Examine individual changes

'{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2011}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Edmund Muskie |image = Portrait of Edmund Muskie, looking up.jpg{{!}}border<!--- Do not replace with the photo of him sitting at a desk with papers or any paintings of him. "Portrait of Edmund Muskie, looking up.jpg" is of higher quality, showing of his face, and is acceptable per MOS:NLP, WP:BLP, WP:BDD, and WP:MOS. Muskie did not receive an official portrait as U.S. Secretary of State.---> |office = 58th [[United States Secretary of State]] |president = [[Jimmy Carter]] |deputy = [[Warren Christopher]] |term_start = May 8, 1980 |term_end = January 20, 1981 |predecessor = [[Cyrus Vance]] |successor = [[Alexander Haig]] |office1 = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Budget|Senate Budget Committee]] |term_start1 = January 3, 1975 |term_end1 = May 8, 1980 |predecessor1 = Position established |successor1 = [[Fritz Hollings]] |office2 = Chair of the [[Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]] |term_start2 = January 3, 1967 |term_end2 = January 3, 1969 |predecessor2 = Position established |successor2 = [[J. Bennett Johnston|Bennett Johnston]] |jr/sr3 = United States Senator |state3 = [[Maine]] |term_start3 = January 3, 1959 |term_end3 = May 7, 1980 |predecessor3 = [[Frederick G. Payne|Frederick Payne]] |successor3 = [[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]] |office4 = 64th [[Governor of Maine]] |term_start4 = January 5, 1955 |term_end4 = January 2, 1959 |predecessor4 = [[Burton M. Cross|Burton Cross]] |successor4 = [[Robert Haskell]] |state_house5 = Maine |district5 = 110th |term_start5 = December 5, 1946 |term_end5 = November 2, 1951 |predecessor5 = Charles Cummings |successor5 = Ralph Farris |birth_name = Edmund Sixtus Muskie |birth_date = {{birth date|1914|3|28}} |birth_place = [[Rumford, Maine|Rumford]], [[Maine]], U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1996|3|26|1914|3|28}} |death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S. |restingplace = [[Arlington National Cemetery]] |party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |spouse = {{marriage|Jane Gray|October 3, 1948}} |children = 5 |education = [[Bates College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Cornell University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) |signature = Edmund Muskie Signature.svg |allegiance = {{flag|United States}} |branch = {{flag|United States Navy}} |serviceyears = 1942–1945 |unit = [[U.S. Naval Reserve]] |rank = [[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|18px]] [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]] |battles = [[World War II]]<br>{{*}}[[Asiatic-Pacific Theater]] }} '''Edmund Sixtus Muskie'''{{efn|According to David (1970) and Witherell (2014) Muskie was born with the [[surname]] "Muskie"; his father changed his name to Muskie from "Marciszewski".<ref name="Witherell 2014, p. 4">Witherell (2014), p. 4</ref><ref name="David 1970, p. 10">David (1970), p. 10</ref>}} (March 28, 1914{{spaced ndash}}March 26, 1996) was an American politician who served as the 58th [[United States Secretary of State]] under President [[Jimmy Carter]], a [[List of United States Senators from Maine|United States Senator from Maine]] from 1959 to 1980, the 64th [[Governor of Maine]] from 1955 to 1959, a member of the [[Maine House of Representatives]] from 1946 to 1951, and the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]'s candidate for [[Vice President of the United States]] in the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 election]]. Born in [[Rumford, Maine|Rumford]], Maine, he worked as a lawyer for two years before serving in the [[United States Navy Reserve|United States Naval Reserve]] from 1942 to 1945 during [[World War II]]. Upon his return, Muskie served in the [[Maine Legislature|Maine State Legislature]] from 1946 to 1951, and unsuccessfully ran for the mayor of [[Waterville, Maine|Waterville]]. Muskie was elected the 64th Governor of Maine in 1954 under a reform platform as the first [[Maine Democratic Party]] governor in almost 100 years. Muskie pressed for economic expansionism and instated environmental provisions. Muskie was elected to the Senate in 1959. As an environmentalist, he helped pass the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act of 1970]], and introduced the [[Clean Water Act|Clean Water Act of 1972]]. Muskie also supported the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the creation of [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]]. Muskie supported [[New Federalism]] in opposition to [[Richard Nixon]]. Muskie ran alongside [[Hubert Humphrey]] against Nixon in the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]], losing the popular vote by 0.7 percentage points (42.72% vs. 43.42%) and losing the [[electoral college]] vote by 301 to 191 (with 46 voting for a third-party candidate, [[George Wallace]]). As a candidate for the [[1972 United States presidential election|1972 presidential election]], the release of the "[[Canuck letter]]" derailed his campaign during the primary. As Senator, he gave the 1976 [[Response to the State of the Union address|State of the Union Response]]. Muskie served as first chairman of the new [[Senate Budget Committee]] from 1975 to 1980 where he established the [[United States budget process]].{{efn|According to Baldwin (2015), King (2014), and Nevin (1970), Congress founded the [[Congressional Budget Office]] under the auspices of the [[Senate Budget Committee]] of which Muskie first presided over. Muskie developed the notions of direct spending, discretionary allowances, annual appropriations bills, and [[continuing resolution]]s.<ref name=":16"/><ref name=":17"/><ref name=":18"/> He ultimately approved of and shaped the formation of the modern [[United States budget process]].<ref name="Senator Angus S. King, Jr">{{Cite video|last=Senator Angus S. King, Jr.|title=Sen. King Honors Sen. Ed Muskie's Centennial Birthday|date=2014-03-27|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY5IWOkRONc|accessdate=2018-02-20|time={{time needed|date=May 2018}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/14/archives/budget-balancers-warned-by-muskie-he-says-amendment-would-result-in.html|title=Budget Balancers Warned by Muskie|last=Jr|first=B. Drummond Ayres|date=1979-02-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/archives/edmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy/research-help/chronology-of-muskies-life-and-work/|title=Chronology of Muskie's life and work {{!}} Archives {{!}} Bates College|website=www.bates.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> }} Upon his retirement from the Senate, President [[Jimmy Carter]] nominated him as the 58th U.S. Secretary of State. While Secretary of State, Muskie unsuccessfully negotiated the [[Iran hostage crisis|release of 52 Americans]].{{TOC limit|limit=3}} ==Early life and education== Edmund Sixtus Muskie was born on Saturday, March 28, 1914 in [[Rumford, Maine|Rumford]], Maine.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 1</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/archives/edmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy/research-help/chronology-of-muskies-life-and-work/|title=Chronology of Muskie's life and work {{!}} Archives {{!}} Bates College|website=www.bates.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref> He was born after his parents' first child, Irene (b. 1912), and before his brother Eugene (b. 1918) and three sisters, Lucy (b. 1916), Elizabeth (b. 1923), and Frances (b. 1921).<ref name="Witherell 2014, p. 4">Witherell (2014), p. 4</ref> His father, Stephen Marciszewski, born and raised in [[Jasionowka]], [[Russian Poland]]<ref name="American Polish Eagle">ampoleagle.com/ann-mikoll-a-trailblazer-p10493-226.htm "Stephen Marciszewski, came to Buffalo in the early 1900s after leaving his birthplace in Jasionewka, Poland. That part of Poland was occupied by Russia, and Stephen's father sent him away so that he wouldn't be conscripted into the Russian Army."</ref> and worked as an estate manager for minor Russian nobility.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 7</ref> He immigrated to America in 1903 and changed his name to Muskie from "Marciszewski" in 1914.{{efn|According to biographer Witherell (2014), his name was not changed at an immigration checkpoint in 1903 but nine years later in 1914.<ref name="David 1970, p. 10">David (1970), p. 10</ref><ref>Witherell (2014), p. 3</ref>}} He worked as a [[Tailor|master tailor]] and Muskie's mother, Josephine ([[Given name|née]] Czarnecka) worked as a [[housewife]]. She was born to a [[Polish Americans|Polish-American]] family in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], New York. Muskie's parents married in 1911, and Josephine moved to Rumford soon after.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/muskie-edmund-sixtus|title=Edmund Sixtus Muskie; People - Department History - Office of the Historian|last=|first=|date=|website=history.state.gov|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-01-30}}</ref> Muskie's first language was [[Polish language|Polish]]; he spoke it as his only language until age 4. He began learning English soon after and eventually lost fluency in his mother language.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. viiii</ref> In his youth he was an avid [[fisherman]], hunter, and swimmer.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-edmund-muskie-1344324.html|title=Obituary: Edmund Muskie|date=1996-03-27|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-01-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> He felt as though his given name was "odd" so he went by Ed throughout his life.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 2</ref> Muskie was shy and anxious in his early life but maintained a sizable amount of friends.<ref name=":043">{{Cite book|title=Muskie of Maine|last=Nevin|first=David|publisher=Random House, New York|year=1970|isbn=|location=Ladd Library, Bates College|pages=99|quote=... a man many deemed to be the single-most influential figure in Maine}}</ref> Muskie attended Stephens High School, where he played [[baseball]], participated in the performing arts, and was elected student body president in his senior year. He would go on to graduate in 1932 at the top of his class as [[valedictorian]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/150-years/bates-greats/edmund-s-muskie/|title=Edmund S. Muskie {{!}} 150 Years {{!}} Bates College|website=www.bates.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-01-30}}</ref> A 1931 edition of the school's newspaper noted him with the following: "when you see a head and shoulders towering over you in the halls of Stephen's, you should know that your eyes are feasting on the future President of the United States."<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 29</ref> Influenced by the political excitement of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s election to the [[White House]], he attended [[Bates College]] in [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]], Maine.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|title = Muskie, Edmund S.|url = http://maineanencyclopedia.com/edmund-s-muskie/|website = Maine: An Encyclopedia|access-date = 2016-01-16|language = en-US|date = April 24, 2011}}</ref> While at college, Muskie was a successful member of the [[debating]] team, participated in several sports, and was elected to [[student government]].<ref name=":10" /> Although he received a small scholarship and [[New Deal]] subsidies, he had to work during the summers as a dishwasher and [[bellhop]] at a hotel in [[Kennebunk, Maine|Kennebunk]] to finance his time at Bates.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 36</ref> He would record in his diaries occasional feelings of insecurity to his more wealthier Bates peers; Muskie was fearful of being kicked out of the college as a consequence of his [[socioeconomic status]].<ref>Witherell (2014), pp. 39, 42–45</ref><!--Do not remove.--> His situation would gradually improve and he went on to graduate in 1936 as class president and a member of [[Phi Beta Kappa Society|Phi Beta Kappa]].<ref name=":9" /> Initially intending to major in mathematics he switched to a double major in history and government.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 45</ref> Upon his graduation, he was given a partial merit-based scholarship to [[Cornell Law School]]. After his second semester there, his scholarship ran out. As he was preparing to drop out, he heard of an "eccentric millionaire" named William Bingham II who had a habit of randomly and sporadically paying the university costs, mortgages, car loans, and other expenses of those who wrote to him. After Muskie wrote to him about his immigrant origins he secured $900 from the man allowing him to finance his final years at Cornell. While in law school he was elected to [[Phi Alpha Delta]] and went on to graduate ''[[cum laude]]'', in 1939.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|title=Muskie of Maine|last=Nevin|first=David|publisher=Random House, New York|year=1970|isbn=|location=Ladd Library, Bates College|pages=32}}</ref> Upon graduating from Cornell, Muskie was admitted to the [[Massachusetts Bar Association|Massachusetts Bar]] in 1939.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 62</ref> He then worked as a high school substitute teacher while he was studying for the Maine Bar examination; he passed in 1940. Muskie moved to [[Waterville, Maine|Waterville]] and purchased a small law practice–renamed "Muskie & Glover"–for $2,000 in March 1940.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 63–64</ref> === Marriage and children === Jane Frances Grey was born February 12, 1927 in Waterville to Myrtie and Millage Guy Gray. Growing up she was voted "prettiest in school" in high school and at age 15, started her first job in a dress shop earning $3.49 a week.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 80–81</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A32670-2004Dec28.html|title=Jane Muskie Dies; Husband's Emotional Defense Turned Race (washingtonpost.com)|website=www.washingtonpost.com|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref> At age 18, she was hired to be a bookkeeper and saleswoman in an exclusive [[Haute couture|haute couture boutique]] in Waterville. While there a mutual friend tried to introduce her to Muskie while he was working the city as a lawyer. She had Grey model the dresses while he was walking to work. Muskie came into the shop one day and invited her to a gala event. At the time she was 19 and he was 32; [[Age disparity in sexual relationships|their difference in age]] stirred controversy in the town.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 82</ref> However, after eighteen months of courting Grey and her family, she agreed to marry him in a private ceremony in 1948. Gray and Muskie had five children: Stephen (b. 1949), Ellen (b. 1950), Melinda (b. 1956), Martha (b. 1958), and Edmund Jr. (b. 1961).<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The Muskies lived in a yellow cottage at [[Kennebunk, Maine|Kennebunk Beach]] while they lived in Maine.<ref name=":043"/> The mayor of Waterville made May 20, 1957 "Jane Muskie Day" in honor of Jane Muskie.<ref name=":25" /> == U.S. Navy Reserve, 1942–1945 == In June 1940, President Roosevelt created the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] to prepare men under the age of 28 for the eventual outbreak of [[World War II]]. Muskie formally registered for the [[Draft evasion|draft]] in October 1940 and was formally called to [[Deck department|deck officer]] training on March 26, 1942.<ref name=":8x">Witherell (2014), p. 64</ref> At 28, he was assigned to work as a [[Diesel engine runaway|diesel engineer]] in the [[United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School|Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School]].<ref name=":8x" /> On September 11, 1942 he was called to [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]], Maryland to attended the [[United States Naval Academy]]. He left his law practice running so "his name would continue to circulate in Waterville" while he was gone. He trained as an [[Seaman apprentice|apprentice seaman]] for six weeks before being assigned the rank of [[midshipman]].<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 66</ref> In January 1943, he attended diesel engineering school for sixteen weeks before being assigned to [[Commander, Navy Installations Command|First Naval District]], [[Boston]] in May. Muskie worked on the ''[[USS YP-422|USS YP-522]]'' for a month. In June he was assigned to the ''[[USS De Grasse (ID-1217)|USS YP-566]]'' at [[Fort Schuyler]] in New York where he worked as an [[Indoctrination|indoctrinator]].<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 68–69</ref> In November 1943 he was promoted to [[Deck department|Deck Officer]]. He trained for two weeks in [[Miami]], Florida at the Submarine Chaser Training Center. After that he was relocated to [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], Ohio to study [[reconnaissance]] in February 1944.<ref name="Witherell 2014, p. 70">Witherell (2014), p. 70</ref> In March, he was promoted to [[Lieutenant (junior grade)]].<ref name="Witherell 2014, p. 70"/> Muskie was stationed at California's [[Mare Island]] in April temporarily before formally engaging in [[active duty]] warfare.<ref name="Witherell 2014, p. 70"/> He began his active duty tour aboard the [[destroyer escort]] ''[[USS Brackett (DE-41)|USS Brackett]]''. His vessel was in charge of protecting [[Convoy|U.S. convoys]] traveling from the [[Marshall Islands|Marshal]] and [[Gilbert Islands]] from [[Japanese submarines in the Pacific War|Japanese submarines]]. The ''Brackett'' escorted ships to and from the islands for the majority of summer 1944. In January 1945, the ship engaged and eventually sunk a Japanese cargo ship headed for [[Taroa Island]].<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 72</ref> After a few more months of escorting ships to and from the two islands, the ship was [[Decommissioned (ship)|decommissioned]]. He was [[Military discharge|discharged]] from the Navy on December 18, 1945.<ref name="bates.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/archives/edmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy/biography/|title=Biography {{!}} Archives {{!}} Bates College|website=www.bates.edu|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> == Maine House of Representatives == [[File:Maine House of Representatives 2014.jpg|thumb|The floor of the [[Maine House of Representatives]].|279x279px]] He returned to Maine in January 1946 and began rebuilding his law practice. Convinced by others to run for political office as a way of expanding his law practice, he formally entered politics.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 77</ref> He ran against Republican [[William A. Jones III|William A. Jones]] in an election for the [[Maine House of Representatives]] for the 110th District. Muskie secured 2,635 votes and won the election to most people's surprise on September 9, 1946.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 78</ref> During this time the Maine Senate was stacked 30-to-3 and the House was stacked 127-to-24 Republicans against Democrats.<ref name="Witherell 2014, p. 79">Witherell (2014), p. 79</ref> He was assigned to the committees on federal and military relations during his first year. Muskie advocated for [[bipartisanship]] which won him over widespread support across political parties. On October 17, 1946, his law practice sustained a large fire costing him an estimated $2,300 in damages. However a yearly stipend of $800 and help from other business leaders who were affected by the fire quickly restarted his practice.<ref name="Witherell 2014, p. 79"/> His work with city ordinances in [[Waterville, Maine|Waterville]] prompted locals to ask him to run in the 1947 election to become Mayor of Waterville against banker Russel W. Squire. Perhaps due to [[Incumbent|incumbency advantage]], Muskie lost the election with 2,853 votes, 434 votes behind Squire.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 86</ref> Some historians believe that his loss had to do with his inability to gain traction with [[French Americans|Franco-American]] voters.<ref>Witherell (2014), pp. 86–87</ref> Muskie continued his political involvement locally by securing a position on the Waterville Board of Zoning Adjustment in 1948 and stayed in this part-time position until he became governor. He later returned to the House to start his second term in 1948 as [[Minority leader|Minority Leader]] against heavy Republican opposition.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 89</ref> Muskie was appointed the chairman of the platform committee during the 1949 Maine Democratic Convention. During the convention, he brought together a variety of the political elite of Maine — notably [[Frank M. Coffin]] and Victor Hunt Harding — to plan a comeback for the party.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 93</ref> On February 8, 1951, Muskie resigned from the Maine House of Representatives to become acting director for the Maine [[Economic Stabilization Agency|Office of Price Stabilization]]. He moved to [[Portland, Maine|Portland]] soon after and was assigned the inflation-control and price-ceiling divisions.<ref name="Witherell 2014, p. 99">Witherell (2014), p. 99</ref> His job required him to move across Maine to spread word about economic incentives which he used to increase his name recognition.<ref name="Witherell 2014, p. 99"/> He served as the regional director at the Office of Price Stabilization from 1951 to 1952.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Upon leaving the Office he was asked to join the [[Democratic National Committee]] as a member; he served on the committee from 1952 to 1956.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> In April 1953, while working on renovations for his family home in Waterville, Muskie broke through a balcony railing falling two [[flights]] of stairs.<ref name="Witherell 2014, p. 109">Witherell (2014), p. 109</ref> He landed on his back, knocking unconscious. He was rushed to the hospital where he remained unconscious for two days.<ref name="Witherell 2014, p. 109"/> Doctors believed that he was in a [[coma]] so they gave him comatose-speicifc medication which caused him to regain consciousness but start to [[Hallucination|hallucinate]].<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 110</ref> Muskie tried to jump out of the hospital window but was restrained by staff members. After a couple of months, through [[Physical therapy|physical rehabilitation]] and corrective braces, he was able to walk once more.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 111</ref> == Governor of Maine, 1955–1959 == ===Gubernatorial campaign=== {{Main|1954 Maine gubernatorial election}} [[File:Muskie for Maine.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Muskie For Maine campaign for the governorhip of Maine]] After establishing a prominent presence in the Maine State Legislature and with the Office of Price Stabilization, he officially launched his bid in the [[Maine gubernatorial election, 1954|1954 Maine gubernatorial race]] as a Democrat. [[Burton M. Cross]], the Republican incumbent governor was seeking relection. Had he won, he would have been [[List of Governors of Maine|the fifth consecutive]] Governor to be reelected. Throughout the election Muskie was viewed as the [[underdog]] because of the [[Maine Republican Party|Republican stronghold in Maine]]. Muskie acknowledged this himself by saying, "[this is] more as a duty than an opportunity because there was no chance of a Democrat winning."<ref name=":043"/> A variety of personal reasons motivated his run. Muskie was deeply in debt owing five thousand dollars in hospital bills and maintained a rising mortgage. At the time of his election, the salary for the Governor of Maine was set at ten thousand dollars annually.<ref name=":043" /> While he was campaigning he was offered a position involving full partnership at a prestigious Rumford law firm that maintained "clients and income that [Muskie] had not achieved in fourteen years of practice in Waterville."<ref name=":043" /> His final choice reflected his 'society over self' mentality and decided to pursue the election.<ref name=":333">Robert Mason, ''Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority'' (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 2004), p. 153.</ref> He announced his candidacy for the office on April 8, 1954.<ref name=":523">Blomquist 1999, pp. 93</ref> Muskie ran on a [[party platform]] of environmentalism and public investment. His environmental platform argued for the establishment of the Maine Department of Conservation to "have jurisdiction of forestry, inland fish and game, sea and shore [[Fishery|fisheries]], mineral, water, and other [[natural resource]]s" and the creation of [[Environmental law|anti-pollution]] legislation.<ref>Blomquist 1999, pp. 92–93</ref> He stressed the need for "a two-party" approach to Maine politics with resonated with both Democratic and Republican voters wishing to see change. Muskie's central [[List of political slogans|campaign slogan]] was "Maine Needs A Change" referencing the multi-year Republican stronghold.<ref name=":523" /> He criticized the Republican Party for neglecting the environment, failing to restart the economy, underutilizing skilled labor forces, and ignoring public investment.<ref name=":27">Blomquist 1999, pp. 93–94</ref> He successively won the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, and then the general election by a majority popular vote on September 13, 1954. The [[Upset (competition)|upset]] victory made Muskie the first Democrat to be elected chief executive of Maine since [[Louis J. Brann]] in 1934. His election has been viewed as a causal link to the end of Republican political dominance in Maine and the rise of [[Maine Democratic Party|the Democratic Party]].<ref name=":043" /><ref name=":433">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=law_fac_pubs|title=What is Past is Prologue: Senator Edmund S. Muskie's Environmental Policymaking Roots as Governor of Maine, 1955-58|last=Blomquist|first=Robert|date=1999|website=Valparaiso University|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vtvKFvN__yUC&pg=PA30 |title=Maine Politics & Government|last=Palmer|first=Kenneth T.|last2=Taylor|first2=G. Thomas|date=1992|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0803287186|language=en}}</ref> After his win, he was asked by other Democrats running in elections outside of Maine to make a series of campaign stops.<ref>Blomquist 1999, pp. 94</ref> ===First term=== [[File:Portland-Head-Lighthouse.jpg|thumb| Muskie purchased 40 acres of [[Cape Elizabeth, Maine|Cape Elizabeth]] for Maine. ]] Muskie was inaugurated as the [[List of Governors of Maine|64th]] [[Governor of Maine]] on January 6, 1955.<ref>Blomquist 1999, pp. 95</ref> He was the state's first [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] governor.<ref name="witherell23">{{cite book |first=James L. |last=Witherell |title=Ed Muskie: Made in Maine, The Early Years 1914-1960 |location=Thomaston, Maine |publisher=Tilbury House Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhrCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3 |isbn=9780884483922 |date=March 28, 2014 }}</ref> Shortly after his assumption of the office, the next election cycle stacked the legislature with a 4-to-1 Republican-Democrat ratio against Muskie. Through [[bipartisanship]] and his aggressive personality<ref name=":043" /> he managed to pass the majority of his party platform. Constituents pressured him to more aggressively pursue water control and anti-pollution legislation. In August, the [[Maine Legislature|Maine State Legislature]] authorized him to take extraordinary action to control the state's pollution standards. He used this authority to sign the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Compact on August 31, 1955. This compact required member states to pay for anti-pollution measures collectively. Conservative members of the Chamber of Commerce fought back against Muskie in his attempt to allocate money to the compact and greatly reduced the amount paid.<ref>Blomquist 1999, pp. 101–02</ref> One of the chief concerns of Muskie during this time was economic development. Maine's population was aging, putting pressure on [[Welfare state|welfare services]]. He expanded certain programs and cut down on others in order rebalance state spending.<ref name="Senator Angus S. King, Jr"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/909/page/1320/print|title=1946-1970 A Different Place|work=Maine History Online|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en}}</ref> Before leaving office Muskie signed an [[executive order]] extending the gubernatorial term to four years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_maine/col2-content/main-content-list/title_muskie_edmund.default.html |title=Edmund Sixtus Muskie |last=root |website=www.nga.org |language=en |accessdate=2018-02-20}}</ref> He expanded the territory comprising [[Baxter State Park]] by 3,569 acres and purchased 40 acres (1.7 million ft²) of [[Cape Elizabeth, Maine|Cape Elizabeth]] from the federal government for $28,000.<ref>Blomquist 1999, pp. 104</ref> He also created the Department of Development of Commerce and Industry and Maine Industrial Building Authority.<ref name=":23"/> In February 1955, he was briefed on atomic energy power by the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]] leading him to limit the expansion of atomic-powered electrical facilities.<ref>Blomquist 1999, pp. 106</ref> === Second term === [[File:MuskieEd.jpg|thumb|259x259px|Muskie's [[Portrait|legacy portrait]] to commemorate his term as the [[List of Governors of Maine|64th]] [[Governor of Maine]] (1955 to 1959).|left]]On September 10, 1956, Muskie was re-elected Governor of Maine with 180,254 votes (59.14% of the vote) against Republican [[Maine gubernatorial election, 1956|Willis A. Trafton]]. He won 14 of the 16 counties. He began his second term by aggressively enforcing environmental standards. In 1957, he sanctioned a $29 million highway [[Bond (finance)|bond]].<ref name=":133">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_maine/col2-content/main-content-list/title_muskie_edmund.default.html|title=Edmund Sixtus Muskie|last=root|website=www.nga.org|language=en|access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref> This bond funded the largest road construction ever undertaken by Maine. The highway included 91 bridges and was extended in 1960 and 1967 by [[Interstate 95]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/909/page/1320/print|title=1946-1970 A Different Place|work=Maine History Online|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en}}</ref> During his tenure as Governor he retained a reputation for increased spending in public education, subsidized hospitals, modernized state facilities, and cumulatively raised state sale taxes by 1%.<ref name=":133" /> He added $4 million to infrastructure development focusing on roads and river maintenance.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 140</ref> Muskie pushed aggressive [[Expansionism|economic expansionism]].<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maine-state|title=Maine {{!}} history - geography|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2018-02-21|language=en}}</ref> In 1957, he founded the Maine Guarantee Authority which combated [[Innovation|economic maturation]]-related job loss making capital more accessible for business owners.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangordailynews.com/2013/07/17/politics/economic-development-in-maine/?ref=relatedSidebar|title=Economic development plans in Maine, 1957-present|work=Bangor Daily News|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-US}}</ref> Muskie also sporadically lowered [[sales tax]], increased the [[minimum wage]] and furthered labor protections leading to a marked increase in [[consumer spending]].<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LYD-0NyDLMwC&pg=PA14 |title=Maine: The Pine Tree State|last=DeFord|first=Deborah H.|date=2003|publisher=Gareth Stevens|isbn=9780836851519|language=en}}</ref> He amended the [[constitution of Maine]] in order divert $20 million in public funds into private investment.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 141</ref> He increased subsidies to expensive institutions such as public primary and secondary schools as well as universities.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 142</ref> Although initially founded in 1836, the [[Maine State Museum]] was closed and reopened six time before Muskie permanently [[Financial endowment|endowed]] it in 1958.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 150</ref> His governorship exploited multi-factionalism in the Republican Party leading to a vast expansion of the [[Maine Democratic Party|Democratic Party in Maine]]. From 1954 to 1974, the party doubled in size, while the Republican Party steadily decreased from 262,367 to 227,828 registered members.<ref name=":23"/> Numerous state politicians mimicked his political style to push their programs through various local governments and garnered electoral success.<ref name=":23"/> His executive appointments of moderate politicians shifted the entire Republican establishment in the state to the left.<ref name=":23"/> This shift garnered comparisons to [[Hubert Humphrey]]'s influence in [[Minnesota]] and [[George McGovern]]'s impact in [[South Dakota]].<ref name=":23"/> During his last months as governor he changed his office's term from two years to four years.<ref name=":133" /> Shortly before leaving office he moved Maine's [[general election]] date from September to November conclusively ending the notion that "[[as Maine goes, so goes the nation]]".<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 152</ref> This was attempted thirty-six times before Muskie brought about a constitutional amendment that moved the date.<ref>Witherell (2014), pp. 101-02</ref> Muskie resigned on January 2, 1959 to take his seat in the [[United States Senate]] after the [[United States Senate election, 1958|1958 Senate election]]. He was succeeded by Republican [[Robert Haskell]] in an interim capacity until the Governor-elect, Democrat [[Clinton Clauson]], was inaugurated. Muskie was officially succeeded by Clauson on January 6, 1959.<ref name=":23"/> == United States Senate, 1959–1980 == === Elections and campaigns === {{Main|Electoral history of Edmund Muskie}}[[File:MuskieforSenate1.jpg|thumb|Sticker for Edmund Muskie's Senate run]]Muskie's first contestation for the [[United States Senate|Senate of the United States]] was in 1958. He ran in the [[United States Senate elections, 1958|1958 elections]] against incumbent Republican Senator [[Frederick G. Payne]]. Muskie won the election with 60% of the vote against Payne's 39%. He was one of the 12 Democrats who overtook Republican incumbents and established the party as the party-of-house during the election cycle.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Mid_term_Revolution.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Mid-term Revolution|website=www.senate.gov|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that during this election that the [[absentee ballot]]s requested for Democrats increased considerable signaling voter-discontent with [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican ideology]].<ref name=":8" /> This election was considered the largest single-party gain in the Senate's history.<ref name="Press Herald">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2014/03/16/commentary__happy_100th__edmund_muskie_/|title=Commentary: Happy 100th, Edmund Muskie|date=2014-03-16|work=Press Herald|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-US}}</ref> He ran for a second term in [[United States Senate election, 1964|1964]], running against Republican [[Clifford McIntire]]. Muskie won with 66.6% of the vote. The election was called "The Senate Race That Couldn't Be Lost" because of the outpouring of Democratic support following the [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of President John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/07/the-senate-race-that-couldnt-be-lostand-was-109442|title=The Senate Race That Couldn't Be Lost—And Was|work=POLITICO Magazine|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> ==== Election eve speech ==== His third campaign and election to the Senate occurred in 1970. During the [[United States Senate election, 1970|1970 elections]], Muskie secured 61.9% of the vote against Republican [[Neil S. Bishop]]'s 38.3%. The elections were seen as tumultuous due to the United States' involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] and rising unpopularity of incumbent president [[Richard Nixon]]. On the night of poll-opening Muskie gave a nationwide, 14 minute speech to addressed American voters following a similar address by Nixon. Dubbed the "'''election eve speech'''"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDOC-104sdoc17/pdf/CDOC-104sdoc17.pdf|title=Edmund S. Muskie: Late A Senator of Maine|last=|first=|date=|year=|website=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":13"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kOkCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41 |title=New York Magazine|last=LLC|first=New York Media|date=1975-08-18|publisher=New York Media, LLC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=J4HkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 |title=Statesman: George Mitchell and the Art of the Possible|last=Rooks|first=Douglas|date=2016-07-01|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781608933983|language=en}}</ref> it spoke to [[American exceptionalism]] and against "torrents of falsehood and insinuation".<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/10/31/the_muskie_moment_107780.html|title=The Muskie Moment {{!}} RealClearPolitics|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> The speech was considered [[Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] and was well received by both parties. Political analysts believed that the speech influenced voting patterns during the election as there were thirty million listeners.<ref name=":11" /> Commentators received the speech as "essentially evangelical"<ref name=":022"/> and indicative of "a volcanic private temper but a soothing public manner".<ref name=":11" /> The most famous passage from the speech was widely commented on by the public<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/04/archives/muskie-home-for-crucial-speech-in-maine-to-tape-the-tv-announcement.html|title=Muskie Home for Crucial Speech|last=Naughton|first=James M.|date=1972|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> for its biting nature and critique of "[[Defamation|politics of fear]]": <blockquote>I am speaking from [[Cape Elizabeth, Maine|Cape Elizabeth]], Maine to discuss with you the election campaign which is coming to a close. In the heat of our campaigns, we have all become accustomed to a little anger and exaggeration. That is our system. It has worked for almost two hundred years – longer than any other political system in the world. But in these elections of 1970, something has gone wrong. There has been name-calling and deception of almost unprecedented volume. Honorable men have been slandered. Faithful servants of the country have had their motives questioned and their patriotism doubted. It has been led . . . inspired . . . and guided . . . from the highest offices in the land. ... We cannot make America small. ... Ordinarily that division is not between parties, but between men and ideas. But this year the leaders of the Republican party have intentionally made that line a party line. They have confronted you with exactly that choice. Thus – in voting for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic party]] tomorrow – you cast your vote for trust – not just in leaders or policies – but for trusting your fellow citizens . . . in the ancient traditions of this home for freedom . . . and most of all, for trust in yourself.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://abacus.bates.edu/muskie-archives/ajcr/1970/Election%20Eve%20Speech.shtml|title=Muskie Congressional Record: Election Eve Speech|last=College|first=Bates|date=|website=abacus.bates.edu|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref></blockquote> The ''[[Portland Press Herald]]'' on November 4, 1970 noted it akin to [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[Fireside chats|fire-side chats]] "with video".<ref name=":13" /> The speech has been the subject of numerous studies regarding "the dimensions of the televised public address as an emerging rhetorical genre of pervasive influence in contemporary affairs".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SN24DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT240 |title=Rethinking Rhetorical Theory, Criticism, and Pedagogy: The Living Art of Michael C. Leff|last=Velasco|first=Antonio de|last2=Campbell|first2=John Angus|last3=Henry|first3=David|date=2016-10-01|publisher=MSU Press|isbn=9781628952735|language=en}}</ref> In his [[United States Senate elections, 1976|fourth and final election]], Muskie ran against Republican [[Robert A. G. Monks]] in 1976; he won 60.2% of the vote compared to Monk's 39.8%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1292439|title=1970 Elections: Democrats Gain in House and Governorships|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> The elections coincided with the election of [[Jimmy Carter]] as president leading to a large influx of Democratic support,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=sGY1LX8b_QEC&q=jimmy+carter+election&dq=jimmy+carter+election|title=The Election of 1976 and the Administration of Jimmy Carter|last=Schlesinger|first=Arthur Meier|last2=Israel|first2=Fred L.|last3=Frent|first3=David J.|date=2002-10-01|publisher=Mason Crest Publishers|isbn=9781590843635|language=en}}</ref> though Carter lost Maine to incumbent President [[Gerald Ford]] in the [[1976 United States presidential election|1976 presidential election]]. === First and second term === [[File:Desk XCI (Biden and JFK Senate Chamber Desk).jpg|thumb|264x264px|Muskie's engraved name in his [[United States Senate|Senate Chamber]] desk: below that of "[[Joe Biden|Biden]], Del." in silver.]]Edmund Muskie was sworn into office as [[List of United States Senators from Maine|U.S. Senator from Maine]] on January 3, 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=m001121|title=MUSKIE, Edmund Sixtus - Biographical Information|website=bioguide.congress.gov|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> His first couple of months in the Senate earned a reputation for being combative and often sparred with [[Majority leader|Majority Leader]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], who subsequently relegated him to outer seats in the Senate. In the next five years, he gained significant power and influence and was considered among the most effective legislators in the Senate.<ref name=":06">{{Cite book|title=Muskie of Maine|last=Nevin|first=David|publisher=Random House, New York|year=1970|isbn=|location=Ladd Library, Bates College|pages=}}</ref> However, increased power and influence prompted supporters in Maine to label him "an honorary Kennedy," alluding to the indifference [[John F. Kennedy]] had to Massachusetts when first gaining political traction.<ref name=":06" /> Muskie used the influence gain in his first two terms to push a vast expansion of environmentalism in the late 1950s and early 1960s.<ref name="muskiefoundation.org2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.muskiefoundation.org/founder.html|title=The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation -- The Founder|website=www.muskiefoundation.org|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref> His specific goals were to curb pollution and provide a cleaner environment. Occasional speeches on [[Environmentalism|environmental preservation]] earned him the [[nickname]] "Mr. Clean".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bates.edu/news/2006/05/17/muskie-legacy/|title=Supreme Court affirms Muskie's environmental legacy|date=2006-05-17|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.bates.edu/news/2014/03/27/muskie-100-birthday-six-things/|title=On Ed Muskie's 100th birthday, six things everyone should know|date=2014-03-27|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref> He served his entire career in the Senate as a member of the [[Committee of Public Safety|Committee on Public Works]], a committee he used to execute the majority of his environmental legislation.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> He served on the [[United States House Committee on Financial Services|Committee on Banking and Currency]] from 1959 to 1970; the [[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|Committee on Government Operations]] until 1978.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> As a member of the Public Works Committee, he traveled to the [[Soviet Union]] in 1959.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> He [[Sponsor (legislative)|sponsored]] the [[U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations|Intergovernmental Relations Act]], later that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usm.maine.edu/muskie/edmund-s-muskie|title=Edmund S. Muskie {{!}} Muskie School of Public Service {{!}} University of Southern Maine|website=usm.maine.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref> In 1962, he co-founded the [[United States Capitol Historical Society|United States Capital Historical Society]] along with other members of congress.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uschs.org/about/mission-and-history/|title=Mission & History|date=2012-07-11|work=The U.S. Capitol Historical Society|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> The same year, member of Congress elected him to serve as the first chair of the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> In 1963, he was the first to sponsor a new Act to regulate air pollution. The [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act of 1963]] was written and developed by Muskie and his aide Leon Billings.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> [[File:Roosevelt-Campobello-International-Park-Trail.jpg|left|thumb|Muskie established the [[Roosevelt Campobello International Park]] in [[New Brunswick]], Canada.]] His first major accomplishment was the passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. He assembled more than one hundred votes for the proposed legislation eventually passing it.<ref name=":06" /> Also during 1964, he was critical of [[J. Edgar Hoover]]'s management of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|Federal Bureau of investigation]]. Muskie was upset by its "overzealous surveillance and its director's intemperance".<ref name=":06" /> Muskie also sponsored the construction of the [[Roosevelt Campobello International Park]] near [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s New Brunswick estate.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Due to its international nature, Muskie was asked to chair a join U.S.-Canada commission to maintain the park.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> In 1965, he was again sponsored the [[Clean Water Act|Water Quality Act]] (later to be known as the Clean Water Act). He was the floor manager for the discussion and led to its passage in 1965 and its successful amendments in 1970.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Alongside President Johnson's [[Great Society]] and [[War on Poverty]] programs, Muskie drafted the [[Model Cities Program|Model Cities Bill]] which eventually passed both houses of Congress in 1966.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=law_fac_pubs|title=What is Past is Prologue: Senator Edmund S. Muskie's Environmental Policymaking Roots as Governor of Maine, 1955-58|last=Blomquist|first=Robert|date=1999|website=Valparaiso University|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Previously, combative with Johnson, Muskie began developing a more cooperative relationship with him. During Johnson's signing of the [[Cooperative Funds Act|Intergovernmental Cooperation Act]] he said: I am pleased that Senator Muskie could be with us this afternoon. I believe that no man has done more to encourage cooperation among the National Government, the States, and the cities."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29181|title=Remarks Upon Signing the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act|date=October 16, 1968|publisher=American Presidency Project}}</ref> Also in 1966, Muskie was elected assistant [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Democratic whip]] and served as the floor manager for the [[Clean Waters Restoration Act|Clean Water Restoration Act]].<ref name="ReferenceC"/> [[File:A-6A Intruders of VA-196 dropping Mk 82 bombs over Vietnam on 20 December 1968 (NNAM.1996.253.7047.013).jpg|thumb|Muskie urged President [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] to withdraw U.S. military support from [[Operation Rolling Thunder]].]] During 1967 the popular sentiment in the U.S. was [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]], which prompted Muskie to visit [[Vietnam]] to inform his political stance in 1968. Prior to his visiting the country, he debated with a congressman on a pro-war platform. After the trip, he became a leading voice for the movement and entered into the ongoing debate by speaking at the year's Democratic Convention. His speech was followed by "tens of thousands of protestors surrounded the convention and violent clashes with police carried on for five days."<ref name="mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com/2016/02/26/politics/the-mainer-at-the-center-of-the-cold-war/|title=The Mainer at the Center of the Cold War {{!}} Maine Meets World|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> He wrote to Johnson personally asserting his position on the [[Vietnam War]]. He made the case that the U.S. ought to withdraw from Vietnam as quickly as possible.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Months later, he wrote to the president again urging him to end [[Operation Rolling Thunder|the bombing of North Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/10/16/page/8/article/muskie-warns-protesters|title=Muskie Warns Protestors|publisher=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> During the same year, he traveled with other Senators to the [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|Republic of South Vietnam]] to validate their elections.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Later, at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]], he led the debate for the administration plank on Vietnam, which sparked public outrage. On October 15, 1969, he was welcomed to the green at [[Yale University]] to address the issues regarding his vote but chose to decline the offer and speak that night at his alma mater, [[Bates College]], in [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]], Maine.<ref name=":043"/> His decision to do so was widely criticized by the Democratic party and Yale University officials.<ref name=":043"/> From 1967 to 1969, he served as the chair of [[Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]].<ref name="ReferenceC"/> He voted against the appointment of [[Clement Haynsworth]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]].<ref name="ReferenceC"/> === Third and fourth term === His third term began in 1970 by co-sponsoring the [[McGovern–Hatfield Amendment|McGovern-Hatfield resolution]] to limit military intervention in the Vietnam War.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> During this time [[G. Harrold Carswell|Harold Carswell]] was seeking appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court. Muskie voted against him and Carswell failed the confirmation process.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Muskie also proposed a six-month ban on domestic and [[Soviet Union]] development of nuclear technologies to taper the [[nuclear arms race]].<ref name="ReferenceC"/>[[File:Edmund Muskie and George Mitchell.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]] copy-editing a speech with Muskie, 1960|left]]As chair of the congressional environmental committee, he and fellow committee members including [[Howard Baker]] introduced the [[Clean Air Act of 1970]],<ref>“Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California.” EPA Alumni Association. [http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id=38 Video], [https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/2B9E3C6816EC9466.pdf#page=1 Transcript] (see p2). July 12, 2016.</ref> which was co-written by the committee's staff director Leon Billings and minority staff director Tom [https://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/progressive-montana-era-inspired-architect-of-clean-air-clean-water/article_2e04f311-303e-5fdb-abf8-812d4f20237f.html Jorling]. As part of the act, he told the automobile industry it would need to reduce its tailpipe air pollution emissions by 90% by 1977.<ref>“Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California.” EPA Alumni Association. [http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id=38 Video], [https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/2B9E3C6816EC9466.pdf#page=1 Transcript] (see p5). July 12, 2016.</ref> He also co-wrote amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Act, more commonly known as the [[Clean Water Act]], and urged his fellow Congress members to adopt it, saying "The country was once famous for its rivers ... But today, the rivers of this country serve as little more than sewers to the seas. ... The danger to health, the environmental damage, the economic loss can be anywhere."<ref>Jim Hanlon, Mike Cook, Mike Quigley, Bob Wayland. [http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/waterquality.pdf “Water Quality: A Half Century of Progress.”] EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.</ref> The bill enjoyed [[Bipartisanship|bipartisan support]] in the U.S. Congress and was passed by the lower house on November 29, 1971 and the upper house on March 29, 1972. While congressional support was enough to enact it into law President [[Richard Nixon]] exercised his [[Veto|executive veto]] on the bill and stopped it from becoming law. However, after further campaigning by Muskie, the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] passed the bill 247-23 to override Nixon's veto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1059971457|title=CLEAN WATER ACT: Vetoes by Eisenhower, Nixon presaged today's partisan divide|website=www.eenews.net|language=en|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref><ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal|last1=Rinde|first1=Meir|title=Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism |journal=Distillations |date=2017|volume=3|issue=1|pages=16–29|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism|accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref> The bill was historic in that it established the regulation of pollutants in the federal and state waters of the U.S., created extended authority for the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]], and created water health standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act|title=History of the Clean Water Act|last=EPA, OA, OP, ORPM, RMD|first=US|website=www.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-05-15|date=February 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usm.maine.edu/muskie/edmund-s-muskie|title=Edmund S. Muskie {{!}} Muskie School of Public Service {{!}} University of Southern Maine|website=usm.maine.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> Also in 1971, Muskie was asked to join the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]]; he traveled to Europe and the [[Middle East]] in this capacity.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> After concluding his [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 campaign]] for the [[White House]] he returned to the Senate. While in Chattanooga, the [[Jackson State killings|shooting of two black students]] at [[Jackson State University|Jackson State College]] in 1970 by the Mississippi State Police, prompted Muskie to hire a [[jet airliner]] to take approximately one hundred people to see the bullet holes and attend a funeral of one of the victims. The people of Maine said this was "rash and self serving" but Muskie has stated his lack of regret for his actions publicly.<ref name=":043"/> At an event in Los Angeles, he publicly stated his support for several [[Black Power movement|black empowerment movements]] in California, which garnered the attention of numerous media outlets, and black city councilman Thomas Bradley.<ref name=":043"/> In 1970, Muskie was chosen to articulate the Democratic party's message to congressional voters before the midterm elections. His national stature was raised as a major candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972. In 1973, he gave the Democratic response to Nixon's [[State of the Union address]].<ref name="'70s 47">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/47|title=How We Got Here: The '70s|last=Frum|first=David|publisher=Basic Books|year=2000|isbn=0-465-04195-7|location=New York, New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/47 47]|authorlink=David Frum}}</ref> During this time, he was appointed the chair of the intergovernmental relations subcommittee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muskiefoundation.org/founder.html|title=The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation -- The Founder|website=www.muskiefoundation.org|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref> Considered "a backwater assignment", Muskie used it to advocate for a widening of governmental responsibilities, limiting the power of [[Richard Nixon]]'s "[[Imperial Presidency]]" and advancing [[New Federalism]] ideals.<ref name="Broder">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1996/03/31/muskie-reason-to-weep/439bb7d7-a118-415d-aed1-76e2d92a1d00/|title=MUSKIE: REASON TO WEEP|last=Broder|first=David S.|date=1996-03-31|work=Washington Post|access-date=2018-02-21|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> He served as the chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Budget|Senate Budget Committee]] through the [[Ninety-third United States Congress|Ninety-third]] to the [[Ninety-sixth United States Congress|Ninety-sixth Congresses]] from 1973 to 1980. During this time, Congress founded the [[Congressional Budget Office]] in order to challenge Nixon's budget request. Prior to 1974, there was no formal process for establishing a [[United States federal budget|federal budget]] so Congress founded the office under the auspices of the Senate Budget Committee. As chairman, Muskie presided over, formulated, and approved of the creation of the [[United States budget process]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WUk8puVdcm0C&pg=PA20 |title=The Congressional Budget Office: Honest Numbers, Power, and Policymaking|last=Joyce|first=Philip G.|date=2011-04-18|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-1589017580|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/04/11/backstage-at-the-budget-committee/999c8876-6136-44fe-a3b3-133e199a00fd/|title=Backstage at the Budget Committee|date=1980-04-11|work=Washington Post|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Citation|last=University of Southern Maine|title=Muskie Centennial Celebration (Part 1: Mark Shields)|date=2014-12-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MvDbnS8cf0|accessdate=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref name="Senator Angus S. King, Jr"/> In 1977, he amended [[Clean Water Act|Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972]] along with others, to pass the [[Clean Water Act|Clean Water Act of 1977]].<ref name="Blomquist 1999, p. 261">Blomquist (1999), p. 261</ref> These new additions incorporated "non-degradation" or "clean growth" policies intended to limit [[Externality|negative externalities]].<ref name="Blomquist 1999, p. 261"/> In 1978, he made minor adjustments to the [[Resource Conservation and Recovery Act]] and the "[[Superfund]]".<ref>Blomquist (1999), p. 263</ref> == Campaigns for the White House == === 1968 presidential election === {{Main|1968 United States presidential election}} ==== Campaign ==== [[File:The only man qualified to be Vice President - Muskie LCCN2016648557.jpg|thumb| A campaign poster for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. ]] In 1968, Muskie was nominated for vice president on the Democratic ticket with sitting Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]]. Humphrey asked Muskie to be his running mate because he was a more reserved contrast personality-wise, from a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] background and of Polish origin.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0yPdDZsjjJ4C&pg=PA120 |title=1968: The Election That Changed America|last=Gould|first=Lewis L.|date=2010-04-16|publisher=Government Institutes|isbn=9781566639101|language=en}}</ref> The Humphrey-Muskie ticket narrowly lost the popular vote to [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Spiro Agnew]]. Humphrey and Muskie received 42.72% of the popular vote and carried 13 states and 191 [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]]; Nixon and Agnew won 43.42% of the popular vote and carried 32 states and 301 electoral votes, while the [[Third party (United States)|third party]] ticket of [[George Wallace]] and [[Curtis LeMay]], running as candidates of the [[American Independent Party]], took 13.53% of the popular vote and took five states in the [[Deep South]] and their 46 votes in the [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral college]]. Because of Agnew's apparent weakness as a candidate relative to Muskie, Humphrey was heard to remark that voters' uncertainties about whom to choose between the two major presidential candidates should be resolved by their attitudes toward the Vice-Presidential candidates.<ref name="RN">Nixon, Richard. ''RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon''.</ref> While on the vice-presidential campaign trail in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], he was quoted as saying: <blockquote>The truth is that Americans born in this great tradition of [[humanism]], still yield to prejudice and practice discrimination against other Americans. The truth is, having developed patterns and ways of living which reflect these shortcomings and weaknesses, we find it burdensome and difficult to and all too often unacceptable to do the uncomfortable things that we all must do to right the wrongs of our society.<ref name=":043"/></blockquote> === 1972 presidential election === ==== Background and primaries ==== {{Main|United States presidential election, 1972}} [[File:Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg|thumb| Muskie campaigning during the [[1972 United States presidential election|1972 presidential elections]]. ]] Before the [[1972 United States presidential election|1972 election]], Muskie was viewed as a front-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination. Despite his political rise in the polls he continued to engage in tiring day after day speeches in various part of the country.<ref name=":043"/> During an August 17, 1969 appearance on ''[[Meet the Press]]'', Muskie said his entry into the presidential primary would depend on his being convinced that he could meet the challenges as well as his comfort: "I don't think I'll answer either question for a year or two."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/08/18/page/30/article/muskie-grim-on-party-unity|title=Muskie Grim on Party Unity|first=Glen|last=Elsasser|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=August 18, 1969}}</ref> On November 8, 1970, Muskie said he would only declare himself as a presidential candidate in the event he became convinced he was best suited for unifying the country through the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/11/09/page/3/article/presidential-bid-later-muskie|title=Presidential Bid Later-Muskie|date=November 9, 1970|publisher=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> In August 1971, Harris polling amid a growing economic crisis, Muskie came out on top of incumbent Nixon if the election had been held that day.<ref name="'70s 298">{{cite book|title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|page= [https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/298 298]|url= https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/298}}</ref> In late 1971, Muskie gave an anti-war speech in [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]].<ref name=":043"/> The nation was at [[Vietnam War|war in Vietnam]] and President [[Richard Nixon]]'s foreign policy promised to be a major issue in the campaign.<ref name="RN" /> The 1972 [[Iowa caucuses]], however, significantly altered the race for the presidential nomination. Senator [[George McGovern]] from [[South Dakota]], initially a [[dark horse]] candidate, made a strong showing in the caucuses which gave his campaign national attention. Although Muskie won the Iowa caucuses, McGovern's campaign left Iowa with momentum. Muskie himself had never participated in a primary election campaign, and it is possible that this led to a weakening of his campaign. Muskie went on to win the [[New Hampshire primary]], the victory was by only a small margin, and his campaign took a hit after the release of the "Canuck letter".<ref name="RN" /> ==== "Canuck letter" ==== {{Main|Canuck letter}} On February 24, 1972, a staffer from the White House forwarded a letter about Muskie to the ''[[Manchester Union-Leader]]''. The [[forgery|forged]] letter– reportedly the successful [[sabotage]] work of [[Donald Segretti]] and [[Ken W. Clawson]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Bernstein |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Bernstein |last2=Woodward |first2=Bob |authorlink2=Bob Woodward |title=All the President's Men |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2005 |isbn=0-671-89441-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/allpresidentsmenbern }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/101072-1.htm|title=FBI Finds Nixon Aides Sabotaged Democrats |last1=Bernstein |first1=Carl|last2=Woodward |first2=Bob |date=10 October 1972 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=14 May 2014}}</ref> –asserted that Muskie had made disparaging remarks about [[French Canadian|French-Canadians]] which were likely to injure his support among the French-American population in northern [[New England]].<ref name=":7" /> The letter contained reference to French-Canadians as "[[Canuck]]s"– an affectionate term among Canadians<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Pang Guek|last2=Barlas|first2=Robert|title=CultureShock! Canada: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QaJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 |year=2009|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-4435-31-4|pages=262–}}</ref> –leading to its [[sobriquet]], "The Canuck letter".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/gallery/2012/06/16-worst-political-dirty-tricks/000188-002247.html|title=16 worst political dirty tricks - 3 of 16|website=www.politico.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-30}}</ref> A day later, the same paper released an article that contained accusatory reference to his wife, Jane, as a drunkard and racially intolerant. On the morning of February 26, Muskie gave a speech to supporters outside of the ''Manchester Union-Leader'' offices in [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], New Hampshire. His speech was viewed as emotional and defensive; he called the newspaper's editor a "gutless coward".<ref name=":7">{{Citation|last=NHIOP|title=Edmund Muskie: Regarding the Canuck Letter (1972)|date=2013-07-22|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsRe2YHZYLg|accessdate=2017-05-15}}</ref> Muskie gave the speech during a snowstorm which created the appearance of him crying.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xpressmagazine.org/2011/05/18/reality-itself-is-too-twisted/|title=Reality Itself is Too Twisted|website=XPRESS MAGAZINE|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref> Though Muskie later attempted to claim that what had appeared to the press as tears were actually melted snowflakes, the press reported that Muskie broke down and cried, shattering the candidate's image as calm and reasoned.<ref name=":1">"[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/remember/muskie_3-26.html Remembering Ed Muskie]", ''[[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer|Online NewsHour]]'', [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]], March 26, 1996.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/101072-1.htm|title=WashingtonPost.com: FBI Finds Nixon Aides Sabotaged Democrats|website=www.washingtonpost.com|access-date=2018-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Wpjqz9x2cJQC&pg=PT146 |title=All the President's Men|last=Woodward|first=Bob|last2=Bernstein|first2=Carl|date=2012-12-11|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781471104664|language=en}}</ref> Evidence later came to light during the [[Watergate scandal]] investigation that, during the 1972 presidential campaign, the [[Committee for the Re-Election of the President|Nixon campaign committee]] maintained a "dirty tricks" unit focused on discrediting Nixon's strongest challengers. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) investigators revealed that the Canuck Letter was a forged document as part of the dirty-tricks campaign against Democrats orchestrated by the Nixon campaign.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>Theodore White, ''The Making of the President'', 1972.</ref> Nixon was also reported to have ordered men to follow Muskie around and gather information. He tried to connect Muskie's acquaintance with singer [[Frank Sinatra]] to an abuse of office. Muskie often flew on Sinatra's private plane while traveling around California.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QNA3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |title=The Mafia's President: Nixon and the Mob|last=Fulsom|first=Don|date=2017-11-14|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=9781250119407|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZiV1F_Guiy4C&pg=PT80 |title=Nixon's Darkest Secrets: The Inside Story of America's Most Troubled President|last=Fulsom|first=Don|date=2012-01-31|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9781429941365|language=en}}</ref> === 1976 presidential election === {{Main|United States presidential election, 1976}}In early July 1976, Muskie spoke with [[Jimmy Carter]] in a "productive" and "harmonious" discussion that was followed by Carter confirming that he considered Muskie qualified for the vice-presidential nomination.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/06/archives/carter-describes-muskie-as-qualified-for-ticket-carter-terms-muskie.html|title=Carter Describes Muskie As Qualified for Ticket|first=Charles|last=Mohr|work=New York Times|date=July 6, 1976}}</ref> Carter ultimately selected [[Walter Mondale]] as his running mate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/08/02/157784723/5-vice-presidential-picks-who-were-key-to-victory|title=5 Vice Presidential Picks Who Were Key To Victory|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en}}</ref> ==U.S. Secretary of State, 1980-81== [[File:Edmund Sixtus Muskie, U.S. Secretary of State.jpg|thumb|Edmund Muskie in his office as Secretary of State, 1980{{efn|Muskie did not receive an official portrait in his capacity as Secretary of State. This photo was a [[photo op]] at the [[Southwest Federal Center]] in Washington.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/40810.htm|title=Secretary of State Edmund Sixtus Muskie|website=2001-2009.state.gov|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/9364837@N06/2367161090|title=Edmund Sixtus Muskie, U.S. Secretary of State|work=Flickr|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-us}}</ref>}}]] In late April 1980, he was tapped by President [[Jimmy Carter]] to serve as secretary of state, following the resignation of [[Cyrus Vance]]. Vance had opposed [[Operation Eagle Claw]], a secret rescue mission intended to rescue [[Iran hostage crisis|American hostages held by Iran]]. After that mission failed with the loss of eight U.S. servicemen, Vance resigned. Muskie was picked by Carter for his accomplishments with senatorial foreign policy. He was appointed and soon after [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|confirmed]] by the Senate on May 8, 1980 by a margin of 94-2.<ref name="mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abacus.bates.edu/muskie-archives/ajcr/1980/Confirmation.shtml|title=Muskie Congressional Record: Confirmation|last=College|first=Bates|date=|website=abacus.bates.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref> === Draft Muskie movement === In June 1980, there was a "draft Muskie" movement among Democratic voters within the primaries of the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1980|1980 presidential election]]. President Carter was running against Senator [[Ted Kennedy]], and opinion polls ranked Muskie more favorably against Kennedy. One poll showed that Muskie would be a more popular alternative to Carter than [[Ted Kennedy]], implying that the attraction was not so much to Kennedy as to the fact that he was not Carter. Moreover, Muskie was polled against Republican challenger Ronald Reagan at the time showing Carter seven points down.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/05/13/opinion/main4091259.shtml "Clinton Campaign Reminiscent of 1980 Race"], The CBS News.</ref> Due to a political allegiance with Carter, he backed out of the contention.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/07/30/muskie-backs-carter-but-does-not-rule-out-a-draft/a4bdad77-a21a-4004-aca7-6c0bc8db3b70/|title=Muskie Backs Carter, but Does Not Rule Out a Draft|last=Goshko|first=John M.|date=1980-07-30|work=Washington Post|access-date=2018-02-20|last2=Reid|first2=T. R.|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|last3=report|first3=Washington Post Staff Writers; Staff writer Richar L. Lyons contributed to this}}</ref> Pressured by the [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter Administration]], Muskie released the following public statement to Democratic voters: "I accepted the appointment as secretary of state to serve the country and to serve the president. I continue to serve the president, and I will support him all the way! I have a commitment to the president. I don't make such commitments lightly, and I intend to keep it."<ref name=":19" /> An article by ''[[The New Yorker]]'' speculated that the move to back Muskie was a temporary flex of political power by the Democratic voter base to unease Carter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1980-08-25#folio=022|title=The New Yorker Digital Edition : Aug 25, 1980|website=archives.newyorker.com|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> === Afghanistan === In December 1979, [[Soviet–Afghan War|the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan]] which prompted [[NATO]] to trigger its ally contract.<ref name="mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com" /> Muskie began his tenure as secretary of state five months into the invasion. He assigned Deputy Secretary [[Warren Christopher]] the tasks of managing the domestic side of the department while he participated in international deliberations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/muskie-edmund-sixtus|title=Edmund Sixtus Muskie - People - Department History - Office of the Historian|last=|first=|date=|website=history.state.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> Muskie met with Soviet diplomat [[Andrei Gromyko]] who categorically rejected a compromise that would secure the Soviet Union's [[Soviet–Afghan War|withdrawal]] from Afghanistan.<ref name="history.state.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/muskie-edmund-sixtus|title=Edmund Sixtus Muskie - People - Department History - Office of the Historian|website=history.state.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> Gromyko wanted the state department to formally recognize [[Kabul]] as a part of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Mihalkanin 2004">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=c_ORomNygLcC&pg=PA553 |title=American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell|last=Mihalkanin|first=Edward S.|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313308284|language=en}}</ref> === Soviet Union === Muskie was against the rapid accumulation of highly developed weaponry during the 1950s and 1960s as he thought that would inevitably lead to a [[nuclear arms race]] that would erode international trust and cooperation. He spoke frequently with the government executives of [[Cold War]] allies and that of the Soviet Union urging them to suspend their programs in pursuit of global security.<ref name="mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com" /> Muskie's inclinations were confirmed during the early 1970s when Russia split from the U.S. and accumulated more [[warhead]]s and [[Missile defense|anti-ballistic missile systems]]. In November 1980, Muskie stated that Russia was interested in pursuing a "more stable, less confrontational' relationship with the United States."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/11/23/Secretary-of-State-Edmund-Muskie-says-the-Soviet-Union/8991343803600/|title=Secretary of State Edmund Muskie says the Soviet Union...|work=UPI|access-date=2017-05-16|language=en}}</ref> He criticized the stances undertaken by [[Ronald Reagan]] multiple times during his presidential campaign expressing disdain for the calls to reject the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks|SALT II treaty]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/21/Secretary-of-State-Edmund-Muskie-says-the-Soviet-Union/2176340948800/|title=Secretary of State Edmund Muskie says the Soviet Union...|work=UPI|access-date=2017-05-16|language=en}}</ref> Muskie, throughout his political career, was deeply afraid of [[Nuclear warfare|global nuclear war]] with the Soviet Union.<ref>Mitchell 2009: 641</ref> === Iran hostage crisis === {{Main|Iran hostage crisis negotiations}} On November 4, 1979, 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage by [[Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line|an Iranian student group]] in Tehran's [[Embassy of the United States, Tehran|U.S. Embassy]]. After the resignation of [[Cyrus Vance]] left a gap in the negotiations for the hostages, Muskie appealed to the [[United Nations]] (U.N.) and the government of Iran to release the hostages to little success. Already six months into the hostage crisis, he was pressed to reach a diplomatic solution.<ref name=":22">Mitchell 2009: 640</ref> Before he assumed the position, the [[Delta Force]] rescue attempt called [[Operation Eagle Claw]] resulted in the death of multiple soldiers, leaving military intervention a sensitive course of action for the American public. He established diplomatic ties with the Iranian government and attempted to have the hostages released yet was initially unsuccessful. On January 15, as Muskie was flying to address the [[Maine Senate]] in Augusta, President Carter called him as his jet was touching down at [[Andrews Field|Andrews Air Force Base]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/archive/ed-muskies-hostage-struggle-is-over-but-the-families-courage-is-still-being-tested-vol-15-no-4/|title=Ed Muskie's Hostage Struggle Is Over, but the Families' Courage Is Still Being Tested – Vol. 15 No. 4|date=1981-02-02|work=PEOPLE.com|access-date=2017-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Carter alerted him that there was a possible breakthrough in the negotiations conducted by his deputy secretary [[Warren Christopher]].<ref name=":20" /> After the negotiations failed, Muskie instructed the state department to continue seeking an agreement for the hostages' release.<ref name="Mihalkanin 2004"/> On January 20–the [[First inauguration of Ronald Reagan|inauguration day of Ronald Reagan]]–the fifty-two hostages were handed over to U.S. authorities, a solution that had eluded Muskie and the entire Carter administration for 444 days and contributed to Carter's defeat.<ref name=":22"/> Muskie left office on January 18, 1981, two days before Carter's last day as president and the inauguration of [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/muskie-edmund-sixtus|title=Edmund Sixtus Muskie - People - Department History - Office of the Historian|last=|first=|date=|website=history.state.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> ==Later years== [[File:President Ronald Reagan receives the Tower Commission Report with John Tower and Edmund Muskie.jpg|thumb|257x257px|Muskie with [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[John Tower]] discussing the Tower Commission]] Muskie retired to his home in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1981. He continued to work as a lawyer for some years. After leaving public office, he was a partner with Chadbourne & Parke, a law firm in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]].<ref name="Mihalkanin 2004"/> Muskie also served as the chairman of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at [[Georgetown University]] as well as the chairman Emeritus of the [[Center for National Policy]].<ref name="usm.maine.edu2">{{Cite web|url=http://usm.maine.edu/muskie/edmund-s-muskie|title=Edmund S. Muskie {{!}} Muskie School of Public Service {{!}} University of Southern Maine|website=usm.maine.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref> === Tower Commission === In 1987, Muskie was appointed a member of the President's Special Review Board known as the "[[Tower Commission]]" to investigate President Ronald Reagan's administration's role in the [[Iran–Contra affair|Iran-Contra affair]]. Muskie and the commission issued a highly detailed report of more than 300 pages that was critical of the president's actions and blamed the White House chief of staff, [[Donald Regan|Donald T. Regan]], for unduly influencing the president's activities. The panel was notable as the findings of the report were directly critical of the president who appointed the commission.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/27/world/white-house-crisis-tower-report-inquiry-finds-reagan-chief-advisers-responsible.html|title=THE WHITE HOUSE CRISIS: The Tower Report INQUIRY FINDS REAGAN AND CHIEF ADVISERS RESPONSIBLE FOR 'CHAOS' IN IRAN ARMS DEALS; Reagan Also Blamed|last=Times|first=Steven V. Roberts, Special To The New York|date=1987-02-27|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-05-15|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Muskie was critical of the commission decrying the "over-obsession with secrecy," noting that "there are occasions when it's necessary to hold closely information about especially covert operations, but even possibly other operations of the Government. But every time that you are over-concerned about secrecy, you tend to abandon process."<ref>Mitchell 1997: 639</ref> While underfunded, the commission did find that the Reagan administration ran a parallel policy directive at the same time they were publicly condemning negotiating for hostages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/PS157/assignment%20files%20public/TOWER%20EXCERPTS.htm|title=Tower Commission Report Excerpts|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> == Death and funeral == [[File:Defense.gov photo essay 071215-D-0653H-571 (cropped).jpg|thumb| Muskie's gravestone at the [[Arlington National Cemetery]], 2007 ]] Muskie died at 4:06 AM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] on the morning of March 26, 1996 at the [[Georgetown University Medical Center]] in Washington, D.C., after seeking treatment for bouts of [[Heart failure|congestive heart failure]].<ref>Witherell (2014) p. 250</ref> He died two days shy of his 82nd birthday. Eight days prior he underwent a [[carotid endarterectomy]] in his right neck.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/27/us/edmund-s-muskie-81-dies-maine-senator-and-a-power-on-the-national-scene.html|title=Edmund S. Muskie, 81, Dies; Maine Senator and a Power on the National Scene|last=Jr|first=R. W. Apple|date=1996-03-27|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-01-05|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> His assistant reported that he had suffered a [[myocardial infarction]].<ref name=":12" /> Some historians believe that his [[Thrombus|blood clots]] were brought on from frequent 8,421 mile (13,552&nbsp;km) flights to [[Cambodia]]; he was asked to assist in stabilizing its government<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/16/archives/unstable-cambodia.html|title=Unstable Cambodia|date=1971-05-16|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> on behalf of President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref name="Press Herald"/> Due to his service in the [[United States Navy Reserve|United States Naval Reserve]] during [[World War II]], he was eligible to be buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], [[Virginia]].<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangordailynews.com/2012/12/09/business/maines-worcester-wreaths-set-out-for-arlington-national-cemetery/|title=Maine's Worcester Wreaths set out for Arlington National Cemetery|work=Bangor Daily News|access-date=2018-02-02|language=en-US}}</ref> His ultimate rank of [[lieutenant]] had him placed in Section 25 of the cemetery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abmc.gov/learning-resources/lesson-plans/segregated-life-integrated-death|title=Segregated in Life, Integrated in Death {{!}} American Battle Monuments Commission|website=www.abmc.gov|access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref> Although he died on March 26, his [[Headstone|grave stone]] initially noted that he died on the 25th.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/muskie.htm|title=Edmund Sixtus Muskie, Lieutenant, United States Navy|last=Patterson|first=Michael Robert|website=www.arlingtoncemetery.net|access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref> His wife, Jane, died on December 25, 2004, due to health complications brought on by [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> She was buried next to Muskie and his grave stone was corrected to read "March 26, 1996".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Yxf9Dyds86kC&pg=PT170 |title=A Living Treasure: Seasonal Photographs of Arlington National Cemetery|last=Knudsen|first=Robert C.|date=June 2008|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=9781597972727|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Muskie was [[Memorialization|memorialized]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]], Maine, and [[Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda]], Maryland. At his Washington memorial, he was paid tribute to by a variety of U.S. senators and house representatives.<ref name=":6" /> His ''alma mater–''[[Bates College]]–held a memorial presided over by its president, [[Donald West Harward|Donald Harward]].<ref name=":6" /> On March 30, 1996, a publicly broadcast, [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] funeral was held in Bethesda at the Church of the Little Flower.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?70893-1/senator-muskie-funeral|title=Senator Muskie Funeral, Mar 30 1996 {{!}} Video {{!}} C-SPAN.org|website=C-SPAN.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref> He was [[Eulogy|eulogized]] by U.S. president [[Jimmy Carter]]; U.S. Senator, [[George J. Mitchell]]; 20th United States Ambassador to the United Nations, [[Madeleine Albright]]; a political aide, Leon G. Billings; and one of Muskie's sons, Stephen.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Memorial_Tributes_Delivered_in_Congress.html?id=Y_rjFTyxkcUC |title=Memorial Tributes Delivered in Congress: Edmund S. Muskie, 1914-1996, Late a Senator from Maine|date=1996|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en}}</ref> == Legacy == === Historical evaluations === [[File:Edmund Muskie Statue.jpg|thumb| Bronze [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] of Muskie looking upwards, a part of the [[Campus of Bates College|Edmund S. Muskie Archives]]. ]] Historical evaluations of Edmund Muskie focus on the impact his actions and legislation had in the United States and the greater world.<ref name="Press Herald"/><ref name=":15" /><ref>Baldwin, Nicoll, Goldstien, et al. 2015: 214</ref> His accomplishments in his home state have had him noted as one of the most influential politicians in [[History of Maine|the history of Maine]].<ref name="Senator Angus S. King, Jr"/><ref name="Press Herald"/> Depending on the metric he is coupled with [[Hannibal Hamlin]] and [[James G. Blaine|James Blaine]] as the three most important politicians from Maine.<ref>Witherell (2014), pp. 250-52</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://maineanencyclopedia.com/edmund-s-muskie/|title=Muskie, Edmund S.|date=2011-04-24|encyclopedia=Maine: An Encyclopedia|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rVgaAQAAIAAJ |title=Continental Liar from the State of Maine: James G. Blaine|last=Rolde|first=Neil|date=2006|publisher=Tilbury House, Publishers|isbn=9780884482864|language=en}}</ref> Muskie occupied all offices available in [[Political party strength in Maine|the Maine political system]] excluding [[Maine Senate|state senator]] and [[United States House of Representatives|United States representative]]. His political status in Maine is generally perceived favorably.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lhrCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150 |title=Ed Muskie: Made in Maine|last=Witherell|first=James L.|date=2014-03-28|publisher=Tilbury House Publishers and Cadent Publishing|isbn=9780884483922|language=en}}</ref> During his four-year term as Governor of Maine he initiated a [[constitutional amendment]], invested heavily in [[infrastructure]], and institutionalized economic development– effectively bringing Maine into the [[Post–World War II economic expansion|Golden Age of Capitalism]].<ref name=":21">Witherell (2014) pp. 130-142</ref> Muskie ended the "[[as Maine goes, so goes the nation]]" political sentiment in the United States by moving Maine's general election date to November instead of September.<ref name=":21" /> He preserved the cultural integrity of the state by endowing the [[Maine State Museum]] which was seen as critical to his public perception.<ref name=":21" /> Although economic expansionism was historically seen negatively by the people of Maine, Muskie's policies were seen favorably as they were coupled with environmental provisions. His advocation for [[minimum wage]] increases, increased [[Labour law|labor protections]], and [[sales tax]] exemptions boosted [[consumer spending]].<ref name=":26">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-8MMAAAAYAAJ |title=Maine: The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present|last=Judd|first=Richard William|last2=Churchill|first2=Edwin A.|last3=Eastman|first3=Joel W.|date=1995|publisher=University of Maine Press|isbn=9780891010821|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2QCmDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT671 |title=A History of American State and Local Economic Development: As Two Ships Pass in the Night|last=Coan|first=Ronald W.|date=2017-04-28|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781785366369|language=en}}</ref> Muskie has been widely characterized as the catalyst for the political renaissance of the [[Maine Democratic Party|Democratic Party in Maine]].<ref name=":043" /><ref name=":433" /><ref name=":23" /> His election to the governorship signaled a fracturing of the [[Maine Republican Party|Republican Party in the state]] and nearly tripled the amount of Democrats in Maine between 1954 and 1974.<ref name=":26" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/909/page/1320/print|title=1946-1970 A Different Place|work=Maine History Online|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en}}</ref> Since Muskie left office as the [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]], writers, historians, scholars, political analysts and the general public have debated his legacy. Particular emphasis is placed on his impact in the [[environmentalist]] and [[civil rights movement]]; bureaucratic advancement, and diplomacy. Overall supporters of Muskie point to an expansion of [[environmental protection]], [[Environmentalism|preservation]], and security.<ref>Witherell (2014) p. 251</ref> Numerous historians have noted him as "the father of the [[Environmental movement in the United States|1960s environmental movement]] in America".<ref name="Press Herald"/><ref name="muskiefoundation.org2"/> His accomplishments in environmentalism established two of the foremost measures in U.S. [[environmental policy]]: the [[Clean Water Act|Clean Water Act Amendments of 1972 and 1977]] and [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 and 1977]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7645|title=Jimmy Carter: Clean Air Act Amendments - Letter to Senator Edmund S. Muskie|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> His contributions to the Clean Air Act were so great that the bill was nicknamed the "Muskie Act".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muskiefoundation.org/muskiechafee.html|title=The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation -- Muskie-Chafee Award|website=www.muskiefoundation.org|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muskiefoundation.org/baker.030905.html|title=The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation|website=www.muskiefoundation.org|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref><ref name="Maine History Online">{{Cite news|url=https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/330/display|title=Clean Water: Muskie and the Environment|work=Maine History Online|access-date=2017-05-16|language=en}}</ref> These two laws have been credited as the first major step to launching the wider environmentalism movement both in the U.S. and to some extent, the rest of the [[Free World]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/a-peoples-history-of-environmentalism-in-the-united-states-9781441198686/|title=A People's History of Environmentalism in the United States|last=Bloomsbury.com|website=Bloomsbury Publishing|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/a-fierce-green-fire-timeline-of-environmental-movement/2988/|title=A Fierce Green Fire {{!}} Timeline of Environmental Movement and History {{!}} American Masters {{!}} PBS|date=2014-04-15|work=American Masters|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/09/how-the-clean-air-act-has-saved-22-trillion-in-health-care-costs/262071/|title=How the Clean Air Act Has Saved $22 Trillion in Health-Care Costs|last=Lockwood|first=Alan H.|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Harvard University law professor [[Richard Lazarus (law professor)|Richard Lazarus]] summarized Muskie's legislative legacy with the following: <blockquote>Senator Muskie's environmental law legacy is no less than stunning in terms of positive impact on the nation's natural environment. It takes little imagination to speculate what our national landscape would now look like if the economic growth we witnessed in the past four decades had not been accompanied by the environmental protections for air, land, and water provided by the laws that Senator Muskie championed in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/rlazarus/docs/articles/LazarusRichardSenatorEdmundMuskiesEnduringLegacyInTheCourts2015.pdf|title=Senator Edmund Muskie's Enduring Legacy in the Courts|last=Lazarus|first=Richard J.|date=|website=www.law.harvard.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> </blockquote> Muskie's influence on [[Foreign policy of the United States|American diplomacy]] was detailed by the [[Office of the Historian]] with the following: "In the nine months Muskie served as Secretary of State, he conducted the first high-level meeting with the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet government]] after its [[Soviet–Afghan War#December 1979 – February 1980: Occupation|December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan]]. During these negotiations, Secretary Muskie unsuccessfully attempted to secure the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan. [He] also assisted President Carter in the implementation of the "[[Carter Doctrine]]," which aimed to limit [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet expansion into the Middle East]] and Persian Gulf. Finally, under Muskie's leadership, the State Department negotiated the release of the remaining [[Iran hostage crisis|American hostages held by Iran]]."<ref name="Mihalkanin 2004"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/muskie-edmund-sixtus|title=Edmund Sixtus Muskie: People - Department History - Office of the Historian|last=|first=|date=|website=history.state.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> Many political commentators believed the bestowing of the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by Carter to be an affirmation of this assertion.<ref name=":22"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=44540|title=Jimmy Carter: Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony.|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ddNQDl7k-KAC&pg=PA116 |title=In Tribute: Eulogies of Famous People|last=Tobias|first=Ted|date=1999|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810835375|language=en}}</ref> The public perception of his [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] advancement has endured. A champion of the [[civil rights movement]] in the United States, he publicly criticized [[J. Edgar Hoover]]'s [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], which was at the time considered [[political suicide]] as Hoover often spied and attempted to smear his opponents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/j-edgar-hoover|title=J. Edgar Hoover - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com|website=HISTORY.com|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-j-edgar-hoover/2011/11/07/gIQASLlo5M_story.html|title=Five myths about J. Edgar Hoover|last=Ackerman|first=Kenneth D.|date=2011-11-07|work=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-05-15|last2=Ackerman|first2=Kenneth D.|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Muskie also was instrumental in the passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], the creation of [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]], and developed the reform of [[Lobbying in the United States|lobbying]].<ref name="Press Herald"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/member/edmund-muskie/M001121|title=Edmund S. Muskie|last=Muskie|first=Edmund S.|website=www.congress.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> His time as the chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Budget|Senate Budget Committee]] from 1975 to 1980 include the formation of the [[United States budget process]].<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/archives/edmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy/research-help/chronology-of-muskies-life-and-work/|title=Chronology of Muskie's life and work {{!}} Archives {{!}} Bates College|website=www.bates.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> Because of this, he is known as the "father of the federal budget process".<ref name=":18" /><ref name="Senator Angus S. King, Jr"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muskiefoundation.org/founder.html|title=The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation -- The Founder|website=www.muskiefoundation.org|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> [[David S. Broder|David Broder]] of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', noted that Muskie's leadership of the Senate's intergovernmental relations subcommittee was, in part, responsible for countering [[Richard Nixon]]'s "[[Imperial Presidency]]" and advancing "[[New Federalism]]".<ref name="Broder"/> === Public and political image === [[File:Ed Muskie speech 1972.jpg|left|thumb|247x247px| Edmund Muskie in 1972 ]]Muskie's early political career was helped by his physical appearance. Voters could relate to his public persona in ways that translated to relatively high [[voter turnout]]. [[R. W. Apple Jr.|R. W. Apple Jr]]. described Muskie as "long-jawed and craggy-faced" later noting that he "looked like the [[New England#Culture|typical New Englander]] [with] a classic [[New England English|Down East accent]]."<ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/27/us/edmund-s-muskie-81-dies-maine-senator-and-a-power-on-the-national-scene.html|title=Edmund S. Muskie, 81, Dies; Maine Senator and a Power on the National Scene|last=Jr|first=R. W. Apple|date=1996-03-27|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Muskie's height has variously been recorded as 6&nbsp;ft 4 in (1.93 m) to 6&nbsp;ft 6 in (1.98 m).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/03/26/Former-Sen-Edmund-Muskie-dies/6082827816400/|title=Former Sen. Edmund Muskie dies|work=UPI|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-edmund-muskie-1344324.html|title=Obituary: Edmund Muskie|date=1996-03-27|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> His height had him often compared to U.S. President [[Abraham Lincoln]] and referred to by voters and media alike as "Lincolnesque".<ref name=":06" /> He was often seen as "towering over" political candidates creating symbolic superiority and power.<ref name=":32" /> Known as a [[recluse]], he disliked public attention and media speculation. Voters often associated with his "trademark directness, homespun integrity, and [[Apoliticism|apolitical]] candor".<ref name=":043"/> However, political aides have described him as having a "hot temper" and being demanding.<ref name=":06" /> A notorious [[Micromanagement|micro-manager]], Muskie was often required his aides to have "every speech and every position researched, analyzed and reported directly back to him."<ref name=":06" /> While reserved and polite in public, when roused, it was reported that Muskie "had the vocabulary of a sailor".<ref name=":32" /> His ability to command an argument was taken positively by voters as it signaled good leadership ability. Political opponents noted his "cutting intellect" as in-conducive to lengthy debates and voters noted it as a good quality to possess when negotiating with foreign leaders.<ref name=":06" /> An official publication by [[Cornell University]] commented on his political image by saying: "he will be remembered for the quality of his mind; the toughness, the rigor, the common sense; and for another quality: the courage to take risks for what he saw as right".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1407&context=cilj|title=The World Peace: The Legacy of Edmund S. Muskie|last=Mitchell|first=George J.|date=2009|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Known to be [[Punctuality|punctual]], he was present 90% of Senate roll-call votes.<ref name=":06" /> Although he was portrayed as socially rigid, he often broke from this mold and showed a personable side. While campaigning in cities, he often let students from the crowd run up to the stage and present a case for policy reform, unheard of at the time.<ref name=":043"/> Journalist [[R. W. Apple Jr.|R. W. Apple Jr]] noted in his obituary that his constant tendency for probity (i.e. standing firm in moral beliefs), was ultimately politically detrimental.<ref name=":06" /> === Honors and memorials === [[File:Memorial_to_Edmund_Muskie_in_Rumford,_Maine.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Edmund Muskie in his birthplace of [[Rumford, Maine|Rumford]], Maine.]]He was awarded the Guardian of Berlin's Freedom Award from the [[United States Army Berlin|U.S. Army Berlin Command]] in 1961.<ref name=":25" /> In 1969, he was inducted in the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] alongside [[Ted Kennedy]], [[George McGovern]], [[Walter Mondale]], [[Shirley Chisholm]], and [[Bella Abzug]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WEy-BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT81 |title=Scientology|last=Lewis|first=James R.|date=2009-03-11|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199887118|language=en}}</ref> At the conclusion of his political career, he held the highest political office by a [[Polish American]] in U.S. history, and also was the only Polish American ever nominated by a major party for vice president.<ref name=":14">Hirshon (2003), p. 274</ref> On the 100th birthday of Edmund Muskie, U.S. Senator [[Angus King]] spoke on the floor of the [[United States Senate]] in memoriam. King noted the following: "if you would see Ed Muskie's [[memorial]], look around you. Take a deep breath. Experience our great rivers. Experience the environment that we now have in the country that we treasure."<ref name="Senator Angus S. King, Jr"/> Muskie has received [[Freedom of the City|the keys]] to all three major cities in Maine: Portland, Lewiston, and Augusta.<ref name=":25" /> He was given [[honorary citizenship]] to the [[Texas|State of Texas]] in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tslac/20047/20047-P.html|title=Texas Office of the Lieutenant Governor: An Inventory of the Records of William Pettus Hobby, Jr. at the Texas State Archives, 1917, 1924, 1931, 1947, 1953-1990, undated (bulk 1968-1990)|website=legacy.lib.utexas.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> Numerous days have been named "Edmund S. Muskie Day": September 25, 1968 (Michigan), January 20, 1980 (New York), March 28, 1988 (Maine), March 1928, 1994 (Maine), and March 20, 1995 (Maine).<ref name=":25" /> In 1987, the [[Maine Legislature|Maine State Legislature]] enacted Statute §A7 enacting "'''Edmund S. Muskie Day'''" on March 28. The statute was amended in 1989; Edmund S. Muskie Day is celebrated annually and is a [[public holiday]] in Maine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/1/title1sec130.html|title=Title 1, §130: Edmund S. Muskie Day|website=legislature.maine.gov|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> Muskie was given [[honorary degree]]s from [[Portland University]] (1955), [[Suffolk University]] (1955), [[University of Maine]] (1956), [[University at Buffalo|University of Buffalo]] (1960), [[St. Francis College|Saint Francis College]] (1961), [[Nasson College]] (1962), [[Hanover College]] (1967), [[Syracuse University]] (1969), [[Boston University]] (1969), [[John Carroll University]] (1969), [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame University]] (1969), [[Middlebury College]] (1969), [[Providence College]] (1969), [[University of Maryland, Baltimore County|University of Maryland]] (1969), [[George Washington University]] (1969), [[Northeastern University]] (1969), [[College of William & Mary|College of William and Mary]] (1970), [[Ricker College]] (1970), [[Saint Joseph's University|St. Joseph's College]] (1970), [[University of New Hampshire]] (1970), [[St Anselm's College|St. Anselms College]] (1970), [[Washington & Jefferson College|Washington and Jefferson College]] (1971), [[Rivier University|Rivier College]] (1971), [[Thomas College]] (1973), [[Husson University|Husson College]] (1974), [[Unity College (Maine)|Unity College]] (1975), [[Marquette University]] (1982), [[Rutgers University]] (1986), Bates College (1986), [[Washington College]] (1987), and [[University of Southern Maine]] (1992).<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|url=http://abacus.bates.edu/muskie-archives/EADFindingAids/MC105_XIII_B_Presentation_Commemoratives.pdf|title=Presentation pieces, honors and commemoratives|last=Edmund Muskie Archives|date=2018|website=|access-date=}}</ref> Muskie was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]–the nation's highest honor–by President [[Jimmy Carter]] on January 16, 1981 for his work during the [[Iran hostage crisis]], four days before stepping down from the presidency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muskiefoundation.org/muskiechafee.2000.html|title=The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation -- Muskie-Chafee Award|website=www.muskiefoundation.org|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> In 1984, the House of Representatives designated the Edmund S. Muskie Federal Building in Augusta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2017/06/23/protesters-call-on-collins-to-reject-senate-health-bill/|title=Protesters in Augusta call on Sen. Collins to reject Senate health bill|date=2017-06-23|work=Press Herald|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/senate-bill/2460|title=S.2460 - 98th Congress (1983-1984): A bill to designate a Federal building in Augusta, Maine, as the "Edmund S. Muskie Federal Building".|last=George|first=Mitchell|date=1984-05-08|website=www.congress.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> The [[American Bar Association]] honors lawyers who under take ''[[pro bono]]'' work with the annual Edmund S. Muskie Pro Bono Service Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/tort_trial_insurance_practice/about_us/awards/muskie_nomination_info.html|title=TIPS Edmund S. Muskie Award Nomination Information {{!}} Tort Trial and Insurance Practice Section|website=www.americanbar.org|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> From 1993 to 2013, the [[United States Department of State|United State Department of State]] ran the [[Edmund S. Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program]] in an effort to increase international [[study abroad]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uz.usembassy.gov/education-culture/exchange-programs/edmund-s-muskie-graduate-fellowship-program/|title=Edmund S. Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program {{!}} U.S. Embassy in Uzbekistan|work=U.S. Embassy in Uzbekistan|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1996, the Edmund S. Muskie Distinguished Public Service Award was founded by the [[Truman National Security Project|Truman National SecurityProject]] to honor current or former elected officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trumanproject.org/home/2017-awards-dinner/|title=2017 Awards Dinner Truman Project|website=trumanproject.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> The Edmund S. Muskie School of Public Service at the [[University of Southern Maine]] was named in his honor in 1990.<ref name="usm.maine.edu2"/> Muskie's papers and personal effects are kept at the [[Campus of Bates College|Edmund S. Muskie Archives]] and Special Collections Library at [[Bates College]] in [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]], Maine.<ref>Witherell (2014), p. 251</ref> == See also == * [[List of people from Maine]] * [[List of Bates College people]] * [[List of Cornell University alumni|List of Cornell University people]] * [[List of Governors of Maine]] * [[List of United States Senators from Maine]] * [[List of Secretaries of State of the United States]] * [[List of United States presidential candidates]] * [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets]] * [[Response to the State of the Union address]] {{Portal bar|Biography|Politics|Liberalism|United States}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == References == {{reflist|25em}} == Bibliography == === Footnotes === {{Refbegin|1}} * Baldwin, Samuel J.; Nicoll Donald E.; Goldstien Soel K. et al. (2015). ''The Legacy of U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie''. Maine Law Review. Online. * Witherell, James L. (2014). ''Ed Muskie: Made in Maine: The Early Years, 1914–1960''. Tilbury House Publishers. Print. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]: 0884483924 * Blomquist, Robert F. (1999). ''What is Past is Prologue: Senator Edmund S. Muskie's Environmental Policymaking Roots as Governor of Maine, 1955-58''. Valparaiso University School of Law. Online. * Mitchell George J. (1997). ''The World Peace: The Legacy of Edmund S. Muskie''. Cornell Law Review. [[Cornell University]] Press. Online. * Anson, Cherrill A. (1972). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Edmund_S_Muskie_Democratic_Senator_from.html?id=h0cvAAAAYAAJ Edmund S. Muskie, Democratic Senator from Maine]''. Grossman Publishing. Online. * Lippmann, Theo; Hansen Donald C. (1971). ''Muskie''. W.W. Norton & Company [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]: B000NQK5OM. Print. * Hirshon, Robert E. (2003). "The Legacy of Senator Edmund Muskie". Maine Law Review. Online. * King, Angus. (2014). "Sen. King Honors Sen. Ed Muskie's Centennial Birthday". Senator Angus S. King, Jr.–YouTube. Online. {{Refend}} === Primary sources === * [http://www.bates.edu/archives/ Edmund S. Muskie Archives and Special Collections Library Archives & Manuscripts] * [http://abacus.bates.edu/muskie-archives/EADFindingAids/MC105.html Edmund Muskie personal papers] * [http://www.bates.edu/archives/edmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy/online-legislative-record-of-senator-edmund-s-muskie/ Online legislative record] == External links == * {{CongLinks | congbio=M001121 | votesmart= | fec= | congress= }} * [http://www.muskiefoundation.org/ The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation] * {{C-SPAN}} {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[James C. Oliver|James Oliver]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[Governor of Maine]]|years=[[Maine gubernatorial election, 1954|1954]], [[Maine gubernatorial election, 1956|1956]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Clinton Clauson]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Roger P. Dube|Roger Dube]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[List of United States Senators from Maine|U.S. Senator from Maine]]<br>([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 1]])|years=[[United States Senate elections, 1958 and 1959|1958]], [[United States Senate elections, 1964|1964]], [[United States Senate elections, 1970|1970]], [[United States Senate elections, 1976|1976]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]]}} |- {{s-new|office}} {{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]]|years=1967–1969}} {{s-aft|after=[[J. 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Mitchell|George Mitchell]]}} |- {{s-new|office}} {{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Budget|Senate Budget Committee]]|years=1975–1980}} {{s-aft|after=[[Fritz Hollings]]}} {{s-end}} {{Governors of Maine}} {{USSenME}} {{USSecState}} {{SenBudgetCommitteeChairs}} {{Unsuccessful major party VPOTUS candidates}} {{USDemVicePresNominees}} {{United States presidential election, 1968}} {{United States presidential election, 1972}} {{Carter cabinet}} {{Hubert Humphrey}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Muskie, Edmund}} [[Category:1914 births]] [[Category:1996 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American lawyers]] [[Category:20th-century American politicians]] [[Category:American environmentalists]] [[Category:American naval personnel of World War II]] [[Category:American people of Polish descent]] [[Category:Catholics from Maine]] [[Category:Bates College alumni]] [[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]] [[Category:Carter administration cabinet members]] [[Category:Cornell Law School alumni]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees]] [[Category:Democratic Party state governors of the United States]] [[Category:Democratic Party United States senators]] [[Category:Governors of Maine]] [[Category:Hubert Humphrey]] [[Category:Laetare Medal recipients]] [[Category:Maine Democrats]] [[Category:Maine lawyers]] [[Category:Members of the Maine House of Representatives]] [[Category:Military personnel from Maine]] [[Category:People from Rumford, Maine]] [[Category:Politicians from Waterville, Maine]] [[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]] [[Category:United States Navy officers]] [[Category:Candidates in the 1972 United States presidential election]] [[Category:United States Secretaries of State]] [[Category:United States senators from Maine]] [[Category:1968 United States vice-presidential candidates]]'