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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{Distinguish|flavored fortified wine}}
[[Image:Port wine.jpg|thumb|A glass of [[port wine|port]], a fortified wine]]
[[File:Vermouth Bottles.jpg|thumb|A collection of [[vermouth]] and [[quinquina]] bottles, including [[Noilly Prat]] Extra Dry, [[Lillet]] Blanc, Dolin Rouge, and [[Martini & Rossi]] Rosso]]
'''Fortified wine''' is a [[wine]] to which a [[distilled spirit]], usually [[brandy]], is added.<ref name=ALE>{{cite book |last=Lichine |first=Alexis |title=Alexis Lichine’s New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits |edition=5th |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1987 |page=236 |isbn=0-394-56262-3 }}</ref> Many different styles of fortified wine have been developed, including [[Port wine|Port]], [[Sherry]], [[Madeira wine|Madeira]], [[Marsala wine|Marsala]], [[Commandaria|Commandaria wine]], and the [[aromatised wine]] [[Vermouth]].<ref name="Oxford pg 279">{{cite book |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=J. |title=The Oxford Companion to Wine |edition=3rd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/279 279] |isbn=0-19-860990-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/279 }}</ref>
==Production==
[[File:ValdiviaJerez65.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sherry]] barrels aging]]
One reason for fortifying wine was to preserve it, since [[ethanol]] is a natural [[antiseptic]]. Even though other preservation methods now exist, fortification continues to be used because the process can add distinct flavors to the finished product.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-a-fortified-wine-3510908|title=Types of Fortified Wines You Might Enjoy Before or After Dinner|website=The Spruce Eats|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diwinetaste.com/dwt/en2003113.php|title=DiWineTaste Report: Tasting Fortified Wines|last=Antonello|first=Biancalana|website=DiWineTaste|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>
Although grape brandy is most commonly added to produce fortified wines, the additional alcohol may also be [[Neutral grain spirit|neutral spirit]] that has been made from grapes, grain, [[sugar beet]]s or [[sugarcane]]. Regional [[appellation]] laws may dictate the types of spirit that are permitted for fortification. For example, in the U.S. only spirits from fruit may be used.
The source of the additional alcohol and the method of its distillation can affect the flavour of the fortified wine. If [[Neutral grain spirit|neutral spirit]] is used, it will usually have been produced with a [[continuous still]], rather than a [[pot still]].<ref name="Oxford pg 279"/>
When added to wine before the [[fermentation (wine)|fermentation]] process is complete, the alcohol in the distilled beverage kills the [[yeast (wine)|yeast]] and leaves [[residual sugar]] behind. The end result is a wine that is both sweeter and stronger, normally containing about 20% [[alcohol by volume]] (ABV).
During the [[Ethanol fermentation|fermentation]] process, yeast cells in the [[must]] continue to convert sugar into alcohol until the must reaches an alcohol level of 16%–18%. At this level, the alcohol becomes [[toxin|toxic]] to the yeast and kills it. If fermentation is allowed to run to completion, the resulting wine will (in most cases) be low in sugar and will be considered a dry wine. The earlier in the fermentation process that alcohol is added, the sweeter the resulting wine will be. For drier fortified wine styles, such as [[sherry]], the alcohol is added shortly before or after the end of the fermentation.
In the case of some fortified wine styles (such as [[late harvest wine|late harvest]] and [[Noble rot|botrytized wine]]s), a naturally high level of sugar will inhibit the yeast. This causes fermentation to stop before the wine can become dry.<ref name="Oxford pg 279"/>{{clear left}}
==Varieties==
===Commandaria wine===
[[File:Commandaria Cyprus.jpg|thumb|right|The commandaria wine tasting]]
{{Main|Commandaria}}
[[Commandaria]] is made in [[Cyprus]]' unique AOC region north of Limassol from high altitude vines of [[Mavro]] and [[Xynisteri]], sun dried and aged in oak barrels. Recent developments have produced different styles of Commandaria, some of which are not fortified.
===Madeira wine===
{{Main|Madeira wine}}
[[Image:Justino Henriques Madeira wine, colheita 1996.JPG|thumb|left|upright=.60|[[Madeira wine]] ]]
Madeira is a fortified wine made in the [[Madeira Islands]]. The wine is produced in a variety of styles ranging from dry wines which can be consumed on their own as an [[aperitif]], to [[sweet wine]]s more usually consumed with [[dessert]]. Madeira is deliberately heated and oxidised as part of its maturation process, resulting in distinctive flavours and an unusually long lifespan once a bottle is opened.
===Marsala wine===
{{Main|Marsala wine}}
Marsala wine is a wine from [[Sicily]] that is available in both fortified and unfortified versions.<ref name="Wordsworth"/> It was first produced in 1772 by an English merchant, John Woodhouse, as an inexpensive substitute for sherry and port,<ref name="Hailman2006">{{cite book|author=John R. Hailman|title=Thomas Jefferson on Wine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bIfz0aP0cYC&pg=PA306&dq=Marsala+wine|year=2006|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-841-8|page=306|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> and gets its name from the island's port, [[Marsala]].<ref name="Wordsworth">{{cite book|author=Ned Halley|title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Drink: An A-Z of Alcoholic Beverages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5X6oVI-qngwC&pg=PA384&dq=Marsala+wine|accessdate=2009-04-04|date=January 2005|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|isbn=978-1-84022-302-6|page=384}}</ref> The fortified version is blended with [[brandy]] to make two styles, the younger, slightly weaker ''Fine'', which is at least 17% [[abv]] and aged at least four months; and the ''Superiore'', which is at least 18%, and aged at least two years. The unfortified Marsala wine is aged in wooden casks for five years or more and reaches a strength of 18% by [[evaporation]].<ref name="Wordsworth"/>
===Mistelle===
Mistelle ({{lang-it|mistella}}; {{lang-fr|mistelle}}; [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Galician language|Galician]] and {{lang-ca|mistela}}, from [[Latin language|Latin]] {{smallcaps|mixtella}}/{{smallcaps|mixtvm}} "mix") is sometimes used as an ingredient in fortified wines, particularly [[Vermouth]], [[Marsala wine|Marsala]] and [[Sherry]], though it is used mainly as a base for [[apéritif]]s such as the French [[Pineau des Charentes]].<ref name="ocw-mistela">[http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2032 ‘Mistela’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110013740/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2032 |date=2014-11-10 }} in ''[[Oxford Companion to Wine]]'', ed. by [[Jancis Robinson]], 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), s.v.</ref> It is produced by adding alcohol to non-fermented or partially [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] grape juice (or [[apple]] juice to make [[pommeau]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epicurious.com/tools/winedictionary/entry?id=7179 |title=mistelle Definition in the Wine Dictionary at Epicurious.com |publisher=epicurious.com |accessdate=2009-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606140435/http://www.epicurious.com/tools/winedictionary/entry?id=7179 |archivedate=June 6, 2011 }}
</ref> The addition of alcohol stops the fermentation and, as a consequence Mistelle is sweeter than fully fermented grape juice in which the sugars turn to alcohol.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.diwinetaste.com/dwt/en2004126.php
|title=Production of Fortified Wines
|website=DiWineTaste <!--|publisher=diwinetaste.com-->
|accessdate=2009-04-05
|last=Biancalana
|first=Antonello
}}</ref>
===Moscatel de Setúbal===
{{Main|Setúbal DOC}}
Moscatel de Setúbal is a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] wine produced around the [[Setúbal Municipality]] on the [[Península de Setúbal]]. The wine is made primarily from the [[Muscat of Alexandria]] grape and typically fortified with [[aguardente]]. The style was believed to have been invented by [[José Maria da Fonseca]], the founder of the oldest table wine company in Portugal dating back to 1834.
===Port wine===
{{Main|Port wine}}
[[File:10 yr Tawny port.jpg|right|thumb|A 10-year tawny port]]
Port wine (also known simply as Port) is a fortified wine from the [[Douro|Douro Valley]] in the [[Norte, Portugal|northern provinces]] of [[Portugal]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Darwin |first2=Danforth |last2=Price |year=2000 |title=Frommer's Portugal |edition=16th |publisher=IDG Books Worldwide |isbn=0-02-863601-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/frommersportugal00port }}</ref> It is typically a [[sweet]] red wine, but also comes in dry, semi-dry and white varieties.
===Sherry===
{{Main|Sherry}}
[[Image:CataJerez.jpg|thumb|left|A degustation of [[Sherry|sherries]] ]]
Sherry is a fortified wine made from white grapes that are grown near the town of [[Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez]], [[Spain]]. The word "sherry" itself is an [[anglicisation]] of Jerez. In earlier times, sherry was known as ''[[sack (wine)|sack]]'' (from the Spanish ''saca'', meaning "a removal from the [[solera]]"). In the European Union "sherry" is a [[protected designation of origin]]; therefore, all wine labelled as "sherry" must legally come from the Sherry Triangle, which is an area in the province of [[Cádiz (province)|Cádiz]] between [[Jerez de la Frontera]], [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] and [[El Puerto de Santa María]].<ref>[http://www.nicks.com.au/index.aspx?link_id=76.1232 Spanish law]</ref>
After [[Fermentation (wine)|fermentation]] is complete, sherry is fortified with [[brandy]]. Because the fortification takes place after fermentation, most sherries are initially dry, with any sweetness being added later. In contrast, [[port wine]] (for example) is fortified halfway through its fermentation, which stops the process so that not all of the sugar is turned into alcohol.
Sherry is produced in a variety of styles, ranging from dry, light versions such as [[fino]]s to much darker and sometimes sweeter versions known as [[oloroso]]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Cream sherry is always sweet.{{clear left}}
===Vermouth===
{{Main|Vermouth}}
[[File:Martini Bianco.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Martini (vermouth)|Martini]] Bianco, an Italian vermouth]]
Vermouth is a fortified wine flavoured with aromatic [[herb]]s and [[spice]]s ("aromatised" in the trade) using closely guarded recipes ([[trade secret]]s). Some of the herbs and spices used may include [[cardamom]], [[cinnamon]], [[marjoram]] and [[chamomile]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/15/WI0111LMMB.DTL | title=The Truth About Vermouth: The secret ingredient in today's top cocktails remains misunderstood | first=Paul | last=Clarke | date=2008-08-15 | work=The San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Some vermouth is sweetened; however, unsweetened or dry, vermouth tends to be bitter. The person credited with the second vermouth recipe, [[Antonio Benedetto Carpano]] from [[Turin]], [[Italy]], chose to name his concoction "vermouth" in 1786 because he was inspired by a [[Germany|German]] wine flavoured with [[Artemisia absinthium|wormwood]], an herb most famously used in [[Distillation|distilling]] [[absinthe]]. However, wine flavoured with wormwood goes back to ancient Rome. The modern German word ''Wermut'' (''Wermuth'' in the spelling of Carpano's time) means both ''wormwood'' and ''vermouth''. The herbs were originally used to mask raw flavours of cheaper wines,<ref name="Foley2006">{{cite book|author=Ray Foley|title=Bartending For Dummies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv7BMDNaWGsC&pg=PA112&dq=Vermouth|date=18 September 2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-10752-2|page=112|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref> imparting a slightly medicinal "tonic" flavor.
===Vins doux naturels===
[[File:Rasteau vdn.jpg|left|thumb|A Grenache-based VdN from Rasteau]]
Vins doux naturels are lightly fortified wines typically made from white [[Muscat (grape and wine)|Muscat]] grapes or red [[Grenache]] grapes in the south of [[France]]. The production of vins doux naturels was perfected by Arnaud de Villeneuve at the [[University of Montpellier]] in the 13th century and they are now quite common in the [[Languedoc-Roussillon]] region of southern France.
As the name suggests, [[Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise AOC|Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise]], [[Muscat de Rivesaltes AOC|Muscat de Rivesaltes]] and [[Muscat de Frontignan]] are all made from the white Muscat grape, whilst [[Banyuls AOC|Banyuls]] and [[Maury AOC|Maury]] are made from red [[Grenache]]. Regardless of the grape, fermentation is stopped by the addition of up to 10% of a 190 [[Proof (alcohol)|proof]] (95%) [[grape spirit]].<ref name="Baxevanis1987">{{cite book|author=John J. Baxevanis|title=The Wines of Champagne, Burgundy, Eastern and Southern France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EczgQ7PLGVkC&pg=PA268&dq=Vin+doux+naturel|date=1 January 1987|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-7534-0|page=268|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref> The Grenache vins doux naturels can be made in an oxidised or unoxidised style whereas the Muscat wines are protected from oxidation to retain their freshness.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thewinedoctor.com/author/sweetmutage.shtml |title=thewinedoctor.com |access-date=2009-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217215803/http://thewinedoctor.com/author/sweetmutage.shtml |archive-date=2009-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Low-end fortified wines===
{{Main|Flavored fortified wines}}
Inexpensive fortified wines, such as Thunderbird and Wild Irish Rose, became popular during the [[Great Depression]] for their relatively high alcohol content. The term ''[[wikt:wino|wino]]'' was coined during this period to describe impoverished people who drank these wines solely for their inebriating effect.<ref name=Zraly>{{cite book |last=Zraly |first=Kevin |title=Kevin Zraly's American Wine Guide |year=2006 |location=New York |publisher=Sterling |page=238 |isbn=1-4027-2585-X }}</ref>
These wines continue to be associated with the homeless, mainly because marketers have been aggressive in targeting low-income communities as ideal consumers of these beverages; organisations in cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle and Portland have urged makers of inexpensive fortified wine, including [[E & J Gallo Winery]], to stop providing such products to liquor stores in impoverished areas.<ref name=Jorgensen>{{cite book |last=Jorgensen |first=Janice |title=Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands: Consumable Products |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco03jorg |url-access=registration |year=1993 |location=Detroit |publisher=St. James Press |isbn=1-55862-336-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco03jorg/page/492 492]}}</ref> In 2005, the [[Seattle]] City Council asked the [[Washington State Liquor Control Board]] to prohibit the sale of certain alcohol products in an impoverished "Alcohol Impact Area." Among the products sought to be banned were over two dozen beers, and six fortified wines: Cisco, Gino's Premium Blend, MD 20/20, Night Train, Thunderbird, and Wild Irish Rose.<ref>{{cite news |author=Hector Castro|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/251134_alcohol07.html |title=City could soon widen alcohol impact areas |newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=December 7, 2005 }} {{Dead link|date=December 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> The Liquor Control Board approved these restrictions on August 30, 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130101013846/http://www.seattle.gov/BAN/public_safety_AIA.htm Seattle's Alcohol Impact Areas: The Extended Central Core AIA], City of Seattle website.</ref>
=== Gwaha-ju ===
{{Main|Gwaha-ju}}
''[[Gwaha-ju]]'' is a fortified rice wine made in [[Korea]].<ref name="Yu">{{cite web|last1=Yu|first1=Tae-jong|title=Gwaha-ju|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0004628|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]|publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]]|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=ko}}</ref><ref name="Park">{{Cite web|last=Park|first=Rock Darm|title=Gwaha-ju|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3574215|website=[[Naver]]|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=ko|date=12 April 2012}}</ref>
Although rice wine is not made from grapes, it has a similar alcohol content to grape wine, and the addition of the distilled spirit, [[soju]], and other ingredients like [[ginseng]], [[jujube]]s, [[ginger]], etc., to the rice wine, bears similarity to the above-mentioned fortified wines.
==Terminology==
Fortified wines are often termed [[dessert wine]]s in the [[United States]] to avoid association with hard drinking.<ref name="Sullivan1998">{{cite book|author=Charles L. Sullivan|title=A Companion to California Wine: An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhJJElLJn5cC&pg=PA120&dq=%E2%80%9Cfortified+wine%E2%80%9D++New+Encyclopedia+of+Wines+%26+Spirits|date=1 September 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92087-3|page=120|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref> The term "[[Vins de liqueur]]" is used by the French.<ref name="Joseph2006">{{cite book|author=Robert Joseph|title=Wine Travel Guide to the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8G5aWddvUh4C&pg=PA36&dq=vin+de+liqueur|year=2006|publisher=Footprint Handbooks|isbn=978-1-904777-85-4|page=36|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref>
Under [[European Union]] legislation, a liqueur wine is a fortified wine that contains 15–22% [[abv]], with Total Alcoholic Strength no less than 17.5%, and that meets many additional criteria. Exemptions are allowed for certain quality liqueur wines.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:148:0001:0061:EN:PDF COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 479/2008; Annex IV, §3 (European Union document).] See page 46.</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Wine|Liquor}}
* [[Wine and health]]
{{clear}}
==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121101064716/http://www.thatsthespirit.com/en/wine/wine_fortified.asp Fortified Wines]
* [http://vinoenology.com/calculators/fortification/ Fortification calculator]
* [http://www.musingsonthevine.com/tips_des2.shtml Dessert Wines] (fortified wine production).
* [http://cypruswine.wordpress.com/tag/commandaria-wine/ Commandaria wine] and its evolution.
{{Wines |state=expanded |selected=gen/prod}}
{{Alcoholic beverages |selected=types}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fortified Wine}}
[[Category:Fortified wine| ]]
[[Category:Wine styles]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '{{Distinguish|flavored fortified wine}}
[[Image:Port wine.jpg|thumb|A glass of [[port wine|port]], a fortified wine]]
[[File:Vermouth Bottles.jpg|thumb|A collection of [[vermouth]] and [[quinquina]] bottles, including [[Noilly Prat]] Extra FUCKING SALTY AS SHIT... MADE OF TURD AND LOOKS LKE PISS, [[Lillet]] Blanc, Dolin Rouge, and [[Martini & Rossi]] Rosso]]
'''Fortified wine''' is a [[wine]] to which a [[distilled spirit]], usually [[brandy]], is added.<ref name=ALE>{{cite book |last=Lichine |first=Alexis |title=Alexis Lichine’s New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits |edition=5th |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1987 |page=236 |isbn=0-394-56262-3 }}</ref> Many different styles of fortified wine have been developed, including [[Port wine|Port]], [[Sherry]], [[Madeira wine|Madeira]], [[Marsala wine|Marsala]], [[Commandaria|Commandaria wine]], and the [[aromatised wine]] [[Vermouth]].<ref name="Oxford pg 279">{{cite book |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=J. |title=The Oxford Companion to Wine |edition=3rd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/279 279] |isbn=0-19-860990-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/279 }}</ref>
==Production==
[[File:ValdiviaJerez65.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sherry]] barrels aging]]
One reason for fortifying wine was to preserve it, since [[ethanol]] is a natural [[antiseptic]]. Even though other preservation methods now exist, fortification continues to be used because the process can add distinct flavors to the finished product.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-a-fortified-wine-3510908|title=Types of Fortified Wines You Might Enjoy Before or After Dinner|website=The Spruce Eats|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diwinetaste.com/dwt/en2003113.php|title=DiWineTaste Report: Tasting Fortified Wines|last=Antonello|first=Biancalana|website=DiWineTaste|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>
Although grape brandy is most commonly added to produce fortified wines, the additional alcohol may also be [[Neutral grain spirit|neutral spirit]] that has been made from grapes, grain, [[sugar beet]]s or [[sugarcane]]. Regional [[appellation]] laws may dictate the types of spirit that are permitted for fortification. For example, in the U.S. only spirits from fruit may be used.
The source of the additional alcohol and the method of its distillation can affect the flavour of the fortified wine. If [[Neutral grain spirit|neutral spirit]] is used, it will usually have been produced with a [[continuous still]], rather than a [[pot still]].<ref name="Oxford pg 279"/>
When added to wine before the [[fermentation (wine)|fermentation]] process is complete, the alcohol in the distilled beverage kills the [[yeast (wine)|yeast]] and leaves [[residual sugar]] behind. The end result is a wine that is both sweeter and stronger, normally containing about 20% [[alcohol by volume]] (ABV).
During the [[Ethanol fermentation|fermentation]] process, yeast cells in the [[must]] continue to convert sugar into alcohol until the must reaches an alcohol level of 16%–18%. At this level, the alcohol becomes [[toxin|toxic]] to the yeast and kills it. If fermentation is allowed to run to completion, the resulting wine will (in most cases) be low in sugar and will be considered a dry wine. The earlier in the fermentation process that alcohol is added, the sweeter the resulting wine will be. For drier fortified wine styles, such as [[sherry]], the alcohol is added shortly before or after the end of the fermentation.
In the case of some fortified wine styles (such as [[late harvest wine|late harvest]] and [[Noble rot|botrytized wine]]s), a naturally high level of sugar will inhibit the yeast. This causes fermentation to stop before the wine can become dry.<ref name="Oxford pg 279"/>{{clear left}}
==Varieties==
===Commandaria wine===
[[File:Commandaria Cyprus.jpg|thumb|right|The commandaria wine tasting]]
{{Main|Commandaria}}
[[Commandaria]] is made in [[Cyprus]]' unique AOC region north of Limassol from high altitude vines of [[Mavro]] and [[Xynisteri]], sun dried and aged in oak barrels. Recent developments have produced different styles of Commandaria, some of which are not fortified.
===Madeira wine===
{{Main|Madeira wine}}
[[Image:Justino Henriques Madeira wine, colheita 1996.JPG|thumb|left|upright=.60|[[Madeira wine]] ]]
Madeira is a fortified wine made in the [[Madeira Islands]]. The wine is produced in a variety of styles ranging from dry wines which can be consumed on their own as an [[aperitif]], to [[sweet wine]]s more usually consumed with [[dessert]]. Madeira is deliberately heated and oxidised as part of its maturation process, resulting in distinctive flavours and an unusually long lifespan once a bottle is opened.
===Marsala wine===
{{Main|Marsala wine}}
Marsala wine is a wine from [[Sicily]] that is available in both fortified and unfortified versions.<ref name="Wordsworth"/> It was first produced in 1772 by an English merchant, John Woodhouse, as an inexpensive substitute for sherry and port,<ref name="Hailman2006">{{cite book|author=John R. Hailman|title=Thomas Jefferson on Wine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bIfz0aP0cYC&pg=PA306&dq=Marsala+wine|year=2006|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-841-8|page=306|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> and gets its name from the island's port, [[Marsala]].<ref name="Wordsworth">{{cite book|author=Ned Halley|title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Drink: An A-Z of Alcoholic Beverages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5X6oVI-qngwC&pg=PA384&dq=Marsala+wine|accessdate=2009-04-04|date=January 2005|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|isbn=978-1-84022-302-6|page=384}}</ref> The fortified version is blended with [[brandy]] to make two styles, the younger, slightly weaker ''Fine'', which is at least 17% [[abv]] and aged at least four months; and the ''Superiore'', which is at least 18%, and aged at least two years. The unfortified Marsala wine is aged in wooden casks for five years or more and reaches a strength of 18% by [[evaporation]].<ref name="Wordsworth"/>
===Mistelle===
Mistelle ({{lang-it|mistella}}; {{lang-fr|mistelle}}; [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Galician language|Galician]] and {{lang-ca|mistela}}, from [[Latin language|Latin]] {{smallcaps|mixtella}}/{{smallcaps|mixtvm}} "mix") is sometimes used as an ingredient in fortified wines, particularly [[Vermouth]], [[Marsala wine|Marsala]] and [[Sherry]], though it is used mainly as a base for [[apéritif]]s such as the French [[Pineau des Charentes]].<ref name="ocw-mistela">[http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2032 ‘Mistela’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110013740/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2032 |date=2014-11-10 }} in ''[[Oxford Companion to Wine]]'', ed. by [[Jancis Robinson]], 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), s.v.</ref> It is produced by adding alcohol to non-fermented or partially [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] grape juice (or [[apple]] juice to make [[pommeau]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epicurious.com/tools/winedictionary/entry?id=7179 |title=mistelle Definition in the Wine Dictionary at Epicurious.com |publisher=epicurious.com |accessdate=2009-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606140435/http://www.epicurious.com/tools/winedictionary/entry?id=7179 |archivedate=June 6, 2011 }}
</ref> The addition of alcohol stops the fermentation and, as a consequence Mistelle is sweeter than fully fermented grape juice in which the sugars turn to alcohol.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.diwinetaste.com/dwt/en2004126.php
|title=Production of Fortified Wines
|website=DiWineTaste <!--|publisher=diwinetaste.com-->
|accessdate=2009-04-05
|last=Biancalana
|first=Antonello
}}</ref>
===Moscatel de Setúbal===
{{Main|Setúbal DOC}}
Moscatel de Setúbal is a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] wine produced around the [[Setúbal Municipality]] on the [[Península de Setúbal]]. The wine is made primarily from the [[Muscat of Alexandria]] grape and typically fortified with [[aguardente]]. The style was believed to have been invented by [[José Maria da Fonseca]], the founder of the oldest table wine company in Portugal dating back to 1834.
===Port wine===
{{Main|Port wine}}
[[File:10 yr Tawny port.jpg|right|thumb|A 10-year tawny port]]
Port wine (also known simply as Port) is a fortified wine from the [[Douro|Douro Valley]] in the [[Norte, Portugal|northern provinces]] of [[Portugal]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Darwin |first2=Danforth |last2=Price |year=2000 |title=Frommer's Portugal |edition=16th |publisher=IDG Books Worldwide |isbn=0-02-863601-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/frommersportugal00port }}</ref> It is typically a [[sweet]] red wine, but also comes in dry, semi-dry and white varieties.
===Sherry===
{{Main|Sherry}}
[[Image:CataJerez.jpg|thumb|left|A degustation of [[Sherry|sherries]] ]]
Sherry is a fortified wine made from white grapes that are grown near the town of [[Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez]], [[Spain]]. The word "sherry" itself is an [[anglicisation]] of Jerez. In earlier times, sherry was known as ''[[sack (wine)|sack]]'' (from the Spanish ''saca'', meaning "a removal from the [[solera]]"). In the European Union "sherry" is a [[protected designation of origin]]; therefore, all wine labelled as "sherry" must legally come from the Sherry Triangle, which is an area in the province of [[Cádiz (province)|Cádiz]] between [[Jerez de la Frontera]], [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] and [[El Puerto de Santa María]].<ref>[http://www.nicks.com.au/index.aspx?link_id=76.1232 Spanish law]</ref>
After [[Fermentation (wine)|fermentation]] is complete, sherry is fortified with [[brandy]]. Because the fortification takes place after fermentation, most sherries are initially dry, with any sweetness being added later. In contrast, [[port wine]] (for example) is fortified halfway through its fermentation, which stops the process so that not all of the sugar is turned into alcohol.
Sherry is produced in a variety of styles, ranging from dry, light versions such as [[fino]]s to much darker and sometimes sweeter versions known as [[oloroso]]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Cream sherry is always sweet.{{clear left}}
===Vermouth===
{{Main|Vermouth}}
[[File:Martini Bianco.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Martini (vermouth)|Martini]] Bianco, an Italian vermouth]]
Vermouth is a fortified wine flavoured with aromatic [[herb]]s and [[spice]]s ("aromatised" in the trade) using closely guarded recipes ([[trade secret]]s). Some of the herbs and spices used may include [[cardamom]], [[cinnamon]], [[marjoram]] and [[chamomile]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/15/WI0111LMMB.DTL | title=The Truth About Vermouth: The secret ingredient in today's top cocktails remains misunderstood | first=Paul | last=Clarke | date=2008-08-15 | work=The San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Some vermouth is sweetened; however, unsweetened or dry, vermouth tends to be bitter. The person credited with the second vermouth recipe, [[Antonio Benedetto Carpano]] from [[Turin]], [[Italy]], chose to name his concoction "vermouth" in 1786 because he was inspired by a [[Germany|German]] wine flavoured with [[Artemisia absinthium|wormwood]], an herb most famously used in [[Distillation|distilling]] [[absinthe]]. However, wine flavoured with wormwood goes back to ancient Rome. The modern German word ''Wermut'' (''Wermuth'' in the spelling of Carpano's time) means both ''wormwood'' and ''vermouth''. The herbs were originally used to mask raw flavours of cheaper wines,<ref name="Foley2006">{{cite book|author=Ray Foley|title=Bartending For Dummies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv7BMDNaWGsC&pg=PA112&dq=Vermouth|date=18 September 2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-10752-2|page=112|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref> imparting a slightly medicinal "tonic" flavor.
===Vins doux naturels===
[[File:Rasteau vdn.jpg|left|thumb|A Grenache-based VdN from Rasteau]]
Vins doux naturels are lightly fortified wines typically made from white [[Muscat (grape and wine)|Muscat]] grapes or red [[Grenache]] grapes in the south of [[France]]. The production of vins doux naturels was perfected by Arnaud de Villeneuve at the [[University of Montpellier]] in the 13th century and they are now quite common in the [[Languedoc-Roussillon]] region of southern France.
As the name suggests, [[Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise AOC|Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise]], [[Muscat de Rivesaltes AOC|Muscat de Rivesaltes]] and [[Muscat de Frontignan]] are all made from the white Muscat grape, whilst [[Banyuls AOC|Banyuls]] and [[Maury AOC|Maury]] are made from red [[Grenache]]. Regardless of the grape, fermentation is stopped by the addition of up to 10% of a 190 [[Proof (alcohol)|proof]] (95%) [[grape spirit]].<ref name="Baxevanis1987">{{cite book|author=John J. Baxevanis|title=The Wines of Champagne, Burgundy, Eastern and Southern France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EczgQ7PLGVkC&pg=PA268&dq=Vin+doux+naturel|date=1 January 1987|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-7534-0|page=268|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref> The Grenache vins doux naturels can be made in an oxidised or unoxidised style whereas the Muscat wines are protected from oxidation to retain their freshness.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thewinedoctor.com/author/sweetmutage.shtml |title=thewinedoctor.com |access-date=2009-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217215803/http://thewinedoctor.com/author/sweetmutage.shtml |archive-date=2009-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Low-end fortified wines===
{{Main|Flavored fortified wines}}
Inexpensive fortified wines, such as Thunderbird and Wild Irish Rose, became popular during the [[Great Depression]] for their relatively high alcohol content. The term ''[[wikt:wino|wino]]'' was coined during this period to describe impoverished people who drank these wines solely for their inebriating effect.<ref name=Zraly>{{cite book |last=Zraly |first=Kevin |title=Kevin Zraly's American Wine Guide |year=2006 |location=New York |publisher=Sterling |page=238 |isbn=1-4027-2585-X }}</ref>
These wines continue to be associated with the homeless, mainly because marketers have been aggressive in targeting low-income communities as ideal consumers of these beverages; organisations in cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle and Portland have urged makers of inexpensive fortified wine, including [[E & J Gallo Winery]], to stop providing such products to liquor stores in impoverished areas.<ref name=Jorgensen>{{cite book |last=Jorgensen |first=Janice |title=Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands: Consumable Products |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco03jorg |url-access=registration |year=1993 |location=Detroit |publisher=St. James Press |isbn=1-55862-336-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco03jorg/page/492 492]}}</ref> In 2005, the [[Seattle]] City Council asked the [[Washington State Liquor Control Board]] to prohibit the sale of certain alcohol products in an impoverished "Alcohol Impact Area." Among the products sought to be banned were over two dozen beers, and six fortified wines: Cisco, Gino's Premium Blend, MD 20/20, Night Train, Thunderbird, and Wild Irish Rose.<ref>{{cite news |author=Hector Castro|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/251134_alcohol07.html |title=City could soon widen alcohol impact areas |newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=December 7, 2005 }} {{Dead link|date=December 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> The Liquor Control Board approved these restrictions on August 30, 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130101013846/http://www.seattle.gov/BAN/public_safety_AIA.htm Seattle's Alcohol Impact Areas: The Extended Central Core AIA], City of Seattle website.</ref>
=== Gwaha-ju ===
{{Main|Gwaha-ju}}
''[[Gwaha-ju]]'' is a fortified rice wine made in [[Korea]].<ref name="Yu">{{cite web|last1=Yu|first1=Tae-jong|title=Gwaha-ju|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0004628|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]|publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]]|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=ko}}</ref><ref name="Park">{{Cite web|last=Park|first=Rock Darm|title=Gwaha-ju|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3574215|website=[[Naver]]|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=ko|date=12 April 2012}}</ref>
Although rice wine is not made from grapes, it has a similar alcohol content to grape wine, and the addition of the distilled spirit, [[soju]], and other ingredients like [[ginseng]], [[jujube]]s, [[ginger]], etc., to the rice wine, bears similarity to the above-mentioned fortified wines.
==Terminology==
Fortified wines are often termed [[dessert wine]]s in the [[United States]] to avoid association with hard drinking.<ref name="Sullivan1998">{{cite book|author=Charles L. Sullivan|title=A Companion to California Wine: An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhJJElLJn5cC&pg=PA120&dq=%E2%80%9Cfortified+wine%E2%80%9D++New+Encyclopedia+of+Wines+%26+Spirits|date=1 September 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92087-3|page=120|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref> The term "[[Vins de liqueur]]" is used by the French.<ref name="Joseph2006">{{cite book|author=Robert Joseph|title=Wine Travel Guide to the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8G5aWddvUh4C&pg=PA36&dq=vin+de+liqueur|year=2006|publisher=Footprint Handbooks|isbn=978-1-904777-85-4|page=36|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref>
Under [[European Union]] legislation, a liqueur wine is a fortified wine that contains 15–22% [[abv]], with Total Alcoholic Strength no less than 17.5%, and that meets many additional criteria. Exemptions are allowed for certain quality liqueur wines.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:148:0001:0061:EN:PDF COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 479/2008; Annex IV, §3 (European Union document).] See page 46.</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Wine|Liquor}}
* [[Wine and health]]
{{clear}}
==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121101064716/http://www.thatsthespirit.com/en/wine/wine_fortified.asp Fortified Wines]
* [http://vinoenology.com/calculators/fortification/ Fortification calculator]
* [http://www.musingsonthevine.com/tips_des2.shtml Dessert Wines] (fortified wine production).
* [http://cypruswine.wordpress.com/tag/commandaria-wine/ Commandaria wine] and its evolution.
{{Wines |state=expanded |selected=gen/prod}}
{{Alcoholic beverages |selected=types}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fortified Wine}}
[[Category:Fortified wine| ]]
[[Category:Wine styles]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
{{Distinguish|flavored fortified wine}}
[[Image:Port wine.jpg|thumb|A glass of [[port wine|port]], a fortified wine]]
-[[File:Vermouth Bottles.jpg|thumb|A collection of [[vermouth]] and [[quinquina]] bottles, including [[Noilly Prat]] Extra Dry, [[Lillet]] Blanc, Dolin Rouge, and [[Martini & Rossi]] Rosso]]
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'''Fortified wine''' is a [[wine]] to which a [[distilled spirit]], usually [[brandy]], is added.<ref name=ALE>{{cite book |last=Lichine |first=Alexis |title=Alexis Lichine’s New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits |edition=5th |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1987 |page=236 |isbn=0-394-56262-3 }}</ref> Many different styles of fortified wine have been developed, including [[Port wine|Port]], [[Sherry]], [[Madeira wine|Madeira]], [[Marsala wine|Marsala]], [[Commandaria|Commandaria wine]], and the [[aromatised wine]] [[Vermouth]].<ref name="Oxford pg 279">{{cite book |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=J. |title=The Oxford Companion to Wine |edition=3rd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/279 279] |isbn=0-19-860990-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/279 }}</ref>
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html ) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flavored_fortified_wine" title="Flavored fortified wine">flavored fortified wine</a>.</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Port_wine.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Port_wine.jpg/220px-Port_wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Port_wine.jpg/330px-Port_wine.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Port_wine.jpg/440px-Port_wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Port_wine.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A glass of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a>, a fortified wine</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vermouth_Bottles.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vermouth_Bottles.jpg/220px-Vermouth_Bottles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vermouth_Bottles.jpg/330px-Vermouth_Bottles.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vermouth_Bottles.jpg/440px-Vermouth_Bottles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vermouth_Bottles.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A collection of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">vermouth</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quinquina" title="Quinquina">quinquina</a> bottles, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noilly_Prat" title="Noilly Prat">Noilly Prat</a> Extra FUCKING SALTY AS SHIT... MADE OF TURD AND LOOKS LKE PISS, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lillet" title="Lillet">Lillet</a> Blanc, Dolin Rouge, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martini_%26_Rossi" title="Martini & Rossi">Martini & Rossi</a> Rosso</div></div></div>
<p><b>Fortified wine</b> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> to which a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Distilled_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled spirit">distilled spirit</a>, usually <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>, is added.<sup id="cite_ref-ALE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALE-1">[1]</a></sup> Many different styles of fortified wine have been developed, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commandaria" title="Commandaria">Commandaria wine</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">aromatised wine</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_279_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_279-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Production"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Varieties"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Varieties</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Commandaria_wine"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Commandaria wine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Madeira_wine"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Madeira wine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Marsala_wine"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Marsala wine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Mistelle"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mistelle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Moscatel_de_Setúbal"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Moscatel de Setúbal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Port_wine"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Port wine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Sherry"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Sherry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Vermouth"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Vermouth</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Vins_doux_naturels"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Vins doux naturels</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Low-end_fortified_wines"><span class="tocnumber">2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Low-end fortified wines</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Gwaha-ju"><span class="tocnumber">2.11</span> <span class="toctext">Gwaha-ju</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Production">Production</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ValdiviaJerez65.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ValdiviaJerez65.jpg/220px-ValdiviaJerez65.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ValdiviaJerez65.jpg/330px-ValdiviaJerez65.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ValdiviaJerez65.jpg/440px-ValdiviaJerez65.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ValdiviaJerez65.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a> barrels aging</div></div></div>
<p>One reason for fortifying wine was to preserve it, since <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> is a natural <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a>. Even though other preservation methods now exist, fortification continues to be used because the process can add distinct flavors to the finished product.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although grape brandy is most commonly added to produce fortified wines, the additional alcohol may also be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutral_grain_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral grain spirit">neutral spirit</a> that has been made from grapes, grain, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>. Regional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Appellation" title="Appellation">appellation</a> laws may dictate the types of spirit that are permitted for fortification. For example, in the U.S. only spirits from fruit may be used.
</p><p>The source of the additional alcohol and the method of its distillation can affect the flavour of the fortified wine. If <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutral_grain_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral grain spirit">neutral spirit</a> is used, it will usually have been produced with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continuous_still" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous still">continuous still</a>, rather than a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pot_still" title="Pot still">pot still</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_279_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_279-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>When added to wine before the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a> process is complete, the alcohol in the distilled beverage kills the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeast_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast (wine)">yeast</a> and leaves <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">residual sugar</a> behind. The end result is a wine that is both sweeter and stronger, normally containing about 20% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a> (ABV).
</p><p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">fermentation</a> process, yeast cells in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> continue to convert sugar into alcohol until the must reaches an alcohol level of 16%–18%. At this level, the alcohol becomes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxic</a> to the yeast and kills it. If fermentation is allowed to run to completion, the resulting wine will (in most cases) be low in sugar and will be considered a dry wine. The earlier in the fermentation process that alcohol is added, the sweeter the resulting wine will be. For drier fortified wine styles, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a>, the alcohol is added shortly before or after the end of the fermentation.
</p><p>
In the case of some fortified wine styles (such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">late harvest</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">botrytized wines</a>), a naturally high level of sugar will inhibit the yeast. This causes fermentation to stop before the wine can become dry.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_279_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_279-2">[2]</a></sup></p><div style="clear:left;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Varieties">Varieties</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varieties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Commandaria_wine">Commandaria wine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commandaria wine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Commandaria_Cyprus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Commandaria_Cyprus.jpg/220px-Commandaria_Cyprus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Commandaria_Cyprus.jpg/330px-Commandaria_Cyprus.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Commandaria_Cyprus.jpg/440px-Commandaria_Cyprus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="610" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Commandaria_Cyprus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The commandaria wine tasting</div></div></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commandaria" title="Commandaria">Commandaria</a></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commandaria" title="Commandaria">Commandaria</a> is made in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>' unique AOC region north of Limassol from high altitude vines of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mavro" title="Mavro">Mavro</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xynisteri" title="Xynisteri">Xynisteri</a>, sun dried and aged in oak barrels. Recent developments have produced different styles of Commandaria, some of which are not fortified.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Madeira_wine">Madeira wine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Madeira wine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:132px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Justino_Henriques_Madeira_wine,_colheita_1996.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Justino_Henriques_Madeira_wine%2C_colheita_1996.JPG/130px-Justino_Henriques_Madeira_wine%2C_colheita_1996.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="255" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Justino_Henriques_Madeira_wine%2C_colheita_1996.JPG/195px-Justino_Henriques_Madeira_wine%2C_colheita_1996.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Justino_Henriques_Madeira_wine%2C_colheita_1996.JPG/260px-Justino_Henriques_Madeira_wine%2C_colheita_1996.JPG 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="1079" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Justino_Henriques_Madeira_wine,_colheita_1996.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></div></div></div>
<p>Madeira is a fortified wine made in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madeira_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeira Islands">Madeira Islands</a>. The wine is produced in a variety of styles ranging from dry wines which can be consumed on their own as an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aperitif" class="mw-redirect" title="Aperitif">aperitif</a>, to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweet_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet wine">sweet wines</a> more usually consumed with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a>. Madeira is deliberately heated and oxidised as part of its maturation process, resulting in distinctive flavours and an unusually long lifespan once a bottle is opened.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Marsala_wine">Marsala wine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marsala wine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></div>
<p>Marsala wine is a wine from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> that is available in both fortified and unfortified versions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wordsworth_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wordsworth-5">[5]</a></sup> It was first produced in 1772 by an English merchant, John Woodhouse, as an inexpensive substitute for sherry and port,<sup id="cite_ref-Hailman2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hailman2006-6">[6]</a></sup> and gets its name from the island's port, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wordsworth_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wordsworth-5">[5]</a></sup> The fortified version is blended with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> to make two styles, the younger, slightly weaker <i>Fine</i>, which is at least 17% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abv" class="mw-redirect" title="Abv">abv</a> and aged at least four months; and the <i>Superiore</i>, which is at least 18%, and aged at least two years. The unfortified Marsala wine is aged in wooden casks for five years or more and reaches a strength of 18% by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wordsworth_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wordsworth-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mistelle">Mistelle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mistelle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Mistelle (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">mistella</i>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">mistelle</i>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">mistela</i>, from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">mixtella</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"/><span class="smallcaps">mixtvm</span> "mix") is sometimes used as an ingredient in fortified wines, particularly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a>, though it is used mainly as a base for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif" class="mw-redirect" title="Apéritif">apéritifs</a> such as the French <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pineau_des_Charentes" title="Pineau des Charentes">Pineau des Charentes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ocw-mistela_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-mistela-7">[7]</a></sup> It is produced by adding alcohol to non-fermented or partially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> grape juice (or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a> juice to make <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pommeau" title="Pommeau">pommeau</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The addition of alcohol stops the fermentation and, as a consequence Mistelle is sweeter than fully fermented grape juice in which the sugars turn to alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Moscatel_de_Set.C3.BAbal"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Moscatel_de_Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Moscatel de Setúbal">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal_DOC" title="Setúbal DOC">Setúbal DOC</a></div>
<p>Moscatel de Setúbal is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> wine produced around the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Setúbal Municipality">Setúbal Municipality</a> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Set%C3%BAbal" title="Península de Setúbal">Península de Setúbal</a>. The wine is made primarily from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a> grape and typically fortified with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aguardente" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguardente">aguardente</a>. The style was believed to have been invented by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_da_Fonseca" title="José Maria da Fonseca">José Maria da Fonseca</a>, the founder of the oldest table wine company in Portugal dating back to 1834.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Port_wine">Port wine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Port wine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg/220px-10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg/330px-10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg/440px-10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:10_yr_Tawny_port.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A 10-year tawny port</div></div></div>
<p>Port wine (also known simply as Port) is a fortified wine from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro Valley</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norte,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte, Portugal">northern provinces</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> It is typically a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet">sweet</a> red wine, but also comes in dry, semi-dry and white varieties.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sherry">Sherry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sherry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:CataJerez.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CataJerez.jpg/220px-CataJerez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CataJerez.jpg/330px-CataJerez.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CataJerez.jpg/440px-CataJerez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:CataJerez.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A degustation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherries</a></div></div></div>
<p>Sherry is a fortified wine made from white grapes that are grown near the town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. The word "sherry" itself is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a> of Jerez. In earlier times, sherry was known as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sack_(wine)" title="Sack (wine)">sack</a></i> (from the Spanish <i>saca</i>, meaning "a removal from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">solera</a>"). In the European Union "sherry" is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected designation of origin">protected designation of origin</a>; therefore, all wine labelled as "sherry" must legally come from the Sherry Triangle, which is an area in the province of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cádiz (province)">Cádiz</a> between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar de Barrameda</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">El Puerto de Santa María</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>After <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a> is complete, sherry is fortified with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>. Because the fortification takes place after fermentation, most sherries are initially dry, with any sweetness being added later. In contrast, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port wine</a> (for example) is fortified halfway through its fermentation, which stops the process so that not all of the sugar is turned into alcohol.
</p><p>
Sherry is produced in a variety of styles, ranging from dry, light versions such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fino" title="Fino">finos</a> to much darker and sometimes sweeter versions known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oloroso" title="Oloroso">olorosos</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cream sherry is always sweet.</p><div style="clear:left;"></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vermouth">Vermouth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vermouth">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Martini_Bianco.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Martini_Bianco.JPG/170px-Martini_Bianco.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Martini_Bianco.JPG/255px-Martini_Bianco.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Martini_Bianco.JPG/340px-Martini_Bianco.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2039" data-file-height="2719" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Martini_Bianco.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martini_(vermouth)" title="Martini (vermouth)">Martini</a> Bianco, an Italian vermouth</div></div></div>
<p>Vermouth is a fortified wine flavoured with aromatic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a> ("aromatised" in the trade) using closely guarded recipes (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a>). Some of the herbs and spices used may include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">marjoram</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">chamomile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Some vermouth is sweetened; however, unsweetened or dry, vermouth tends to be bitter. The person credited with the second vermouth recipe, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Benedetto_Carpano" title="Antonio Benedetto Carpano">Antonio Benedetto Carpano</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, chose to name his concoction "vermouth" in 1786 because he was inspired by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> wine flavoured with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artemisia_absinthium" title="Artemisia absinthium">wormwood</a>, an herb most famously used in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilling</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">absinthe</a>. However, wine flavoured with wormwood goes back to ancient Rome. The modern German word <i>Wermut</i> (<i>Wermuth</i> in the spelling of Carpano's time) means both <i>wormwood</i> and <i>vermouth</i>. The herbs were originally used to mask raw flavours of cheaper wines,<sup id="cite_ref-Foley2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley2006-13">[13]</a></sup> imparting a slightly medicinal "tonic" flavor.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vins_doux_naturels">Vins doux naturels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vins doux naturels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rasteau_vdn.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rasteau_vdn.jpg/220px-Rasteau_vdn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rasteau_vdn.jpg/330px-Rasteau_vdn.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rasteau_vdn.jpg/440px-Rasteau_vdn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rasteau_vdn.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A Grenache-based VdN from Rasteau</div></div></div>
<p>Vins doux naturels are lightly fortified wines typically made from white <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscat_(grape_and_wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat (grape and wine)">Muscat</a> grapes or red <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a> grapes in the south of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The production of vins doux naturels was perfected by Arnaud de Villeneuve at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a> in the 13th century and they are now quite common in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon" title="Languedoc-Roussillon">Languedoc-Roussillon</a> region of southern France.
</p><p>As the name suggests, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscat_de_Beaumes-de-Venise_AOC" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise AOC">Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscat_de_Rivesaltes_AOC" title="Muscat de Rivesaltes AOC">Muscat de Rivesaltes</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscat_de_Frontignan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat de Frontignan">Muscat de Frontignan</a> are all made from the white Muscat grape, whilst <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banyuls_AOC" title="Banyuls AOC">Banyuls</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maury_AOC" title="Maury AOC">Maury</a> are made from red <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>. Regardless of the grape, fermentation is stopped by the addition of up to 10% of a 190 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proof_(alcohol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof (alcohol)">proof</a> (95%) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grape_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape spirit">grape spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baxevanis1987_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baxevanis1987-14">[14]</a></sup> The Grenache vins doux naturels can be made in an oxidised or unoxidised style whereas the Muscat wines are protected from oxidation to retain their freshness.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Low-end_fortified_wines">Low-end fortified wines</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Low-end fortified wines">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flavored_fortified_wines" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavored fortified wines">Flavored fortified wines</a></div>
<p>Inexpensive fortified wines, such as Thunderbird and Wild Irish Rose, became popular during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> for their relatively high alcohol content. The term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wino" class="extiw" title="wikt:wino">wino</a></i> was coined during this period to describe impoverished people who drank these wines solely for their inebriating effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Zraly_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zraly-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>These wines continue to be associated with the homeless, mainly because marketers have been aggressive in targeting low-income communities as ideal consumers of these beverages; organisations in cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle and Portland have urged makers of inexpensive fortified wine, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/E_%26_J_Gallo_Winery" title="E & J Gallo Winery">E & J Gallo Winery</a>, to stop providing such products to liquor stores in impoverished areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Jorgensen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jorgensen-17">[17]</a></sup> In 2005, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> City Council asked the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington_State_Liquor_Control_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State Liquor Control Board">Washington State Liquor Control Board</a> to prohibit the sale of certain alcohol products in an impoverished "Alcohol Impact Area." Among the products sought to be banned were over two dozen beers, and six fortified wines: Cisco, Gino's Premium Blend, MD 20/20, Night Train, Thunderbird, and Wild Irish Rose.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> The Liquor Control Board approved these restrictions on August 30, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gwaha-ju">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></div>
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></i> is a fortified rice wine made in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yu-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Park_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-21">[21]</a></sup>
Although rice wine is not made from grapes, it has a similar alcohol content to grape wine, and the addition of the distilled spirit, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">soju</a>, and other ingredients like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">ginseng</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jujube" title="Jujube">jujubes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, etc., to the rice wine, bears similarity to the above-mentioned fortified wines.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Fortified wines are often termed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert wines</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to avoid association with hard drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan1998_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan1998-22">[22]</a></sup> The term "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vins_de_liqueur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vins de liqueur">Vins de liqueur</a>" is used by the French.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph2006-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> legislation, a liqueur wine is a fortified wine that contains 15–22% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abv" class="mw-redirect" title="Abv">abv</a>, with Total Alcoholic Strength no less than 17.5%, and that meets many additional criteria. Exemptions are allowed for certain quality liqueur wines.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Glass_of_wine.png" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Glass_of_wine.png/26px-Glass_of_wine.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Glass_of_wine.png/39px-Glass_of_wine.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Glass_of_wine.png/52px-Glass_of_wine.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="161" /></a></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/48px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/64px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine and health">Wine and health</a></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-ALE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ALE_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lichine, Alexis (1987). <i>Alexis Lichine’s New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits</i> (5th ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 236. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-56262-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-56262-3"><bdi>0-394-56262-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexis+Lichine%E2%80%99s+New+Encyclopedia+of+Wines+%26+Spirits&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=236&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-394-56262-3&rft.aulast=Lichine&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r935243608">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_279-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_279_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_279_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_279_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robinson, J., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/279"><i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i></a> (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/279">279</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6"><bdi>0-19-860990-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=279&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-860990-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc%2Fpage%2F279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-a-fortified-wine-3510908">"Types of Fortified Wines You Might Enjoy Before or After Dinner"</a>. <i>The Spruce Eats</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spruce+Eats&rft.atitle=Types+of+Fortified+Wines+You+Might+Enjoy+Before+or+After+Dinner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespruceeats.com%2Fwhat-is-a-fortified-wine-3510908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Antonello, Biancalana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diwinetaste.com/dwt/en2003113.php">"DiWineTaste Report: Tasting Fortified Wines"</a>. <i>DiWineTaste</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DiWineTaste&rft.atitle=DiWineTaste+Report%3A+Tasting+Fortified+Wines&rft.aulast=Antonello&rft.aufirst=Biancalana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diwinetaste.com%2Fdwt%2Fen2003113.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wordsworth-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wordsworth_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wordsworth_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wordsworth_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ned Halley (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5X6oVI-qngwC&pg=PA384&dq=Marsala+wine"><i>The Wordsworth Dictionary of Drink: An A-Z of Alcoholic Beverages</i></a>. Wordsworth Editions. p. 384. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-302-6"><bdi>978-1-84022-302-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wordsworth+Dictionary+of+Drink%3A+An+A-Z+of+Alcoholic+Beverages&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84022-302-6&rft.au=Ned+Halley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5X6oVI-qngwC%26pg%3DPA384%26dq%3DMarsala%2Bwine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hailman2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hailman2006_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John R. Hailman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7bIfz0aP0cYC&pg=PA306&dq=Marsala+wine"><i>Thomas Jefferson on Wine</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 306. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-841-8"><bdi>978-1-57806-841-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+on+Wine&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-841-8&rft.au=John+R.+Hailman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7bIfz0aP0cYC%26pg%3DPA306%26dq%3DMarsala%2Bwine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ocw-mistela-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ocw-mistela_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2032">‘Mistela’</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110013740/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2032">Archived</a> 2014-11-10 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_Companion_to_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Companion to Wine">Oxford Companion to Wine</a></i>, ed. by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Jancis Robinson</a>, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), s.v.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606140435/http://www.epicurious.com/tools/winedictionary/entry?id=7179">"mistelle Definition in the Wine Dictionary at Epicurious.com"</a>. epicurious.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epicurious.com/tools/winedictionary/entry?id=7179">the original</a> on June 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mistelle+Definition+in+the+Wine+Dictionary+at+Epicurious.com&rft.pub=epicurious.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicurious.com%2Ftools%2Fwinedictionary%2Fentry%3Fid%3D7179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite class="citation web">Biancalana, Antonello. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diwinetaste.com/dwt/en2004126.php">"Production of Fortified Wines"</a>. <i>DiWineTaste</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DiWineTaste&rft.atitle=Production+of+Fortified+Wines&rft.aulast=Biancalana&rft.aufirst=Antonello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diwinetaste.com%2Fdwt%2Fen2004126.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Porter, Darwin; Price, Danforth (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommersportugal00port"><i>Frommer's Portugal</i></a> (16th ed.). IDG Books Worldwide. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-863601-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-863601-5"><bdi>0-02-863601-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Portugal&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=IDG+Books+Worldwide&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-02-863601-5&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Darwin&rft.au=Price%2C+Danforth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrommersportugal00port&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicks.com.au/index.aspx?link_id=76.1232">Spanish law</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Clarke, Paul (2008-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/15/WI0111LMMB.DTL">"The Truth About Vermouth: The secret ingredient in today's top cocktails remains misunderstood"</a>. <i>The San Francisco Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Truth+About+Vermouth%3A+The+secret+ingredient+in+today%27s+top+cocktails+remains+misunderstood&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F08%2F15%2FWI0111LMMB.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Foley2006-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foley2006_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ray Foley (18 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv7BMDNaWGsC&pg=PA112&dq=Vermouth"><i>Bartending For Dummies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 112. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-10752-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-10752-2"><bdi>978-0-470-10752-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bartending+For+Dummies&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006-09-18&rft.isbn=978-0-470-10752-2&rft.au=Ray+Foley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJv7BMDNaWGsC%26pg%3DPA112%26dq%3DVermouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Baxevanis1987-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baxevanis1987_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John J. Baxevanis (1 January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EczgQ7PLGVkC&pg=PA268&dq=Vin+doux+naturel"><i>The Wines of Champagne, Burgundy, Eastern and Southern France</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 268. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7534-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7534-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-7534-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wines+of+Champagne%2C+Burgundy%2C+Eastern+and+Southern+France&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-7534-0&rft.au=John+J.+Baxevanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEczgQ7PLGVkC%26pg%3DPA268%26dq%3DVin%2Bdoux%2Bnaturel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217215803/http://thewinedoctor.com/author/sweetmutage.shtml">"thewinedoctor.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewinedoctor.com/author/sweetmutage.shtml">the original</a> on 2009-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=thewinedoctor.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewinedoctor.com%2Fauthor%2Fsweetmutage.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zraly-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zraly_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zraly, Kevin (2006). <i>Kevin Zraly's American Wine Guide</i>. New York: Sterling. p. 238. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4027-2585-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4027-2585-X"><bdi>1-4027-2585-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kevin+Zraly%27s+American+Wine+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4027-2585-X&rft.aulast=Zraly&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jorgensen-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jorgensen_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jorgensen, Janice (1993). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco03jorg"><i>Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands: Consumable Products</i></a></span>. Detroit: St. James Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco03jorg/page/492">492</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55862-336-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55862-336-1"><bdi>1-55862-336-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Consumer+Brands%3A+Consumable+Products&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=St.+James+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-55862-336-1&rft.aulast=Jorgensen&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofco03jorg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hector Castro (December 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/local/251134_alcohol07.html">"City could soon widen alcohol impact areas"</a>. <i>Seattle Post-Intelligencer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=City+could+soon+widen+alcohol+impact+areas&rft.date=2005-12-07&rft.au=Hector+Castro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Flocal%2F251134_alcohol07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since December 2011">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130101013846/http://www.seattle.gov/BAN/public_safety_AIA.htm">Seattle's Alcohol Impact Areas: The Extended Central Core AIA</a>, City of Seattle website.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Yu-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yu_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yu, Tae-jong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0004628">"Gwaha-ju"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a></i> (in Korean). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=Gwaha-ju&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Tae-jong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FContents%2FItem%2FE0004628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Park-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Park_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Park, Rock Darm (12 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3574215">"Gwaha-ju"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naver" title="Naver">Naver</a></i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naver&rft.atitle=Gwaha-ju&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Rock+Darm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterms.naver.com%2Fentry.nhn%3FdocId%3D3574215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sullivan1998-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan1998_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Charles L. Sullivan (1 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GhJJElLJn5cC&pg=PA120&dq=%E2%80%9Cfortified+wine%E2%80%9D++New+Encyclopedia+of+Wines+%26+Spirits"><i>A Companion to California Wine: An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 120. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92087-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92087-3"><bdi>978-0-520-92087-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+California+Wine%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Wine+and+Winemaking+from+the+Mission+Period+to+the+Present&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92087-3&rft.au=Charles+L.+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGhJJElLJn5cC%26pg%3DPA120%26dq%3D%25E2%2580%259Cfortified%2Bwine%25E2%2580%259D%2B%2BNew%2BEncyclopedia%2Bof%2BWines%2B%2526%2BSpirits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Joseph2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joseph2006_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert Joseph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8G5aWddvUh4C&pg=PA36&dq=vin+de+liqueur"><i>Wine Travel Guide to the World</i></a>. Footprint Handbooks. p. 36. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904777-85-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904777-85-4"><bdi>978-1-904777-85-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+Travel+Guide+to+the+World&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Footprint+Handbooks&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904777-85-4&rft.au=Robert+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8G5aWddvUh4C%26pg%3DPA36%26dq%3Dvin%2Bde%2Bliqueur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortified+wine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:148:0001:0061:EN:PDF">COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 479/2008; Annex IV, §3 (European Union document).</a> See page 46.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fortified_wine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/fortified_wine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/fortified wine">fortified wine</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101064716/http://www.thatsthespirit.com/en/wine/wine_fortified.asp">Fortified Wines</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vinoenology.com/calculators/fortification/">Fortification calculator</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musingsonthevine.com/tips_des2.shtml">Dessert Wines</a> (fortified wine production).</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cypruswine.wordpress.com/tag/commandaria-wine/">Commandaria wine</a> and its evolution.</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wines_and_winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Wines&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wines_and_winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wines</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging of wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_and_food_matching" title="Wine and food matching">Wine and food matching</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Styles_and_methods_of_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Styles and methods of production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fortified</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grape_varieties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape varieties</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top 20 by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera / Prosecco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino Fino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano Toscano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alicante_Henri_Bouschet" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante Henri Bouschet">Alicante Henri Bouschet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec"> Cot / Malbec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce Noir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gamay_Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamay Noir">Gamay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinot_Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinot Noir">Pinot Noir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah / Shiraz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top 21–50 by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">White</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albari%C3%B1o" title="Albariño">Albariño</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ansonica" title="Ansonica"> Ansonica / Inzolia </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bianca_(grape)" title="Bianca (grape)">Bianca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chasselas" title="Chasselas">Chasselas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chelva_(grape)" title="Chelva (grape)">Chelva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires" title="Fernão Pires">Fernão Pires</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feteasc%C4%83_alb%C4%83" title="Fetească albă">Fetească albă</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feteasc%C4%83_regal%C4%83" title="Fetească regală">Fetească regală</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Furmint" title="Furmint">Furmint</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garganega" title="Garganega">Garganega</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer" title="Gewürztraminer">Gewürztraminer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grenache_blanc" title="Grenache blanc">Grenache blanc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grillo" title="Grillo">Grillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malvasia#Italian_varieties" title="Malvasia">Malvasia Bianca di Candia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melon_de_Bourgogne" title="Melon de Bourgogne">Melon de Bourgogne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscat_Ottonel" title="Muscat Ottonel">Muscat Ottonel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parellada" title="Parellada">Parellada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Gim%C3%A9nez" title="Pedro Giménez">Pedro Giménez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Xim%C3%A9nez" title="Pedro Ximénez">Pedro Ximénez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot blanc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roupeiro" title="Roupeiro">Roupeiro / Siria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torront%C3%A9s" title="Torrontés">Torrontés Riojano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trebbiano_Giallo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebbiano Giallo">Trebbiano Giallo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trebbiano_Romagnolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebbiano Romagnolo">Trebbiano Romagnolo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsolikouri" title="Tsolikouri">Tsolikouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verdejo" title="Verdejo">Verdejo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vermentino" title="Vermentino">Vermentino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viognier" title="Viognier">Viognier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xarel%C2%B7lo" title="Xarel·lo">Xarel·lo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties#White_grapes" title="List of grape varieties">See full list</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Red</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aglianico" title="Aglianico">Aglianico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blaufr%C3%A4nkisch" title="Blaufränkisch">Blaufränkisch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bord%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordô">Bordô</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carm%C3%A9n%C3%A8re" title="Carménère">Carménère</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Castel%C3%A3o_(grape)" title="Castelão (grape)">Castelao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concord_grape" title="Concord grape">Concord</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corvina_Veronese" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvina Veronese">Corvina Veronese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criolla_Grande" title="Criolla Grande">Criolla Grande</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatina" title="Croatina">Croatina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolcetto" title="Dolcetto">Dolcetto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dornfelder" title="Dornfelder">Dornfelder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marufo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marufo">Marufo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menc%C3%ADa_(grape)" title="Mencía (grape)">Mencía</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Muscat" title="Black Muscat">Black Muscat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebbiolo" title="Nebbiolo">Nebbiolo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negroamaro" title="Negroamaro">Negroamaro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nero_d%27Avola" title="Nero d'Avola">Nero d'Avola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pamid" title="Pamid">Pamid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petit_Verdot" title="Petit Verdot">Petit Verdot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinot_Meunier" title="Pinot Meunier">Pinot Meunier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinotage" title="Pinotage">Pinotage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prokupac" title="Prokupac">Prokupac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruby_Cabernet" title="Ruby Cabernet">Ruby Cabernet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saperavi" title="Saperavi">Saperavi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tannat" title="Tannat">Tannat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tinta_Barroca" title="Tinta Barroca">Tinta Barroca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Touriga_Franca" class="mw-redirect" title="Touriga Franca">Touriga Franca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Touriga_Nacional" title="Touriga Nacional">Touriga Nacional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trincadeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Trincadeira">Trincadeira</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zweigelt" title="Zweigelt">Zweigelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties#Red_grapes" title="List of grape varieties">See full list</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_drinks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Alcoholic_drinks&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcoholic_drinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" title="Alcoholic drink">Alcoholic drinks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">History of French wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Portuguese_wine" title="History of Portuguese wine">History of Portuguese wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_South_African_wine" title="History of South African wine">History of South African wine</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alcohol_industry" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Banana</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></dd>
<dt>Bignay</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></dd>
<dt>Bokbunja</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></dd>
<dt>Grape</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></dd>
<dt>Java plum</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></dd>
<dt>Lychee</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></dd>
<dt>Pear</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></dd>
<dt>Pineapple</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></dd>
<dt>Plum</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></dd>
<dt>Pomegranate</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rimon" title="Rimon">Rimon</a></dd>
<dt>Prickly pear</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></dd>
<dt>Various fruits</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Barley</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></dd>
<dt>Corn</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></dd>
<dt>Millet</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></dd>
<dt>Rice</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saa_tram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saa tram (page does not exist)">Saa tram</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></dd>
<dt>Rye</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></dd>
<dt>Sorghum</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></dd>
<dt>Multiple grains</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Agave</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></dd>
<dt>Coconut & other palms</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></dd>
<dt>Ginger</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></dd>
<dt>Honey</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></dd>
<dt>Sugarcane or molasses</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></dd>
<dt>Various starches</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibwatu" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Distilled_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled drink">Distilled drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Apple</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></dd>
<dt>Cashew apple</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></dd>
<dt>Dates</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></dd>
<dt>Fig</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></dd>
<dt>Grape</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></dd>
<dt>Juniper</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></dd>
<dt>Plum</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></dd>
<dt>Various fruits</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Barley</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></dd>
<dt>Buckwheat</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></dd>
<dt>Maize</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></dd>
<dt>Rice</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rice_baijiu" title="Rice baijiu">Rice baijiu</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></dd>
<dt>Rye</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></dd>
<dt>Sorghum</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaoliang_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaoliang wine">Kaoliang wine</a>)</dd>
<dt>Multiple grains</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></dd>
<dt>Coconut & other palms</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></dd>
<dt>Sugarcane or molasses</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></dd>
<dt>Various starches</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Almond</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></dd>
<dt>Anise</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></dd>
<dt>Blackthorn shrub</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></dd>
<dt>Chili peppers</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></dd>
<dt>Chocolate</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></dd>
<dt>Cinnamon</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></dd>
<dt>Coconut</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></dd>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></dd>
<dt>Egg</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></dd>
<dt>Hazelnut</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></dd>
<dt>Herbs</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></dd>
<dt>Honey</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></dd>
<dt>Juniper</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></dd>
<dt>Orange</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></dd>
<dt>Star anise</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></dd>
<dt>Sugarcane/molasses</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></dd>
<dt>Various fruits</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722338&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722338&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722338" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4149207-9">4149207-9</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node ) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | 1580962301 |