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{{distinguish|text=[[automation]] as a process}}
{{About|a self-operating machine|other uses|Automaton (disambiguation)|Automata|Automata (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:Mechanical Pinochio.gif|thumb|150px|[[Pinocchio]] automaton.]]
An '''automaton''' ({{IPAc-en|ɔː|ˈ|t|ɒ|m|ə|t|ən}}; plural: '''automata''' or '''automatons''') is a self-operating [[machine]], or a machine or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a predetermined sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions.<ref name="definition">Automaton - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/automaton</ref> Some automata, such as [[Jacquemart (bellstriker)|bellstrikers]] in mechanical clocks, are designed to give the illusion to the casual observer that they are operating under their own power.
==Etymology==
The word "automaton" is the latinization of the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|αὐτόματον}}, ''automaton'', (neuter) "acting of one's own will". This word was first used by [[Homer]] to describe automatic door opening,<ref>Homer, [[Iliad]], 5.749</ref> or automatic movement of wheeled tripods.<ref>Homer, Iliad, 18.376</ref> It is more often used to describe non-electronic moving machines, especially those that have been made to resemble human or animal actions, such as the ''jacks'' on old public striking [[clock]]s, or the [[cuckoo]] and any other animated figures on a [[cuckoo clock]].
==History==
===Ancient===
[[File:Hero - De automatis, 1589 - 116959.jpg|thumb|The book ''About automata'' by [[Hero of Alexandria]] (1589 edition)]]
There are many examples of automata in [[Greek mythology]]: [[Hephaestus]] created automata for his workshop;<ref>
Him she found sweating with toil as he moved to and fro about his bellows in eager haste; for he was fashioning tripods, twenty in all, to stand around the wall of his well-builded hall, and golden wheels had he set beneath the base of each that of themselves they might enter the gathering of the gods at his wish and again return to his house, a wonder to behold.
''Homer, Iliad'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=2913D2E6859ACE9A00183F942240BD9E?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D18%3Acard%3D360 18. 371]</ref> [[Talos]] was an artificial man of bronze; [[Daedalus]] used [[mercury (element)|quicksilver]] to install voice in his moving statues; King [[Alkinous]] of the [[Phaiakian#The palace of King Alkinoös|Phaiakians]] employed gold and silver watchdogs.<ref>The automatones of Greek Mythology [http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Automotones.html online] at the ''Theoi Project''.</ref><ref>Hyginus. Astronomica 2.1</ref>
The automata in the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic world]] were intended as tools, toys, religious idols, or prototypes for demonstrating basic scientific principles. Numerous water powered automata were built by [[Ktesibios]], a Greek inventor and the first head of the [[Great Library of Alexandria]], for example he ''"used water to sound a whistle and make a model owl move. He had invented the world's first "cuckoo" clock"''.<ref>This "first cuckoo clock" was further stated and described in the 2007 book ''The Rise and Fall of Alexandria: Birthplace of the Modern World'' by Justin Pollard and Howard Reid on page 132: ''"Soon Ctesibius's clocks were smothered in stopcocks and valves, controlling a host of devices from bells to puppets to mechanical doves that sang to mark the passing of each hour - the very first cuckoo clock!"''</ref> This tradition continued in Alexandria with inventors such as the [[Greek mathematics|Greek]] mathematician [[Hero of Alexandria]] (sometimes known as Heron), whose writings on [[hydraulics]], [[pneumatics]], and [[mechanics]] described [[siphon]]s, a [[Fire apparatus|fire engine]], a [[water organ]], the [[aeolipile]], and a programmable cart.<ref>{{citation |title=A programmable robot from 60 AD |author=Noel Sharkey|publisher=New Scientist|url=https://www.newscientist.com/blog/technology/2007/07/programmable-robot-from-60ad.html|date= July 4, 2007 |volume=2611}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | doi = 10.2307/2846790 | issn = 0038-7134 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 477–487 | last = Brett | first = Gerard | title = The Automata in the Byzantine "Throne of Solomon" | journal = Speculum| date = July 1954 | postscript = . | jstor = 2846790 }}</ref>
[[File:NAMA Machine d'Anticythère 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Antikythera mechanism]] from 150–100 BC was designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects.]]
Complex mechanical devices are known to have existed in [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic Greece]], though the only surviving example is the [[Antikythera mechanism]], the earliest known [[analog computer]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Harry Henderson|title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Tla6d153uwC&pg=PA13|accessdate=28 May 2013|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1003-5|page=13|quote=The earliest known analog computing device is the Antikythera mechanism. }}</ref> It is thought to have come originally from [[Rhodes]], where there was apparently a tradition of mechanical engineering; the island was renowned for its automata; to quote [[Pindar]]'s seventh Olympic Ode:
:The animated figures stand
:Adorning every public street
:And seem to breathe in stone, or
:move their marble feet.
However, the information gleaned from recent scans of the fragments indicate that it may have come from the colonies of [[Corinth]] in [[Sicily]] and implies a connection with [[Archimedes]].
According to [[Judaism|Jewish legend]], [[Solomon]] used his wisdom to design a [[Solomon#Throne|throne]] with mechanical animals which hailed him as king when he ascended it; upon sitting down an eagle would place a crown upon his head, and a dove would bring him a [[Torah]] scroll. It is also said that when King Solomon stepped upon the throne, a mechanism was set in motion. As soon as he stepped upon the first step, a golden ox and a golden lion each stretched out one foot to support him and help him rise to the next step. On each side, the animals helped the King up until he was comfortably seated upon the throne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1345/jewish/King-Solomons-Throne.htm|title=King Solomon's Throne|author=|date=|website=www.chabad.org}}</ref>
In [[History of China#Ancient era|ancient China]], a curious account of automata is found in the [[Lie Zi]] text, written in the 3rd century BC. Within it there is a description of a much earlier encounter between [[King Mu of Zhou]] (1023-957 BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork:
{{quote|
The king stared at the figure in astonishment. It walked with rapid strides, moving its head up and down, so that anyone would have taken it for a live human being. The artificer touched its chin, and it began singing, perfectly in tune. He touched its hand, and it began posturing, keeping perfect time...As the performance was drawing to an end, the robot winked its eye and made advances to the ladies in attendance, whereupon the king became incensed and would have had Yen Shih [Yan Shi] executed on the spot had not the latter, in mortal fear, instantly taken the robot to pieces to let him see what it really was. And, indeed, it turned out to be only a construction of leather, wood, glue and lacquer, variously coloured white, black, red and blue. Examining it closely, the king found all the internal organs complete—liver, gall, heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, stomach and intestines; and over these again, muscles, bones and limbs with their joints, skin, teeth and hair, all of them artificial...The king tried the effect of taking away the heart, and found that the mouth could no longer speak; he took away the liver and the eyes could no longer see; he took away the kidneys and the legs lost their power of locomotion. The king was delighted.<ref name="needham volume 2 53">Needham, Volume 2, 53.</ref>
}}
Other notable examples of automata include [[Archytas]]'s dove, mentioned by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>''Noct. Att. L.'' 10</ref> Similar Chinese accounts of flying automata are written of the 5th century BC [[Mohism|Mohist]] philosopher [[Mozi]] and his contemporary [[Lu Ban]], who made artificial wooden birds (''ma yuan'') that could successfully fly according to the ''Han Fei Zi'' and other texts.<ref name="needham volume 2 54">Needham, Volume 2, 54.</ref>
===Medieval===
{{Cite check|section|date=January 2012}}
The manufacturing tradition of automata continued in the Greek world well into the Middle Ages. On his visit to [[Constantinople]] in 949 ambassador [[Liutprand of Cremona]] described automata in the emperor [[Theophilos (emperor)|Theophilos]]' palace, including
{{quote|"lions, made either of bronze or wood covered with gold, which struck the ground with their tails and roared with open mouth and quivering tongue," "a tree of gilded bronze, its branches filled with birds, likewise made of bronze gilded over, and these emitted cries appropriate to their species" and "the emperor's throne" itself, which "was made in such a cunning manner that at one moment it was down on the ground, while at another it rose higher and was to be seen up in the air."<ref name="Safran1998">{{cite book |title=Heaven on Earth: Art and the Church in Byzantium |last=Safran |first=Linda |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1998 |publisher=Penn State Press |location=Pittsburgh |isbn=0-271-01670-1 |page=30 |url= }} Records Liutprand's description.</ref>}}
Similar automata in the throne room (singing birds, roaring and moving lions) were described by Luitprand's contemporary, the Byzantine emperor [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]], in his book ''[[De Ceremoniis|Περὶ τῆς Βασιλείου Τάξεως]]''.
In the mid-8th century, the first [[wind power]]ed automata were built: "statues that turned with the wind over the domes of the four gates and the [[Palace of the Golden Gate|palace complex]] of the [[Round city of Baghdad|Round City]] of [[Baghdad]]". The "public spectacle of wind-powered statues had its private counterpart in the '[[Abbasid]] palaces where automata of various types were predominantly displayed."<ref>{{citation|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=2 |first=Josef W. |last=Meri |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-96690-6 |page=711}}</ref> Also in the 8th century, the [[Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam|Muslim alchemist]], [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]] (Geber), included recipes for constructing artificial [[snake]]s, [[scorpion]]s, and [[human]]s that would be subject to their creator's control in his coded ''Book of Stones''. In 827, [[Abbasid caliph]] [[al-Ma'mun]] had a silver and golden tree in his palace in [[Baghdad]], which had the features of an automatic machine. There were metal birds that sang automatically on the swinging branches of this tree built by [[Inventions of the Islamic Golden Age|Muslim inventors]] and [[Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world|engineers]].<ref>Ismail b. Ali Ebu'l Feda history, Weltgeschichte, hrsg. von Fleischer and Reiske 1789-94, 1831.</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2012}} The Abbasid caliph [[al-Muqtadir]] also had a silver and golden tree in [[Taj Palace|his palace]] in Baghdad in 917, with birds on it flapping their wings and singing.<ref>{{cite book | last=Le Strange |first=Guy | authorlink=Guy Le Strange | title=Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate: from contemporary Arabic and Persian sources |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68175 | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=Oxford | year=1922 | edition=2nd | page=256}}</ref> In the 9th century, the [[Banū Mūsā]] brothers invented a [[Program (machine)|programmable]] automatic [[flute]] player and which they described in their ''[[Book of Ingenious Devices]]''.<ref name=Koetsier>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |year=2001 |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2}}</ref>
[[Image:CIMA mg 8332.jpg|thumb|Automaton in the [[Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art|Swiss Museum CIMA]].]]
[[File:cima automaton.ogv|thumb|right|An automaton writing a letter in Swiss Museum CIMA.]]
[[Al-Jazari]] described complex programmable [[Humanoid robot|humanoid automata]] amongst other machines he designed and constructed in the ''Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices'' in 1206.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} His automaton was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. His [[Mechanism (engineering)|mechanism]] had a programmable drum machine with pegs ([[cam]]s) that bump into little [[lever]]s that operate the [[Percussion instrument|percussion]]. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html|title=A 13th Century Programmable Robot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html |archive-date=June 29, 2007 |publisher=[[University of Sheffield]]|author=|date=|website=shef.ac.uk}}</ref> According to Charles B. Fowler, the automata were a "robot [[Musical ensemble|band]]" which performed "more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection."<ref>{{citation|title=The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments |first=Charles B.|last=Fowler|journal=Music Educators Journal|volume=54|issue=2|date=October 1967|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/3391092|publisher=MENC_ The National Association for Music Education|jstor=3391092}}</ref>
Al-Jazari constructed a [[hand washing]] automaton first employing the flush mechanism now used in modern [[flush toilet|toilet]]s. It features a female automaton standing by a [[Sink|basin]] filled with water. When the user pulls the lever, the water drains and the automaton refills the basin.<ref>{{citation |title=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics |first=Mark E. |last=Rosheim |year=1994 |publisher=Wiley-IEEE |isbn=0-471-02622-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9 9–10] |url=https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9 }} also at [https://books.google.com/books?id=IxtL54iiDPUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Rosheim%2C%20Mark%20E.%20(1994)%2C%20Robot%20Evolution%3A%20The%20Development%20of%20Anthrobotics&pg=PA9#v=onepage Google Books]</ref> His "peacock fountain" was another more sophisticated hand washing device featuring humanoid automata as [[Domestic worker|servant]]s who offer [[soap]] and [[towel]]s. Mark E. Rosheim describes it as follows: "Pulling a plug on the peacock's tail releases water out of the beak; as the dirty water from the basin fills the hollow base a float rises and actuates a [[Linkage (mechanical)|linkage]] which makes a servant figure appear from behind a door under the peacock and offer soap. When more water is used, a second float at a higher level trips and causes the appearance of a second servant figure — with a towel!"<ref name=Rosheim>{{citation |title=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics |first=Mark E. |last=Rosheim |year=1994 |publisher=Wiley-IEEE |isbn=0-471-02622-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9 9] |url=https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9 }} also at [https://books.google.com/books?id=IxtL54iiDPUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Rosheim%2C%20Mark%20E.%20(1994)%2C%20Robot%20Evolution%3A%20The%20Development%20of%20Anthrobotics&pg=PA9#v=onepage Google Books]</ref> Al-Jazari thus appears to have been the first inventor to display an interest in creating human-like machines for practical purposes such as manipulating the environment for human comfort.<ref>{{citation |title=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics |first=Mark E. |last=Rosheim |year=1994 |publisher=Wiley-IEEE |isbn=0-471-02622-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/36 36] |url=https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/36 }}</ref>
''[[Samarangana Sutradhara]]'', a [[Sanskrit]] treatise by [[Bhoja]] (11th century), includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances (automata), including mechanical bees and birds, fountains shaped like humans and animals, and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps, danced, played instruments, and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Varadpande|first=Manohar Laxman|year=1987|title=History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&pg=PA68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Wujastyk|first=Dominik|year=2003|title=The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings|page=222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZCwjtmzZYC&pg=PA222&dq=automata#v=onepage&q=automata}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|year=1965|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology Part 2, Mechanical Engineering|page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeGyrCfYs2AC&pg=PA164&dq=bhoja+automata}}</ref>
[[Villard de Honnecourt]], in his 1230s sketchbook, show plans for animal automata and an angel that perpetually turns to face the sun. At the end of the thirteenth century, [[Robert II, Count of Artois]] built a pleasure garden at his castle at Hesdin that incorporated several automata as entertainment in the walled park. The work was conducted by local workmen and overseen by the Italian knight Renaud Coignet. It included monkey marionettes, a sundial supported by lions and "wild men", mechanized birds, mechanized fountains and a bellows-operated organ. The park was famed for its automata well into the fifteenth century before it was destroyed by English soldiers in the sixteenth.<ref name="The Garden of Earthly Delights: Mahaut of Artois and the Automata at Hesdin, Elly R. Truitt">http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1850&context=mff</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Landsberg |first=Sylvia |title=The Medieval Garden |year=1995 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=New York |pages=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Macdougall |first=Elisabeth B |title=Medieval Gardens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6lciEEzyZ8C&lpg=PA125&dq=hesdin%20AND%20(park%20OR%20gardens)%20Robert&pg=PA127#v=onepage&q=hesdin%20AND%20(park%20OR%20gardens)%20Robert |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref>
The Chinese author Xiao Xun wrote that when the [[Ming Dynasty]] founder [[Hongwu Emperor|Hongwu]] (r. 1368–1398) was destroying the palaces of [[Khanbaliq]] belonging to the previous [[Yuan Dynasty]], there were—among many other mechanical devices—automata found that were in the shape of tigers.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 133 508">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 133 & 508.</ref>
===Renaissance and early modern===
[[File:Cuckoo strikes the 8th hour.ogv|thumb|right|A [[cuckoo clock]] with a built in automaton of a [[cuckoo]] that flaps its wings and opens its beak in time to the sounds of the cuckoo call to mark the number of hours on the analogue dial.]]
[[File:Elephant Automaton at Waddesdon Manor.jpg|left|thumb|Elephant automaton at [[Waddesdon Manor]]]]
The [[Renaissance]] witnessed a considerable revival of interest in automata. Hero's treatises were edited and translated into Latin and Italian. [[Giovanni Fontana (engineer)|Giovanni Fontana]] created mechanical devils and rocket-propelled animal automata. Numerous clockwork automata were manufactured in the 16th century, principally by the goldsmiths of the [[Free imperial city|Free Imperial Cities]] of central Europe. These wondrous devices found a home in the [[cabinet of curiosities]] or ''Wunderkammern'' of the princely courts of Europe. Hydraulic and pneumatic automata, similar to those described by Hero, were created for garden [[grotto]]es.
[[Leonardo da Vinci]] sketched a more complex automaton around the year 1495. The design of [[Leonardo's robot]] was not rediscovered until the 1950s. The robot could, if built successfully, move its arms, twist its head, and sit up.
The [[Smithsonian Institution]] has in its collection a clockwork monk, about {{convert|15|in|abbr=on}} high, possibly dating as early as 1560. The monk is driven by a key-wound spring and walks the path of a square, striking his chest with his right arm, while raising and lowering a small wooden cross and rosary in his left hand, turning and nodding his head, rolling his eyes, and mouthing silent obsequies. From time to time, he brings the cross to his lips and kisses it. It is believed that the monk was manufactured by [[Juanelo Turriano]], mechanician to the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]].<ref>King, Elizabeth. "Clockwork Prayer: A Sixteenth-Century Mechanical Monk" ''Blackbird'' 1.1 (2002) [http://www.blackbird.vcu.edu/v1n1/nonfiction/king_e/prayer_introduction.htm]</ref>
A new attitude towards automata is to be found in [[René Descartes|Descartes]] when he suggested that the bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines - the bones, muscles and organs could be replaced with cogs, pistons and cams. Thus [[mechanism (philosophy)|mechanism]] became the standard to which [[Nature]] and the [[organism]] was compared.<ref>Schultz, P.D., & Schultz, S.E. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology.(pp. 28-34).Thompson Wadsworth.</ref> [[France]] in the 17th century was the birthplace of those ingenious [[mechanical toy]]s that were to become prototypes for the engines of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Thus, in 1649, when [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] was still a child, an artisan named Camus designed for him a miniature coach, and horses complete with footmen, page and a lady within the coach; all these figures exhibited a perfect movement. According to P. Labat, General de Gennes constructed, in 1688, in addition to machines for gunnery and navigation, a peacock that walked and ate. [[Athanasius Kircher]] produced many automata to create Jesuit shows, including a statue which spoke and listened via a [[speaking tube]].
[[Image:Takeda Oumi karakuri.jpg|thumb|A Japanese automata theater in Osaka, drawn in 18th century. The Takeda family opened their automata theater in 1662.]]
The world's first successfully-built biomechanical automaton is considered to be ''The Flute Player'', invented by the French engineer [[Jacques de Vaucanson]] in 1737. He also constructed the [[Digesting Duck]], a mechanical duck that gave the false illusion of eating and defecating, seeming to endorse Cartesian ideas that animals are no more than machines of flesh.
In 1769, a chess-playing machine called [[the Turk]], created by [[Wolfgang von Kempelen]], made the rounds of the courts of [[Europe]] purporting to be an automaton. The Turk was operated from inside by a hidden human director, and was not a true automaton.
[[File:Maillardet's automaton at the Franklin Institute.webm|thumb|[[Maillardet's automaton]] is drawing a picture]]
Other 18th century automaton makers include the prolific Swiss [[Pierre Jaquet-Droz]] (see [[Jaquet-Droz automata]]) and his contemporary [[Henri Maillardet]]. Maillardet, a Swiss mechanic, created an automaton capable of drawing four pictures and writing three poems. Maillardet's Automaton is now part of the collections at the [[Franklin Institute]] Science Museum in [[Philadelphia]]. Belgian-born [[John Joseph Merlin]] created the mechanism of the [[Silver Swan (automaton)|Silver Swan]] automaton, now at [[Bowes Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebowesmuseum.org.uk/Collections/ExploreTheCollection/TheSilverSwan.aspx|title=The Bowes Museum > Collections > Explore The Collection > The Silver Swan|author=|date=|website=www.thebowesmuseum.org.uk}}</ref> A musical elephant made by the French [[clockmaker]] Hubert Martinet in 1774 is one of the highlights of [[Waddesdon Manor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YEPhe2Gp0Y|title=A Marvellous Elephant - Waddesdon Manor|first=|last=Waddesdon Manor|date=22 July 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Tipu's Tiger]] is another late-18th century example of automata, made for [[Tipu Sultan]], featuring a European soldier being mauled by a tiger.
According to philosopher [[Michel Foucault]], [[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick the Great]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|king of Prussia]] from 1740 to 1786, was "obsessed" with automata.<ref>See Michel Foucault, ''[[Discipline and Punish]]'', New York, Vintage Books, 1979, p.136: "The classical age discovered the body as object and target of power... The great book of Man-the-Machine was written simultaneously on two registers: the anatomico-metaphysical register, of which Descartes wrote the first pages and which the physicians and philosophers continued, and the technico-political register, which was constituted by a whole set of regulations and by empirical and calculated methods relating to the army, the school and the hospital, for controlling or correcting the operations of the body. These two registers are quite distinct, since it was a question, on one hand, of submission and use and, on the other, of functioning and explanation: there was a useful body and an intelligible body... The celebrated automata [of the 18th century] were not only a way of illustrating an organism, they were also political puppets, small-scale models of power: Frederick, the meticulous king of small machines, well-trained regiments and long exercises, was obsessed with them."</ref> According to [[Manuel de Landa]], "he put together his armies as a well-oiled [[clockwork]] mechanism whose components were robot-like warriors".
[[Japan]] adopted automata during the [[Edo period]] (1603–1867); they were known as ''[[karakuri ningyō]]''.
Automata, particularly watches and clocks, were popular in China during the 18th and 19th centuries, and items were produced for the Chinese market. Strong interest by Chinese collectors in the 21st century brought many interesting items to market where they have had dramatic realizations.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last=Kolesnikov-Jessop|first=Sonia|title=Chinese Swept Up in Mechanical Mania|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/fashion/26iht-ACAW-AUTOMATON26.html|accessdate=November 25, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 25, 2011|quote=Mechanical curiosities were all the rage in China during the 18th and 19th centuries, as the Qing emperors developed a passion for automaton clocks and pocket watches, and the "Sing Song Merchants", as European watchmakers were called, were more than happy to encourage that interest.}}</ref>
===Modern===
[[File:Singing Bird Box by Bontems.JPG|thumb|left|A [[singing bird box]] made about 1890 by Bontems. Bird dressed with iridescent hummingbird feathers and case made of tortoiseshell.]]
The famous magician [[Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin]] (1805–1871) was known for creating automata for his stage shows.
[[File:Automa Manzetti 1840.JPG|thumb|150px|The flute-player by [[Innocenzo Manzetti]] (1840)]]
In 1840, Italian inventor [[Innocenzo Manzetti]] constructed a [[flute]]-playing automaton, in the shape of a man, life-size, seated on a chair. Hidden inside the chair were levers, connecting rods and [[compressed air]] tubes, which made the automaton's lips and fingers move on the flute according to a program recorded on a cylinder similar to those used in [[player piano]]s. The automaton was powered by clockwork and could perform 12 different arias. As part of the performance it would rise from the chair, bow its head, and roll its eyes.
[[Image:TeaAutomatAndMechanism.jpg|thumb|left|Tea-serving Japanese automaton, "[[karakuri ningyō]]", with mechanism (right), 19th century.]]
The period 1860 to 1910 is known as "The Golden Age of Automata". During this period many small family based companies of Automata makers thrived in Paris. From their workshops they exported thousands of clockwork automata and mechanical singing birds around the world. Although now rare and expensive, these French automata attract collectors worldwide. The main French makers were [[Blaise Bontems|Bontems]], Lambert, Phalibois, Renou, [[Roullet & Decamps]], Theroude and Vichy.
Contemporary automata continue this tradition with an emphasis on art, rather than technological sophistication. Contemporary automata are represented by the works of [[Cabaret Mechanical Theatre]] in the [[United Kingdom]], Dug North and Chomick+Meder,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chomickmeder.com|title=Chomick+Meder – Figurative Art and Automata|author=|date=|website=www.chomickmeder.com}}</ref> [[Thomas Kuntz]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artomic.com/gallery/automata/automata.html|title=Artomic Automata|website=artomic.com|access-date=2008-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305195010/http://www.artomic.com/gallery/automata/automata.html|archive-date=2010-03-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Arthur Ganson]], [[Joe Jones (Fluxus artist)|Joe Jones]] in the [[United States]], [[Le Défenseur du Temps]] by French artist Jacques Monestier, and François Junod in [[Switzerland]].
Some mechanized toys developed during the 18th and 19th centuries were automata made with paper. Despite the relative simplicity of the material, paper automata require a high degree of technical ingenuity.
One of the most advanced automata proposed to date is [[NASA]]'s [[Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments]] (AREE), a wind-powered automaton to be used for exploring [[Venus]]. Unlike other modern automata, AREE is an automaton instead of a [[robot]] for practical reasons — Venus's harsh conditions, particularly its surface temperature of {{Convert|462|C|F}}, make operating electronics there for any significant time impossible.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/automaton-rover-for-extreme-environments-aree|title=Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments (AREE)|last=Hall|first=Loura|date=2016-04-01|work=NASA|access-date=2017-08-29|language=en}}</ref>
==In education==
The potential educational value of mechanical toys in teaching transversal skills has been recognised by the [[European Union]] education project ''Clockwork objects, enhanced learning: Automata Toys Construction'' (CLOHE).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clohe-movingtoys.eu/|title=clohe-movingtoys.eu|author=|date=|website=www.clohe-movingtoys.eu}}</ref>
==Clocks==
{{main|Automaton clock}}
Examples of [[automaton clock]]s include [[Chariot clock]] and [[Cuckoo Clock]]s. The [[Cuckooland Museum]] exhibits autonomous clocks.
{{expand section|date=December 2016}}
==Animatronics and mechatronics==
{{main|Animatronics|Mechatronics}}
{{expand section|date=December 2016}}
==Robotics==
{{main|Robotics|History of robots|Android (robot)}}
{{expand section|date=December 2016}}
==See also==
* [[Automata theory]]
* [[Automation]]
* [[Brazen head]]
* [[Cellular automaton]]
* [[Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art]]
* [[Robochrist Industries|Christian Ristow]]
* [[Computer]]
* [[Ctesibius]]
* ''[[Genesis Redux]]''
* [[Giles Walker]]
* [[Golem]]
* [[Hero of Alexandria]]
* [[La Maison de la Magie Robert-Houdin]] display of 19th century automata
* [[Maillardet's automaton]]
* [[Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum]]
* [[Orchestrion]]
* [[Singing bird box]]
* [[Theo Jansen]]
* [[Whirligig]]
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Bailly |first1=Christian |title=Automata: The Golden Age: 1848-1914 |year=2003 |publisher=Robert Hale |location=London |isbn=9780709074038}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beyer |first1=Annette |title=Faszinierende Welt der Automaten : Uhren, Puppen, Spielereien |date=1983 |publisher=Callwey |location=München |isbn=9783766706591 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bowers |first1=Q. David |title=Encyclopedia of Automatic Musical Instruments |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofau0000bowe |url-access=registration |date=1974 |publisher=Vestal Press |location=Vestal, NY |isbn=9780911572087 |edition=4. printing}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brauers |first1=Jan |title=Von der Äolsharfe zum Digitalspieler: 2000 Jahre mechanische Musik, 100 Jahre Schallplatte |date=1984 |publisher=Klinkhardt & Biermann |location=München |isbn=9783781402393}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chapuis |first1=Alfred |last2=Gélis |first2=Edouard |title=Le monde des automates; étude historique et technique |date=1928 |oclc=3006589}}
* {{cite book |last1=Critchley |first1=Macdonald |last2=Henson |first2=R. A. |title=Music and the brain. Studies in the neurology of music |date=1978 |publisher=Heinemann |location=London |isbn=9780433067030}}
* {{cite book |last1=Waard |first=R. D. |year=1967 |title=From music boxes to street organs |oclc=609338403}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chapuis |first1=Alfred |last2=Droz |first2=Edmond |title=The Jaquet-Droz mechanical puppets |date=1956 |publisher=Historical Museum |location=Neuchatel |oclc=315497609}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hyman |first1=Wendy Beth |title=The Automaton in English Renaissance Literature |date=2011 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Farnham, Surrey |isbn=0-7546-6865-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cardinal |first1=Catherine |last2=Mercier |first2=François |title=Museums of horology La Chaux-de-Fonds, Le Locle |date=1993 |publisher=Banque Paribas |location=Geneva |isbn=9783908184348}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Montiel |first1=Luis |title=Proles sine matre creata: The Promethean Urge in the History of the Human Body in the West |journal=Asclepio |date=30 June 2013 |volume=65 |issue=1 |doi=10.3989/asclepio.2013.01}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lapaire |first1=Claude |title=Clock and Watch Museum, Geneva |date=1992 |publisher=Art and History Museum |location=Geneva |isbn=9782830600728}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ord-Hume |first1=Arthur W. J. G. |title=Clockwork music: an illustrated history of mechanical musical instruments from the music box to the pianola, from automation lady virginal players to orchestrion |date=1973 |publisher=Crown Publishers |location=New York |isbn=9780517500002}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ord-Hume |first1=Arthur W.J.G. |title=Barrel organ: the story of the mechanical organ and its repair |date=1978 |publisher=A.S. Barnes |location=South Brunswick, N.J. |isbn=9780498014826 |url=https://archive.org/details/barrelorganstory00ordh }}
* Rausser, Fernand; Bonhôte, Daniel; Baud, Frédy (1972). ''All'Epoca delle Scatole Musicali'', Edizioni Mondo, 175 pp.
* {{cite book |last1=Carrera |first1=Roland |last2=Loiseau |first2=Dominique |last3=Roux |first3=Olivier |last4=Luder |first4=Jean Jacques |title=Androids: The Jaquet-Droz Automatons |date=1979 |publisher=Scriptar |location=Lausanne |isbn=9782880120184}}
* {{cite book |last1=Troquet |first1=Daniel |title=The wonderland of music boxes and automata |date=1989 |location=Sainte-Croix |oclc=27888631}}
* {{cite book |last1=Webb |first1=Graham |title=The musical box handbook |date=1984 |publisher=Vestal Press |location=Vestal, NY |isbn=9780911572360 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/musicalboxhandbo00webb }}
* {{cite book |last1=Weiss-Stauffacher |first1=Heinrich |last2=Bruhin |first2=Rudolf |title=The marvelous world of music machines |date=1976 |publisher=Kodansha International |location=Tokyo |isbn=9780870112584}}
* {{cite book |last1=Winter-Jensen |first1=Anne |title=Automates & musiques: pendules |date=1987 |publisher=Musée de l'horlogerie et de l'émaillerie |location=Genève |isbn=9782830600476}}
* Wosk, Julie (2015). ''My Fair Ladies: Female Robots, Androids, and Other Artificial Eves.'' {{ISBN|9780813563374}}.
==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=automaton |commons=Category:Automata |n=no |v=no |q=no |s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Automaton |b=no}}
* [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/kinetic-arts/sculpture/automata.htm The Automata and Art Bots mailing list home page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm History]
* [http://www.modernautomatamuseum.com/ Modern Automata Museum]
* [http://www.thehouseofautomata.com The House of Automata - The largest online gallery of automata]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070821154911/http://www.fi.edu/pieces/knox/automaton/index.html Maillardet's Automaton]
* [http://www.karakuri.info/ Japanese Karakuri]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/432766 J. Douglas Bruce, 'Human Automata in Classical Tradition and Mediaeval Romance', ''Modern Philology'', Vol. 10, No. 4 (Apr., 1913), pp. 511-526]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2915500 M. B. Ogle, 'The Perilous Bridge and Human Automata', ''Modern Language Notes'', Vol. 35, No. 3 (Mar., 1920), pp. 129-136]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160113214335/http://cite-automate.fr/ conservation of automata]
* [http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/07/123_years_later_voice_of_thoma.html Thomas Edison's talking doll]
* [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2488165/The-worlds-Mechanical-boy-built-240-years-ago-engineered-act-writing.html Was this automaton the world's first computer? Incredible mechanical boy built 240 years ago who could actually write] ''Daily Mail'', November 6, 2013, "The Writer" created by watchmaker [[Pierre Jaquet-Droz]] in the 1770s. Large color photos.
*[https://waddesdon.org.uk/the-collection/search/?collection=0&query_params%5BUSER_SYM_3%5D%5B%5D=automata&year_from=&year_to=&query_params%5BSUBJECT_EVENT%5D%5B%5D=&query_params%5BUSER_SYM_104%5D=&query_params%5BACCESSION_NO%5D=&sort=USER_SYM_111&direction=asc Automata in the Waddesdon Manor collection]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YEPhe2Gp0Y Video of elephant automaton]
{{Robotics}}
[[Category:Robotics]]
[[Category:18th century in technology]]
[[Category:Automation]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek technology]]
[[Category:Automata (mechanical)| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Waddesdon Manor]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|A self-operating machine}}
{{distinguish|text=[[automation]] as a process}}
{{About|a self-operating machine|other uses|Automaton (disambiguation)|Automata|Automata (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:Mechanical Pinochio.gif|thumb|150px|[[Pinocchio]] automaton.]]
An '''automaton''' ({{IPAc-en|ɔː|ˈ|t|ɒ|m|ə|t|ən}}; plural: '''automata''' or '''automatons''') is a self-operating [[machine]], or a machine or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a predetermined sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions.<ref name="definition">Automaton - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/automaton</ref> Some automata, such as [[Jacquemart (bellstriker)|bellstrikers]] in mechanical clocks, are designed to give the illusion to the casual observer that they are operating under their own power.
==Etymology==
The word "automaton" is the latinization of the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|αὐτόματον}}, ''automaton'', (neuter) "acting of one's own will". This word was first used by [[Homer]] to describe automatic door opening,<ref>Homer, [[Iliad]], 5.749</ref> or automatic movement of wheeled tripods.<ref>Homer, Iliad, 18.376</ref> It is more often used to describe non-electronic moving machines, especially those that have been made to resemble human or animal actions, such as the ''jacks'' on old public striking [[clock]]s, or the [[cuckoo]] and any other animated figures on a [[cuckoo clock]].
==History==
===Ancient===
===Medieval===
{{Cite check|section|date=January 2012}}
The manufacturing tradition of automata continued in the Greek world well into the Middle Ages. On his visit to [[Constantinople]] in 949 ambassador [[Liutprand of Cremona]] described automata in the emperor [[Theophilos (emperor)|Theophilos]]' palace, including
{{quote|"lions, made either of bronze or wood covered with gold, which struck the ground with their tails and roared with open mouth and quivering tongue," "a tree of gilded bronze, its branches filled with birds, likewise made of bronze gilded over, and these emitted cries appropriate to their species" and "the emperor's throne" itself, which "was made in such a cunning manner that at one moment it was down on the ground, while at another it rose higher and was to be seen up in the air."<ref name="Safran1998">{{cite book |title=Heaven on Earth: Art and the Church in Byzantium |last=Safran |first=Linda |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1998 |publisher=Penn State Press |location=Pittsburgh |isbn=0-271-01670-1 |page=30 |url= }} Records Liutprand's description.</ref>}}
Similar automata in the throne room (singing birds, roaring and moving lions) were described by Luitprand's contemporary, the Byzantine emperor [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]], in his book ''[[De Ceremoniis|Περὶ τῆς Βασιλείου Τάξεως]]''.
In the mid-8th century, the first [[wind power]]ed automata were built: "statues that turned with the wind over the domes of the four gates and the [[Palace of the Golden Gate|palace complex]] of the [[Round city of Baghdad|Round City]] of [[Baghdad]]". The "public spectacle of wind-powered statues had its private counterpart in the '[[Abbasid]] palaces where automata of various types were predominantly displayed."<ref>{{citation|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=2 |first=Josef W. |last=Meri |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-96690-6 |page=711}}</ref> Also in the 8th century, the [[Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam|Muslim alchemist]], [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]] (Geber), included recipes for constructing artificial [[snake]]s, [[scorpion]]s, and [[human]]s that would be subject to their creator's control in his coded ''Book of Stones''. In 827, [[Abbasid caliph]] [[al-Ma'mun]] had a silver and golden tree in his palace in [[Baghdad]], which had the features of an automatic machine. There were metal birds that sang automatically on the swinging branches of this tree built by [[Inventions of the Islamic Golden Age|Muslim inventors]] and [[Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world|engineers]].<ref>Ismail b. Ali Ebu'l Feda history, Weltgeschichte, hrsg. von Fleischer and Reiske 1789-94, 1831.</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2012}} The Abbasid caliph [[al-Muqtadir]] also had a silver and golden tree in [[Taj Palace|his palace]] in Baghdad in 917, with birds on it flapping their wings and singing.<ref>{{cite book | last=Le Strange |first=Guy | authorlink=Guy Le Strange | title=Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate: from contemporary Arabic and Persian sources |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68175 | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=Oxford | year=1922 | edition=2nd | page=256}}</ref> In the 9th century, the [[Banū Mūsā]] brothers invented a [[Program (machine)|programmable]] automatic [[flute]] player and which they described in their ''[[Book of Ingenious Devices]]''.<ref name=Koetsier>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |year=2001 |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2}}</ref>
[[Image:CIMA mg 8332.jpg|thumb|Automaton in the [[Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art|Swiss Museum CIMA]].]]
[[File:cima automaton.ogv|thumb|right|An automaton writing a letter in Swiss Museum CIMA.]]
[[Al-Jazari]] described complex programmable [[Humanoid robot|humanoid automata]] amongst other machines he designed and constructed in the ''Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices'' in 1206.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} His automaton was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. His [[Mechanism (engineering)|mechanism]] had a programmable drum machine with pegs ([[cam]]s) that bump into little [[lever]]s that operate the [[Percussion instrument|percussion]]. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html|title=A 13th Century Programmable Robot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html |archive-date=June 29, 2007 |publisher=[[University of Sheffield]]|author=|date=|website=shef.ac.uk}}</ref> According to Charles B. Fowler, the automata were a "robot [[Musical ensemble|band]]" which performed "more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection."<ref>{{citation|title=The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments |first=Charles B.|last=Fowler|journal=Music Educators Journal|volume=54|issue=2|date=October 1967|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/3391092|publisher=MENC_ The National Association for Music Education|jstor=3391092}}</ref>
Al-Jazari constructed a [[hand washing]] automaton first employing the flush mechanism now used in modern [[flush toilet|toilet]]s. It features a female automaton standing by a [[Sink|basin]] filled with water. When the user pulls the lever, the water drains and the automaton refills the basin.<ref>{{citation |title=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics |first=Mark E. |last=Rosheim |year=1994 |publisher=Wiley-IEEE |isbn=0-471-02622-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9 9–10] |url=https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9 }} also at [https://books.google.com/books?id=IxtL54iiDPUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Rosheim%2C%20Mark%20E.%20(1994)%2C%20Robot%20Evolution%3A%20The%20Development%20of%20Anthrobotics&pg=PA9#v=onepage Google Books]</ref> His "peacock fountain" was another more sophisticated hand washing device featuring humanoid automata as [[Domestic worker|servant]]s who offer [[soap]] and [[towel]]s. Mark E. Rosheim describes it as follows: "Pulling a plug on the peacock's tail releases water out of the beak; as the dirty water from the basin fills the hollow base a float rises and actuates a [[Linkage (mechanical)|linkage]] which makes a servant figure appear from behind a door under the peacock and offer soap. When more water is used, a second float at a higher level trips and causes the appearance of a second servant figure — with a towel!"<ref name=Rosheim>{{citation |title=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics |first=Mark E. |last=Rosheim |year=1994 |publisher=Wiley-IEEE |isbn=0-471-02622-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9 9] |url=https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9 }} also at [https://books.google.com/books?id=IxtL54iiDPUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Rosheim%2C%20Mark%20E.%20(1994)%2C%20Robot%20Evolution%3A%20The%20Development%20of%20Anthrobotics&pg=PA9#v=onepage Google Books]</ref> Al-Jazari thus appears to have been the first inventor to display an interest in creating human-like machines for practical purposes such as manipulating the environment for human comfort.<ref>{{citation |title=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics |first=Mark E. |last=Rosheim |year=1994 |publisher=Wiley-IEEE |isbn=0-471-02622-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/36 36] |url=https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/36 }}</ref>
''[[Samarangana Sutradhara]]'', a [[Sanskrit]] treatise by [[Bhoja]] (11th century), includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances (automata), including mechanical bees and birds, fountains shaped like humans and animals, and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps, danced, played instruments, and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Varadpande|first=Manohar Laxman|year=1987|title=History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&pg=PA68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Wujastyk|first=Dominik|year=2003|title=The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings|page=222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZCwjtmzZYC&pg=PA222&dq=automata#v=onepage&q=automata}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|year=1965|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology Part 2, Mechanical Engineering|page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeGyrCfYs2AC&pg=PA164&dq=bhoja+automata}}</ref>
[[Villard de Honnecourt]], in his 1230s sketchbook, show plans for animal automata and an angel that perpetually turns to face the sun. At the end of the thirteenth century, [[Robert II, Count of Artois]] built a pleasure garden at his castle at Hesdin that incorporated several automata as entertainment in the walled park. The work was conducted by local workmen and overseen by the Italian knight Renaud Coignet. It included monkey marionettes, a sundial supported by lions and "wild men", mechanized birds, mechanized fountains and a bellows-operated organ. The park was famed for its automata well into the fifteenth century before it was destroyed by English soldiers in the sixteenth.<ref name="The Garden of Earthly Delights: Mahaut of Artois and the Automata at Hesdin, Elly R. Truitt">http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1850&context=mff</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Landsberg |first=Sylvia |title=The Medieval Garden |year=1995 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=New York |pages=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Macdougall |first=Elisabeth B |title=Medieval Gardens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6lciEEzyZ8C&lpg=PA125&dq=hesdin%20AND%20(park%20OR%20gardens)%20Robert&pg=PA127#v=onepage&q=hesdin%20AND%20(park%20OR%20gardens)%20Robert |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref>
The Chinese author Xiao Xun wrote that when the [[Ming Dynasty]] founder [[Hongwu Emperor|Hongwu]] (r. 1368–1398) was destroying the palaces of [[Khanbaliq]] belonging to the previous [[Yuan Dynasty]], there were—among many other mechanical devices—automata found that were in the shape of tigers.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 133 508">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 133 & 508.</ref>
===Renaissance and early modern===
[[File:Cuckoo strikes the 8th hour.ogv|thumb|right|A [[cuckoo clock]] with a built in automaton of a [[cuckoo]] that flaps its wings and opens its beak in time to the sounds of the cuckoo call to mark the number of hours on the analogue dial.]]
[[File:Elephant Automaton at Waddesdon Manor.jpg|left|thumb|Elephant automaton at [[Waddesdon Manor]]]]
The [[Renaissance]] witnessed a considerable revival of interest in automata. Hero's treatises were edited and translated into Latin and Italian. [[Giovanni Fontana (engineer)|Giovanni Fontana]] created mechanical devils and rocket-propelled animal automata. Numerous clockwork automata were manufactured in the 16th century, principally by the goldsmiths of the [[Free imperial city|Free Imperial Cities]] of central Europe. These wondrous devices found a home in the [[cabinet of curiosities]] or ''Wunderkammern'' of the princely courts of Europe. Hydraulic and pneumatic automata, similar to those described by Hero, were created for garden [[grotto]]es.
[[Leonardo da Vinci]] sketched a more complex automaton around the year 1495. The design of [[Leonardo's robot]] was not rediscovered until the 1950s. The robot could, if built successfully, move its arms, twist its head, and sit up.
The [[Smithsonian Institution]] has in its collection a clockwork monk, about {{convert|15|in|abbr=on}} high, possibly dating as early as 1560. The monk is driven by a key-wound spring and walks the path of a square, striking his chest with his right arm, while raising and lowering a small wooden cross and rosary in his left hand, turning and nodding his head, rolling his eyes, and mouthing silent obsequies. From time to time, he brings the cross to his lips and kisses it. It is believed that the monk was manufactured by [[Juanelo Turriano]], mechanician to the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]].<ref>King, Elizabeth. "Clockwork Prayer: A Sixteenth-Century Mechanical Monk" ''Blackbird'' 1.1 (2002) [http://www.blackbird.vcu.edu/v1n1/nonfiction/king_e/prayer_introduction.htm]</ref>
A new attitude towards automata is to be found in [[René Descartes|Descartes]] when he suggested that the bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines - the bones, muscles and organs could be replaced with cogs, pistons and cams. Thus [[mechanism (philosophy)|mechanism]] became the standard to which [[Nature]] and the [[organism]] was compared.<ref>Schultz, P.D., & Schultz, S.E. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology.(pp. 28-34).Thompson Wadsworth.</ref> [[France]] in the 17th century was the birthplace of those ingenious [[mechanical toy]]s that were to become prototypes for the engines of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Thus, in 1649, when [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] was still a child, an artisan named Camus designed for him a miniature coach, and horses complete with footmen, page and a lady within the coach; all these figures exhibited a perfect movement. According to P. Labat, General de Gennes constructed, in 1688, in addition to machines for gunnery and navigation, a peacock that walked and ate. [[Athanasius Kircher]] produced many automata to create Jesuit shows, including a statue which spoke and listened via a [[speaking tube]].
[[Image:Takeda Oumi karakuri.jpg|thumb|A Japanese automata theater in Osaka, drawn in 18th century. The Takeda family opened their automata theater in 1662.]]
The world's first successfully-built biomechanical automaton is considered to be ''The Flute Player'', invented by the French engineer [[Jacques de Vaucanson]] in 1737. He also constructed the [[Digesting Duck]], a mechanical duck that gave the false illusion of eating and defecating, seeming to endorse Cartesian ideas that animals are no more than machines of flesh.
In 1769, a chess-playing machine called [[the Turk]], created by [[Wolfgang von Kempelen]], made the rounds of the courts of [[Europe]] purporting to be an automaton. The Turk was operated from inside by a hidden human director, and was not a true automaton.
[[File:Maillardet's automaton at the Franklin Institute.webm|thumb|[[Maillardet's automaton]] is drawing a picture]]
Other 18th century automaton makers include the prolific Swiss [[Pierre Jaquet-Droz]] (see [[Jaquet-Droz automata]]) and his contemporary [[Henri Maillardet]]. Maillardet, a Swiss mechanic, created an automaton capable of drawing four pictures and writing three poems. Maillardet's Automaton is now part of the collections at the [[Franklin Institute]] Science Museum in [[Philadelphia]]. Belgian-born [[John Joseph Merlin]] created the mechanism of the [[Silver Swan (automaton)|Silver Swan]] automaton, now at [[Bowes Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebowesmuseum.org.uk/Collections/ExploreTheCollection/TheSilverSwan.aspx|title=The Bowes Museum > Collections > Explore The Collection > The Silver Swan|author=|date=|website=www.thebowesmuseum.org.uk}}</ref> A musical elephant made by the French [[clockmaker]] Hubert Martinet in 1774 is one of the highlights of [[Waddesdon Manor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YEPhe2Gp0Y|title=A Marvellous Elephant - Waddesdon Manor|first=|last=Waddesdon Manor|date=22 July 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Tipu's Tiger]] is another late-18th century example of automata, made for [[Tipu Sultan]], featuring a European soldier being mauled by a tiger.
According to philosopher [[Michel Foucault]], [[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick the Great]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|king of Prussia]] from 1740 to 1786, was "obsessed" with automata.<ref>See Michel Foucault, ''[[Discipline and Punish]]'', New York, Vintage Books, 1979, p.136: "The classical age discovered the body as object and target of power... The great book of Man-the-Machine was written simultaneously on two registers: the anatomico-metaphysical register, of which Descartes wrote the first pages and which the physicians and philosophers continued, and the technico-political register, which was constituted by a whole set of regulations and by empirical and calculated methods relating to the army, the school and the hospital, for controlling or correcting the operations of the body. These two registers are quite distinct, since it was a question, on one hand, of submission and use and, on the other, of functioning and explanation: there was a useful body and an intelligible body... The celebrated automata [of the 18th century] were not only a way of illustrating an organism, they were also political puppets, small-scale models of power: Frederick, the meticulous king of small machines, well-trained regiments and long exercises, was obsessed with them."</ref> According to [[Manuel de Landa]], "he put together his armies as a well-oiled [[clockwork]] mechanism whose components were robot-like warriors".
[[Japan]] adopted automata during the [[Edo period]] (1603–1867); they were known as ''[[karakuri ningyō]]''.
Automata, particularly watches and clocks, were popular in China during the 18th and 19th centuries, and items were produced for the Chinese market. Strong interest by Chinese collectors in the 21st century brought many interesting items to market where they have had dramatic realizations.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last=Kolesnikov-Jessop|first=Sonia|title=Chinese Swept Up in Mechanical Mania|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/fashion/26iht-ACAW-AUTOMATON26.html|accessdate=November 25, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 25, 2011|quote=Mechanical curiosities were all the rage in China during the 18th and 19th centuries, as the Qing emperors developed a passion for automaton clocks and pocket watches, and the "Sing Song Merchants", as European watchmakers were called, were more than happy to encourage that interest.}}</ref>
===Modern===
[[File:Singing Bird Box by Bontems.JPG|thumb|left|A [[singing bird box]] made about 1890 by Bontems. Bird dressed with iridescent hummingbird feathers and case made of tortoiseshell.]]
The famous magician [[Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin]] (1805–1871) was known for creating automata for his stage shows.
[[File:Automa Manzetti 1840.JPG|thumb|150px|The flute-player by [[Innocenzo Manzetti]] (1840)]]
In 1840, Italian inventor [[Innocenzo Manzetti]] constructed a [[flute]]-playing automaton, in the shape of a man, life-size, seated on a chair. Hidden inside the chair were levers, connecting rods and [[compressed air]] tubes, which made the automaton's lips and fingers move on the flute according to a program recorded on a cylinder similar to those used in [[player piano]]s. The automaton was powered by clockwork and could perform 12 different arias. As part of the performance it would rise from the chair, bow its head, and roll its eyes.
[[Image:TeaAutomatAndMechanism.jpg|thumb|left|Tea-serving Japanese automaton, "[[karakuri ningyō]]", with mechanism (right), 19th century.]]
The period 1860 to 1910 is known as "The Golden Age of Automata". During this period many small family based companies of Automata makers thrived in Paris. From their workshops they exported thousands of clockwork automata and mechanical singing birds around the world. Although now rare and expensive, these French automata attract collectors worldwide. The main French makers were [[Blaise Bontems|Bontems]], Lambert, Phalibois, Renou, [[Roullet & Decamps]], Theroude and Vichy.
Contemporary automata continue this tradition with an emphasis on art, rather than technological sophistication. Contemporary automata are represented by the works of [[Cabaret Mechanical Theatre]] in the [[United Kingdom]], Dug North and Chomick+Meder,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chomickmeder.com|title=Chomick+Meder – Figurative Art and Automata|author=|date=|website=www.chomickmeder.com}}</ref> [[Thomas Kuntz]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artomic.com/gallery/automata/automata.html|title=Artomic Automata|website=artomic.com|access-date=2008-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305195010/http://www.artomic.com/gallery/automata/automata.html|archive-date=2010-03-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Arthur Ganson]], [[Joe Jones (Fluxus artist)|Joe Jones]] in the [[United States]], [[Le Défenseur du Temps]] by French artist Jacques Monestier, and François Junod in [[Switzerland]].
Some mechanized toys developed during the 18th and 19th centuries were automata made with paper. Despite the relative simplicity of the material, paper automata require a high degree of technical ingenuity.
One of the most advanced automata proposed to date is [[NASA]]'s [[Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments]] (AREE), a wind-powered automaton to be used for exploring [[Venus]]. Unlike other modern automata, AREE is an automaton instead of a [[robot]] for practical reasons — Venus's harsh conditions, particularly its surface temperature of {{Convert|462|C|F}}, make operating electronics there for any significant time impossible.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/automaton-rover-for-extreme-environments-aree|title=Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments (AREE)|last=Hall|first=Loura|date=2016-04-01|work=NASA|access-date=2017-08-29|language=en}}</ref>
==In education==
The potential educational value of mechanical toys in teaching transversal skills has been recognised by the [[European Union]] education project ''Clockwork objects, enhanced learning: Automata Toys Construction'' (CLOHE).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clohe-movingtoys.eu/|title=clohe-movingtoys.eu|author=|date=|website=www.clohe-movingtoys.eu}}</ref>
==Clocks==
{{main|Automaton clock}}
Examples of [[automaton clock]]s include [[Chariot clock]] and [[Cuckoo Clock]]s. The [[Cuckooland Museum]] exhibits autonomous clocks.
{{expand section|date=December 2016}}
==Animatronics and mechatronics==
{{main|Animatronics|Mechatronics}}
{{expand section|date=December 2016}}
==Robotics==
{{main|Robotics|History of robots|Android (robot)}}
{{expand section|date=December 2016}}
==See also==
* [[Automata theory]]
* [[Automation]]
* [[Brazen head]]
* [[Cellular automaton]]
* [[Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art]]
* [[Robochrist Industries|Christian Ristow]]
* [[Computer]]
* [[Ctesibius]]
* ''[[Genesis Redux]]''
* [[Giles Walker]]
* [[Golem]]
* [[Hero of Alexandria]]
* [[La Maison de la Magie Robert-Houdin]] display of 19th century automata
* [[Maillardet's automaton]]
* [[Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum]]
* [[Orchestrion]]
* [[Singing bird box]]
* [[Theo Jansen]]
* [[Whirligig]]
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Bailly |first1=Christian |title=Automata: The Golden Age: 1848-1914 |year=2003 |publisher=Robert Hale |location=London |isbn=9780709074038}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beyer |first1=Annette |title=Faszinierende Welt der Automaten : Uhren, Puppen, Spielereien |date=1983 |publisher=Callwey |location=München |isbn=9783766706591 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bowers |first1=Q. David |title=Encyclopedia of Automatic Musical Instruments |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofau0000bowe |url-access=registration |date=1974 |publisher=Vestal Press |location=Vestal, NY |isbn=9780911572087 |edition=4. printing}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brauers |first1=Jan |title=Von der Äolsharfe zum Digitalspieler: 2000 Jahre mechanische Musik, 100 Jahre Schallplatte |date=1984 |publisher=Klinkhardt & Biermann |location=München |isbn=9783781402393}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chapuis |first1=Alfred |last2=Gélis |first2=Edouard |title=Le monde des automates; étude historique et technique |date=1928 |oclc=3006589}}
* {{cite book |last1=Critchley |first1=Macdonald |last2=Henson |first2=R. A. |title=Music and the brain. Studies in the neurology of music |date=1978 |publisher=Heinemann |location=London |isbn=9780433067030}}
* {{cite book |last1=Waard |first=R. D. |year=1967 |title=From music boxes to street organs |oclc=609338403}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chapuis |first1=Alfred |last2=Droz |first2=Edmond |title=The Jaquet-Droz mechanical puppets |date=1956 |publisher=Historical Museum |location=Neuchatel |oclc=315497609}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hyman |first1=Wendy Beth |title=The Automaton in English Renaissance Literature |date=2011 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Farnham, Surrey |isbn=0-7546-6865-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cardinal |first1=Catherine |last2=Mercier |first2=François |title=Museums of horology La Chaux-de-Fonds, Le Locle |date=1993 |publisher=Banque Paribas |location=Geneva |isbn=9783908184348}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Montiel |first1=Luis |title=Proles sine matre creata: The Promethean Urge in the History of the Human Body in the West |journal=Asclepio |date=30 June 2013 |volume=65 |issue=1 |doi=10.3989/asclepio.2013.01}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lapaire |first1=Claude |title=Clock and Watch Museum, Geneva |date=1992 |publisher=Art and History Museum |location=Geneva |isbn=9782830600728}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ord-Hume |first1=Arthur W. J. G. |title=Clockwork music: an illustrated history of mechanical musical instruments from the music box to the pianola, from automation lady virginal players to orchestrion |date=1973 |publisher=Crown Publishers |location=New York |isbn=9780517500002}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ord-Hume |first1=Arthur W.J.G. |title=Barrel organ: the story of the mechanical organ and its repair |date=1978 |publisher=A.S. Barnes |location=South Brunswick, N.J. |isbn=9780498014826 |url=https://archive.org/details/barrelorganstory00ordh }}
* Rausser, Fernand; Bonhôte, Daniel; Baud, Frédy (1972). ''All'Epoca delle Scatole Musicali'', Edizioni Mondo, 175 pp.
* {{cite book |last1=Carrera |first1=Roland |last2=Loiseau |first2=Dominique |last3=Roux |first3=Olivier |last4=Luder |first4=Jean Jacques |title=Androids: The Jaquet-Droz Automatons |date=1979 |publisher=Scriptar |location=Lausanne |isbn=9782880120184}}
* {{cite book |last1=Troquet |first1=Daniel |title=The wonderland of music boxes and automata |date=1989 |location=Sainte-Croix |oclc=27888631}}
* {{cite book |last1=Webb |first1=Graham |title=The musical box handbook |date=1984 |publisher=Vestal Press |location=Vestal, NY |isbn=9780911572360 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/musicalboxhandbo00webb }}
* {{cite book |last1=Weiss-Stauffacher |first1=Heinrich |last2=Bruhin |first2=Rudolf |title=The marvelous world of music machines |date=1976 |publisher=Kodansha International |location=Tokyo |isbn=9780870112584}}
* {{cite book |last1=Winter-Jensen |first1=Anne |title=Automates & musiques: pendules |date=1987 |publisher=Musée de l'horlogerie et de l'émaillerie |location=Genève |isbn=9782830600476}}
* Wosk, Julie (2015). ''My Fair Ladies: Female Robots, Androids, and Other Artificial Eves.'' {{ISBN|9780813563374}}.
==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=automaton |commons=Category:Automata |n=no |v=no |q=no |s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Automaton |b=no}}
* [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/kinetic-arts/sculpture/automata.htm The Automata and Art Bots mailing list home page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm History]
* [http://www.modernautomatamuseum.com/ Modern Automata Museum]
* [http://www.thehouseofautomata.com The House of Automata - The largest online gallery of automata]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070821154911/http://www.fi.edu/pieces/knox/automaton/index.html Maillardet's Automaton]
* [http://www.karakuri.info/ Japanese Karakuri]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/432766 J. Douglas Bruce, 'Human Automata in Classical Tradition and Mediaeval Romance', ''Modern Philology'', Vol. 10, No. 4 (Apr., 1913), pp. 511-526]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2915500 M. B. Ogle, 'The Perilous Bridge and Human Automata', ''Modern Language Notes'', Vol. 35, No. 3 (Mar., 1920), pp. 129-136]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160113214335/http://cite-automate.fr/ conservation of automata]
* [http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/07/123_years_later_voice_of_thoma.html Thomas Edison's talking doll]
* [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2488165/The-worlds-Mechanical-boy-built-240-years-ago-engineered-act-writing.html Was this automaton the world's first computer? Incredible mechanical boy built 240 years ago who could actually write] ''Daily Mail'', November 6, 2013, "The Writer" created by watchmaker [[Pierre Jaquet-Droz]] in the 1770s. Large color photos.
*[https://waddesdon.org.uk/the-collection/search/?collection=0&query_params%5BUSER_SYM_3%5D%5B%5D=automata&year_from=&year_to=&query_params%5BSUBJECT_EVENT%5D%5B%5D=&query_params%5BUSER_SYM_104%5D=&query_params%5BACCESSION_NO%5D=&sort=USER_SYM_111&direction=asc Automata in the Waddesdon Manor collection]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YEPhe2Gp0Y Video of elephant automaton]
{{Robotics}}
[[Category:Robotics]]
[[Category:18th century in technology]]
[[Category:Automation]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek technology]]
[[Category:Automata (mechanical)| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Waddesdon Manor]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -13,29 +13,4 @@
===Ancient===
-[[File:Hero - De automatis, 1589 - 116959.jpg|thumb|The book ''About automata'' by [[Hero of Alexandria]] (1589 edition)]]
-There are many examples of automata in [[Greek mythology]]: [[Hephaestus]] created automata for his workshop;<ref>
-Him she found sweating with toil as he moved to and fro about his bellows in eager haste; for he was fashioning tripods, twenty in all, to stand around the wall of his well-builded hall, and golden wheels had he set beneath the base of each that of themselves they might enter the gathering of the gods at his wish and again return to his house, a wonder to behold.
-''Homer, Iliad'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=2913D2E6859ACE9A00183F942240BD9E?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D18%3Acard%3D360 18. 371]</ref> [[Talos]] was an artificial man of bronze; [[Daedalus]] used [[mercury (element)|quicksilver]] to install voice in his moving statues; King [[Alkinous]] of the [[Phaiakian#The palace of King Alkinoös|Phaiakians]] employed gold and silver watchdogs.<ref>The automatones of Greek Mythology [http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Automotones.html online] at the ''Theoi Project''.</ref><ref>Hyginus. Astronomica 2.1</ref>
-
-The automata in the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic world]] were intended as tools, toys, religious idols, or prototypes for demonstrating basic scientific principles. Numerous water powered automata were built by [[Ktesibios]], a Greek inventor and the first head of the [[Great Library of Alexandria]], for example he ''"used water to sound a whistle and make a model owl move. He had invented the world's first "cuckoo" clock"''.<ref>This "first cuckoo clock" was further stated and described in the 2007 book ''The Rise and Fall of Alexandria: Birthplace of the Modern World'' by Justin Pollard and Howard Reid on page 132: ''"Soon Ctesibius's clocks were smothered in stopcocks and valves, controlling a host of devices from bells to puppets to mechanical doves that sang to mark the passing of each hour - the very first cuckoo clock!"''</ref> This tradition continued in Alexandria with inventors such as the [[Greek mathematics|Greek]] mathematician [[Hero of Alexandria]] (sometimes known as Heron), whose writings on [[hydraulics]], [[pneumatics]], and [[mechanics]] described [[siphon]]s, a [[Fire apparatus|fire engine]], a [[water organ]], the [[aeolipile]], and a programmable cart.<ref>{{citation |title=A programmable robot from 60 AD |author=Noel Sharkey|publisher=New Scientist|url=https://www.newscientist.com/blog/technology/2007/07/programmable-robot-from-60ad.html|date= July 4, 2007 |volume=2611}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | doi = 10.2307/2846790 | issn = 0038-7134 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 477–487 | last = Brett | first = Gerard | title = The Automata in the Byzantine "Throne of Solomon" | journal = Speculum| date = July 1954 | postscript = . | jstor = 2846790 }}</ref>
-[[File:NAMA Machine d'Anticythère 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Antikythera mechanism]] from 150–100 BC was designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects.]]
-Complex mechanical devices are known to have existed in [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic Greece]], though the only surviving example is the [[Antikythera mechanism]], the earliest known [[analog computer]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Harry Henderson|title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Tla6d153uwC&pg=PA13|accessdate=28 May 2013|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1003-5|page=13|quote=The earliest known analog computing device is the Antikythera mechanism. }}</ref> It is thought to have come originally from [[Rhodes]], where there was apparently a tradition of mechanical engineering; the island was renowned for its automata; to quote [[Pindar]]'s seventh Olympic Ode:
-
-:The animated figures stand
-:Adorning every public street
-:And seem to breathe in stone, or
-:move their marble feet.
-
-However, the information gleaned from recent scans of the fragments indicate that it may have come from the colonies of [[Corinth]] in [[Sicily]] and implies a connection with [[Archimedes]].
-
-According to [[Judaism|Jewish legend]], [[Solomon]] used his wisdom to design a [[Solomon#Throne|throne]] with mechanical animals which hailed him as king when he ascended it; upon sitting down an eagle would place a crown upon his head, and a dove would bring him a [[Torah]] scroll. It is also said that when King Solomon stepped upon the throne, a mechanism was set in motion. As soon as he stepped upon the first step, a golden ox and a golden lion each stretched out one foot to support him and help him rise to the next step. On each side, the animals helped the King up until he was comfortably seated upon the throne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1345/jewish/King-Solomons-Throne.htm|title=King Solomon's Throne|author=|date=|website=www.chabad.org}}</ref>
-
-In [[History of China#Ancient era|ancient China]], a curious account of automata is found in the [[Lie Zi]] text, written in the 3rd century BC. Within it there is a description of a much earlier encounter between [[King Mu of Zhou]] (1023-957 BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork:
-
-{{quote|
-The king stared at the figure in astonishment. It walked with rapid strides, moving its head up and down, so that anyone would have taken it for a live human being. The artificer touched its chin, and it began singing, perfectly in tune. He touched its hand, and it began posturing, keeping perfect time...As the performance was drawing to an end, the robot winked its eye and made advances to the ladies in attendance, whereupon the king became incensed and would have had Yen Shih [Yan Shi] executed on the spot had not the latter, in mortal fear, instantly taken the robot to pieces to let him see what it really was. And, indeed, it turned out to be only a construction of leather, wood, glue and lacquer, variously coloured white, black, red and blue. Examining it closely, the king found all the internal organs complete—liver, gall, heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, stomach and intestines; and over these again, muscles, bones and limbs with their joints, skin, teeth and hair, all of them artificial...The king tried the effect of taking away the heart, and found that the mouth could no longer speak; he took away the liver and the eyes could no longer see; he took away the kidneys and the legs lost their power of locomotion. The king was delighted.<ref name="needham volume 2 53">Needham, Volume 2, 53.</ref>
-}}
-
-Other notable examples of automata include [[Archytas]]'s dove, mentioned by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>''Noct. Att. L.'' 10</ref> Similar Chinese accounts of flying automata are written of the 5th century BC [[Mohism|Mohist]] philosopher [[Mozi]] and his contemporary [[Lu Ban]], who made artificial wooden birds (''ma yuan'') that could successfully fly according to the ''Han Fei Zi'' and other texts.<ref name="needham volume 2 54">Needham, Volume 2, 54.</ref>
===Medieval===
' |
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0 => '[[File:Hero - De automatis, 1589 - 116959.jpg|thumb|The book ''About automata'' by [[Hero of Alexandria]] (1589 edition)]]',
1 => 'There are many examples of automata in [[Greek mythology]]: [[Hephaestus]] created automata for his workshop;<ref>',
2 => 'Him she found sweating with toil as he moved to and fro about his bellows in eager haste; for he was fashioning tripods, twenty in all, to stand around the wall of his well-builded hall, and golden wheels had he set beneath the base of each that of themselves they might enter the gathering of the gods at his wish and again return to his house, a wonder to behold. ',
3 => '''Homer, Iliad'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=2913D2E6859ACE9A00183F942240BD9E?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D18%3Acard%3D360 18. 371]</ref> [[Talos]] was an artificial man of bronze; [[Daedalus]] used [[mercury (element)|quicksilver]] to install voice in his moving statues; King [[Alkinous]] of the [[Phaiakian#The palace of King Alkinoös|Phaiakians]] employed gold and silver watchdogs.<ref>The automatones of Greek Mythology [http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Automotones.html online] at the ''Theoi Project''.</ref><ref>Hyginus. Astronomica 2.1</ref>',
4 => '',
5 => 'The automata in the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic world]] were intended as tools, toys, religious idols, or prototypes for demonstrating basic scientific principles. Numerous water powered automata were built by [[Ktesibios]], a Greek inventor and the first head of the [[Great Library of Alexandria]], for example he ''"used water to sound a whistle and make a model owl move. He had invented the world's first "cuckoo" clock"''.<ref>This "first cuckoo clock" was further stated and described in the 2007 book ''The Rise and Fall of Alexandria: Birthplace of the Modern World'' by Justin Pollard and Howard Reid on page 132: ''"Soon Ctesibius's clocks were smothered in stopcocks and valves, controlling a host of devices from bells to puppets to mechanical doves that sang to mark the passing of each hour - the very first cuckoo clock!"''</ref> This tradition continued in Alexandria with inventors such as the [[Greek mathematics|Greek]] mathematician [[Hero of Alexandria]] (sometimes known as Heron), whose writings on [[hydraulics]], [[pneumatics]], and [[mechanics]] described [[siphon]]s, a [[Fire apparatus|fire engine]], a [[water organ]], the [[aeolipile]], and a programmable cart.<ref>{{citation |title=A programmable robot from 60 AD |author=Noel Sharkey|publisher=New Scientist|url=https://www.newscientist.com/blog/technology/2007/07/programmable-robot-from-60ad.html|date= July 4, 2007 |volume=2611}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | doi = 10.2307/2846790 | issn = 0038-7134 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 477–487 | last = Brett | first = Gerard | title = The Automata in the Byzantine "Throne of Solomon" | journal = Speculum| date = July 1954 | postscript = . | jstor = 2846790 }}</ref>',
6 => '[[File:NAMA Machine d'Anticythère 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Antikythera mechanism]] from 150–100 BC was designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects.]]',
7 => 'Complex mechanical devices are known to have existed in [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic Greece]], though the only surviving example is the [[Antikythera mechanism]], the earliest known [[analog computer]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Harry Henderson|title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Tla6d153uwC&pg=PA13|accessdate=28 May 2013|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1003-5|page=13|quote=The earliest known analog computing device is the Antikythera mechanism. }}</ref> It is thought to have come originally from [[Rhodes]], where there was apparently a tradition of mechanical engineering; the island was renowned for its automata; to quote [[Pindar]]'s seventh Olympic Ode:',
8 => '',
9 => ':The animated figures stand',
10 => ':Adorning every public street',
11 => ':And seem to breathe in stone, or',
12 => ':move their marble feet.',
13 => '',
14 => 'However, the information gleaned from recent scans of the fragments indicate that it may have come from the colonies of [[Corinth]] in [[Sicily]] and implies a connection with [[Archimedes]].',
15 => '',
16 => 'According to [[Judaism|Jewish legend]], [[Solomon]] used his wisdom to design a [[Solomon#Throne|throne]] with mechanical animals which hailed him as king when he ascended it; upon sitting down an eagle would place a crown upon his head, and a dove would bring him a [[Torah]] scroll. It is also said that when King Solomon stepped upon the throne, a mechanism was set in motion. As soon as he stepped upon the first step, a golden ox and a golden lion each stretched out one foot to support him and help him rise to the next step. On each side, the animals helped the King up until he was comfortably seated upon the throne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1345/jewish/King-Solomons-Throne.htm|title=King Solomon's Throne|author=|date=|website=www.chabad.org}}</ref>',
17 => '',
18 => 'In [[History of China#Ancient era|ancient China]], a curious account of automata is found in the [[Lie Zi]] text, written in the 3rd century BC. Within it there is a description of a much earlier encounter between [[King Mu of Zhou]] (1023-957 BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork:',
19 => '',
20 => '{{quote|',
21 => 'The king stared at the figure in astonishment. It walked with rapid strides, moving its head up and down, so that anyone would have taken it for a live human being. The artificer touched its chin, and it began singing, perfectly in tune. He touched its hand, and it began posturing, keeping perfect time...As the performance was drawing to an end, the robot winked its eye and made advances to the ladies in attendance, whereupon the king became incensed and would have had Yen Shih [Yan Shi] executed on the spot had not the latter, in mortal fear, instantly taken the robot to pieces to let him see what it really was. And, indeed, it turned out to be only a construction of leather, wood, glue and lacquer, variously coloured white, black, red and blue. Examining it closely, the king found all the internal organs complete—liver, gall, heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, stomach and intestines; and over these again, muscles, bones and limbs with their joints, skin, teeth and hair, all of them artificial...The king tried the effect of taking away the heart, and found that the mouth could no longer speak; he took away the liver and the eyes could no longer see; he took away the kidneys and the legs lost their power of locomotion. The king was delighted.<ref name="needham volume 2 53">Needham, Volume 2, 53.</ref>',
22 => '}}',
23 => '',
24 => 'Other notable examples of automata include [[Archytas]]'s dove, mentioned by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>''Noct. Att. L.'' 10</ref> Similar Chinese accounts of flying automata are written of the 5th century BC [[Mohism|Mohist]] philosopher [[Mozi]] and his contemporary [[Lu Ban]], who made artificial wooden birds (''ma yuan'') that could successfully fly according to the ''Han Fei Zi'' and other texts.<ref name="needham volume 2 54">Needham, Volume 2, 54.</ref>'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A self-operating machine</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> as a process.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a self-operating machine. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automaton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Automaton (disambiguation)">Automaton (disambiguation)</a>. For Automata, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automata_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Automata (disambiguation)">Automata (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mechanical_Pinochio.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mechanical_Pinochio.gif/150px-Mechanical_Pinochio.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mechanical_Pinochio.gif/225px-Mechanical_Pinochio.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mechanical_Pinochio.gif/300px-Mechanical_Pinochio.gif 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="990" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mechanical_Pinochio.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinocchio" title="Pinocchio">Pinocchio</a> automaton.</div></div></div>
<p>An <b>automaton</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>; plural: <b>automata</b> or <b>automatons</b>) is a self-operating <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a>, or a machine or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a predetermined sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-1">[1]</a></sup> Some automata, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacquemart_(bellstriker)" title="Jacquemart (bellstriker)">bellstrikers</a> in mechanical clocks, are designed to give the illusion to the casual observer that they are operating under their own power.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ancient"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Medieval"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Medieval</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Renaissance_and_early_modern"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Renaissance and early modern</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Modern"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#In_education"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Clocks"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Clocks</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Animatronics_and_mechatronics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Animatronics and mechatronics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Robotics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Robotics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The word "automaton" is the latinization of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text">αὐτόματον</span>, <i>automaton</i>, (neuter) "acting of one's own will". This word was first used by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> to describe automatic door opening,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> or automatic movement of wheeled tripods.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> It is more often used to describe non-electronic moving machines, especially those that have been made to resemble human or animal actions, such as the <i>jacks</i> on old public striking <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clocks</a>, or the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoo</a> and any other animated figures on a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">cuckoo clock</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient">Ancient</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Medieval">Medieval</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="box-Cite_check plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="image"><img alt="Text document with red question mark.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> that do not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> the text</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit">improve this article</a> by checking for citation inaccuracies.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The manufacturing tradition of automata continued in the Greek world well into the Middle Ages. On his visit to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 949 ambassador <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a> described automata in the emperor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a>' palace, including
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047036">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"lions, made either of bronze or wood covered with gold, which struck the ground with their tails and roared with open mouth and quivering tongue," "a tree of gilded bronze, its branches filled with birds, likewise made of bronze gilded over, and these emitted cries appropriate to their species" and "the emperor's throne" itself, which "was made in such a cunning manner that at one moment it was down on the ground, while at another it rose higher and was to be seen up in the air."<sup id="cite_ref-Safran1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safran1998-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p></blockquote>
<p>Similar automata in the throne room (singing birds, roaring and moving lions) were described by Luitprand's contemporary, the Byzantine emperor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Porphyrogenitus">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a>, in his book <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_Ceremoniis" title="De Ceremoniis">Περὶ τῆς Βασιλείου Τάξεως</a></i>.
</p><p>In the mid-8th century, the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind powered</a> automata were built: "statues that turned with the wind over the domes of the four gates and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palace_of_the_Golden_Gate" title="Palace of the Golden Gate">palace complex</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Round_city_of_Baghdad" title="Round city of Baghdad">Round City</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>". The "public spectacle of wind-powered statues had its private counterpart in the '<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> palaces where automata of various types were predominantly displayed."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Also in the 8th century, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">Muslim alchemist</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Hayyān">Jābir ibn Hayyān</a> (Geber), included recipes for constructing artificial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> that would be subject to their creator's control in his coded <i>Book of Stones</i>. In 827, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbasid_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliph">Abbasid caliph</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> had a silver and golden tree in his palace in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, which had the features of an automatic machine. There were metal birds that sang automatically on the swinging branches of this tree built by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inventions_of_the_Islamic_Golden_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions of the Islamic Golden Age">Muslim inventors</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_science_and_engineering_in_the_Islamic_world" title="Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world">engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Abbasid caliph <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a> also had a silver and golden tree in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taj_Palace" title="Taj Palace">his palace</a> in Baghdad in 917, with birds on it flapping their wings and singing.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> In the 9th century, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81" title="Banū Mūsā">Banū Mūsā</a> brothers invented a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Program_(machine)" title="Program (machine)">programmable</a> automatic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> player and which they described in their <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Ingenious_Devices" title="Book of Ingenious Devices">Book of Ingenious Devices</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koetsier_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koetsier-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:CIMA_mg_8332.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CIMA_mg_8332.jpg/220px-CIMA_mg_8332.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CIMA_mg_8332.jpg/330px-CIMA_mg_8332.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CIMA_mg_8332.jpg/440px-CIMA_mg_8332.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:CIMA_mg_8332.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Automaton in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centre_International_de_la_M%C3%A9canique_d%27Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art">Swiss Museum CIMA</a>.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/854px--Cima_automaton.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="81.24" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Cima_automaton.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/Cima_automaton.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="750256" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/Cima_automaton.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1075120" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/Cima_automaton.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1489984" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/Cima_automaton.ogv.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1822640" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file, 1,280 × 720 (2.3 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2302936" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/Cima_automaton.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="172376" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/Cima_automaton.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="203264" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/Cima_automaton.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="235928" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/Cima_automaton.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="284776" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/Cima_automaton.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="317680" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/Cima_automaton.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="439808" data-framerate="25"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/Cima_automaton.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="566584" data-framerate="25"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Cima automaton.ogv" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv/220px--Cima_automaton.ogv.jpg" /><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Cima_automaton.ogv" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cima_automaton.ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An automaton writing a letter in Swiss Museum CIMA.</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Jazari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazari">Al-Jazari</a> described complex programmable <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">humanoid automata</a> amongst other machines he designed and constructed in the <i>Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices</i> in 1206.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His automaton was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. His <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanism</a> had a programmable drum machine with pegs (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cam" title="Cam">cams</a>) that bump into little <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">levers</a> that operate the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a>. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> According to Charles B. Fowler, the automata were a "robot <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">band</a>" which performed "more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Al-Jazari constructed a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand washing</a> automaton first employing the flush mechanism now used in modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">toilets</a>. It features a female automaton standing by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">basin</a> filled with water. When the user pulls the lever, the water drains and the automaton refills the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> His "peacock fountain" was another more sophisticated hand washing device featuring humanoid automata as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">servants</a> who offer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Towel" title="Towel">towels</a>. Mark E. Rosheim describes it as follows: "Pulling a plug on the peacock's tail releases water out of the beak; as the dirty water from the basin fills the hollow base a float rises and actuates a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">linkage</a> which makes a servant figure appear from behind a door under the peacock and offer soap. When more water is used, a second float at a higher level trips and causes the appearance of a second servant figure — with a towel!"<sup id="cite_ref-Rosheim_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosheim-12">[12]</a></sup> Al-Jazari thus appears to have been the first inventor to display an interest in creating human-like machines for practical purposes such as manipulating the environment for human comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samarangana_Sutradhara" title="Samarangana Sutradhara">Samarangana Sutradhara</a></i>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> treatise by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhoja</a> (11th century), includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances (automata), including mechanical bees and birds, fountains shaped like humans and animals, and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps, danced, played instruments, and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Villard_de_Honnecourt" title="Villard de Honnecourt">Villard de Honnecourt</a>, in his 1230s sketchbook, show plans for animal automata and an angel that perpetually turns to face the sun. At the end of the thirteenth century, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Artois" title="Robert II, Count of Artois">Robert II, Count of Artois</a> built a pleasure garden at his castle at Hesdin that incorporated several automata as entertainment in the walled park. The work was conducted by local workmen and overseen by the Italian knight Renaud Coignet. It included monkey marionettes, a sundial supported by lions and "wild men", mechanized birds, mechanized fountains and a bellows-operated organ. The park was famed for its automata well into the fifteenth century before it was destroyed by English soldiers in the sixteenth.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights:_Mahaut_of_Artois_and_the_Automata_at_Hesdin,_Elly_R._Truitt_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights:_Mahaut_of_Artois_and_the_Automata_at_Hesdin,_Elly_R._Truitt-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Chinese author Xiao Xun wrote that when the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> founder <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu</a> (r. 1368–1398) was destroying the palaces of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> belonging to the previous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a>, there were—among many other mechanical devices—automata found that were in the shape of tigers.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_133_508_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_133_508-20">[20]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Renaissance_and_early_modern">Renaissance and early modern</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renaissance and early modern">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div id="mwe_player_2" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:320px"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv/320px--Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:320px;height:240px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="35.291666666667" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="303608" data-framerate="24"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="396168" data-framerate="24"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file, 320 × 240 (612 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="612187" data-framerate="24"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="173200" data-framerate="24"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="184392" data-framerate="24"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="282744" data-framerate="24"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Cuckoo strikes the 8th hour.ogv" style="width:220px;height:165px" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv/220px--Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv.jpg" /><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cuckoo_strikes_the_8th_hour.ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">cuckoo clock</a> with a built in automaton of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoo</a> that flaps its wings and opens its beak in time to the sounds of the cuckoo call to mark the number of hours on the analogue dial.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Elephant_Automaton_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Elephant_Automaton_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/220px-Elephant_Automaton_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Elephant_Automaton_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/330px-Elephant_Automaton_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Elephant_Automaton_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/440px-Elephant_Automaton_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Elephant_Automaton_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Elephant automaton at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a></div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> witnessed a considerable revival of interest in automata. Hero's treatises were edited and translated into Latin and Italian. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giovanni_Fontana_(engineer)" title="Giovanni Fontana (engineer)">Giovanni Fontana</a> created mechanical devils and rocket-propelled animal automata. Numerous clockwork automata were manufactured in the 16th century, principally by the goldsmiths of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of central Europe. These wondrous devices found a home in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinet of curiosities</a> or <i>Wunderkammern</i> of the princely courts of Europe. Hydraulic and pneumatic automata, similar to those described by Hero, were created for garden <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">grottoes</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> sketched a more complex automaton around the year 1495. The design of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robot" title="Leonardo's robot">Leonardo's robot</a> was not rediscovered until the 1950s. The robot could, if built successfully, move its arms, twist its head, and sit up.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> has in its collection a clockwork monk, about 15 in (380 mm) high, possibly dating as early as 1560. The monk is driven by a key-wound spring and walks the path of a square, striking his chest with his right arm, while raising and lowering a small wooden cross and rosary in his left hand, turning and nodding his head, rolling his eyes, and mouthing silent obsequies. From time to time, he brings the cross to his lips and kisses it. It is believed that the monk was manufactured by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juanelo_Turriano" title="Juanelo Turriano">Juanelo Turriano</a>, mechanician to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>A new attitude towards automata is to be found in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a> when he suggested that the bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines - the bones, muscles and organs could be replaced with cogs, pistons and cams. Thus <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">mechanism</a> became the standard to which <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> was compared.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the 17th century was the birthplace of those ingenious <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mechanical_toy" title="Mechanical toy">mechanical toys</a> that were to become prototypes for the engines of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Thus, in 1649, when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> was still a child, an artisan named Camus designed for him a miniature coach, and horses complete with footmen, page and a lady within the coach; all these figures exhibited a perfect movement. According to P. Labat, General de Gennes constructed, in 1688, in addition to machines for gunnery and navigation, a peacock that walked and ate. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a> produced many automata to create Jesuit shows, including a statue which spoke and listened via a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speaking_tube" title="Speaking tube">speaking tube</a>.
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Takeda_Oumi_karakuri.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Takeda_Oumi_karakuri.jpg/220px-Takeda_Oumi_karakuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Takeda_Oumi_karakuri.jpg/330px-Takeda_Oumi_karakuri.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Takeda_Oumi_karakuri.jpg/440px-Takeda_Oumi_karakuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2969" data-file-height="1954" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Takeda_Oumi_karakuri.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A Japanese automata theater in Osaka, drawn in 18th century. The Takeda family opened their automata theater in 1662.</div></div></div>
<p>The world's first successfully-built biomechanical automaton is considered to be <i>The Flute Player</i>, invented by the French engineer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucanson" title="Jacques de Vaucanson">Jacques de Vaucanson</a> in 1737. He also constructed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digesting_Duck" title="Digesting Duck">Digesting Duck</a>, a mechanical duck that gave the false illusion of eating and defecating, seeming to endorse Cartesian ideas that animals are no more than machines of flesh.
</p><p>In 1769, a chess-playing machine called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Turk" title="The Turk">the Turk</a>, created by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Kempelen" title="Wolfgang von Kempelen">Wolfgang von Kempelen</a>, made the rounds of the courts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> purporting to be an automaton. The Turk was operated from inside by a hidden human director, and was not a true automaton.
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div id="mwe_player_4" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/854px--Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="42.342" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Maillardet&#039;s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1001248" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; 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codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="501064" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="555776" data-framerate="29.97"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Maillardet's automaton at the Franklin Institute.webm" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm/220px--Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm.jpg" /><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Maillardet%27s_automaton_at_the_Franklin_Institute.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maillardet%27s_automaton" title="Maillardet's automaton">Maillardet's automaton</a> is drawing a picture</div></div></div>
<p>Other 18th century automaton makers include the prolific Swiss <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Jaquet-Droz" title="Pierre Jaquet-Droz">Pierre Jaquet-Droz</a> (see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaquet-Droz_automata" title="Jaquet-Droz automata">Jaquet-Droz automata</a>) and his contemporary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henri_Maillardet" title="Henri Maillardet">Henri Maillardet</a>. Maillardet, a Swiss mechanic, created an automaton capable of drawing four pictures and writing three poems. Maillardet's Automaton is now part of the collections at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> Science Museum in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. Belgian-born <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Joseph_Merlin" title="John Joseph Merlin">John Joseph Merlin</a> created the mechanism of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silver_Swan_(automaton)" title="Silver Swan (automaton)">Silver Swan</a> automaton, now at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bowes_Museum" title="Bowes Museum">Bowes Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> A musical elephant made by the French <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">clockmaker</a> Hubert Martinet in 1774 is one of the highlights of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tipu%27s_Tiger" title="Tipu's Tiger">Tipu's Tiger</a> is another late-18th century example of automata, made for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, featuring a European soldier being mauled by a tiger.
</p><p>According to philosopher <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick the Great</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">king of Prussia</a> from 1740 to 1786, was "obsessed" with automata.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_de_Landa" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Landa">Manuel de Landa</a>, "he put together his armies as a well-oiled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clockwork" title="Clockwork">clockwork</a> mechanism whose components were robot-like warriors".
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> adopted automata during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1867); they were known as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karakuri_ningy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakuri ningyō">karakuri ningyō</a></i>.
</p><p>Automata, particularly watches and clocks, were popular in China during the 18th and 19th centuries, and items were produced for the Chinese market. Strong interest by Chinese collectors in the 21st century brought many interesting items to market where they have had dramatic realizations.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern">Modern</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Singing_Bird_Box_by_Bontems.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Singing_Bird_Box_by_Bontems.JPG/220px-Singing_Bird_Box_by_Bontems.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Singing_Bird_Box_by_Bontems.JPG/330px-Singing_Bird_Box_by_Bontems.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Singing_Bird_Box_by_Bontems.JPG/440px-Singing_Bird_Box_by_Bontems.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="1476" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Singing_Bird_Box_by_Bontems.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singing_bird_box" title="Singing bird box">singing bird box</a> made about 1890 by Bontems. Bird dressed with iridescent hummingbird feathers and case made of tortoiseshell.</div></div></div>
<p>The famous magician <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Eug%C3%A8ne_Robert-Houdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin">Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin</a> (1805–1871) was known for creating automata for his stage shows.
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Automa_Manzetti_1840.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Automa_Manzetti_1840.JPG/150px-Automa_Manzetti_1840.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="329" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Automa_Manzetti_1840.JPG/225px-Automa_Manzetti_1840.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Automa_Manzetti_1840.JPG/300px-Automa_Manzetti_1840.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="2571" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Automa_Manzetti_1840.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The flute-player by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a> (1840)</div></div></div>
<p>In 1840, Italian inventor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a> constructed a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>-playing automaton, in the shape of a man, life-size, seated on a chair. Hidden inside the chair were levers, connecting rods and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a> tubes, which made the automaton's lips and fingers move on the flute according to a program recorded on a cylinder similar to those used in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">player pianos</a>. The automaton was powered by clockwork and could perform 12 different arias. As part of the performance it would rise from the chair, bow its head, and roll its eyes.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TeaAutomatAndMechanism.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TeaAutomatAndMechanism.jpg/220px-TeaAutomatAndMechanism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TeaAutomatAndMechanism.jpg/330px-TeaAutomatAndMechanism.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TeaAutomatAndMechanism.jpg/440px-TeaAutomatAndMechanism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="575" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TeaAutomatAndMechanism.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tea-serving Japanese automaton, "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karakuri_ningy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakuri ningyō">karakuri ningyō</a>", with mechanism (right), 19th century.</div></div></div>
<p>The period 1860 to 1910 is known as "The Golden Age of Automata". During this period many small family based companies of Automata makers thrived in Paris. From their workshops they exported thousands of clockwork automata and mechanical singing birds around the world. Although now rare and expensive, these French automata attract collectors worldwide. The main French makers were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blaise_Bontems" title="Blaise Bontems">Bontems</a>, Lambert, Phalibois, Renou, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roullet_%26_Decamps" title="Roullet & Decamps">Roullet & Decamps</a>, Theroude and Vichy.
</p><p>Contemporary automata continue this tradition with an emphasis on art, rather than technological sophistication. Contemporary automata are represented by the works of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabaret_Mechanical_Theatre" title="Cabaret Mechanical Theatre">Cabaret Mechanical Theatre</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, Dug North and Chomick+Meder,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Kuntz" title="Thomas Kuntz">Thomas Kuntz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_Ganson" title="Arthur Ganson">Arthur Ganson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Jones_(Fluxus_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Jones (Fluxus artist)">Joe Jones</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9fenseur_du_Temps" title="Le Défenseur du Temps">Le Défenseur du Temps</a> by French artist Jacques Monestier, and François Junod in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.
</p><p>Some mechanized toys developed during the 18th and 19th centuries were automata made with paper. Despite the relative simplicity of the material, paper automata require a high degree of technical ingenuity.
</p><p>One of the most advanced automata proposed to date is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automaton_Rover_for_Extreme_Environments" title="Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments">Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments</a> (AREE), a wind-powered automaton to be used for exploring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. Unlike other modern automata, AREE is an automaton instead of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> for practical reasons — Venus's harsh conditions, particularly its surface temperature of 462 °C (864 °F), make operating electronics there for any significant time impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_education">In education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The potential educational value of mechanical toys in teaching transversal skills has been recognised by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> education project <i>Clockwork objects, enhanced learning: Automata Toys Construction</i> (CLOHE).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Clocks">Clocks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clocks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automaton_clock" title="Automaton clock">Automaton clock</a></div>
<p>Examples of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automaton_clock" title="Automaton clock">automaton clocks</a> include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chariot_clock" title="Chariot clock">Chariot clock</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuckoo_Clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuckoo Clock">Cuckoo Clocks</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuckooland_Museum" title="Cuckooland Museum">Cuckooland Museum</a> exhibits autonomous clocks.
</p>
<table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Animatronics_and_mechatronics">Animatronics and mechatronics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Animatronics and mechatronics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></div>
<table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Robotics">Robotics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Robotics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History of robots</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android (robot)</a></div>
<table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazen_head" title="Brazen head">Brazen head</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centre_International_de_la_M%C3%A9canique_d%27Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art">Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robochrist_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Robochrist Industries">Christian Ristow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genesis_Redux" title="Genesis Redux">Genesis Redux</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giles_Walker" title="Giles Walker">Giles Walker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">Golem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Maison_de_la_Magie_Robert-Houdin" title="La Maison de la Magie Robert-Houdin">La Maison de la Magie Robert-Houdin</a> display of 19th century automata</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maillardet%27s_automaton" title="Maillardet's automaton">Maillardet's automaton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marvin%27s_Marvelous_Mechanical_Museum" title="Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum">Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orchestrion" title="Orchestrion">Orchestrion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singing_bird_box" title="Singing bird box">Singing bird box</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theo_Jansen" title="Theo Jansen">Theo Jansen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whirligig" title="Whirligig">Whirligig</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><cite class="citation book">Bailly, Christian (2003). <i>Automata: The Golden Age: 1848-1914</i>. London: Robert Hale. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780709074038" title="Special:BookSources/9780709074038"><bdi>9780709074038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automata%3A+The+Golden+Age%3A+1848-1914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780709074038&rft.aulast=Bailly&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Beyer, Annette (1983). <i>Faszinierende Welt der Automaten : Uhren, Puppen, Spielereien</i> (1st ed.). München: Callwey. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783766706591" title="Special:BookSources/9783766706591"><bdi>9783766706591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faszinierende+Welt+der+Automaten+%3A+Uhren%2C+Puppen%2C+Spielereien&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Callwey&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9783766706591&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Bowers, Q. David (1974). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofau0000bowe"><i>Encyclopedia of Automatic Musical Instruments</i></a></span> (4. printing ed.). Vestal, NY: Vestal Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780911572087" title="Special:BookSources/9780911572087"><bdi>9780911572087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Automatic+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=Vestal%2C+NY&rft.edition=4.+printing&rft.pub=Vestal+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780911572087&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Q.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofau0000bowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Brauers, Jan (1984). <i>Von der Äolsharfe zum Digitalspieler: 2000 Jahre mechanische Musik, 100 Jahre Schallplatte</i>. München: Klinkhardt & Biermann. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783781402393" title="Special:BookSources/9783781402393"><bdi>9783781402393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+der+%C3%84olsharfe+zum+Digitalspieler%3A+2000+Jahre+mechanische+Musik%2C+100+Jahre+Schallplatte&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Klinkhardt+%26+Biermann&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9783781402393&rft.aulast=Brauers&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Chapuis, Alfred; Gélis, Edouard (1928). <i>Le monde des automates; étude historique et technique</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3006589">3006589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+monde+des+automates%3B+%C3%A9tude+historique+et+technique&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3006589&rft.aulast=Chapuis&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=G%C3%A9lis%2C+Edouard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> </li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Critchley, Macdonald; Henson, R. A. (1978). <i>Music and the brain. Studies in the neurology of music</i>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780433067030" title="Special:BookSources/9780433067030"><bdi>9780433067030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+the+brain.+Studies+in+the+neurology+of+music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780433067030&rft.aulast=Critchley&rft.aufirst=Macdonald&rft.au=Henson%2C+R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Waard, R. D. (1967). <i>From music boxes to street organs</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/609338403">609338403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+music+boxes+to+street+organs&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609338403&rft.aulast=Waard&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Chapuis, Alfred; Droz, Edmond (1956). <i>The Jaquet-Droz mechanical puppets</i>. Neuchatel: Historical Museum. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/315497609">315497609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jaquet-Droz+mechanical+puppets&rft.place=Neuchatel&rft.pub=Historical+Museum&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F315497609&rft.aulast=Chapuis&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=Droz%2C+Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Hyman, Wendy Beth (2011). <i>The Automaton in English Renaissance Literature</i>. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-6865-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-6865-7"><bdi>0-7546-6865-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Automaton+in+English+Renaissance+Literature&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=0-7546-6865-7&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Wendy+Beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Cardinal, Catherine; Mercier, François (1993). <i>Museums of horology La Chaux-de-Fonds, Le Locle</i>. Geneva: Banque Paribas. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783908184348" title="Special:BookSources/9783908184348"><bdi>9783908184348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museums+of+horology+La+Chaux-de-Fonds%2C+Le+Locle&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Banque+Paribas&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783908184348&rft.aulast=Cardinal&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Mercier%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Montiel, Luis (30 June 2013). "Proles sine matre creata: The Promethean Urge in the History of the Human Body in the West". <i>Asclepio</i>. <b>65</b> (1). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fasclepio.2013.01">10.3989/asclepio.2013.01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asclepio&rft.atitle=Proles+sine+matre+creata%3A+The+Promethean+Urge+in+the+History+of+the+Human+Body+in+the+West&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Fasclepio.2013.01&rft.aulast=Montiel&rft.aufirst=Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Lapaire, Claude (1992). <i>Clock and Watch Museum, Geneva</i>. Geneva: Art and History Museum. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782830600728" title="Special:BookSources/9782830600728"><bdi>9782830600728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clock+and+Watch+Museum%2C+Geneva&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Art+and+History+Museum&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9782830600728&rft.aulast=Lapaire&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (1973). <i>Clockwork music: an illustrated history of mechanical musical instruments from the music box to the pianola, from automation lady virginal players to orchestrion</i>. New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517500002" title="Special:BookSources/9780517500002"><bdi>9780517500002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clockwork+music%3A+an+illustrated+history+of+mechanical+musical+instruments+from+the+music+box+to+the+pianola%2C+from+automation+lady+virginal+players+to+orchestrion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780517500002&rft.aulast=Ord-Hume&rft.aufirst=Arthur+W.+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barrelorganstory00ordh"><i>Barrel organ: the story of the mechanical organ and its repair</i></a>. South Brunswick, N.J.: A.S. Barnes. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780498014826" title="Special:BookSources/9780498014826"><bdi>9780498014826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barrel+organ%3A+the+story+of+the+mechanical+organ+and+its+repair&rft.place=South+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780498014826&rft.aulast=Ord-Hume&rft.aufirst=Arthur+W.J.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarrelorganstory00ordh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li>Rausser, Fernand; Bonhôte, Daniel; Baud, Frédy (1972). <i>All'Epoca delle Scatole Musicali</i>, Edizioni Mondo, 175 pp.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Carrera, Roland; Loiseau, Dominique; Roux, Olivier; Luder, Jean Jacques (1979). <i>Androids: The Jaquet-Droz Automatons</i>. Lausanne: Scriptar. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782880120184" title="Special:BookSources/9782880120184"><bdi>9782880120184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Androids%3A+The+Jaquet-Droz+Automatons&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pub=Scriptar&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9782880120184&rft.aulast=Carrera&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Loiseau%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Roux%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Luder%2C+Jean+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Troquet, Daniel (1989). <i>The wonderland of music boxes and automata</i>. Sainte-Croix. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/27888631">27888631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+wonderland+of+music+boxes+and+automata&rft.place=Sainte-Croix&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27888631&rft.aulast=Troquet&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Webb, Graham (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicalboxhandbo00webb"><i>The musical box handbook</i></a> (2nd ed.). Vestal, NY: Vestal Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780911572360" title="Special:BookSources/9780911572360"><bdi>9780911572360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+musical+box+handbook&rft.place=Vestal%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Vestal+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780911572360&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicalboxhandbo00webb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Weiss-Stauffacher, Heinrich; Bruhin, Rudolf (1976). <i>The marvelous world of music machines</i>. Tokyo: Kodansha International. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870112584" title="Special:BookSources/9780870112584"><bdi>9780870112584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+marvelous+world+of+music+machines&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780870112584&rft.aulast=Weiss-Stauffacher&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft.au=Bruhin%2C+Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Winter-Jensen, Anne (1987). <i>Automates & musiques: pendules</i>. Genève: Musée de l'horlogerie et de l'émaillerie. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782830600476" title="Special:BookSources/9782830600476"><bdi>9782830600476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automates+%26+musiques%3A+pendules&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+de+l%27horlogerie+et+de+l%27%C3%A9maillerie&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9782830600476&rft.aulast=Winter-Jensen&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li>Wosk, Julie (2015). <i>My Fair Ladies: Female Robots, Androids, and Other Artificial Eves.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813563374" title="Special:BookSources/9780813563374">9780813563374</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-definition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-definition_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Automaton - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/automaton">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/automaton</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, 5.749</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, Iliad, 18.376</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Safran1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Safran1998_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Safran, Linda (1998). <i>Heaven on Earth: Art and the Church in Byzantium</i>. Pittsburgh: Penn State Press. p. 30. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01670-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01670-1"><bdi>0-271-01670-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+Art+and+the+Church+in+Byzantium&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-271-01670-1&rft.aulast=Safran&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> Records Liutprand's description.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2005" class="citation">Meri, Josef W. (2005), <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</i>, <b>2</b>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, p. 711, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96690-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96690-6"><bdi>0-415-96690-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=711&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-96690-6&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ismail b. Ali Ebu'l Feda history, Weltgeschichte, hrsg. von Fleischer and Reiske 1789-94, 1831.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange, Guy</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68175"><i>Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate: from contemporary Arabic and Persian sources</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baghdad+during+the+Abbasid+Caliphate%3A+from+contemporary+Arabic+and+Persian+sources&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=256&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.68175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Koetsier-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koetsier_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Koetsier, Teun (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators". <i>Mechanism and Machine Theory</i>. Elsevier. <b>36</b> (5): 589–603. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0094-114X%2801%2900005-2">10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanism+and+Machine+Theory&rft.atitle=On+the+prehistory+of+programmable+machines%3A+musical+automata%2C+looms%2C+calculators&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=589-603&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0094-114X%2801%2900005-2&rft.aulast=Koetsier&rft.aufirst=Teun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html">"A 13th Century Programmable Robot"</a>. <i>shef.ac.uk</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html">the original</a> on June 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shef.ac.uk&rft.atitle=A+13th+Century+Programmable+Robot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shef.ac.uk%2Fmarcoms%2Feview%2Farticles58%2Frobot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1967" class="citation">Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments", <i>Music Educators Journal</i>, MENC_ The National Association for Music Education, <b>54</b> (2): 45–49, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3391092">10.2307/3391092</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/3391092">3391092</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Educators+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Museum+of+Music%3A+A+History+of+Mechanical+Instruments&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=45-49&rft.date=1967-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3391092&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3391092&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRosheim1994" class="citation">Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9"><i>Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics</i></a>, Wiley-IEEE, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9">9–10</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-02622-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-02622-0"><bdi>0-471-02622-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robot+Evolution%3A+The+Development+of+Anthrobotics&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-471-02622-0&rft.aulast=Rosheim&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobotevolutionde0000rosh%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IxtL54iiDPUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Rosheim%2C%20Mark%20E.%20(1994)%2C%20Robot%20Evolution%3A%20The%20Development%20of%20Anthrobotics&pg=PA9#v=onepage">Google Books</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Rosheim-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosheim_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRosheim1994" class="citation">Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9"><i>Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics</i></a>, Wiley-IEEE, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9">9</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-02622-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-02622-0"><bdi>0-471-02622-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robot+Evolution%3A+The+Development+of+Anthrobotics&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-471-02622-0&rft.aulast=Rosheim&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobotevolutionde0000rosh%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IxtL54iiDPUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Rosheim%2C%20Mark%20E.%20(1994)%2C%20Robot%20Evolution%3A%20The%20Development%20of%20Anthrobotics&pg=PA9#v=onepage">Google Books</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRosheim1994" class="citation">Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/36"><i>Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics</i></a>, Wiley-IEEE, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/36">36</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-02622-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-02622-0"><bdi>0-471-02622-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robot+Evolution%3A+The+Development+of+Anthrobotics&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-471-02622-0&rft.aulast=Rosheim&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobotevolutionde0000rosh%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&pg=PA68"><i>History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1</i></a>. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Theatre%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Laxman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyxOHOCVcVkC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wujastyk, Dominik (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZCwjtmzZYC&pg=PA222&dq=automata#v=onepage&q=automata"><i>The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings</i></a>. p. 222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Ayurveda%3A+Selections+from+Sanskrit+Medical+Writings&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTaZCwjtmzZYC%26pg%3DPA222%26dq%3Dautomata%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dautomata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Needham, Joseph (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SeGyrCfYs2AC&pg=PA164&dq=bhoja+automata"><i>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology Part 2, Mechanical Engineering</i></a>. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+Volume+4%2C+Physics+and+Physical+Technology+Part+2%2C+Mechanical+Engineering&rft.pages=164&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSeGyrCfYs2AC%26pg%3DPA164%26dq%3Dbhoja%2Bautomata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights:_Mahaut_of_Artois_and_the_Automata_at_Hesdin,_Elly_R._Truitt-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights:_Mahaut_of_Artois_and_the_Automata_at_Hesdin,_Elly_R._Truitt_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1850&context=mff">http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1850&context=mff</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Landsberg, Sylvia (1995). <i>The Medieval Garden</i>. New York: Thames and Hudson. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Garden&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Landsberg&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Macdougall, Elisabeth B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6lciEEzyZ8C&lpg=PA125&dq=hesdin%20AND%20(park%20OR%20gardens)%20Robert&pg=PA127#v=onepage&q=hesdin%20AND%20(park%20OR%20gardens)%20Robert"><i>Medieval Gardens</i></a>. Google Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Gardens&rft.pub=Google+Books&rft.aulast=Macdougall&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6lciEEzyZ8C%26lpg%3DPA125%26dq%3Dhesdin%2520AND%2520%28park%2520OR%2520gardens%29%2520Robert%26pg%3DPA127%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dhesdin%2520AND%2520%28park%2520OR%2520gardens%29%2520Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_133_508-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_133_508_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 133 & 508.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Elizabeth. "Clockwork Prayer: A Sixteenth-Century Mechanical Monk" <i>Blackbird</i> 1.1 (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.blackbird.vcu.edu/v1n1/nonfiction/king_e/prayer_introduction.htm">[1]</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schultz, P.D., & Schultz, S.E. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology.(pp. 28-34).Thompson Wadsworth.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebowesmuseum.org.uk/Collections/ExploreTheCollection/TheSilverSwan.aspx">"The Bowes Museum > Collections > Explore The Collection > The Silver Swan"</a>. <i>www.thebowesmuseum.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thebowesmuseum.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Bowes+Museum+%3E+Collections+%3E+Explore+The+Collection+%3E+The+Silver+Swan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebowesmuseum.org.uk%2FCollections%2FExploreTheCollection%2FTheSilverSwan.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Waddesdon Manor (22 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YEPhe2Gp0Y">"A Marvellous Elephant - Waddesdon Manor"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Marvellous+Elephant+-+Waddesdon+Manor&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft.au=Waddesdon+Manor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7YEPhe2Gp0Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Michel Foucault, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish" title="Discipline and Punish">Discipline and Punish</a></i>, New York, Vintage Books, 1979, p.136: "The classical age discovered the body as object and target of power... The great book of Man-the-Machine was written simultaneously on two registers: the anatomico-metaphysical register, of which Descartes wrote the first pages and which the physicians and philosophers continued, and the technico-political register, which was constituted by a whole set of regulations and by empirical and calculated methods relating to the army, the school and the hospital, for controlling or correcting the operations of the body. These two registers are quite distinct, since it was a question, on one hand, of submission and use and, on the other, of functioning and explanation: there was a useful body and an intelligible body... The celebrated automata [of the 18th century] were not only a way of illustrating an organism, they were also political puppets, small-scale models of power: Frederick, the meticulous king of small machines, well-trained regiments and long exercises, was obsessed with them."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia (November 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/fashion/26iht-ACAW-AUTOMATON26.html">"Chinese Swept Up in Mechanical Mania"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Mechanical curiosities were all the rage in China during the 18th and 19th centuries, as the Qing emperors developed a passion for automaton clocks and pocket watches, and the "Sing Song Merchants", as European watchmakers were called, were more than happy to encourage that interest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chinese+Swept+Up+in+Mechanical+Mania&rft.date=2011-11-25&rft.aulast=Kolesnikov-Jessop&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F11%2F26%2Ffashion%2F26iht-ACAW-AUTOMATON26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chomickmeder.com">"Chomick+Meder – Figurative Art and Automata"</a>. <i>www.chomickmeder.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chomickmeder.com&rft.atitle=Chomick%2BMeder+%E2%80%93+Figurative+Art+and+Automata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chomickmeder.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305195010/http://www.artomic.com/gallery/automata/automata.html">"Artomic Automata"</a>. <i>artomic.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artomic.com/gallery/automata/automata.html">the original</a> on 2010-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artomic.com&rft.atitle=Artomic+Automata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artomic.com%2Fgallery%2Fautomata%2Fautomata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hall, Loura (2016-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/automaton-rover-for-extreme-environments-aree">"Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments (AREE)"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Automaton+Rover+for+Extreme+Environments+%28AREE%29&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Loura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fautomaton-rover-for-extreme-environments-aree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clohe-movingtoys.eu/">"clohe-movingtoys.eu"</a>. <i>www.clohe-movingtoys.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clohe-movingtoys.eu&rft.atitle=clohe-movingtoys.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clohe-movingtoys.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomaton" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automaton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0; background:#f9f9f9;"><div style="padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: center;"><b style="display:block;">Automaton</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.75em 0; width:217px; margin:0 auto;"><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/automaton" class="extiw" title="wikt:automaton">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automata" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Automata">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Automaton" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Automaton">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span>
</li></ul>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/kinetic-arts/sculpture/automata.htm">The Automata and Art Bots mailing list home page</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm">History</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modernautomatamuseum.com/">Modern Automata Museum</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehouseofautomata.com">The House of Automata - The largest online gallery of automata</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070821154911/http://www.fi.edu/pieces/knox/automaton/index.html">Maillardet's Automaton</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karakuri.info/">Japanese Karakuri</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/432766">J. Douglas Bruce, 'Human Automata in Classical Tradition and Mediaeval Romance', <i>Modern Philology</i>, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Apr., 1913), pp. 511-526</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2915500">M. B. Ogle, 'The Perilous Bridge and Human Automata', <i>Modern Language Notes</i>, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Mar., 1920), pp. 129-136</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113214335/http://cite-automate.fr/">conservation of automata</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/07/123_years_later_voice_of_thoma.html">Thomas Edison's talking doll</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2488165/The-worlds-Mechanical-boy-built-240-years-ago-engineered-act-writing.html">Was this automaton the world's first computer? Incredible mechanical boy built 240 years ago who could actually write</a> <i>Daily Mail</i>, November 6, 2013, "The Writer" created by watchmaker <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Jaquet-Droz" title="Pierre Jaquet-Droz">Pierre Jaquet-Droz</a> in the 1770s. Large color photos.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waddesdon.org.uk/the-collection/search/?collection=0&query_params%5BUSER_SYM_3%5D%5B%5D=automata&year_from=&year_to=&query_params%5BSUBJECT_EVENT%5D%5B%5D=&query_params%5BUSER_SYM_104%5D=&query_params%5BACCESSION_NO%5D=&sort=USER_SYM_111&direction=asc">Automata in the Waddesdon Manor collection</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YEPhe2Gp0Y">Video of elephant automaton</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robotics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Robotics" title="Template:Robotics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Robotics" title="Template talk:Robotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Robotics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robotics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_robotics" title="Geography of robotics">Geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robot_Hall_of_Fame" title="Robot Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laws_of_robotics" title="Laws of robotics">Laws</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Competitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI competitions</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Shadow Hand Bulb large.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/100px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/150px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/200px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3840" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Anthropomorphic
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claytronics" title="Claytronics">Claytronics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Companion_robot" title="Companion robot">Companion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">arm</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Educational_robotics" title="Educational robotics">Educational</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">Juggling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medical_robot" title="Medical robot">Medical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disability_robot" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automated_retail" title="Automated retail">Retail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soft_robotics" title="Soft robotics">Soft robotics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unmanned_vehicle" title="Unmanned vehicle">Unmanned vehicle</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">aerial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">ground</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_probe" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely-operated</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climber_(BEAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electric_unicycle" title="Electric unicycle">Electric unicycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robot_navigation" title="Robot navigation">Robot navigation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robot_kit" title="Robot kit">Kits</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robotic_paradigm" title="Robotic paradigm">Paradigms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terrainability" title="Terrainability">Terrainability</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Robotics" title="Category:Robotics">Category</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="Outline" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Outline" width="10" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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</div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1578693424 |