Examine individual changes

'{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}} {{short description|American physicist, aerospace engineer, and inventor}} {{Infobox academic | honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] --> | name = Salvatore Pais | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = Salvatore Cezar Pais | birth_date = <!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | death_cause = | region = | nationality = | citizenship = | residence = United States | other_names = | occupation = Physicist, aerospace engineer, inventor | period = | known_for = | home_town = | title = | boards = <!--board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation--> | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | awards = <!--notable national-level awards only--> | website = | education = | alma_mater = [[Case Western Reserve University]] | thesis_title = "Bubble generation under reduced gravity conditions for both co-flow and cross-flow configurations" | thesis_url = | thesis_year = 1999 | school_tradition = | doctoral_advisor = *[[Yasuhiro Kamotani]] *[[Simon Ostrach]] | academic_advisors = | influences = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source--> | era = | discipline = Physicist | sub_discipline = <!--academic discipline specialist area – e.g. Sub-atomic research, 20th-century Danish specialist, Pauline research, Arcadian and Ugaritic specialist--> | workplaces = <!--full-time positions only, not student positions--> | doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles--> | notable_students = <!--only those with WP articles--> | main_interests = Physics of low gravity | notable_works = | notable_ideas = | influenced = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source--> | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | footnotes = }} '''Salvatore Cezar Pais''' is an American physicist, aerospace engineer, and inventor who works at the [[Naval Air Station Patuxent River]]. His patent applications on behalf of his employers have attracted international attention for their potential military and energy-producing applications, but also doubt about their feasibility, and speculation that they may be misinformation intended to mislead the United States' strategic adversaries about the direction of United States defense research. ==Education and doctoral research== [[File:Zero gravity flight trajectory C9-565.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram of a reduced-gravity manoeuvre known as [[parabolic flight]] of the type Pais undertook during his PhD research. Source: NASA]] Salvatore Pais received his advanced education at [[Case Western Reserve University]] in Ohio, graduating with an MS for a thesis titled "Design of an experiment for observation of [[Thermo-capillary convection|thermocapillary convection]] phenomena in a simulated floating zone under [[microgravity]] conditions" in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.case.edu/record=b2163345|title=Design of an experiment for observation of thermocapillary convection phenomena in a simulated floating zone under microgravity conditions / by Salvatore Cezar Pais|author=Pais, Salvatore Cezar|work=[[Case Western Reserve University]]|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> Pais received his PhD in mechanical and [[aerospace engineering]] from Case Western in 1999 on the subject of "Bubble generation under reduced gravity conditions for both co-flow and cross-flow configurations"<ref name=drivejun>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/28729/docs-show-navy-got-ufo-patent-granted-by-warning-of-similar-chinese-tech-advances|title=Docs Show Navy Got 'UFO' Patent Granted By Warning Of Similar Chinese Tech Advances|author1=Brett Tingley|author2=Tyler Rogoway|work=The Drive|date=June 28, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> for which he endured a number of [[parabolic flight]]s in order to produce a low-gravity environment.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pais, Salvatore Cezar|date=1999|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990064092.pdf|title=Bubble Generation in a Continuous Liquid Flow Under Reduced Gravity Conditions|place=Cleveland|work=[[Case Western Reserve University]]|page=ii}}</ref> His doctoral advisers were [[Yasuhiro Kamotani]] and [[Simon Ostrach]] who had carried out [[spacelab]] experiments in low-gravity aboard the space shuttle [[STS-50]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960035871.pdf|title=STDCE|website=Ntrs.nasa.gov|publisher=[[NASA]]|accessdate=December 10, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Pais's research was sponsored by NASA.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pais, Salvatore Cezar|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990064092|title=Bubble Generation in a Continuous Liquid Flow Under Reduced Gravity Conditions|work=NASA Technical Reports Server|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> ==Career== [[File:Craft using an inertial mass reduction device.png|thumb|Drawing from Pais's patent application for a "craft using an inertial mass reduction device"<ref name=craft/>]] [[File:Drawing from U.S. patent US20190295733A1.jpg|thumb|Drawing from Pais's patent application for a "plasma compression fusion device"<ref name=plasma/>]] Pais works as a scientist, aerospace engineer, and inventor, at the United States Navy's Naval Air Station Patuxent River. His patent applications on behalf of his employers have attracted international attention for their futuristic-sounding technology and potential military and energy-producing applications, but have also led to speculation that they may be misinformation intended to mislead the United States' strategic adversaries about the direction of United States defense research.<ref name=drivejun/> Pais responded to questions via email to Brett Tingley of The War Zone blog in January 2020 regarding the veracity of his inventions.<ref name=drivejan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/31798/the-secretive-inventor-of-the-navys-bizarre-ufo-patents-finally-talks|title=The Secretive Inventor of the Navy's Bizarre 'UFO Patents' Finally Talks|author1=Brett Tingley|work=The Drive|date=January 22, 2020|access-date=January 23, 2020}}</ref> Pais defended his design for a compact [[fusion reactor]] in the IEEE TPS journal to Tingley stating that the journals acceptance should "...speak volumes as to its importance and credibility - and should eliminate (or at least alleviate) all misconceptions you (or any other person) may have in regard to the veracity (or possibility) of my advanced physics concepts". Pias detailed his discovery of the 'Pias effect' which comprises the "generation of extremely high electromagnetic energy fluxes (and hence high local energy densities) generated by controlled motion of electrically charged matter (from solid to plasma states) subjected to accelerated vibration and/or accelerated spin, via rapid acceleration transients". Pais added that manipulation of the Pais effect can "give rise to the Enablement of Macroscopic Quantum Coherence".<ref name=drivejan/> His patent applications include: * An "[[electromagnetic field]] generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field" (2015), the principal stated application of which is to deflect asteroids that may hit the Earth. The patent is assigned to the US Secretary of the Navy.<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=10135366B2|pubdate=2018-11-20|fdate=2015-07-24|pridate=2015-07-24|gdate=2018-11-20|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assignee=US Secretary of Navy|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US10135366B2/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=Electromagnetic field generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field|work=Google Patents|access-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref> * A "craft using an [[inertial mass]] reduction device" (2016), one embodiment of which could be a high speed "hybrid aerospace/undersea craft" able to "engineer the fabric of our reality at the most fundamental level",<ref name=craft>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=10144532B2|pubdate=2018-12-04|fdate=2016-04-28|gdate=2018-12-04|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assignee=US Secretary of Navy|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US10144532B2/en|title=Craft using an inertial mass reduction device|work=Google Patents|access-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref> the patent application for which was supported by the Naval Aviation Enterprise's chief technical officer on the grounds that the Chinese military were already developing similar technology.<ref name=drivejun/> * A "[[piezoelectricity]]-induced [[room temperature superconductor]]" with the function of enabling "the transmission of electrical power with no losses."(2017).<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=20190058105A1|pubdate=2019-02-21|fdate=2017-08-16|pridate=2017-08-16|gdate=|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assignee=US Secretary of Navy|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190058105A1/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=Piezoelectricity-induced Room Temperature Superconductor|work=Google Patents|access-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-02-navy-patent-room-temperature-superconductor.html|title=Navy files for patent on room-temperature superconductor|author=Troy Carter|work=[[phys.org]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> The [[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] commented that no evidence was presented to show that the device worked and that the highest temperature superconductors so far created worked at around -70&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2019/02/us-navy-patent-makes-room-temperature-superconductor-claim/|title=US Navy scientist files ‘revolutionary’ superconductor patent claim|work=[[Engineering & Technology]]|date=February 25, 2019|access-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref> * A "high frequency [[gravitational wave]] generator" that may be used "for advanced propulsion, asteroid disruption and/or deflection, and communications through solid objects."(2017).<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=10322827B2|pubdate=2019-06-18|fdate=2017-02-14|pridate=2017-02-14|gdate=2019-06-18|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assignee=US Secretary of Navy|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US10322827B2/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=High frequency gravitational wave generator|work=Google Patents|access-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref> * A "plasma compression fusion device" (2018),<ref name=plasma>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=20190295733A1|pubdate=2019-09-26|fdate=2018-03-22|gdate=|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assignee=US Secretary of Navy|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190295733A1/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=Plasma Compression Fusion Device|work=Google Patents|access-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/30256/scientist-behind-the-navys-ufo-patents-has-now-filed-one-for-a-compact-fusion-reactor|title=Scientist Behind The Navy's "UFO Patents" Has Now Filed One For A Compact Fusion Reactor|author1=Brett Tingley|author2=Tyler Rogoway|work=The Drive|date=October 9, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers/5064-player-two-has-entered-the-game-us-navy-files-fusion-reactor-patent|title=Player two has entered the game: US Navy files fusion reactor patent|author=Stephen Kuper|work=Defence Connect|date=November 1, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> described by ''Popular Mechanics'' as a "compact [[nuclear fusion reactor]]" that "seemingly stretch<nowiki>[es]</nowiki> the limits of science."<ref name=pop>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/a29427713/navy-compact-fusion-reactor/|title=The Navy's Patent for a Compact Nuclear Fusion Reactor Is Wild|author=Jennifer Leman|work=[[Popular Mechanics]]|date=October 10, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> ==Selected publications== * {{Cite paper|url=https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/912234/|title=The Induced Thrust Effect; A Propulsion Method|publisher=[[SAE International|Society of Automobile Engineers Technical International Papers]]|department=Aerospace sector|type=SAE Technical Paper|number=912234|date=September 1, 1991|ISSN=0148-7191|doi=10.4271/912234}} * {{Cite journal|url=https://www.inderscience.com/offer.php?id=69339|title=Conditional possibility of spacecraft propulsion at superluminal speeds|journal=International Journal of Space Science and Engineering|volume=3|number=1|pages=89–92|year=2015|publication-date=May 12, 2015|doi=10.1504/IJSPACESE.2015.069339}} * {{Cite journal|url=https://www.inderscience.com/offer.php?id=75910|title=The high energy electromagnetic field generator|journal=International Journal of Space Science and Engineering|volume=3|number=4|pages=312–317|year=2015|publication-date=April 12, 2016|doi=10.1504/IJSPACESE.2015.075910}} * {{Cite paper|url=https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/2017-01-2040/|title=High Frequency Gravitational Waves - Induced Propulsion|publisher=[[SAE International|Society of Automobile Engineers Technical International Papers]]|department=Aerospace sector|type=SAE Technical Paper|number=2017-01-2040|date=September 19, 2017|ISSN=0148-7191|doi=10.4271/2017-01-2040}} * {{Cite conference|url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2017-5343|title=A Hybrid craft using an inertial mass modification device|conference=[[AIAA]] Space Forum 2017-5343|publisher=[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] (AIAA)|year=2017|publication-date=September 15, 2017|doi=10.2514/6.2017-5343}} * {{Cite conference|url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2019-0869|title=Room Temperature Superconducting System for use on a Hybrid Aerospace-Undersea Craft|conference=AIAA Scitech Forum 2019-0869|publisher=[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] (AIAA)|year=2019|publication-date=January 6, 2019|doi=10.2514/6.2019-0869}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == *{{commons category-inline|Salvatore Cezar Pais}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pais, Salvatore}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:American aerospace engineers]] [[Category:American inventors]] [[Category:Case Western Reserve University alumni]] [[Category:21st-century American physicists]]'