After independence from Portugal in 1975, many white ethnic Portuguese left the city. Mozambique was ravaged by a [[Mozambican Civil War|civil war]] from 1977 to 1992, opposing [[Marxist]] [[FRELIMO]], which controlled the government, to the rebels of [[RENAMO]], descending to near total chaos in a couple of years. The famine, disease and poverty-stricken country collapsed. In Beira, the famous [[Grande Hotel Beira|Grande Hotel]] was occupied by around 1,000 homeless Beirans, and by the end of the civil war it was in near-ruins. The [[2000 Mozambique flood]] devastated Beira and the surrounding region, leaving millions homeless and severely damaging the local economy. During the campaign for the local elections in 2013, which culminated in the victory of the Democratic Movement of Mozambique (MDM) in the municipality, the '''[[Munhava]]''' district was the scene of violent clashes between police and supporters of the MDM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Mundo/Palops/Interior.aspx?content_id=3537026|title=População invadiu sede da Frelimo na Beira e queimou carro de dirigente|website=JN|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eleicoes.org.mz/pt/2013/news/424/Munhava-a-balas-e-g%25C3%25A1s.htm |title=Munhava a balas e gás {{!}} @Verdade |date=2015-04-09 |access-date=2016-03-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409153515/http://www.eleicoes.org.mz/pt/2013/news/424/Munhava-a-balas-e-g%C3%A1s.htm |archivedate=April 9, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In 2019, [[Cyclone Idai]] caused extreme devastation in Beira.<ref name=":0" /> It struck the city on March 14, 2019, with winds of up to 177 km/h (106 mph), and caused flooding up to six meters deep across Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47624156|title=Cyclone Idai triggers 'massive disaster'|date=2019-03-19|access-date=2019-03-19|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Climate == Beira features a [[tropical savanna climate]] (Köppen [[Köppen climate classification|Aw]]). Average temperature in January is {{convert|28.5|°C|0|abbr=on}} and in July (the coldest month) it's {{convert|21|°C|0|abbr=on}}. The rainy season runs roughly from November to April. {{Weather box |location = Beira |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan record high C = 40.0 |Feb record high C = 37.8 |Mar record high C = 37.2 |Apr record high C = 37.5 |May record high C = 36.8 |Jun record high C = 33.4 |Jul record high C = 34.6 |Aug record high C = 34.7 |Sep record high C = 39.6 |Oct record high C = 41.6 |Nov record high C = 43.0 |Dec record high C = 41.0 |year record high C = 43.0 |Jan high C = 31.4 |Feb high C = 31.0 |Mar high C = 30.4 |Apr high C = 29.4 |May high C = 27.6 |Jun high C = 25.8 |Jul high C = 25.2 |Aug high C = 26.1 |Sep high C = 27.6 |Oct high C = 28.9 |Nov high C = 30.0 |Dec high C = 30.8 |year high C = 28.7 |Jan low C = 23.8 |Feb low C = 23.7 |Mar low C = 23.2 |Apr low C = 21.3 |May low C = 18.4 |Jun low C = 16.2 |Jul low C = 15.7 |Aug low C = 16.6 |Sep low C = 18.4 |Oct low C = 20.3 |Nov low C = 21.8 |Dec low C = 23.0 |year low C = 20.2 |Jan record low C = 18.5 |Feb record low C = 19.0 |Mar record low C = 18.5 |Apr record low C = 15.6 |May record low C = 13.2 |Jun record low C = 8.3 |Jul record low C = 8.2 |Aug record low C = 10.1 |Sep record low C = 12.0 |Oct record low C = 13.1 |Nov record low C = 16.2 |Dec record low C = 17.0 |year record low C = 8.2 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 250.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 302.3 |Mar precipitation mm = 274.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 139.6 |May precipitation mm = 84.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 48.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 47.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 42.4 |Sep precipitation mm = 24.6 |Oct precipitation mm = 38.0 |Nov precipitation mm = 110.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 231.6 |year precipitation mm = 1593.8 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 10.8 |Feb precipitation days = 12.5 |Mar precipitation days = 11.7 |Apr precipitation days = 8.2 |May precipitation days = 7.0 |Jun precipitation days = 7.2 |Jul precipitation days = 7.7 |Aug precipitation days = 5.4 |Sep precipitation days = 3.4 |Oct precipitation days = 5.1 |Nov precipitation days = 7.3 |Dec precipitation days = 10.2 |year precipitation days = 96.5 |Jan humidity = 76 |Feb humidity = 78 |Mar humidity = 77 |Apr humidity = 77 |May humidity = 77 |Jun humidity = 76 |Jul humidity = 78 |Aug humidity = 77 |Sep humidity = 76 |Oct humidity = 74 |Nov humidity = 74 |Dec humidity = 76 |year humidity = 76 |Jan sun = 244.9 |Feb sun = 226.0 |Mar sun = 241.8 |Apr sun = 246.0 |May sun = 254.2 |Jun sun = 222.0 |Jul sun = 232.5 |Aug sun = 254.2 |Sep sun = 243.0 |Oct sun = 257.3 |Nov sun = 228.0 |Dec sun = 235.6 |year sun = 2885.5 |Jand sun = 7.9 |Febd sun = 8.0 |Mard sun = 7.8 |Aprd sun = 8.2 |Mayd sun = 8.2 |Jund sun = 7.4 |Juld sun = 7.5 |Augd sun = 8.2 |Sepd sun = 8.1 |Octd sun = 8.3 |Novd sun = 7.6 |Decd sun = 7.6 |yeard sun = 7.9 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web | url = http://www.worldweather.org/en/city.html?cityId=124 | title = World Weather Information Service–Beira | publisher = World Meteorological Organization | accessdate = June 18, 2015}}</ref> |source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (extremes, humidity and sun)<ref name = DWD> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_672970_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Beira / Mosambik | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = German | accessdate = April 19, 2017}}</ref> }} ==Demographics== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year (census) ! Population<ref name=wg>{{cite web |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/mozambique-population/cities/ |title= |accessdate= |date= }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|1997 | style="text-align:right;"|397,368 |- | style="text-align:center;"|2007 | style="text-align:right;"|431,583 |- | style="text-align:center;"|2019 | style="text-align:right;"|530,604 |} [[File:Rio_Macuti_Lighthouse.jpg|thumb|Beira, Central Mozambique]] ==Transportation== [[File:BeiraFromTheISS.jpg|right|thumb|Beira, at the mouth of Rio Púnguè, as seen from the [[International Space Station]]]] [[File:Beira Airport DF-SD-01-01511.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Beira Airport]] Beira has long been a major trade point for exports coming in and out of Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia and other Southern African nations. Because of this, the port of Beira is the second largest in Mozambique. The importance of the port was shown during the Mozambique Civil War, when Zimbabwean troops protected the railway and highway from Beira to Mutare in order to continue trade. The railway to Zimbabwe was originally {{RailGauge|610mm}} in 1890, but was converted to {{RailGauge|1067mm}} in 1900. In 2008, the Mozambique transportation minister, [[Paulo Zucula]], stated that the government is planning on modernizing the Beira and more northern Nacala ports for an estimated cost of $900m; $500m and 400m respectively.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kolver |first=Leandi |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=133942 |title=Mozambique ports upgrade project |publisher=Engineeringnews.co.za |date=2008-05-23 |accessdate=2013-11-22}}</ref> The government has also stated that it plans on modernizing surrounding railway and highway infrastructure so that the port is better connected to the nation's mines. There is also a ferry service in Beira, linking the city to neighboring cities, including Nova Sofala and other coastal towns. Beira is served by an [[Beira Airport|airport]] to the northeast of the city, with both domestic and international flights. ==Education== The [[Pedagogical University]] campus was founded in 1985. One of the major universities here is the [[Catholic University of Mozambique]] which was established in 1996 by the [[Catholic church]] and affiliated with the [[International Federation of Catholic Universities]] (IFCU). This private, coeducational university is locally known as Universidade Catolica de Mocambique (UCM) and has been officially recognized by Mozambique's Ministry of Education and Culture (or Ministério da Educação e Cultura) which oversees the overall education system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucm.ac.mz/cms/en-en|title=Home {{!}} Universidade Católica de Moçambique|date=2012-04-25|website=www.ucm.ac.mz|access-date=2016-11-14}}</ref> A second major university is the Jean Piaget University of Mozambique, locally termed da Universidade Jean Piaget de Moçambique(UNIPIAGET). This [[Portugal]] based University was founded in 2004 by [[Instituto Piaget]], a non-profit cooperative, and is just one of seven campuses established across the globe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Higher education in Africa : the international dimension|last=Teferra|first=Damtew|publisher=Center for International Higher Education|year=2008|isbn=9789988589400|location=Massachusetts, USA|pages=318|quote=|via=}}</ref> There is a Portuguese international school, Escola Portuguesa da Beira.<ref>"[http://www.dgae.mec.pt/web/14650/mocambique ESCOLAS COM CURRÍCULO PORTUGUÊS EM MOÇAMBIQUE]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094224/http://www.dgae.mec.pt/web/14650/mocambique Archive]). Direção de Serviços de Ensino e Escolas Portuguesas no Estrangeiro (DSEEPE) of the [[Ministry of Education (Portugal)|Portuguese Education Ministry]]. Retrieved on October 26, 2015.</ref> == Places of worship == Among the [[places of worship]], they are predominantly [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples : [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beira]] ([[Catholic Church]]), ([[Reformed Church in Mozambique]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]), [[Igreja Presbiteriana de Moçambique]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]), [[Convenção Baptista de Moçambique]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]), [[Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]], [[Assemblies of God]], [[Zion Christian Church]].<ref> J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1985</ref> There are also [[Islam|Muslim]] mosques. ==International relations== Beira has been twinned with Bristol, UK, since 1990 and the Bristol-Beira Link<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.bristolbeiralink.org |title=Bristol-Beira Link |publisher=Bristol-Beira Link |date=September 28, 2011 |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}</ref> manages a range of projects in education, culture, commerce, and disability. {{main article|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Mozambique|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Mozambique}} ===Twin towns — sister cities=== Beira is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with: *{{flagicon|UK}} [[Bristol]], United Kingdom (since 1990)<ref name="Bristol">{{cite web|url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/ |title=Bristol City - Town twinning |publisher=Bristol City Council |accessdate=July 17, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622132419/http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/ |archivedate=June 22, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> *{{flagicon|POR}} [[Porto]], Portugal<ref>{{cite web|author=Associação Porto Digital |url=http://www.cm-porto.pt/gen.pl?sid=cmp.sections/521 |title=C.M. Porto |publisher=Cm-porto.pt |date= |accessdate=December 5, 2011}}</ref> *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Boston]], United States (since 1990) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boston.gov/economic-development/sister-cities |title=Sister Cities |accessdate=July 20, 2018 |date=July 18, 2017|publisher=City of Boston|language=English}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Padua]], Italy *{{flagicon|POR}} [[Coimbra]], Portugal (since 1997) *{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Bender, Moldova|Bender]], Moldova *{{flagicon|ANG}} [[Luanda]], Angola *{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Port Elizabeth]], South Africa (since 2008) ==Notable people== *[[Mia Couto]] (born 1955), writer *[[Pedro Boese]] (born 1972), artist *[[Carlos Cardoso (journalist)|Carlos Cardoso]] (1951-2000), journalist *[[Tasha de Vasconcelos]] (born 1966), actress, top model *[[Jose Carlos Lopes Pereira]] (born 1955), sports person (roller hockey - African and World) ==See also== *[[Beira Patrol]] *[[Cultural Beira]] *[[Desportivo Manica]] *[[Lumumba (film)]] *[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beira]] ==References== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Beira | url = http://www.britannica.com/place/Beira-Mozambique | accessdate = 2015-10-12 | year = 2015 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.}}</ref> }} ==Bibliography== :''See also: [[Timeline of Beira, Mozambique#Bibliography|Bibliography of the history of Beira]]'' *{{cite book|last1=Derman|first1=Bill|last2=Kaarhus|first2=Randi|title=In the Shadow of a Conflict. Crisis in Zimbabwe and Its Effects in Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TRqU6PGbYEC&pg=PA42|date=May 2013|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-1-77922-217-6|ref=harv}} ==External links== {{commons category|Beira}} * {{wikivoyage-inline|Beira}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060111184358/http://municipiobeira.gov.mz/ Municipio da Beira] an official site of the Municipality of Beira, with news and recent pictures * [http://cidadedabeira.tripod.com Cidade da Beira] a Portuguese language site with some old and new pictures {{Provincial capitals of Mozambique}} {{coord|19|50|S|34|51|E|type:city|display=title}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Populated places in Sofala Province]] [[Category:Provincial capitals in Mozambique]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Mozambique]] [[Category:Mozambique Channel]] [[Category:Populated places in Mozambique]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1890]] [[Category:Water transport in Mozambique]] [[Category:Ports and harbours of Mozambique|Beira]] [[Category:Beira, Mozambique| ]]'