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[[File:Fertility rate world map 2.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Map of countries by fertility rate (2018), according to [[CIA World Factbook]]
]]
'''Human reproduction planning''' is the practice of intentionally controlling the rate of [[Human population growth|growth of a human population]]. Historically, human population planning has been implemented with the goal of increasing the rate of human population growth. However, in the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about global population growth and its effects on [[poverty]], [[Human impact on the environment|environmental degradation]] and [[political stability]] led to efforts to reduce human population growth rates. More recently, some countries, such as [[China]], [[Iran]], and [[Spain]], have begun efforts to increase their birth rates once again.
While population planning can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their [[reproduction]], a few programs, most notably the Chinese government's "[[one-child policy]] and [[two-child policy]]", have resorted to coercive measures.
==Types==
Four types of population planning goals pursued by governments can be identified:
# Increasing the overall population growth rate
# Reducing the overall population growth rate
# Decreasing the relative population growth of a less favored subgroup of a national population or ethnic group, such as people of low intelligence or people with disabilities. This is known as [[eugenics]].
# Instead of trying to control the rate of population growth ''per se'', trying to arrange things so that all population groups of a certain type (e.g. all social classes within a society) have the same average rate of population growth.
==Methods==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2013}}
While a specific population planning practice may be legal/mandated in one country, it may be illegal or restricted in another, indicative of the controversy surrounding this topic.
===Reducing population growth===
Population planning that is intended to reduce a population or sub-population's growth rates may promote or enforce one or more of the following practices, although there are other methods:
* [[War]] (Wars that are done on purpose or in aggression can cause casualties that lower the population. For instance in the [[Iraq War]] approximately 1 million people died.)<ref>Baker, Luke, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-deaths-survey/iraq-conflict-has-killed-a-million-iraqis-survey-idUSL3048857920080130 "Iraq conflict has killed a million Iraqis: survey"], ''Reuters'', January 30, 2008</ref>
* Higher [[taxation]] of parents who have too many children
* [[Contraception]]
* [[Sexual abstinence|Abstinence]][[File:2012 Infant mortality rate per 1000 live births, under-5, world map.svg|thumb|240px|World infant mortality rates in 2012<ref>[http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf Infant Mortality Rates in 2012] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153724/http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf |date=July 14, 2014 }}, [[UNICEF]], 2013.</ref>]]
* Reducing [[infant mortality]] so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.<ref>Lifeblood: How to Change the World One Dead Mosquito at a Time, Alex Perry p9</ref>
* [[Abortion]]
* [[Pornography]] (Pornography has been shown to cause sexual dysfunction)<ref>Brian, Park; Gary, Wilson; Berger, Jonathan; Christman, Mathew; Reina, Brynn; Bishop, Frank; Klam, Warren P.; Doan, Andrew P. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5039517/ "Is Internet Pornography Causing Sexual Dysfunctions? A Review with Clinical Reports", "Behavioral Sciences", September 2016</ref><ref>Thompson, Dennis, https://www.webmd.com/sex/news/20170512/study-sees-link-between-porn-and-sexual-dysfunction#1 "Study Sees Link Between Porn and Sexual Dysfunction" "WebMD" May 12, 2017.</ref><ref>Villines, Zawn | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317117.php | How can porn induce erectile dysfunction? | Medical News Today | July 30, 2018 |</ref><ref>| How Many People Are On Porn Sites Right Now? (Hint: It’s A Lot.) | https://fightthenewdrug.org/by-the-numbers-see-how-many-people-are-watching-porn-today/ | Fight the New Drug | September 3, 2019 |</ref>
* Changing [[status of women]] causing departure from traditional sexual division of labour.
* [[Sterilisation (medicine)|Sterilization]]
* [[One child policy|One-child]] and [[Two child policy|Two-child]] policies, and other policies restricting or discouraging births directly.
* [[Family planning]]<ref name="Ryerson 2010">{{cite book|last1=Ryerson|first1=William N.|title=The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century's Sustainability Crises|chapter=Ch.12: Population: The Multiplier of Everything Else|date=2010|publisher=Watershed Media|location=Healdsburg, Calif.|isbn=978-0970950062|pages=153–174}}</ref>
* [[Urbanization|Migration from rural areas to urban areas]]:<ref>[https://www.prb.org/urbanization-an-environmental-force-to-be-reckoned-with/ Urbanization: An Environmental Force to Be Reckoned With]</ref> having more children is financially more beneficial (for farming families, ...) in rural areas than in urban areas
* Create small family "role models"<ref name="Ryerson 2010"/>
* Changes to immigration policies
* [[Emigration]] {{citation needed|date=July 2019}}.
The method(s) chosen can be strongly influenced by the religious and cultural beliefs of community members. The failure of other methods of population planning can lead to the use of abortion or [[infanticide]] as solutions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}
=== Increasing population growth ===
Population policies that are intended to increase a population or subpopulation growth rates may use practices such as:
* Higher [[taxation]] of married couples who have no, or too few, children
* Politicians imploring the populace to have bigger families
* Tax breaks and subsidies for families with children
* Loosening of [[immigration]] restrictions, and/or mass recruitment of foreign workers by the government
==History==
===Ancient times through Middle Ages===
A number of ancient writers have reflected on the issue of population. At about 300 BC, the Indian [[political philosopher]] [[Chanakya]] (c. 350-283 BC) considered population a source of political, economic, and military strength. Though a given region can house too many or too few people, he considered the latter possibility to be the greater evil. Chanakya favored the remarriage of [[widows]] (which at the time was forbidden in India), opposed taxes encouraging emigration, and believed in restricting [[asceticism]] to the aged.<ref name="Neurath 1994 7">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref>
In [[ancient Greece]], [[Plato]] (427-347 BC) and [[Aristotle]] (384-322 BC) discussed the best population size for Greek [[city-state]]s such as Sparta, and concluded that cities should be small enough for efficient administration and direct citizen participation in public affairs, but at the same time needed to be large enough to defend themselves against hostile neighbors. In order to maintain a desired population size, the philosophers advised that [[procreation]], and if necessary, immigration, should be encouraged if the population size was too small. Emigration to colonies would be encouraged should the population become too large.<ref name=" Neurath 1994 6"/> Aristotle concluded that a large increase in population would bring, "certain poverty on the citizenry and poverty is the cause of sedition and evil." To halt rapid population increase, Aristotle advocated the use of [[abortion]] and the exposure of newborns (that is, [[infanticide]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=6–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref>
[[Confucius]] (551-478 BC) and other Chinese writers cautioned that, "excessive growth may reduce output per worker, repress levels of living for the masses and engender strife." Confucius also observed that, "mortality increases when food supply is insufficient; that premature marriage makes for high infantile mortality rates, that war checks population growth."<ref name="Neurath 1994 6">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref>
[[Ancient Rome]], especially in the time of [[Augustus]] (63 BC-AD 14), needed manpower to acquire and administer the vast [[Roman Empire]]. A series of laws were instituted to encourage early marriage and frequent childbirth. Lex Julia (18 BC) and the Lex Papia Poppaea (AD 9) are two well-known examples of such laws, which among others, provided tax breaks and preferential treatment when applying for public office for those that complied with the laws. Severe limitations were imposed on those who did not. For example, the surviving spouse of a childless couple could only inherit one-tenth of the deceased fortune, while the rest was taken by the state. These laws encountered resistance from the population which led to the disregard of their provisions and to their eventual abolition.<ref name="Neurath 1994 7"/>
[[Tertullian]], an early Christian author (ca. AD 160-220), was one of the first to describe famine and war as factors that can prevent overpopulation.<ref name=" Neurath 1994 7"/> He wrote: "The strongest witness is the vast population of the earth to which we are a burden and she scarcely can provide for our needs; as our demands grow greater, our complaints against Nature's inadequacy are heard by all. The scourges of pestilence, famine, wars, and earthquakes have come to be regarded as a blessing to overcrowded nations since they serve to prune away the luxuriant growth of the human race."<ref name="Neurath94-page8"/>
[[Ibn Khaldun]], a North African [[Arab]] [[polymath]] (1332–1406), considered population changes to be connected to economic development, linking high birth rates and low death rates to times of economic upswing, and low birth rates and high death rates to economic downswing. Khaldoun concluded that high [[population density]] rather than high absolute population numbers were desirable to achieve more efficient division of labour and cheap administration.<ref name=Neurath94-page8 >{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref>
During the [[Middle Ages]] in Christian Europe, population issues were rarely discussed in isolation. Attitudes were generally pro-[[natalist]] in line with the [[Biblical]] command, "Be ye fruitful and multiply."<ref name=Neurath94-page8 />
===16th and 17th centuries===
European cities grew more rapidly than before, and throughout the 16th century and early 17th century discussions on the advantages and disadvantages of population growth were frequent.<ref name="Neurath 1994 10">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref> [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], an Italian [[Renaissance]] [[political philosopher]], wrote, "When every province of the world so teems with inhabitants that they can neither subsist where they are nor remove themselves elsewhere... the world will purge itself in one or another of these three ways," listing [[floods]], [[Yersinia pestis|plague]] and [[famine]].<ref name="Neurath 1994 9">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref> [[Martin Luther]] concluded, "God makes children. He is also going to feed them."<ref name="Neurath 1994 9"/>
[[Jean Bodin]], a French [[jurist]] and [[political philosophy|political philosopher]] (1530–1596), argued that larger populations meant more production and more exports, increasing the wealth of a country.<ref name="Neurath 1994 9"/> [[Giovanni Botero]], an Italian priest and diplomat (1540–1617), emphasized that, "the greatness of a city rests on the multitude of its inhabitants and their power," but pointed out that a population cannot increase beyond its food supply. If this limit was approached, late marriage, emigration, and the war would serve to restore the balance.<ref name="Neurath 1994 9"/>
[[Richard Hakluyt]], an English writer (1527–1616), observed that, "Through our longe peace and seldom sickness... we are grown more populous than ever heretofore;... many thousands of idle persons are within this realme, which, having no way to be sett on work, be either mutinous and seek alteration in the state, or at least very burdensome to the commonwealth." Hakluyt believed that this led to crime and full jails and in ''A Discourse on Western Planting'' (1584), Hakluyt advocated for the emigration of the surplus population.<ref name=" Neurath 1994 10"/> With the onset of the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–48), characterized by widespread devastation and deaths brought on by hunger and disease in Europe, concerns about depopulation returned.<ref>{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=10–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref>
==Population planning movement==
In the 20th century, population planning proponents have drawn from the insights of [[Thomas Malthus]], a British clergyman and economist who published ''[[An Essay on the Principle of Population]]'' in 1798. Malthus argued that, "Population, when unchecked, increases in a [[geometric progression|geometrical]] ratio. [[Subsistence]] only increases in an [[arithmetic progression|arithmetical]] ratio." He also outlined the idea of "positive checks" and "preventative checks." "Positive checks", such as [[disease]]s, [[war]]s, [[disaster]]s, [[famine]]s, and [[genocide]]s are factors which Malthus believed could increase the death rate.<ref name="geography.about.com">Rosenberg, M. (2007, September 09)3-2. Thomas Malthus on Population. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from About.com [http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/malthus.htm "Geography Web site"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624052900/http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/malthus.htm |date=2009-06-24 }}</ref>
"Preventative checks" were factors which Malthus believed could affect the birth rate such as moral restraint, abstinence and [[birth control]].<ref name="geography.about.com"/> He predicted that "positive checks" on [[exponential growth|exponential population growth]] would ultimately save humanity from itself and he also believed that human misery was an "absolute necessary consequence."<ref name="Knudsen 2006 2–3">{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=2–3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref> Malthus went on to explain why he believed that this misery affected the poor in a disproportionate manner.
[[File:World population growth rate 1950–2050.svg|left|300px|thumb|[[Population growth#Human population growth rate|World population growth rate 1950–2050]]]]
{{quote|There is a constant effort towards an increase in population which tends to subject the lower classes of society to distress and to prevent any great permanent amelioration of their condition…. The way in which these effects are produced seems to be this. We will suppose the means of subsistence in any country just equal to the easy support of its inhabitants. The constant effort towards population... increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are increased. The food, therefore which before supplied seven million must now be divided among seven million and a half or eight million. The poor consequently must live much worse, and many of them are reduced to severe distress.<ref>Bleier, R. The Home Page of the International Society of Malthus. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from The International Society of Malthus Web site: {{cite web |url=http://desip.igc.org/malthus/principles.html |title=Malthus Society Rationale and Core Principles |accessdate=2009-06-26 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618035115/http://desip.igc.org/malthus/principles.html |archivedate=2009-06-18 }}</ref>}}
Finally, Malthus advocated for the education of the lower class about the use of "moral restraint" or voluntary abstinence, which he believed would slow the growth rate.<ref>[http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/malthus.htm Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766-1834] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801082256/http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/malthus.htm |date=2009-08-01 }}. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from The History of Economic Thought Website</ref>
[[Paul R. Ehrlich]], a US biologist and environmentalist, published ''[[The Population Bomb]]'' in 1968, advocating stringent population planning policies.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights}}</ref> His central argument on population is as follows:
{{quote|A cancer is an uncontrolled multiplication of cells; the population explosion is an uncontrolled multiplication of people. Treating only the symptoms of cancer may make the victim more comfortable at first, but eventually, he dies - often horribly. A similar fate awaits a world with a population explosion if only the symptoms are treated. We must shift our efforts from the treatment of the symptoms to the cutting out of cancer. The operation will demand many apparently brutal and heartless decisions. The pain may be intense. But the disease is so far advanced that only with radical surgery does the patient have a chance to survive.|<ref name="Knudsen 2006 3">{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref>}}
[[File:World population history.svg|thumb|280px|World population 1950–2010]]
[[File:Human population growth from 1800 to 2000.png|thumbnail|right|World population 1800-2000]]
In his concluding chapter, Ehrlich offered a partial solution to the "population problem,"
"[We need] compulsory birth regulation... [through] the addition of temporary sterilants to water supplies or staple food. Doses of the antidote would be carefully rationed by the government to produce the desired family size".<ref name="Knudsen 2006 3"/>
Ehrlich's views came to be accepted by many population planning advocates in the United States and Europe in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=3–4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref> Since Ehrlich introduced his idea of the "population bomb," overpopulation has been blamed for a variety of issues, including increasing poverty, high unemployment rates, environmental degradation, famine and genocide.<ref name="Knudsen 2006 2–3"/> In a 2004 interview, Ehrlich reviewed the predictions in his book and found that while the specific dates within his predictions may have been wrong, his predictions about climate change and disease were valid. Ehrlich continued to advocate for population planning and co-authored the book ''The Population Explosion'', released in 1990 with his wife Anne Ehrlich.
However, it is controversial as to whether human population stabilization will avert environmental risks.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Human population reduction is not a quick fix for environmental problems |first=Corey J. A. |last=Bradshaw |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=111 |issue=46 |pages=16610–16615 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1410465111 |pmid=25349398 |year=2014 |pmc=4246304 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Dean |last=Spears |title=Smaller human population in 2100 could importantly reduce the risk of climate catastrophe |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=112 |issue=18 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1501763112 |pages=E2270 |pmid=25848063 |pmc=4426416 |year=2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Matt |last=McGrath |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29788754 |title=Population controls 'will not solve environment issues' |publisher=BBC |date=October 27, 2014 |accessdate=May 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504092235/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29788754 |archivedate=May 4, 2016 }}</ref>
Paige Whaley Eager argues that the shift in perception that occurred in the 1960s must be understood in the context of the demographic changes that took place at the time.<ref name=WhaleyEager>{{cite book |title=Global Population Policy |last= Whaley Eager |first=Paige |year=2004 |publisher= Ashgate Publishing|location= |isbn=9780754641629 |pages=36|url=https://books.google.com/?id=G2WBj4BDLqYC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref> It was only in the first decade of the 19th century that the world's population reached one billion. The second billion was added in the 1930s, and the next billion in the 1960s. 90 percent of this net increase occurred in developing countries.<ref name=WhaleyEager/> Eager also argues that, at the time, the [[United States]] recognised that these demographic changes could significantly affect global geopolitics. Large increases occurred in [[China]], [[Mexico]] and [[Nigeria]], and demographers warned of a "population explosion," particularly in developing countries from the mid-1950s onwards.<ref>{{cite book |title=Global Population Policy |last= Whaley Eager |first=Paige |authorlink= |year=2004 |publisher= Ashgate Publishing|location= |isbn=9780754641629 |pages=37|url=https://books.google.com/?id=G2WBj4BDLqYC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref>
In the 1980s, tension grew between population planning advocates and women's health activists who advanced women's [[reproductive rights]] as part of a [[human rights]]-based approach.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref> Growing opposition to the narrow population planning focus led to a significant change in population planning policies in the early 1990s.{{further explanation needed|date=January 2013}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=4–5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref>
==Population planning and economics==
Opinions vary among economists about the effects of population change on a nation's economic health. US scientific research in 2009 concluded that the raising of a child cost about $16,000 yearly ($291,570 total for raising the child to its 18th birthday).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57367220090804 | work=Reuters | first=Charles | last=Abbott | title=Pricetag to raise a child -- $291,570, says U.S | date=August 4, 2009 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824010713/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57367220090804 | archivedate=August 24, 2010 }}</ref> In the US, the multiplication of this number with the yearly population growth will yield the overall cost of the population growth. Costs for other developed countries are usually of a similar order of magnitude.
Some economists, such as [[Thomas Sowell]]<ref>[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell021298.html%22 Thomas Sowell Julian Simon, combatant in a 200-year war] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708044535/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell021298.html%22 |date=2009-07-08 }} Thomas Sowell, February 12, 1998</ref> and [[Walter E. Williams]],<ref>[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/williams022499.asp Population control nonsense] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515032842/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/williams022499.asp |date=2016-05-15 }} Walter Williams, February 24, 1999</ref> have argued that poverty and famine are caused by bad government and bad economic policies, not by overpopulation.
In his book ''[[The Ultimate Resource]]'', economist [[Julian Simon]] argued that higher population density leads to more specialization and [[technological innovation]], which in turn leads to a higher standard of living. He claimed that human beings are the ultimate resource since we possess "productive and inventive minds that help find creative solutions to man’s problems, thus leaving us better off over the long run".<ref>Moore, S. (1998, March/April). Julian Simon Remembered: it's a Wonderful Life. Retrieved June 25, 2009, from [http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-20n2-1.html CATO Institute Web site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626035831/http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-20n2-1.html |date=2009-06-26 }}</ref> He also claimed that, "Our species is better off in just about every measurable material way."<ref name="wired.com">Regis, E. (1997, February). The Doomslayer. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.02/ffsimon.html?pg=1&topic= Wired.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103204754/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.02/ffsimon.html?pg=1&topic= |date=2012-11-03 }} site</ref> {{Context inline|date=July 2011}}
Simon also claimed that when considering a list of [[List of countries by population density|countries ranked in order by population density]], there is no correlation between population density and poverty and starvation.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Instead, if a list of countries is considered according to corruption within their respective governments, there is a significant correlation between government corruption, poverty and famine.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
==Views on population planning==
{{POV section|date=February 2013}}
===Population increase reductions===
====Support====
As early as 1798, [[Thomas Malthus]] argued in his [[Essay on the Principle of Population]] for implementation of population planning. Around the year 1900, Sir [[Francis Galton]] said in his publication ''Hereditary Improvement'': "The unfit could become enemies to the State if they continue to propagate." In 1968, Paul Ehrlich noted in ''[[The Population Bomb]]'', "We must cut the cancer of population growth", and "if this was not done, there would be only one other solution, namely the 'death rate solution' in which we raise the death rate through war-famine-pestilence, etc.”
In the same year, another prominent modern advocate for mandatory population planning was [[Garrett Hardin]], who proposed in his landmark 1968 essay ''[[Tragedy of the commons]]'', society must relinquish the "freedom to breed" through "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon." Later on, in 1972, he reaffirmed his support in his new essay "[[Exploring New Ethics for Survival]]", by stating, " We are breeding ourselves into oblivion." Many prominent personalities, such as [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Margaret Sanger]] (1939), [[John D. Rockefeller]], [[Frederick Osborn]] (1952), [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Arne Næss]]<ref>Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1998). ''Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism''. NY: New York University Press, {{ISBN|0-8147-3110-4}}</ref> and [[Jacques Cousteau]] have also advocated for population planning.
Today, a number of influential people advocate population planning such as these:
* [[David Attenborough]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article855953.ece | location=London | work=The Times | first=Jonathan | last=Leake | title=Attenborough cut population by half | date=August 3, 2003 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508161558/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article855953.ece | archivedate=May 8, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Jonathon Porritt]], UK sustainable development commissioner<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/sep/01/environment.farrightpolitics | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Walter | last=Schwarz | title=Crowd control | date=September 1, 2004 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116102021/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/sep/01/environment.farrightpolitics | archivedate=November 16, 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Sara Parkin]]<ref>[http://www.kingston.ac.uk/environment/conf_parkin.ppt Local to Global: Kingston University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527203213/http://www.kingston.ac.uk/environment/conf_parkin.ppt |date=2008-05-27 }}</ref>
* [[Crispin Tickell]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13318134.700-the-green-diplomat-sir-crispin-tickell-has-had-adistinguished-diplomatic-career-he-has-also-helped-to-put-climate-changeatthe-top-of-the-worlds-political-agenda-.html|title=Last Word Archive - New Scientist|website=newscientist.com|accessdate=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120449/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13318134.700-the-green-diplomat-sir-crispin-tickell-has-had-adistinguished-diplomatic-career-he-has-also-helped-to-put-climate-changeatthe-top-of-the-worlds-political-agenda-.html|archivedate=19 October 2013}}</ref>
* [[Christian de Duve]], Nobel laureate<ref>Lloyd, Robin (30 June 2011) [http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/06/30/laureate-urges-next-generation-to-address-population-control-as-central-issue/ Laureate urges next generation to address population control as central issue] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120410093447/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/06/30/laureate-urges-next-generation-to-address-population-control-as-central-issue/ |date=2012-04-10 }} Scientific Americain, Retrieved 9 April 2012</ref>
* [[Bernie Sanders]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bernie Sanders in climate change 'population control' uproar |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49601678 |publisher=BBC News |date=5 September 2019}}</ref>
The head of the UN Millennium Project [[Jeffrey Sachs]] is also a strong proponent of decreasing the effects of overpopulation. In 2007, Jeffrey Sachs gave a number of lectures (2007 [[Reith Lectures]]) about population planning and overpopulation. In his lectures, called "[[Bursting at the seams (Reith lectures)|Bursting at the Seams]]", he featured an integrated approach that would deal with a number of problems associated with overpopulation and [[poverty reduction]]. For example, when criticized for advocating mosquito nets he argued that child survival was, "by far one of the most powerful ways," to achieve fertility reduction, as this would assure poor families that the smaller number of children they had would survive.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2007/lecture1.shtml BBC.co.uk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412162642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2007/lecture1.shtml |date=2009-04-12 }} Bursting at the Seams</ref>
====Opposition====
The Roman Catholic Church [[Catholic Church and abortion|has opposed abortion, sterilization, and artificial contraception]] as a general practice but especially in regard to population planning policies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Saunders|first1=William|title=Church Has Always Condemned Abortion|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/abortion/catholic-teaching/the-catholic-church-and-abortion/|website=Catholic News Agency|publisher=Arlington Catholic Herald|accessdate=20 March 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321081341/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/abortion/catholic-teaching/the-catholic-church-and-abortion/|archivedate=21 March 2017}}</ref> [[Pope Benedict XVI]] has stated, "The extermination of millions of unborn children, in the name of the fight against poverty, actually constitutes the destruction of the poorest of all human beings."<ref name="Vatican.va">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20081208_xlii-world-day-peace_en.html|title=42nd World Day of Peace 2009, Fighting Poverty to Build Peace - BENEDICT XVI|website=www.vatican.va|accessdate=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011230252/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20081208_xlii-world-day-peace_en.html|archivedate=11 October 2011}}</ref> The reformed Theology pastor Dr. [[Stephen Tong]] also opposes the planning of human population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww123.net/redirect.php?tid=4862770&goto=lastpost |title=唐崇荣牧师 圣经难解经文 第二十九讲 诺亚咒诅迦南 - 宗教与信仰 - 旺旺网 给你一片纯净的天空 |accessdate=2017-03-22 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053413/https://ww123.net/redirect.php?tid=4862770&goto=lastpost |archivedate=2017-03-23 }} 唐崇荣牧师 圣经难解经文 第二十九讲 诺亚咒诅迦南, Retrieved 22 Mar 2017.</ref>
===Natalism===
[[The Nation]] has criticised some white [[Quiverfull]] families for having large families motivated by demographic change and worries about "race suicide".<ref name='nation'>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war?page=full|title=Arrows for the War|journal=The Nation|accessdate=2010-09-18|date=9 November 2006|author=Kathryn Joyce|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902004749/http://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war?page=full|archivedate=2 September 2012}}</ref>
==Pro-natalist policies==
{{see also|Natalism}}
In 1946, Poland introduced a [[:pl: Bykowe|tax on childlessness]], discontinued in the 1970s, as part of natalist policies in the Communist government. From 1941 to the 1990s, the Soviet Union had a [[Tax on childlessness|similar tax]] to replenish the population losses incurred during the Second World War.
The [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] severely [[abortion in Romania|repressed abortion]], (the most common [[birth control]] method at the time) in 1966,<ref name="Scarlat">{{Citation | language = RO | last = Scarlat | first = Sandra | url = http://www.hotnews.ro/articol_22541-Decreteii-produsele-unei-epoci-care-a-imbolnavit-Romania.htm | title = 'Decreţeii': produsele unei epoci care a îmbolnăvit România | trans-title = Scions of the Decree': Products of an Era that Sickened Romania | newspaper = [[Evenimentul Zilei]] | date = May 17, 2005 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221359/http://www.hotnews.ro/articol_22541-Decreteii-produsele-unei-epoci-care-a-imbolnavit-Romania.htm | archivedate = September 26, 2007 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Gail | last = Kligman | title = The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania | place = Berkeley | publisher = Univ. of California Press | year = 1998 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=JhkImAIcqCMC&printsec=frontcover| isbn = 9780520919853 }}.</ref> and forced gynecological revisions and penalties for unmarried women and childless couples.
The surge of the birth rate taxed the public services received by the ''[[Decree 770|decreţei 770]]'' ("Scions of the Decree 770") generation. A consequence of Ceaușescu's natalist policy is that large numbers of children ended up living in [[orphanages]], because their parents could not cope. The vast majority of children who lived in the communist orphanages were not actually orphans, but were simply children whose parents could not afford to raise them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4629589.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Europe - What happened to Romania's orphans?|website=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=19 July 2017|date=2005-07-08}}</ref> The [[Romanian Revolution]] of 1989 preceded a fall in population growth.
===Balanced birth policies===
Nativity in the Western world dropped during the [[interwar period]]. Swedish sociologists [[Alva Myrdal|Alva]] and [[Gunnar Myrdal]] published [[Crisis in the Population Question]] in 1934, suggesting an extensive [[welfare state]] with universal healthcare and childcare, to increase overall Swedish birth rates, and level the number of children at a reproductive level for all social classes in Sweden. [[Demographics of Sweden|Swedish fertility]] rose throughout World War II (as [[Sweden during World War II|Sweden was largely unharmed by the war]]) and peaked in 1946.
==Modern practice by country==
===Australia===
[[Australia]] currently offers fortnightly Family Tax Benefit payments plus a free immunization scheme, and recently proposed to pay all child care costs for women who want to work.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}
===China===
====One-child era (1979–2015)====
{{Main|One-child policy}}
The most significant population planning system in the world was China's [[one-child policy]], in which, with various exceptions, having more than one child was discouraged. Unauthorized births were punished by fines, although there were also allegations of illegal forced [[abortion]]s and [[forced sterilization]].<ref name=dewey>Arthur E. Dewey, Assistant Secretary for Population, Refugees and Migration Testimony before the House International Relations Committee Washington, DC December 14, 2004 {{cite web |url=http://statelists.state.gov/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0412c&L=dossdo&P=401 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-07-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721062432/http://statelists.state.gov/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0412c&L=dossdo&P=401 |archivedate=2011-07-21 }}</ref> As part of China's planned birth policy, (work) unit supervisors monitored the fertility of married women and may decide whose turn it is to have a baby.<ref>http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cn0081) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303220526/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+cn0081%29 |date=2013-03-03 }}</ref>
The Chinese government introduced the policy in 1978 to alleviate the social and [[Environmental issues in the People's Republic of China|environmental problems of China]].<ref>Pascal Rocha da Silva, "La politique de l'enfant unique en République Populaire de Chine", 2006, [[Université de Genève]], pp. 22–28, cf. [http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf Sinoptic.ch] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128072311/http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf |date= 2007-11-28}}</ref> According to government officials, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births. The success of the policy has been questioned, and reduction in fertility has also been attributed to the modernization of China.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | work = BBC News | title = Has China's one-child policy worked? | date = September 20, 2007 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103208/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | archivedate = July 19, 2008 }}</ref> The policy is controversial both within and outside of China because of its manner of implementation and because of concerns about negative economic and social consequences e.g. [[female infanticide]]. In oriental cultures, the oldest male child has responsibility of caring for the parents in their old age. Therefore, it is common for oriental families to invest most heavily in the oldest male child, such as providing college, steering them into the most lucrative careers, and so on. To these families, having an oldest male child is paramount, so in a one-child policy, a daughter has no economic benefit, so daughters, especially as a first child, is often targeted for abortion or infanticide. China introduced several government reforms to increase retirement payments to coincide with the one-child policy. During that time, couples could request permission to have more than one child.<ref>{{cite news |first=Max |last=Fisher |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/16/chinas-rules-for-when-families-can-and-cant-have-more-than-one-child/ |title=China's rules for when families can and can't have more than one child |work=The Washington Post |date=November 16, 2013 |accessdate=May 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610152024/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/16/chinas-rules-for-when-families-can-and-cant-have-more-than-one-child/ |archivedate=June 10, 2016 }}</ref>
According to [[Tibetology|Tibetologist]] [[Melvyn Goldstein]], natalist feelings run high in China's [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], among both ordinary people and government officials. Seeing [[population control]] "as a matter of power and ethnic survival" rather than in terms of ecological [[sustainability]], Tibetans successfully argued for an exemption of [[Tibetan people]] from the usual [[family planning]] policies in China such as the [[one-child policy]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1525/as.1991.31.3.00p0043x | title = China's Birth Control Policy in the Tibet Autonomous Region| journal= [[Asian Survey]] | author1-link= Melvyn Goldstein |first= Melvyn |last= Goldstein |first2= Beall|last2= Cynthia|date=March 1991|volume= 31 | issue= 3| pages= 285–303}}</ref>
====Two-child era (2015-)====
[[File:Population 2017 test.png|thumb|240px|Map of population density by country, per square kilometer]]
In November 2014, the Chinese government allowed its people to conceive a second child under the supervision of government regulation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-01/with-end-of-chinas-one-child-policy-there-hasnt-been-a-baby-boom | work=Bloomberg | title=Why China's Second-Baby Boom Might Not Happen | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306230412/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-01/with-end-of-chinas-one-child-policy-there-hasnt-been-a-baby-boom | archivedate=2016-03-06 }}</ref>
On October 29, 2015, the ruling Chinese Communist Party announced that all one-child policies would be scrapped, allowing all couples to have two children. The change was needed to allow a better balance of male and female children, and to grow the young population to ease the problem of paying for the aging population. [[Two-child policy]] begin from January 1, 2016 and one-child policy abolished follow the beginning of two-child policy.<ref>{{cite news |title= China to end one-child policy and allow two |work= BBC |date= 29 October 2015 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-34665539 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-27/chinas-one-child-policy-officially-scrapped/7055834|title=China officially ends one-child policy, signing into law bill allowing married couples to have two children|publisher=[[ABC Online]]| date=27 December 2015}}</ref>
===Hungary===
The Second Orbán Government made saving the nation from the demographic abyss a key aspect and therefore has introduced generous breaks for large families and greatly increased social benefits for all families. Those with three or more children pay virtually no taxes. In just a couple years, Hungary went from being one of the countries that spend the least on families in the OECD to being one of those that do so the most.<ref>[https://visegradinsight.eu/the-v4s-greatest-existential-threat05082014/ Visegrad Insight - The V4’s greatest existential threat - Demographic decline and an ageing population - Filip Mazurczak - August 5, 2014]</ref> In 2015, it was almost 4% of GDP.<ref>[https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF1_1_Public_spending_on_family_benefits.pdf OECD - Public spending on family benefits]</ref>
===India===
{{Main|Family planning in India}}
Only those with two or fewer children are eligible for election to a [[gram panchayat]], or local government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buch|first=Nirmala|date=2005|title=Law of Two-Child Norm in Panchayats: Implications, Consequences and Experiences|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=24|pages=2421–2429|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4416748}}</ref>
''Us two, our two'' ("Hum do, hamare do" in Hindi) is a slogan meaning ''one family, two children'' and is intended to reinforce the message of family planning thereby aiding population planning.
Facilities offered by government to its employees are limited to two children. The government offers incentives for families accepted for sterilization. Moreover, India was the first country to take measures for family planning back in 1952.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/IUSSP_40FP_0.pdf | title=40 YEARS OF PLANNED FAMILY PLANNING EFFORTS IN INDIA | accessdate=26 June 2019 | author=Aalok Ranjan Chaurasia, Ravendra Singh | pages=1}}</ref>
{{cquote |In the south west of India lies the long narrow coastal state of Kerala. Most of its thirty-two million inhabitants live off the land and the ocean, a rich tropical ecosystem watered by two monsoons a year. It's also one of India's most crowded states – but the population is stable because nearly everybody has small families… At the root of it all is education. Thanks to a long tradition of compulsory schooling for boys and girls Kerala has one of the highest literacy rates in the World. Where women are well educated they tend to choose to have smaller families… What Kerala shows is that you don't need aggressive policies or government incentives for birthrates to fall. Everywhere in the world where women have access to education and have the freedom to run their own lives, on the whole they and their partners have been choosing to have smaller families than their parents. But reducing birthrates is very difficult to achieve without a simple piece of medical technology, contraception.||[[David Attenborough]]|[[Horizon (BBC TV series)|BBC ''Horizon'']] (2009)|''How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth''}}
===Iran===
{{Main|Family planning in Iran}}
{{contradict-self|section|date=March 2017}}
{{update|section|date=March 2017}}
After the [[Iran–Iraq War]], [[Iran]] encouraged married couples to produce as many children as possible to replace population lost to the war.<ref>{{cite web | title = 'Get back to your washing machine': Iran's ambitious women | url = http://mondediplo.com/2016/02/02iran | work = Le monde diplomatique | date = 2 February 2016 | accessdate = 27 April 2016 | last = Beaugé | first = Florence | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160408082339/http://mondediplo.com/2016/02/02iran | archivedate = 8 April 2016 }}</ref>
Iran succeeded in sharply reducing its birth rate from the late 1980s to 2010.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbasi-Shavasi |first1=Mohammad J. |last2=McDonald |first2=Pater |title=National and Provincial-level fertility trends in Iran, 1972-2000 |journal=Working Paper in Demography |date=February 2005 |issue=94 |pages=9–10 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/156615121.pdf |accessdate=20 February 2019}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} Mandatory contraceptive courses are required for both males and females before a marriage license can be obtained, and the government emphasized the benefits of smaller families and the use of contraception.<ref>[http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update4ss.htm Iran's Birth Rate Plummeting at Record Pace] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917192303/http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update4ss.htm |date=2008-09-17 }}</ref> This changed in 2012, when a major policy shift back towards increasing birth rates and against population planning was announced. In 2014, permanent contraception and advertising of birth control were to be outlawed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-to-ban-permanent-contraception-after-islamic-clerics-edict-to-increase-population-9662349.html|title=Iran bans permanent contraception in attempt to increase population|date=11 August 2014|website=independent.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829204243/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-to-ban-permanent-contraception-after-islamic-clerics-edict-to-increase-population-9662349.html|archivedate=29 August 2017}}</ref>
===Israel===
In [[Israel]], [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] families with many children receive economic support through generous governmental child allowances, government assistance in housing young religious couples, as well as specific funds by their own community institutions.<ref>{{cite web|first=Dov|last=Friedlander|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedFriedlanderpaper.PDF|title=Fertility in Israel: Is the Transition to Replacement Level in Sight?|series=Completing the Fertility Transition|publisher=[[United Nations]], Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division|year=2002|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211125436/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedFriedlanderpaper.PDF|archivedate=2017-12-11}}</ref> Haredi women have an average of 6.7 children while the average Jewish Israeli woman has 3 children.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/essays/117247/israeli-women-do-it-numbers | title=Israeli women do it by the numbers | work=The Jewish Chronicle | date=April 7, 2014 | accessdate=20 May 2014 | first=Paul | last=Morland | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521085616/http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/essays/117247/israeli-women-do-it-numbers | archivedate=21 May 2014 }}</ref>
===Japan===
[[Japan]] has experienced a [[population decline|shrinking population]] for many years.<ref name='economist-japan'>{{cite journal|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/03/japans-demography|title=Japan's demography: the incredible shrinking country|journal=[[The Economist]]|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=25 March 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324183812/http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/03/japans-demography|archivedate=24 March 2017}}</ref> The government is trying to encourage women to have children or to have more children – many Japanese women do not have children, or even remain single. The population is culturally opposed to [[immigration]].
Some [[Japan]]ese localities, facing significant population loss, are offering economic incentives. [[Yamatsuri]], a town of 7 000 just north of [[Tokyo]], offers parents $4 600 for the birth of a child and $460 a year for 10 years.
===Myanmar===
In [[Myanmar]], the Population planning Health Care Bill requires some parents to space each child three years apart.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3093899/Myanmar-president-signs-controversial-population-law.html#ixzz3b0s5f8s3|title= Myanmar president signs off on contested population law|via= [[Associated Press]]|work= Daily Mail|date= 24 May 2015|location= London|url-status= live|archiveurl= https://archive.is/20150608060222/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3093899/Myanmar-president-signs-controversial-population-law.html%23ixzz3b0s5f8s3#ixzz3b0s5f8s3|archivedate= 6 July 2015}}</ref> The measure is expected{{By whom |date=August 2017}} to be used against the persecuted Muslim [[Rohingyas]] minority.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rohingyas: Still in peril: Myanmar's repression of Rohingyas continues apace |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21653661-myanmars-repression-rohingyas-continues-apace-still-peril |accessdate=7 June 2015 |work=[[The Economist]] |date=6 June 2015 |location=Singapore |quote=This measure grants local authorities the power to mandate that mothers in areas deemed to have high rates of population growth have children no fewer than three years apart. Buddhist chauvinists in Myanmar have fomented fears of high birth rates among Muslims; this measure is likely to be used against Rohingyas. |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607020301/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21653661-myanmars-repression-rohingyas-continues-apace-still-peril |archivedate=7 June 2015 }}</ref>
=== Russia ===
[[Russians|Russian]] President [[Vladimir Putin]] directed Parliament in 2006 to adopt a 10-year program to stop the sharp decline in [[Russia]]'s population, principally by offering financial incentives and subsidies to encourage women to have children.<ref name='nytimes-russia'>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/world/europe/11russia.html| title=Putin Urges Plan to Reverse Slide in the Birth Rate| work=The New York Times| first=C.J| last=Chivers| date=May 11, 2006| url-status=live| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515125939/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/world/europe/11russia.html| archivedate=May 15, 2017}}</ref>
=== Singapore ===
{{main|Population planning in Singapore}}
Singapore has undergone two major phases in its population planning: first to slow and reverse the [[Post-World War II baby boom|baby boom]] in the [[Post-World War II]] era; then from the 1980s onwards to encourage couples to have more children as the [[birth rate]] had fallen below the [[Sub-replacement fertility|replacement-level fertility]]. In addition, during the [[demographic transition|interim period]], [[eugenics]] policies were adopted.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf | title = Fertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist Population Policies in Singapore | first1 = Theresa | last1 = Wong | first2 = Brenda S.A | last2 = Yeoh | series = Asian MetaCentre Research Paper Series | date = June 2003 | issue = 12 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727182245/http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf | archivedate = 2011-07-27 | access-date = 2013-11-30 }}</ref>
The [[anti-natalist]] policies flourished in the 1960s and 1970s: initiatives advocating small families were launched and developed into the ''Stop at Two'' programme, pushing for two-children families and promoting [[sterilisation (medicine)|sterilisation]]. In 1984, the government announced the ''Graduate Mothers' Scheme'', which favoured children of [[Population Planning in Singapore#The demographic transition and the Graduate Mothers Scheme|more well-educated mothers]];<ref>{{cite book| first =Pekka | last = Louhiala |title= Preventing intellectual disability: ethical and clinical issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bb8grOsEyEC&pg=PA62|year= 2004|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53371-3|page= 62}}</ref> the policy was however soon abandoned due to the outcry in the [[Singapore general election, 1984|general election of the same year]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Quah|first=Jon |title= Singapore in 1984: Leadership Transition in an Election Year |journal=Asian Survey|year=1985|jstor=2644306 |doi= 10.1525/as.1985.25.2.01p0247v |volume= 25|issue=2 |pages=220–231 }}</ref>
Eventually, the government became [[pro-natalist]] in the late 1980s, marked by its ''Have Three or More'' plan in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore: Population Control Policies |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |work=Country Studies |year=1989 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411115633/http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |archivedate=11 April 2011 }}</ref> Singapore pays $3,000 for the first child, $9,000 in cash and savings for the second; and up to $18,000 each for the third and fourth.<ref name= 'nytimes-russia' />
===Spain===
In 2017, the government of Spain appointed [[Edelmira Barreira]], as "minister for sex", in a pro-natalist attempt to reverse a ''negative'' population growth rate.<ref name='spain-independent'>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-sex-tsar-population-crisis-baby-parents-demographic-government-a7599091.html|title=Spain appoints 'sex tsar' in bid to boost declining population|website=The Independent|date=25 February 2017|accessdate=25 March 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052733/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-sex-tsar-population-crisis-baby-parents-demographic-government-a7599091.html|archivedate=26 March 2017}}</ref>
===Turkey===
In May 2012, [[Turkey]]'s Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan argued that abortion is murder and announced that legislative preparations to severely limit the practice are underway. Erdogan also argued that abortion and [[Caesarean section|C-section deliveries]] are plots to stall Turkey's economic growth. Prior to this move, Erdogan had repeatedly demanded that each couple have at least three children.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/03/us-turkey-abortion-idUSBRE85207520120603 | work = Reuters | date = 2012-06-03 | type = article | title = US, Turkey: abortion | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150102120545/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/03/us-turkey-abortion-idUSBRE85207520120603 | archivedate = 2015-01-02 }}</ref>
===United States===
Enacted in 1970, [[Title X]] of the [[Public Health Service Act]] provides access to contraceptive services, supplies and information to those in need. Priority for services is given to people with low incomes. The Title X Family Planning program is administered through the [[Office of Population Affairs]] under the Office of Public Health and Science.
It is directed by the [[Office of Population Affairs#Office of Family Planning|Office of Family Planning]].<ref name="pop">[http://opa.osophs.dhhs.gov/titlex/ofp.html Office of Population Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019032539/http://opa.osophs.dhhs.gov/titlex/ofp.html |date=2007-10-19 }}</ref> In 2007, Congress appropriated roughly $283 million for family planning under Title X, at least 90 percent of which was used for services in family planning clinics.<ref name="pop" /> Title X is a vital source of funding for family planning clinics throughout the nation,<ref name="pp">{{cite web|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/birth-control-access-prevention/family-planning-6553.htm|title=Newsroom and Media Kit - Planned Parenthood|website=www.plannedparenthood.org|accessdate=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208000810/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/birth-control-access-prevention/family-planning-6553.htm|archivedate=8 December 2007}}</ref> which provide reproductive health care, including abortion.
The education and services supplied by the Title X-funded clinics support young individuals and low-income families. The goals of developing healthy families are accomplished by helping individuals and couples decide whether to have children and when the appropriate time to do so would be.<ref name="pp" />
Title X has made the prevention of [[unintended pregnancies]] possible.<ref name="pp" /> It has allowed millions of American women to receive necessary reproductive health care, plan their pregnancies and prevent abortions. Title X is dedicated exclusively to funding family planning and reproductive health care services.<ref name="pop" />
Title X as a percentage of total public funding to family planning client services has steadily declined from 44% of total expenditures in 1980 to 12% in 2006. Medicaid has increased from 20% to 71% in the same time. In 2006, Medicaid contributed $1.3 billion to public family planning.<ref>{{Cite web | last1 = Sonfield | first1 = Adam | last2 = Alrich | first2 = Casey | last3 = Gold | first3 = Rachel Benson | title = Public Funding for Family Planning, Sterilization and Abortion Services, FY 1980–2006 | url = https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/pubs/2008/01/28/or38.pdf | series = Occasional Report | place = New York | publisher = Guttmacher Institute | year = 2008 | number = 38 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910082729/https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/pubs/2008/01/28/or38.pdf | archivedate = 2017-09-10 }}</ref>
====Natalism in the United States====
In a 2004 [[editorial]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[David Brooks (journalist)|David Brooks]] expressed the opinion that the relatively high birthrate of the United States in comparison to Europe could be attributed to social groups with "natalist" attitudes.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/07/opinion/07brooks.html?ex=1260162000&en=ebdde83f03fe6d2e&ei=5090 | title = The New Red-Diaper Babies | first = David | last = Brooks | newspaper = The New York Times | accessdate = 21 Jan 2006 | date = 2004-12-07 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311175027/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/07/opinion/07brooks.html?ex=1260162000&en=ebdde83f03fe6d2e&ei=5090 | archivedate = 2007-03-11 }}.</ref> The article is referred to in an analysis of the [[Quiverfull]] movement.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war | newspaper = The Nation | date = 27 November 2006 | first = Kathryn | last = Joyce | title = Arrows for the War | accessdate = 10 March 2015 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150320060132/http://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war | archivedate = 20 March 2015 }}.</ref> However, the figures identified for the demographic are extremely low.
Former US Senator [[Rick Santorum]] made natalism part of his platform for his [[Rick Santorum presidential campaign, 2012|2012 presidential campaign]].<ref name="santorum">{{cite web |url= http://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-live/2012/01/santorum-more-babies-please-110897.html |first= Seung Min |last= Kim |website= Politico |date= 15 January 2012 |title= Santorum: More babies, please! |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120118215636/http://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-live/2012/01/santorum-more-babies-please-110897.html |archivedate= 18 January 2012 }}</ref> This is not an isolated case. Many of those categorized in the General Social Survey as "Fundamentalist Protestant" are more or less natalist, and have a higher birth rate than "Moderate" and "Liberal" Protestants.<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.15countries40-6385.2010.00517.x/abstract|title= Modern Protestant Natalism | journal = Dialog | year = 2010 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-6385.2010.00517.x | volume= 49 |issue= 2 | pages=133–40|last1= McKeown |first1= John |hdl= 10034/254540 }}</ref> However, Rick Santorum is not a Protestant but a practicing Catholic.
===Uzbekistan===
{{Main|Compulsory_sterilization#Uzbekistan|l1=Compulsory sterilization in Uzbekistan}}
It is reported that [[Uzbekistan]] has been pursuing a policy of forced sterilizations, hysterectomies and IUD insertions since the late 1990s in order to impose population planning.<ref name=iwpr-2005-11-18>[http://iwpr.net/report-news/birth-control-decree-uzbekistan Birth Control by Decree in Uzbekistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019132115/http://iwpr.net/report-news/birth-control-decree-uzbekistan |date=2013-10-19 }} [[Institute for War and Peace Reporting|IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting]], published 2005-11-18, accessed 2012-04-12</ref><ref name=bbc-news-2012-04-12>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550 BBC News: Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405112247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550 |date=2015-04-05 }} [[BBC]], published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12</ref><ref name=bbc-cc-2012-04-12>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fjx63 Crossing Continents: Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903195248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fjx63 |date=2016-09-03 }} [[BBC]], published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12</ref><ref name=moscow-2010-03-10>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/uzbeks-face-forced-sterilization/401279.html Uzbeks Face Forced Sterilization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019203218/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/uzbeks-face-forced-sterilization/401279.html |date=2013-10-19 }} ''[[The Moscow Times]]'' published 2010-03-10, accessed 2012-04-12</ref><ref>[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/omctuzbekistan39.pdf Shadow Report: UN Committee Against Torture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109020604/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/omctuzbekistan39.pdf |date=2014-11-09 }} [[United Nations]], authors Rapid Response Group and OMCT, published November 2007, accessed 2012-04-12</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Antelava |first=Natalia |date=12 April 2012 |title=Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17612550 |newspaper=BBC World Service |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302071400/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17612550 |archivedate=2 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Antelava |first=Natalia |date=12 April 2012 |title=Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550 |newspaper=BBC World Service |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405112247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550 |archivedate=5 April 2015 }}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Birth control]]
* [[Eugenics]]
* [[Human overpopulation]]
* [[List of population concern organizations]]
* [[Malthus' Dismal Theorem]]
* [[Overconsumption]]
* [[Steady-state economy]]
* [[Population Matters#Pledge two or fewer|Pledge two or fewer]] (campaign for small families)
* [[Voluntary Human Extinction Movement]]
===Fiction===
* ''[[Logan's Run]] -'' State-mandated euthanasia at 21 for all people (30 in the film) to conserve resources
* ''[[Make Room! Make Room!]]''
* ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]] -'' Antagonist and villain [[Thanos]] kills half of all living things throughout universe in order to maintain ecological balance
*[[Shadow Children]] series - Families are allowed two children maximum, and "shadow children" (third children and beyond) are subject to be killed
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}
==Further reading==
* Mandani, Mahmood (1972). ''The Myth of Population Control: Family, Caste, and Class in an Indian Village'', in series, ''Modern Reader''. First Modern Reader Pbk. ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973, cop. 1972. 173 p. SBN 85345-284-9
* {{cite book|author1=Warren C. Robinson|author2=John A. Ross|title=The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs|year=2007|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-6951-7}}
* Thomlinson, R. 1975. ''Demographic Problems: Controversy over Population Control''. 2nd ed. Encino, CA: Dickenson.
==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113095438/http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm|title=A chat with Tim Flannery, senior research scientist, on Population Control|work=Karina Kelly, Peter Kirkwood, Owen Craig}}
* [https://berkeley.academia.edu/OzzieZehner/Papers/911571/The_Environmental_Politics_of_Population_and_Overpopulation/ The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation] A University of California, Berkeley summary of historical, contemporary and environmental concerns involving overpopulation
* [http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/ UNmilleniumProject.org], UN Millennium Project, retrieved June 20, 2009.
{{Human impact on the environment}}
{{Population}}
{{Population country lists}}
{{Sustainability|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Population Control}}
[[Category:Birth control]]
[[Category:Human overpopulation]]
[[Category:Population density]]
[[Category:Human population planning| ]]
[[Category:Climate change mitigation]]
[[Category:Dark green environmentalism]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{For |the practice among non-humans|Population control}}
[[File:Fertility rate world map 2.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Map of countries by fertility rate (2018), according to [[CIA World Factbook]]
]]
'''Human reproduction planning''' is the practice of intentionally controlling the rate of [[Human population growth|growth of a human population]]. Historically, human population planning has been implemented with the goal of increasing the rate of human population growth. However, in the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about global population growth and its effects on [[poverty]], [[Human impact on the environment|environmental degradation]] and [[political stability]] led to efforts to reduce human population growth rates. More recently, some countries, such as [[China]], [[Iran]], and [[Spain]], have begun efforts to increase their birth rates once again.
While population planning can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their [[reproduction]], a few programs, most notably the Chinese government's "[[one-child policy]] and [[two-child policy]]", have resorted to coercive measures.
==Types==
Four types of population planning goals pursued by governments can be identified:
# Increasing the overall population growth rate
# Reducing the overall population growth rate
# Decreasing the relative population growth of a less favored subgroup of a national population or ethnic group, such as people of low intelligence or people with disabilities. This is known as [[eugenics]].
# Instead of trying to control the rate of population growth ''per se'', trying to arrange things so that all population groups of a certain type (e.g. all social classes within a society) have the same average rate of population growth.
==Methods==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2013}}
While a specific population planning practice may be legal/mandated in one country, it may be illegal or restricted in another, indicative of the controversy surrounding this topic.
===Reducing population growth===
Population planning that is intended to reduce a population or sub-population's growth rates may promote or enforce one or more of the following practices, although there are other methods:
* [[War]] (Wars that are done on purpose or in aggression can cause casualties that lower the population. For instance in the [[Iraq War]] approximately 1 million people died.)<ref>Baker, Luke, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-deaths-survey/iraq-conflict-has-killed-a-million-iraqis-survey-idUSL3048857920080130 "Iraq conflict has killed a million Iraqis: survey"], ''Reuters'', January 30, 2008</ref>
* Higher [[taxation]] of parents who have too many children
* [[Contraception]]
* [[Sexual abstinence|Abstinence]][[File:2012 Infant mortality rate per 1000 live births, under-5, world map.svg|thumb|240px|World infant mortality rates in 2012<ref>[http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf Infant Mortality Rates in 2012] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153724/http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf |date=July 14, 2014 }}, [[UNICEF]], 2013.</ref>]]
* Reducing [[infant mortality]] so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.<ref>Lifeblood: How to Change the World One Dead Mosquito at a Time, Alex Perry p9</ref>
* [[Abortion]]
* [[Pornography]] (Pornography has been shown to cause sexual dysfunction)<ref>Brian, Park; Gary, Wilson; Berger, Jonathan; Christman, Mathew; Reina, Brynn; Bishop, Frank; Klam, Warren P.; Doan, Andrew P. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5039517/ "Is Internet Pornography Causing Sexual Dysfunctions? A Review with Clinical Reports", "Behavioral Sciences", September 2016</ref><ref>Thompson, Dennis, https://www.webmd.com/sex/news/20170512/study-sees-link-between-porn-and-sexual-dysfunction#1 "Study Sees Link Between Porn and Sexual Dysfunction" "WebMD" May 12, 2017.</ref><ref>Villines, Zawn | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317117.php | How can porn induce erectile dysfunction? | Medical News Today | July 30, 2018 |</ref><ref>| How Many People Are On Porn Sites Right Now? (Hint: It’s A Lot.) | https://fightthenewdrug.org/by-the-numbers-see-how-many-people-are-watching-porn-today/ | Fight the New Drug | September 3, 2019 |</ref>
* Changing [[status of women]] causing departure from traditional sexual division of labour.
* [[Sterilisation (medicine)|Sterilization]]
* [[One child policy|One-child]] and [[Two child policy|Two-child]] policies, and other policies restricting or discouraging births directly.
* [[Family planning]]<ref name="Ryerson 2010">{{cite book|last1=Ryerson|first1=William N.|title=The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century's Sustainability Crises|chapter=Ch.12: Population: The Multiplier of Everything Else|date=2010|publisher=Watershed Media|location=Healdsburg, Calif.|isbn=978-0970950062|pages=153–174}}</ref>
* [[Urbanization|Migration from rural areas to urban areas]]:<ref>[https://www.prb.org/urbanization-an-environmental-force-to-be-reckoned-with/ Urbanization: An Environmental Force to Be Reckoned With]</ref> having more children is financially more beneficial (for farming families, ...) in rural areas than in urban areas
* Create small family "role models"<ref name="Ryerson 2010"/>
* Changes to immigration policies
* [[Emigration]] {{citation needed|date=July 2019}}.
The method(s) chosen can be strongly influenced by the religious and cultural beliefs of community members. The failure of other methods of population planning can lead to the use of abortion or [[infanticide]] as solutions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}
=== Increasing population growth ===
Population policies that are intended to increase a population or subpopulation growth rates may use practices such as:
* Higher [[taxation]] of married couples who have no, or too few, children
* Politicians imploring the populace to have bigger families
* Tax breaks and subsidies for families with children
* Loosening of [[immigration]] restrictions, and/or mass recruitment of foreign workers by the government
==History==
===Ancient times through Middle Ages===
A number of ancient writers have reflected on the issue of population. At about 300 BC, the Indian [[political philosopher]] [[Chanakya]] (c. 350-283 BC) considered population a source of political, economic, and military strength. Though a given region can house too many or too few people, he considered the latter possibility to be the greater evil. Chanakya favored the remarriage of [[widows]] (which at the time was forbidden in India), opposed taxes encouraging emigration, and believed in restricting [[asceticism]] to the aged.<ref name="Neurath 1994 7">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref>
In [[ancient Greece]], [[Plato]] (427-347 BC) and [[Aristotle]] (384-322 BC) discussed the best population size for Greek [[city-state]]s such as Sparta, and concluded that cities should be small enough for efficient administration and direct citizen participation in public affairs, but at the same time needed to be large enough to defend themselves against hostile neighbors. In order to maintain a desired population size, the philosophers advised that [[procreation]], and if necessary, immigration, should be encouraged if the population size was too small. Emigration to colonies would be encouraged should the population become too large.<ref name=" Neurath 1994 6"/> Aristotle concluded that a large increase in population would bring, "certain poverty on the citizenry and poverty is the cause of sedition and evil." To halt rapid population increase, Aristotle advocated the use of [[abortion]] and the exposure of newborns (that is, [[infanticide]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=6–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref>
[[Confucius]] (551-478 BC) and other Chinese writers cautioned that, "excessive growth may reduce output per worker, repress levels of living for the masses and engender strife." Confucius also observed that, "mortality increases when food supply is insufficient; that premature marriage makes for high infantile mortality rates, that war checks population growth."<ref name="Neurath 1994 6">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref>
[[Ancient Rome]], especially in the time of [[Augustus]] (63 BC-AD 14), needed manpower to acquire and administer the vast [[Roman Empire]]. A series of laws were instituted to encourage early marriage and frequent childbirth. Lex Julia (18 BC) and the Lex Papia Poppaea (AD 9) are two well-known examples of such laws, which among others, provided tax breaks and preferential treatment when applying for public office for those that complied with the laws. Severe limitations were imposed on those who did not. For example, the surviving spouse of a childless couple could only inherit one-tenth of the deceased fortune, while the rest was taken by the state. These laws encountered resistance from the population which led to the disregard of their provisions and to their eventual abolition.<ref name="Neurath 1994 7"/>
[[Tertullian]], an early Christian author (ca. AD 160-220), was one of the first to describe famine and war as factors that can prevent overpopulation.<ref name=" Neurath 1994 7"/> He wrote: "The strongest witness is the vast population of the earth to which we are a burden and she scarcely can provide for our needs; as our demands grow greater, our complaints against Nature's inadequacy are heard by all. The scourges of pestilence, famine, wars, and earthquakes have come to be regarded as a blessing to overcrowded nations since they serve to prune away the luxuriant growth of the human race."<ref name="Neurath94-page8"/>
[[Ibn Khaldun]], a North African [[Arab]] [[polymath]] (1332–1406), considered population changes to be connected to economic development, linking high birth rates and low death rates to times of economic upswing, and low birth rates and high death rates to economic downswing. Khaldoun concluded that high [[population density]] rather than high absolute population numbers were desirable to achieve more efficient division of labour and cheap administration.<ref name=Neurath94-page8 >{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref>
During the [[Middle Ages]] in Christian Europe, population issues were rarely discussed in isolation. Attitudes were generally pro-[[natalist]] in line with the [[Biblical]] command, "Be ye fruitful and multiply."<ref name=Neurath94-page8 />
===16th and 17th centuries===
European cities grew more rapidly than before, and throughout the 16th century and early 17th century discussions on the advantages and disadvantages of population growth were frequent.<ref name="Neurath 1994 10">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref> [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], an Italian [[Renaissance]] [[political philosopher]], wrote, "When every province of the world so teems with inhabitants that they can neither subsist where they are nor remove themselves elsewhere... the world will purge itself in one or another of these three ways," listing [[floods]], [[Yersinia pestis|plague]] and [[famine]].<ref name="Neurath 1994 9">{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref> [[Martin Luther]] concluded, "God makes children. He is also going to feed them."<ref name="Neurath 1994 9"/>
[[Jean Bodin]], a French [[jurist]] and [[political philosophy|political philosopher]] (1530–1596), argued that larger populations meant more production and more exports, increasing the wealth of a country.<ref name="Neurath 1994 9"/> [[Giovanni Botero]], an Italian priest and diplomat (1540–1617), emphasized that, "the greatness of a city rests on the multitude of its inhabitants and their power," but pointed out that a population cannot increase beyond its food supply. If this limit was approached, late marriage, emigration, and the war would serve to restore the balance.<ref name="Neurath 1994 9"/>
[[Richard Hakluyt]], an English writer (1527–1616), observed that, "Through our longe peace and seldom sickness... we are grown more populous than ever heretofore;... many thousands of idle persons are within this realme, which, having no way to be sett on work, be either mutinous and seek alteration in the state, or at least very burdensome to the commonwealth." Hakluyt believed that this led to crime and full jails and in ''A Discourse on Western Planting'' (1584), Hakluyt advocated for the emigration of the surplus population.<ref name=" Neurath 1994 10"/> With the onset of the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–48), characterized by widespread devastation and deaths brought on by hunger and disease in Europe, concerns about depopulation returned.<ref>{{cite book |title=From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back |last= Neurath |first=Paul |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=9781563244070 |pages=10–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22}}</ref>
==Population planning movement==
In the 20th century, population planning proponents have drawn from the insights of [[Thomas Malthus]], a British clergyman and economist who published ''[[An Essay on the Principle of Population]]'' in 1798. Malthus argued that, "Population, when unchecked, increases in a [[geometric progression|geometrical]] ratio. [[Subsistence]] only increases in an [[arithmetic progression|arithmetical]] ratio." He also outlined the idea of "positive checks" and "preventative checks." "Positive checks", such as [[disease]]s, [[war]]s, [[disaster]]s, [[famine]]s, and [[genocide]]s are factors which Malthus believed could increase the death rate.<ref name="geography.about.com">Rosenberg, M. (2007, September 09)3-2. Thomas Malthus on Population. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from About.com [http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/malthus.htm "Geography Web site"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624052900/http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/malthus.htm |date=2009-06-24 }}</ref>
"Preventative checks" were factors which Malthus believed could affect the birth rate such as moral restraint, abstinence and [[birth control]].<ref name="geography.about.com"/> He predicted that "positive checks" on [[exponential growth|exponential population growth]] would ultimately save humanity from itself and he also believed that human misery was an "absolute necessary consequence."<ref name="Knudsen 2006 2–3">{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=2–3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref> Malthus went on to explain why he believed that this misery affected the poor in a disproportionate manner.
[[File:World population growth rate 1950–2050.svg|left|300px|thumb|[[Population growth#Human population growth rate|World population growth rate 1950–2050]]]]
{{quote|There is a constant effort towards an increase in population which tends to subject the lower classes of society to distress and to prevent any great permanent amelioration of their condition…. The way in which these effects are produced seems to be this. We will suppose the means of subsistence in any country just equal to the easy support of its inhabitants. The constant effort towards population... increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are increased. The food, therefore which before supplied seven million must now be divided among seven million and a half or eight million. The poor consequently must live much worse, and many of them are reduced to severe distress.<ref>Bleier, R. The Home Page of the International Society of Malthus. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from The International Society of Malthus Web site: {{cite web |url=http://desip.igc.org/malthus/principles.html |title=Malthus Society Rationale and Core Principles |accessdate=2009-06-26 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618035115/http://desip.igc.org/malthus/principles.html |archivedate=2009-06-18 }}</ref>}}
Finally, Malthus advocated for the education of the lower class about the use of "moral restraint" or voluntary abstinence, which he believed would slow the growth rate.<ref>[http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/malthus.htm Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766-1834] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801082256/http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/malthus.htm |date=2009-08-01 }}. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from The History of Economic Thought Website</ref>
[[Paul R. Ehrlich]], a US biologist and environmentalist, published ''[[The Population Bomb]]'' in 1968, advocating stringent population planning policies.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights}}</ref> His central argument on population is as follows:
{{quote|A cancer is an uncontrolled multiplication of cells; the population explosion is an uncontrolled multiplication of people. Treating only the symptoms of cancer may make the victim more comfortable at first, but eventually, he dies - often horribly. A similar fate awaits a world with a population explosion if only the symptoms are treated. We must shift our efforts from the treatment of the symptoms to the cutting out of cancer. The operation will demand many apparently brutal and heartless decisions. The pain may be intense. But the disease is so far advanced that only with radical surgery does the patient have a chance to survive.|<ref name="Knudsen 2006 3">{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref>}}
[[File:World population history.svg|thumb|280px|World population 1950–2010]]
[[File:Human population growth from 1800 to 2000.png|thumbnail|right|World population 1800-2000]]
In his concluding chapter, Ehrlich offered a partial solution to the "population problem,"
"[We need] compulsory birth regulation... [through] the addition of temporary sterilants to water supplies or staple food. Doses of the antidote would be carefully rationed by the government to produce the desired family size".<ref name="Knudsen 2006 3"/>
Ehrlich's views came to be accepted by many population planning advocates in the United States and Europe in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=3–4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref> Since Ehrlich introduced his idea of the "population bomb," overpopulation has been blamed for a variety of issues, including increasing poverty, high unemployment rates, environmental degradation, famine and genocide.<ref name="Knudsen 2006 2–3"/> In a 2004 interview, Ehrlich reviewed the predictions in his book and found that while the specific dates within his predictions may have been wrong, his predictions about climate change and disease were valid. Ehrlich continued to advocate for population planning and co-authored the book ''The Population Explosion'', released in 1990 with his wife Anne Ehrlich.
However, it is controversial as to whether human population stabilization will avert environmental risks.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Human population reduction is not a quick fix for environmental problems |first=Corey J. A. |last=Bradshaw |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=111 |issue=46 |pages=16610–16615 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1410465111 |pmid=25349398 |year=2014 |pmc=4246304 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Dean |last=Spears |title=Smaller human population in 2100 could importantly reduce the risk of climate catastrophe |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=112 |issue=18 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1501763112 |pages=E2270 |pmid=25848063 |pmc=4426416 |year=2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Matt |last=McGrath |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29788754 |title=Population controls 'will not solve environment issues' |publisher=BBC |date=October 27, 2014 |accessdate=May 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504092235/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29788754 |archivedate=May 4, 2016 }}</ref>
Paige Whaley Eager argues that the shift in perception that occurred in the 1960s must be understood in the context of the demographic changes that took place at the time.<ref name=WhaleyEager>{{cite book |title=Global Population Policy |last= Whaley Eager |first=Paige |year=2004 |publisher= Ashgate Publishing|location= |isbn=9780754641629 |pages=36|url=https://books.google.com/?id=G2WBj4BDLqYC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref> It was only in the first decade of the 19th century that the world's population reached one billion. The second billion was added in the 1930s, and the next billion in the 1960s. 90 percent of this net increase occurred in developing countries.<ref name=WhaleyEager/> Eager also argues that, at the time, the [[United States]] recognised that these demographic changes could significantly affect global geopolitics. Large increases occurred in [[China]], [[Mexico]] and [[Nigeria]], and demographers warned of a "population explosion," particularly in developing countries from the mid-1950s onwards.<ref>{{cite book |title=Global Population Policy |last= Whaley Eager |first=Paige |authorlink= |year=2004 |publisher= Ashgate Publishing|location= |isbn=9780754641629 |pages=37|url=https://books.google.com/?id=G2WBj4BDLqYC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref>
In the 1980s, tension grew between population planning advocates and women's health activists who advanced women's [[reproductive rights]] as part of a [[human rights]]-based approach.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref> Growing opposition to the narrow population planning focus led to a significant change in population planning policies in the early 1990s.{{further explanation needed|date=January 2013}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context |last= Knudsen |first=Lara |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher= Vanderbilt University Press |location= |isbn=9780826515285 |pages=4–5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights }}</ref>
==Population planning and economics==
Opinions vary among economists about the effects of population change on a nation's economic health. US scientific research in 2009 concluded that the raising of a child cost about $16,000 yearly ($291,570 total for raising the child to its 18th birthday).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57367220090804 | work=Reuters | first=Charles | last=Abbott | title=Pricetag to raise a child -- $291,570, says U.S | date=August 4, 2009 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824010713/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57367220090804 | archivedate=August 24, 2010 }}</ref> In the US, the multiplication of this number with the yearly population growth will yield the overall cost of the population growth. Costs for other developed countries are usually of a similar order of magnitude.
Some economists, such as [[Thomas Sowell]]<ref>[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell021298.html%22 Thomas Sowell Julian Simon, combatant in a 200-year war] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708044535/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell021298.html%22 |date=2009-07-08 }} Thomas Sowell, February 12, 1998</ref> and [[Walter E. Williams]],<ref>[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/williams022499.asp Population control nonsense] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515032842/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/williams022499.asp |date=2016-05-15 }} Walter Williams, February 24, 1999</ref> have argued that poverty and famine are caused by bad government and bad economic policies, not by overpopulation.
In his book ''[[The Ultimate Resource]]'', economist [[Julian Simon]] argued that higher population density leads to more specialization and [[technological innovation]], which in turn leads to a higher standard of living. He claimed that human beings are the ultimate resource since we possess "productive and inventive minds that help find creative solutions to man’s problems, thus leaving us better off over the long run".<ref>Moore, S. (1998, March/April). Julian Simon Remembered: it's a Wonderful Life. Retrieved June 25, 2009, from [http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-20n2-1.html CATO Institute Web site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626035831/http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-20n2-1.html |date=2009-06-26 }}</ref> He also claimed that, "Our species is better off in just about every measurable material way."<ref name="wired.com">Regis, E. (1997, February). The Doomslayer. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.02/ffsimon.html?pg=1&topic= Wired.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103204754/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.02/ffsimon.html?pg=1&topic= |date=2012-11-03 }} site</ref> {{Context inline|date=July 2011}}
Simon also claimed that when considering a list of [[List of countries by population density|countries ranked in order by population density]], there is no correlation between population density and poverty and starvation.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Instead, if a list of countries is considered according to corruption within their respective governments, there is a significant correlation between government corruption, poverty and famine.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
==Views on population planning==
{{POV section|date=February 2013}}
===Population increase reductions===
====Support====
As early as 1798, [[Thomas Malthus]] argued in his [[Essay on the Principle of Population]] for implementation of population planning. Around the year 1900, Sir [[Francis Galton]] said in his publication ''Hereditary Improvement'': "The unfit could become enemies to the State if they continue to propagate." In 1968, Paul Ehrlich noted in ''[[The Population Bomb]]'', "We must cut the cancer of population growth", and "if this was not done, there would be only one other solution, namely the 'death rate solution' in which we raise the death rate through war-famine-pestilence, etc.”
In the same year, another prominent modern advocate for mandatory population planning was [[Garrett Hardin]], who proposed in his landmark 1968 essay ''[[Tragedy of the commons]]'', society must relinquish the "freedom to breed" through "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon." Later on, in 1972, he reaffirmed his support in his new essay "[[Exploring New Ethics for Survival]]", by stating, " We are breeding ourselves into oblivion." Many prominent personalities, such as [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Margaret Sanger]] (1939), [[John D. Rockefeller]], [[Frederick Osborn]] (1952), [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Arne Næss]]<ref>Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1998). ''Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism''. NY: New York University Press, {{ISBN|0-8147-3110-4}}</ref> and [[Jacques Cousteau]] have also advocated for population planning.
Today, a number of influential people advocate population planning such as these:
* [[David Attenborough]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article855953.ece | location=London | work=The Times | first=Jonathan | last=Leake | title=Attenborough cut population by half | date=August 3, 2003 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508161558/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article855953.ece | archivedate=May 8, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Jonathon Porritt]], UK sustainable development commissioner<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/sep/01/environment.farrightpolitics | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Walter | last=Schwarz | title=Crowd control | date=September 1, 2004 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116102021/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/sep/01/environment.farrightpolitics | archivedate=November 16, 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Sara Parkin]]<ref>[http://www.kingston.ac.uk/environment/conf_parkin.ppt Local to Global: Kingston University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527203213/http://www.kingston.ac.uk/environment/conf_parkin.ppt |date=2008-05-27 }}</ref>
* [[Crispin Tickell]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13318134.700-the-green-diplomat-sir-crispin-tickell-has-had-adistinguished-diplomatic-career-he-has-also-helped-to-put-climate-changeatthe-top-of-the-worlds-political-agenda-.html|title=Last Word Archive - New Scientist|website=newscientist.com|accessdate=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120449/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13318134.700-the-green-diplomat-sir-crispin-tickell-has-had-adistinguished-diplomatic-career-he-has-also-helped-to-put-climate-changeatthe-top-of-the-worlds-political-agenda-.html|archivedate=19 October 2013}}</ref>
* [[Christian de Duve]], Nobel laureate<ref>Lloyd, Robin (30 June 2011) [http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/06/30/laureate-urges-next-generation-to-address-population-control-as-central-issue/ Laureate urges next generation to address population control as central issue] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120410093447/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/06/30/laureate-urges-next-generation-to-address-population-control-as-central-issue/ |date=2012-04-10 }} Scientific Americain, Retrieved 9 April 2012</ref>
* [[Bernie Sanders]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bernie Sanders in climate change 'population control' uproar |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49601678 |publisher=BBC News |date=5 September 2019}}</ref>
The head of the UN Millennium Project [[Jeffrey Sachs]] is also a strong proponent of decreasing the effects of overpopulation. In 2007, Jeffrey Sachs gave a number of lectures (2007 [[Reith Lectures]]) about population planning and overpopulation. In his lectures, called "[[Bursting at the seams (Reith lectures)|Bursting at the Seams]]", he featured an integrated approach that would deal with a number of problems associated with overpopulation and [[poverty reduction]]. For example, when criticized for advocating mosquito nets he argued that child survival was, "by far one of the most powerful ways," to achieve fertility reduction, as this would assure poor families that the smaller number of children they had would survive.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2007/lecture1.shtml BBC.co.uk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412162642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2007/lecture1.shtml |date=2009-04-12 }} Bursting at the Seams</ref>
====Opposition====
The Roman Catholic Church [[Catholic Church and abortion|has opposed abortion, sterilization, and artificial contraception]] as a general practice but especially in regard to population planning policies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Saunders|first1=William|title=Church Has Always Condemned Abortion|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/abortion/catholic-teaching/the-catholic-church-and-abortion/|website=Catholic News Agency|publisher=Arlington Catholic Herald|accessdate=20 March 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321081341/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/abortion/catholic-teaching/the-catholic-church-and-abortion/|archivedate=21 March 2017}}</ref> [[Pope Benedict XVI]] has stated, "The extermination of millions of unborn children, in the name of the fight against poverty, actually constitutes the destruction of the poorest of all human beings."<ref name="Vatican.va">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20081208_xlii-world-day-peace_en.html|title=42nd World Day of Peace 2009, Fighting Poverty to Build Peace - BENEDICT XVI|website=www.vatican.va|accessdate=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011230252/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20081208_xlii-world-day-peace_en.html|archivedate=11 October 2011}}</ref> The reformed Theology pastor Dr. [[Stephen Tong]] also opposes the planning of human population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww123.net/redirect.php?tid=4862770&goto=lastpost |title=唐崇荣牧师 圣经难解经文 第二十九讲 诺亚咒诅迦南 - 宗教与信仰 - 旺旺网 给你一片纯净的天空 |accessdate=2017-03-22 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053413/https://ww123.net/redirect.php?tid=4862770&goto=lastpost |archivedate=2017-03-23 }} 唐崇荣牧师 圣经难解经文 第二十九讲 诺亚咒诅迦南, Retrieved 22 Mar 2017.</ref>
===Natalism===
[[The Nation]] has criticised some white [[Quiverfull]] families for having large families motivated by demographic change and worries about "race suicide".<ref name='nation'>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war?page=full|title=Arrows for the War|journal=The Nation|accessdate=2010-09-18|date=9 November 2006|author=Kathryn Joyce|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902004749/http://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war?page=full|archivedate=2 September 2012}}</ref>
==Pro-natalist policies==
{{see also|Natalism}}
In 1946, Poland introduced a [[:pl: Bykowe|tax on childlessness]], discontinued in the 1970s, as part of natalist policies in the Communist government. From 1941 to the 1990s, the Soviet Union had a [[Tax on childlessness|similar tax]] to replenish the population losses incurred during the Second World War.
The [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] severely [[abortion in Romania|repressed abortion]], (the most common [[birth control]] method at the time) in 1966,<ref name="Scarlat">{{Citation | language = RO | last = Scarlat | first = Sandra | url = http://www.hotnews.ro/articol_22541-Decreteii-produsele-unei-epoci-care-a-imbolnavit-Romania.htm | title = 'Decreţeii': produsele unei epoci care a îmbolnăvit România | trans-title = Scions of the Decree': Products of an Era that Sickened Romania | newspaper = [[Evenimentul Zilei]] | date = May 17, 2005 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221359/http://www.hotnews.ro/articol_22541-Decreteii-produsele-unei-epoci-care-a-imbolnavit-Romania.htm | archivedate = September 26, 2007 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Gail | last = Kligman | title = The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania | place = Berkeley | publisher = Univ. of California Press | year = 1998 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=JhkImAIcqCMC&printsec=frontcover| isbn = 9780520919853 }}.</ref> and forced gynecological revisions and penalties for unmarried women and childless couples.
The surge of the birth rate taxed the public services received by the ''[[Decree 770|decreţei 770]]'' ("Scions of the Decree 770") generation. A consequence of Ceaușescu's natalist policy is that large numbers of children ended up living in [[orphanages]], because their parents could not cope. The vast majority of children who lived in the communist orphanages were not actually orphans, but were simply children whose parents could not afford to raise them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4629589.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Europe - What happened to Romania's orphans?|website=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=19 July 2017|date=2005-07-08}}</ref> The [[Romanian Revolution]] of 1989 preceded a fall in population growth.
===Balanced birth policies===
Nativity in the Western world dropped during the [[interwar period]]. Swedish sociologists [[Alva Myrdal|Alva]] and [[Gunnar Myrdal]] published [[Crisis in the Population Question]] in 1934, suggesting an extensive [[welfare state]] with universal healthcare and childcare, to increase overall Swedish birth rates, and level the number of children at a reproductive level for all social classes in Sweden. [[Demographics of Sweden|Swedish fertility]] rose throughout World War II (as [[Sweden during World War II|Sweden was largely unharmed by the war]]) and peaked in 1946.
==Modern practice by country==
===Australia===
[[Australia]] currently offers fortnightly Family Tax Benefit payments plus a free immunization scheme, and recently proposed to pay all child care costs for women who want to work.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}
===China===
====One-child era (1979–2015)====
{{Main|One-child policy}}
The most significant population planning system in the world was China's [[one-child policy]], in which, with various exceptions, having more than one child was discouraged. Unauthorized births were punished by fines, although there were also allegations of illegal forced [[abortion]]s and [[forced sterilization]].<ref name=dewey>Arthur E. Dewey, Assistant Secretary for Population, Refugees and Migration Testimony before the House International Relations Committee Washington, DC December 14, 2004 {{cite web |url=http://statelists.state.gov/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0412c&L=dossdo&P=401 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-07-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721062432/http://statelists.state.gov/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0412c&L=dossdo&P=401 |archivedate=2011-07-21 }}</ref> As part of China's planned birth policy, (work) unit supervisors monitored the fertility of married women and may decide whose turn it is to have a baby.<ref>http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cn0081) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303220526/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+cn0081%29 |date=2013-03-03 }}</ref>
The Chinese government introduced the policy in 1978 to alleviate the social and [[Environmental issues in the People's Republic of China|environmental problems of China]].<ref>Pascal Rocha da Silva, "La politique de l'enfant unique en République Populaire de Chine", 2006, [[Université de Genève]], pp. 22–28, cf. [http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf Sinoptic.ch] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128072311/http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf |date= 2007-11-28}}</ref> According to government officials, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births. The success of the policy has been questioned, and reduction in fertility has also been attributed to the modernization of China.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | work = BBC News | title = Has China's one-child policy worked? | date = September 20, 2007 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103208/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | archivedate = July 19, 2008 }}</ref> The policy is controversial both within and outside of China because of its manner of implementation and because of concerns about negative economic and social consequences e.g. [[female infanticide]]. In oriental cultures, the oldest male child has responsibility of caring for the parents in their old age. Therefore, it is common for oriental families to invest most heavily in the oldest male child, such as providing college, steering them into the most lucrative careers, and so on. To these families, having an oldest male child is paramount, so in a one-child policy, a daughter has no economic benefit, so daughters, especially as a first child, is often targeted for abortion or infanticide. China introduced several government reforms to increase retirement payments to coincide with the one-child policy. During that time, couples could request permission to have more than one child.<ref>{{cite news |first=Max |last=Fisher |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/16/chinas-rules-for-when-families-can-and-cant-have-more-than-one-child/ |title=China's rules for when families can and can't have more than one child |work=The Washington Post |date=November 16, 2013 |accessdate=May 8, 2016 |url-status=live
On October 29, 2015, the ruling Chinese Communist Party announced that all one-child policies would be scrapped, allowing all couples to have two children. The change was needed to allow a better balance of male and female children, and to grow the young population to ease the problem of paying for the aging population. [[Two-child policy]] begin from January 1, 2016 and one-child policy abolished follow the beginning of two-child policy.<ref>{{cite news |title= China to end one-child policy and allow two |work= BBC |date= 29 October 2015 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-34665539 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-27/chinas-one-child-policy-officially-scrapped/7055834|title=China officially ends one-child policy, signing into law bill allowing married couples to have two children|publisher=[[ABC Online]]| date=27 December 2015}}</ref>
===Hungary===
The Second Orbán Government made saving the nation from the demographic abyss a key aspect and therefore has introduced generous breaks for large families and greatly increased social benefits for all families. Those with three or more children pay virtually no taxes. In just a couple years, Hungary went from being one of the countries that spend the least on families in the OECD to being one of those that do so the most.<ref>[https://visegradinsight.eu/the-v4s-greatest-existential-threat05082014/ Visegrad Insight - The V4’s greatest existential threat - Demographic decline and an ageing population - Filip Mazurczak - August 5, 2014]</ref> In 2015, it was almost 4% of GDP.<ref>[https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF1_1_Public_spending_on_family_benefits.pdf OECD - Public spending on family benefits]</ref>
===India===
{{Main|Family planning in India}}
Only those with two or fewer children are eligible for election to a [[gram panchayat]], or local government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buch|first=Nirmala|date=2005|title=Law of Two-Child Norm in Panchayats: Implications, Consequences and Experiences|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=24|pages=2421–2429|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4416748}}</ref>
''Us two, our two'' ("Hum do, hamare do" in Hindi) is a slogan meaning ''one family, two children'' and is intended to reinforce the message of family planning thereby aiding population planning.
Facilities offered by government to its employees are limited to two children. The government offers incentives for families accepted for sterilization. Moreover, India was the first country to take measures for family planning back in 1952.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/IUSSP_40FP_0.pdf | title=40 YEARS OF PLANNED FAMILY PLANNING EFFORTS IN INDIA | accessdate=26 June 2019 | author=Aalok Ranjan Chaurasia, Ravendra Singh | pages=1}}</ref>
{{cquote |In the south west of India lies the long narrow coastal state of Kerala. Most of its thirty-two million inhabitants live off the land and the ocean, a rich tropical ecosystem watered by two monsoons a year. It's also one of India's most crowded states – but the population is stable because nearly everybody has small families… At the root of it all is education. Thanks to a long tradition of compulsory schooling for boys and girls Kerala has one of the highest literacy rates in the World. Where women are well educated they tend to choose to have smaller families… What Kerala shows is that you don't need aggressive policies or government incentives for birthrates to fall. Everywhere in the world where women have access to education and have the freedom to run their own lives, on the whole they and their partners have been choosing to have smaller families than their parents. But reducing birthrates is very difficult to achieve without a simple piece of medical technology, contraception.||[[David Attenborough]]|[[Horizon (BBC TV series)|BBC ''Horizon'']] (2009)|''How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth''}}
===Iran===
{{Main|Family planning in Iran}}
{{contradict-self|section|date=March 2017}}
{{update|section|date=March 2017}}
After the [[Iran–Iraq War]], [[Iran]] encouraged married couples to produce as many children as possible to replace population lost to the war.<ref>{{cite web | title = 'Get back to your washing machine': Iran's ambitious women | url = http://mondediplo.com/2016/02/02iran | work = Le monde diplomatique | date = 2 February 2016 | accessdate = 27 April 2016 | last = Beaugé | first = Florence | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160408082339/http://mondediplo.com/2016/02/02iran | archivedate = 8 April 2016 }}</ref>
Iran succeeded in sharply reducing its birth rate from the late 1980s to 2010.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbasi-Shavasi |first1=Mohammad J. |last2=McDonald |first2=Pater |title=National and Provincial-level fertility trends in Iran, 1972-2000 |journal=Working Paper in Demography |date=February 2005 |issue=94 |pages=9–10 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/156615121.pdf |accessdate=20 February 2019}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} Mandatory contraceptive courses are required for both males and females before a marriage license can be obtained, and the government emphasized the benefits of smaller families and the use of contraception.<ref>[http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update4ss.htm Iran's Birth Rate Plummeting at Record Pace] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917192303/http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update4ss.htm |date=2008-09-17 }}</ref> This changed in 2012, when a major policy shift back towards increasing birth rates and against population planning was announced. In 2014, permanent contraception and advertising of birth control were to be outlawed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-to-ban-permanent-contraception-after-islamic-clerics-edict-to-increase-population-9662349.html|title=Iran bans permanent contraception in attempt to increase population|date=11 August 2014|website=independent.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829204243/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-to-ban-permanent-contraception-after-islamic-clerics-edict-to-increase-population-9662349.html|archivedate=29 August 2017}}</ref>
===Israel===
In [[Israel]], [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] families with many children receive economic support through generous governmental child allowances, government assistance in housing young religious couples, as well as specific funds by their own community institutions.<ref>{{cite web|first=Dov|last=Friedlander|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedFriedlanderpaper.PDF|title=Fertility in Israel: Is the Transition to Replacement Level in Sight?|series=Completing the Fertility Transition|publisher=[[United Nations]], Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division|year=2002|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211125436/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedFriedlanderpaper.PDF|archivedate=2017-12-11}}</ref> Haredi women have an average of 6.7 children while the average Jewish Israeli woman has 3 children.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/essays/117247/israeli-women-do-it-numbers | title=Israeli women do it by the numbers | work=The Jewish Chronicle | date=April 7, 2014 | accessdate=20 May 2014 | first=Paul | last=Morland | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521085616/http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/essays/117247/israeli-women-do-it-numbers | archivedate=21 May 2014 }}</ref>
===Myanmar===
In [[Myanmar]], the Population planning Health Care Bill requires some parents to space each child three years apart.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3093899/Myanmar-president-signs-controversial-population-law.html#ixzz3b0s5f8s3|title= Myanmar president signs off on contested population law|via= [[Associated Press]]|work= Daily Mail|date= 24 May 2015|location= London|url-status= live|archiveurl= https://archive.is/20150608060222/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3093899/Myanmar-president-signs-controversial-population-law.html%23ixzz3b0s5f8s3#ixzz3b0s5f8s3|archivedate= 6 July 2015}}</ref> The measure is expected{{By whom |date=August 2017}} to be used against the persecuted Muslim [[Rohingyas]] minority.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rohingyas: Still in peril: Myanmar's repression of Rohingyas continues apace |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21653661-myanmars-repression-rohingyas-continues-apace-still-peril |accessdate=7 June 2015 |work=[[The Economist]] |date=6 June 2015 |location=Singapore |quote=This measure grants local authorities the power to mandate that mothers in areas deemed to have high rates of population growth have children no fewer than three years apart. Buddhist chauvinists in Myanmar have fomented fears of high birth rates among Muslims; this measure is likely to be used against Rohingyas. |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607020301/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21653661-myanmars-repression-rohingyas-continues-apace-still-peril |archivedate=7 June 2015 }}</ref>
===Spain===
In 2017, the government of Spain appointed [[Edelmira Barreira]], as "minister for sex", in a pro-natalist attempt to reverse a ''negative'' population growth rate.<ref name='spain-independent'>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-sex-tsar-population-crisis-baby-parents-demographic-government-a7599091.html|title=Spain appoints 'sex tsar' in bid to boost declining population|website=The Independent|date=25 February 2017|accessdate=25 March 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052733/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-sex-tsar-population-crisis-baby-parents-demographic-government-a7599091.html|archivedate=26 March 2017}}</ref>
===Turkey===
In May 2012, [[Turkey]]'s Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan argued that abortion is murder and announced that legislative preparations to severely limit the practice are underway. Erdogan also argued that abortion and [[Caesarean section|C-section deliveries]] are plots to stall Turkey's economic growth. Prior to this move, Erdogan had repeatedly demanded that each couple have at least three children.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/03/us-turkey-abortion-idUSBRE85207520120603 | work = Reuters | date = 2012-06-03 | type = article | title = US, Turkey: abortion | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150102120545/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/03/us-turkey-abortion-idUSBRE85207520120603 | archivedate = 2015-01-02 }}</ref>
===United States===
Enacted in 1970, [[Title X]] of the [[Public Health Service Act]] provides access to contraceptive services, supplies and information to those in need. Priority for services is given to people with low incomes. The Title X Family Planning program is administered through the [[Office of Population Affairs]] under the Office of Public Health and Science.
It is directed by the [[Office of Population Affairs#Office of Family Planning|Office of Family Planning]].<ref name="pop">[http://opa.osophs.dhhs.gov/titlex/ofp.html Office of Population Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019032539/http://opa.osophs.dhhs.gov/titlex/ofp.html |date=2007-10-19 }}</ref> In 2007, Congress appropriated roughly $283 million for family planning under Title X, at least 90 percent of which was used for services in family planning clinics.<ref name="pop" /> Title X is a vital source of funding for family planning clinics throughout the nation,<ref name="pp">{{cite web|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/birth-control-access-prevention/family-planning-6553.htm|title=Newsroom and Media Kit - Planned Parenthood|website=www.plannedparenthood.org|accessdate=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208000810/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/birth-control-access-prevention/family-planning-6553.htm|archivedate=8 December 2007}}</ref> which provide reproductive health care, including abortion.
The education and services supplied by the Title X-funded clinics support young individuals and low-income families. The goals of developing healthy families are accomplished by helping individuals and couples decide whether to have children and when the appropriate time to do so would be.<ref name="pp" />
Title X has made the prevention of [[unintended pregnancies]] possible.<ref name="pp" /> It has allowed millions of American women to receive necessary reproductive health care, plan their pregnancies and prevent abortions. Title X is dedicated exclusively to funding family planning and reproductive health care services.<ref name="pop" />
Title X as a percentage of total public funding to family planning client services has steadily declined from 44% of total expenditures in 1980 to 12% in 2006. Medicaid has increased from 20% to 71% in the same time. In 2006, Medicaid contributed $1.3 billion to public family planning.<ref>{{Cite web | last1 = Sonfield | first1 = Adam | last2 = Alrich | first2 = Casey | last3 = Gold | first3 = Rachel Benson | title = Public Funding for Family Planning, Sterilization and Abortion Services, FY 1980–2006 | url = https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/pubs/2008/01/28/or38.pdf | series = Occasional Report | place = New York | publisher = Guttmacher Institute | year = 2008 | number = 38 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910082729/https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/pubs/2008/01/28/or38.pdf | archivedate = 2017-09-10 }}</ref>
====Natalism in the United States====
In a 2004 [[editorial]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[David Brooks (journalist)|David Brooks]] expressed the opinion that the relatively high birthrate of the United States in comparison to Europe could be attributed to social groups with "natalist" attitudes.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/07/opinion/07brooks.html?ex=1260162000&en=ebdde83f03fe6d2e&ei=5090 | title = The New Red-Diaper Babies | first = David | last = Brooks | newspaper = The New York Times | accessdate = 21 Jan 2006 | date = 2004-12-07 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311175027/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/07/opinion/07brooks.html?ex=1260162000&en=ebdde83f03fe6d2e&ei=5090 | archivedate = 2007-03-11 }}.</ref> The article is referred to in an analysis of the [[Quiverfull]] movement.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war | newspaper = The Nation | date = 27 November 2006 | first = Kathryn | last = Joyce | title = Arrows for the War | accessdate = 10 March 2015 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150320060132/http://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war | archivedate = 20 March 2015 }}.</ref> However, the figures identified for the demographic are extremely low.
Former US Senator [[Rick Santorum]] made natalism part of his platform for his [[Rick Santorum presidential campaign, 2012|2012 presidential campaign]].<ref name="santorum">{{cite web |url= http://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-live/2012/01/santorum-more-babies-please-110897.html |first= Seung Min |last= Kim |website= Politico |date= 15 January 2012 |title= Santorum: More babies, please! |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120118215636/http://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-live/2012/01/santorum-more-babies-please-110897.html |archivedate= 18 January 2012 }}</ref> This is not an isolated case. Many of those categorized in the General Social Survey as "Fundamentalist Protestant" are more or less natalist, and have a higher birth rate than "Moderate" and "Liberal" Protestants.<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.15countries40-6385.2010.00517.x/abstract|title= Modern Protestant Natalism | journal = Dialog | year = 2010 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-6385.2010.00517.x | volume= 49 |issue= 2 | pages=133–40|last1= McKeown |first1= John |hdl= 10034/254540 }}</ref> However, Rick Santorum is not a Protestant but a practicing Catholic.
===Uzbekistan===
{{Main|Compulsory_sterilization#Uzbekistan|l1=Compulsory sterilization in Uzbekistan}}
It is reported that [[Uzbekistan]] has been pursuing a policy of forced sterilizations, hysterectomies and IUD insertions since the late 1990s in order to impose population planning.<ref name=iwpr-2005-11-18>[http://iwpr.net/report-news/birth-control-decree-uzbekistan Birth Control by Decree in Uzbekistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019132115/http://iwpr.net/report-news/birth-control-decree-uzbekistan |date=2013-10-19 }} [[Institute for War and Peace Reporting|IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting]], published 2005-11-18, accessed 2012-04-12</ref><ref name=bbc-news-2012-04-12>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550 BBC News: Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405112247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550 |date=2015-04-05 }} [[BBC]], published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12</ref><ref name=bbc-cc-2012-04-12>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fjx63 Crossing Continents: Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903195248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fjx63 |date=2016-09-03 }} [[BBC]], published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12</ref><ref name=moscow-2010-03-10>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/uzbeks-face-forced-sterilization/401279.html Uzbeks Face Forced Sterilization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019203218/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/uzbeks-face-forced-sterilization/401279.html |date=2013-10-19 }} ''[[The Moscow Times]]'' published 2010-03-10, accessed 2012-04-12</ref><ref>[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/omctuzbekistan39.pdf Shadow Report: UN Committee Against Torture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109020604/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/omctuzbekistan39.pdf |date=2014-11-09 }} [[United Nations]], authors Rapid Response Group and OMCT, published November 2007, accessed 2012-04-12</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Antelava |first=Natalia |date=12 April 2012 |title=Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17612550 |newspaper=BBC World Service |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302071400/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17612550 |archivedate=2 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Antelava |first=Natalia |date=12 April 2012 |title=Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550 |newspaper=BBC World Service |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405112247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550 |archivedate=5 April 2015 }}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Birth control]]
* [[Eugenics]]
* [[Human overpopulation]]
* [[List of population concern organizations]]
* [[Malthus' Dismal Theorem]]
* [[Overconsumption]]
* [[Steady-state economy]]
* [[Population Matters#Pledge two or fewer|Pledge two or fewer]] (campaign for small families)
* [[Voluntary Human Extinction Movement]]
===Fiction===
* ''[[Logan's Run]] -'' State-mandated euthanasia at 21 for all people (30 in the film) to conserve resources
* ''[[Make Room! Make Room!]]''
* ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]] -'' Antagonist and villain [[Thanos]] kills half of all living things throughout universe in order to maintain ecological balance
*[[Shadow Children]] series - Families are allowed two children maximum, and "shadow children" (third children and beyond) are subject to be killed
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}
==Further reading==
* Mandani, Mahmood (1972). ''The Myth of Population Control: Family, Caste, and Class in an Indian Village'', in series, ''Modern Reader''. First Modern Reader Pbk. ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973, cop. 1972. 173 p. SBN 85345-284-9
* {{cite book|author1=Warren C. Robinson|author2=John A. Ross|title=The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs|year=2007|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-6951-7}}
* Thomlinson, R. 1975. ''Demographic Problems: Controversy over Population Control''. 2nd ed. Encino, CA: Dickenson.
==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113095438/http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm|title=A chat with Tim Flannery, senior research scientist, on Population Control|work=Karina Kelly, Peter Kirkwood, Owen Craig}}
* [https://berkeley.academia.edu/OzzieZehner/Papers/911571/The_Environmental_Politics_of_Population_and_Overpopulation/ The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation] A University of California, Berkeley summary of historical, contemporary and environmental concerns involving overpopulation
* [http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/ UNmilleniumProject.org], UN Millennium Project, retrieved June 20, 2009.
{{Human impact on the environment}}
{{Population}}
{{Population country lists}}
{{Sustainability|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Population Control}}
[[Category:Birth control]]
[[Category:Human overpopulation]]
[[Category:Population density]]
[[Category:Human population planning| ]]
[[Category:Climate change mitigation]]
[[Category:Dark green environmentalism]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -153,11 +153,5 @@
The most significant population planning system in the world was China's [[one-child policy]], in which, with various exceptions, having more than one child was discouraged. Unauthorized births were punished by fines, although there were also allegations of illegal forced [[abortion]]s and [[forced sterilization]].<ref name=dewey>Arthur E. Dewey, Assistant Secretary for Population, Refugees and Migration Testimony before the House International Relations Committee Washington, DC December 14, 2004 {{cite web |url=http://statelists.state.gov/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0412c&L=dossdo&P=401 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-07-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721062432/http://statelists.state.gov/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0412c&L=dossdo&P=401 |archivedate=2011-07-21 }}</ref> As part of China's planned birth policy, (work) unit supervisors monitored the fertility of married women and may decide whose turn it is to have a baby.<ref>http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cn0081) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303220526/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+cn0081%29 |date=2013-03-03 }}</ref>
-The Chinese government introduced the policy in 1978 to alleviate the social and [[Environmental issues in the People's Republic of China|environmental problems of China]].<ref>Pascal Rocha da Silva, "La politique de l'enfant unique en République Populaire de Chine", 2006, [[Université de Genève]], pp. 22–28, cf. [http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf Sinoptic.ch] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128072311/http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf |date= 2007-11-28}}</ref> According to government officials, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births. The success of the policy has been questioned, and reduction in fertility has also been attributed to the modernization of China.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | work = BBC News | title = Has China's one-child policy worked? | date = September 20, 2007 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103208/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | archivedate = July 19, 2008 }}</ref> The policy is controversial both within and outside of China because of its manner of implementation and because of concerns about negative economic and social consequences e.g. [[female infanticide]]. In oriental cultures, the oldest male child has responsibility of caring for the parents in their old age. Therefore, it is common for oriental families to invest most heavily in the oldest male child, such as providing college, steering them into the most lucrative careers, and so on. To these families, having an oldest male child is paramount, so in a one-child policy, a daughter has no economic benefit, so daughters, especially as a first child, is often targeted for abortion or infanticide. China introduced several government reforms to increase retirement payments to coincide with the one-child policy. During that time, couples could request permission to have more than one child.<ref>{{cite news |first=Max |last=Fisher |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/16/chinas-rules-for-when-families-can-and-cant-have-more-than-one-child/ |title=China's rules for when families can and can't have more than one child |work=The Washington Post |date=November 16, 2013 |accessdate=May 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610152024/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/16/chinas-rules-for-when-families-can-and-cant-have-more-than-one-child/ |archivedate=June 10, 2016 }}</ref>
-
-According to [[Tibetology|Tibetologist]] [[Melvyn Goldstein]], natalist feelings run high in China's [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], among both ordinary people and government officials. Seeing [[population control]] "as a matter of power and ethnic survival" rather than in terms of ecological [[sustainability]], Tibetans successfully argued for an exemption of [[Tibetan people]] from the usual [[family planning]] policies in China such as the [[one-child policy]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1525/as.1991.31.3.00p0043x | title = China's Birth Control Policy in the Tibet Autonomous Region| journal= [[Asian Survey]] | author1-link= Melvyn Goldstein |first= Melvyn |last= Goldstein |first2= Beall|last2= Cynthia|date=March 1991|volume= 31 | issue= 3| pages= 285–303}}</ref>
-
-====Two-child era (2015-)====
-[[File:Population 2017 test.png|thumb|240px|Map of population density by country, per square kilometer]]
-In November 2014, the Chinese government allowed its people to conceive a second child under the supervision of government regulation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-01/with-end-of-chinas-one-child-policy-there-hasnt-been-a-baby-boom | work=Bloomberg | title=Why China's Second-Baby Boom Might Not Happen | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306230412/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-01/with-end-of-chinas-one-child-policy-there-hasnt-been-a-baby-boom | archivedate=2016-03-06 }}</ref>
+The Chinese government introduced the policy in 1978 to alleviate the social and [[Environmental issues in the People's Republic of China|environmental problems of China]].<ref>Pascal Rocha da Silva, "La politique de l'enfant unique en République Populaire de Chine", 2006, [[Université de Genève]], pp. 22–28, cf. [http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf Sinoptic.ch] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128072311/http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf |date= 2007-11-28}}</ref> According to government officials, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births. The success of the policy has been questioned, and reduction in fertility has also been attributed to the modernization of China.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | work = BBC News | title = Has China's one-child policy worked? | date = September 20, 2007 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103208/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | archivedate = July 19, 2008 }}</ref> The policy is controversial both within and outside of China because of its manner of implementation and because of concerns about negative economic and social consequences e.g. [[female infanticide]]. In oriental cultures, the oldest male child has responsibility of caring for the parents in their old age. Therefore, it is common for oriental families to invest most heavily in the oldest male child, such as providing college, steering them into the most lucrative careers, and so on. To these families, having an oldest male child is paramount, so in a one-child policy, a daughter has no economic benefit, so daughters, especially as a first child, is often targeted for abortion or infanticide. China introduced several government reforms to increase retirement payments to coincide with the one-child policy. During that time, couples could request permission to have more than one child.<ref>{{cite news |first=Max |last=Fisher |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/16/chinas-rules-for-when-families-can-and-cant-have-more-than-one-child/ |title=China's rules for when families can and can't have more than one child |work=The Washington Post |date=November 16, 2013 |accessdate=May 8, 2016 |url-status=live
On October 29, 2015, the ruling Chinese Communist Party announced that all one-child policies would be scrapped, allowing all couples to have two children. The change was needed to allow a better balance of male and female children, and to grow the young population to ease the problem of paying for the aging population. [[Two-child policy]] begin from January 1, 2016 and one-child policy abolished follow the beginning of two-child policy.<ref>{{cite news |title= China to end one-child policy and allow two |work= BBC |date= 29 October 2015 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-34665539 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-27/chinas-one-child-policy-officially-scrapped/7055834|title=China officially ends one-child policy, signing into law bill allowing married couples to have two children|publisher=[[ABC Online]]| date=27 December 2015}}</ref>
@@ -186,22 +180,10 @@
In [[Israel]], [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] families with many children receive economic support through generous governmental child allowances, government assistance in housing young religious couples, as well as specific funds by their own community institutions.<ref>{{cite web|first=Dov|last=Friedlander|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedFriedlanderpaper.PDF|title=Fertility in Israel: Is the Transition to Replacement Level in Sight?|series=Completing the Fertility Transition|publisher=[[United Nations]], Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division|year=2002|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211125436/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedFriedlanderpaper.PDF|archivedate=2017-12-11}}</ref> Haredi women have an average of 6.7 children while the average Jewish Israeli woman has 3 children.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/essays/117247/israeli-women-do-it-numbers | title=Israeli women do it by the numbers | work=The Jewish Chronicle | date=April 7, 2014 | accessdate=20 May 2014 | first=Paul | last=Morland | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521085616/http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/essays/117247/israeli-women-do-it-numbers | archivedate=21 May 2014 }}</ref>
-===Japan===
-[[Japan]] has experienced a [[population decline|shrinking population]] for many years.<ref name='economist-japan'>{{cite journal|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/03/japans-demography|title=Japan's demography: the incredible shrinking country|journal=[[The Economist]]|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=25 March 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324183812/http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/03/japans-demography|archivedate=24 March 2017}}</ref> The government is trying to encourage women to have children or to have more children – many Japanese women do not have children, or even remain single. The population is culturally opposed to [[immigration]].
-Some [[Japan]]ese localities, facing significant population loss, are offering economic incentives. [[Yamatsuri]], a town of 7 000 just north of [[Tokyo]], offers parents $4 600 for the birth of a child and $460 a year for 10 years.
===Myanmar===
In [[Myanmar]], the Population planning Health Care Bill requires some parents to space each child three years apart.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3093899/Myanmar-president-signs-controversial-population-law.html#ixzz3b0s5f8s3|title= Myanmar president signs off on contested population law|via= [[Associated Press]]|work= Daily Mail|date= 24 May 2015|location= London|url-status= live|archiveurl= https://archive.is/20150608060222/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3093899/Myanmar-president-signs-controversial-population-law.html%23ixzz3b0s5f8s3#ixzz3b0s5f8s3|archivedate= 6 July 2015}}</ref> The measure is expected{{By whom |date=August 2017}} to be used against the persecuted Muslim [[Rohingyas]] minority.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rohingyas: Still in peril: Myanmar's repression of Rohingyas continues apace |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21653661-myanmars-repression-rohingyas-continues-apace-still-peril |accessdate=7 June 2015 |work=[[The Economist]] |date=6 June 2015 |location=Singapore |quote=This measure grants local authorities the power to mandate that mothers in areas deemed to have high rates of population growth have children no fewer than three years apart. Buddhist chauvinists in Myanmar have fomented fears of high birth rates among Muslims; this measure is likely to be used against Rohingyas. |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607020301/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21653661-myanmars-repression-rohingyas-continues-apace-still-peril |archivedate=7 June 2015 }}</ref>
-=== Russia ===
-[[Russians|Russian]] President [[Vladimir Putin]] directed Parliament in 2006 to adopt a 10-year program to stop the sharp decline in [[Russia]]'s population, principally by offering financial incentives and subsidies to encourage women to have children.<ref name='nytimes-russia'>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/world/europe/11russia.html| title=Putin Urges Plan to Reverse Slide in the Birth Rate| work=The New York Times| first=C.J| last=Chivers| date=May 11, 2006| url-status=live| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515125939/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/world/europe/11russia.html| archivedate=May 15, 2017}}</ref>
-
-=== Singapore ===
-{{main|Population planning in Singapore}}
-
-Singapore has undergone two major phases in its population planning: first to slow and reverse the [[Post-World War II baby boom|baby boom]] in the [[Post-World War II]] era; then from the 1980s onwards to encourage couples to have more children as the [[birth rate]] had fallen below the [[Sub-replacement fertility|replacement-level fertility]]. In addition, during the [[demographic transition|interim period]], [[eugenics]] policies were adopted.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf | title = Fertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist Population Policies in Singapore | first1 = Theresa | last1 = Wong | first2 = Brenda S.A | last2 = Yeoh | series = Asian MetaCentre Research Paper Series | date = June 2003 | issue = 12 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727182245/http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf | archivedate = 2011-07-27 | access-date = 2013-11-30 }}</ref>
-The [[anti-natalist]] policies flourished in the 1960s and 1970s: initiatives advocating small families were launched and developed into the ''Stop at Two'' programme, pushing for two-children families and promoting [[sterilisation (medicine)|sterilisation]]. In 1984, the government announced the ''Graduate Mothers' Scheme'', which favoured children of [[Population Planning in Singapore#The demographic transition and the Graduate Mothers Scheme|more well-educated mothers]];<ref>{{cite book| first =Pekka | last = Louhiala |title= Preventing intellectual disability: ethical and clinical issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bb8grOsEyEC&pg=PA62|year= 2004|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53371-3|page= 62}}</ref> the policy was however soon abandoned due to the outcry in the [[Singapore general election, 1984|general election of the same year]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Quah|first=Jon |title= Singapore in 1984: Leadership Transition in an Election Year |journal=Asian Survey|year=1985|jstor=2644306 |doi= 10.1525/as.1985.25.2.01p0247v |volume= 25|issue=2 |pages=220–231 }}</ref>
-Eventually, the government became [[pro-natalist]] in the late 1980s, marked by its ''Have Three or More'' plan in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore: Population Control Policies |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |work=Country Studies |year=1989 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411115633/http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |archivedate=11 April 2011 }}</ref> Singapore pays $3,000 for the first child, $9,000 in cash and savings for the second; and up to $18,000 each for the third and fourth.<ref name= 'nytimes-russia' />
===Spain===
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0 => 'The Chinese government introduced the policy in 1978 to alleviate the social and [[Environmental issues in the People's Republic of China|environmental problems of China]].<ref>Pascal Rocha da Silva, "La politique de l'enfant unique en République Populaire de Chine", 2006, [[Université de Genève]], pp. 22–28, cf. [http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf Sinoptic.ch] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128072311/http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf |date= 2007-11-28}}</ref> According to government officials, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births. The success of the policy has been questioned, and reduction in fertility has also been attributed to the modernization of China.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | work = BBC News | title = Has China's one-child policy worked? | date = September 20, 2007 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103208/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | archivedate = July 19, 2008 }}</ref> The policy is controversial both within and outside of China because of its manner of implementation and because of concerns about negative economic and social consequences e.g. [[female infanticide]]. In oriental cultures, the oldest male child has responsibility of caring for the parents in their old age. Therefore, it is common for oriental families to invest most heavily in the oldest male child, such as providing college, steering them into the most lucrative careers, and so on. To these families, having an oldest male child is paramount, so in a one-child policy, a daughter has no economic benefit, so daughters, especially as a first child, is often targeted for abortion or infanticide. China introduced several government reforms to increase retirement payments to coincide with the one-child policy. During that time, couples could request permission to have more than one child.<ref>{{cite news |first=Max |last=Fisher |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/16/chinas-rules-for-when-families-can-and-cant-have-more-than-one-child/ |title=China's rules for when families can and can't have more than one child |work=The Washington Post |date=November 16, 2013 |accessdate=May 8, 2016 |url-status=live '
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'The Chinese government introduced the policy in 1978 to alleviate the social and [[Environmental issues in the People's Republic of China|environmental problems of China]].<ref>Pascal Rocha da Silva, "La politique de l'enfant unique en République Populaire de Chine", 2006, [[Université de Genève]], pp. 22–28, cf. [http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf Sinoptic.ch] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128072311/http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf |date= 2007-11-28}}</ref> According to government officials, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births. The success of the policy has been questioned, and reduction in fertility has also been attributed to the modernization of China.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | work = BBC News | title = Has China's one-child policy worked? | date = September 20, 2007 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103208/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7000931.stm | archivedate = July 19, 2008 }}</ref> The policy is controversial both within and outside of China because of its manner of implementation and because of concerns about negative economic and social consequences e.g. [[female infanticide]]. In oriental cultures, the oldest male child has responsibility of caring for the parents in their old age. Therefore, it is common for oriental families to invest most heavily in the oldest male child, such as providing college, steering them into the most lucrative careers, and so on. To these families, having an oldest male child is paramount, so in a one-child policy, a daughter has no economic benefit, so daughters, especially as a first child, is often targeted for abortion or infanticide. China introduced several government reforms to increase retirement payments to coincide with the one-child policy. During that time, couples could request permission to have more than one child.<ref>{{cite news |first=Max |last=Fisher |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/16/chinas-rules-for-when-families-can-and-cant-have-more-than-one-child/ |title=China's rules for when families can and can't have more than one child |work=The Washington Post |date=November 16, 2013 |accessdate=May 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610152024/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/16/chinas-rules-for-when-families-can-and-cant-have-more-than-one-child/ |archivedate=June 10, 2016 }}</ref>',
1 => '',
2 => 'According to [[Tibetology|Tibetologist]] [[Melvyn Goldstein]], natalist feelings run high in China's [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], among both ordinary people and government officials. Seeing [[population control]] "as a matter of power and ethnic survival" rather than in terms of ecological [[sustainability]], Tibetans successfully argued for an exemption of [[Tibetan people]] from the usual [[family planning]] policies in China such as the [[one-child policy]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1525/as.1991.31.3.00p0043x | title = China's Birth Control Policy in the Tibet Autonomous Region| journal= [[Asian Survey]] | author1-link= Melvyn Goldstein |first= Melvyn |last= Goldstein |first2= Beall|last2= Cynthia|date=March 1991|volume= 31 | issue= 3| pages= 285–303}}</ref>',
3 => '',
4 => '====Two-child era (2015-)====',
5 => '[[File:Population 2017 test.png|thumb|240px|Map of population density by country, per square kilometer]]',
6 => 'In November 2014, the Chinese government allowed its people to conceive a second child under the supervision of government regulation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-01/with-end-of-chinas-one-child-policy-there-hasnt-been-a-baby-boom | work=Bloomberg | title=Why China's Second-Baby Boom Might Not Happen | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306230412/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-01/with-end-of-chinas-one-child-policy-there-hasnt-been-a-baby-boom | archivedate=2016-03-06 }}</ref>',
7 => '===Japan===',
8 => '[[Japan]] has experienced a [[population decline|shrinking population]] for many years.<ref name='economist-japan'>{{cite journal|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/03/japans-demography|title=Japan's demography: the incredible shrinking country|journal=[[The Economist]]|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=25 March 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324183812/http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/03/japans-demography|archivedate=24 March 2017}}</ref> The government is trying to encourage women to have children or to have more children – many Japanese women do not have children, or even remain single. The population is culturally opposed to [[immigration]].',
9 => 'Some [[Japan]]ese localities, facing significant population loss, are offering economic incentives. [[Yamatsuri]], a town of 7 000 just north of [[Tokyo]], offers parents $4 600 for the birth of a child and $460 a year for 10 years.',
10 => '=== Russia ===',
11 => '[[Russians|Russian]] President [[Vladimir Putin]] directed Parliament in 2006 to adopt a 10-year program to stop the sharp decline in [[Russia]]'s population, principally by offering financial incentives and subsidies to encourage women to have children.<ref name='nytimes-russia'>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/world/europe/11russia.html| title=Putin Urges Plan to Reverse Slide in the Birth Rate| work=The New York Times| first=C.J| last=Chivers| date=May 11, 2006| url-status=live| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515125939/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/world/europe/11russia.html| archivedate=May 15, 2017}}</ref>',
12 => '',
13 => '=== Singapore ===',
14 => '{{main|Population planning in Singapore}}',
15 => '',
16 => 'Singapore has undergone two major phases in its population planning: first to slow and reverse the [[Post-World War II baby boom|baby boom]] in the [[Post-World War II]] era; then from the 1980s onwards to encourage couples to have more children as the [[birth rate]] had fallen below the [[Sub-replacement fertility|replacement-level fertility]]. In addition, during the [[demographic transition|interim period]], [[eugenics]] policies were adopted.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf | title = Fertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist Population Policies in Singapore | first1 = Theresa | last1 = Wong | first2 = Brenda S.A | last2 = Yeoh | series = Asian MetaCentre Research Paper Series | date = June 2003 | issue = 12 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727182245/http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf | archivedate = 2011-07-27 | access-date = 2013-11-30 }}</ref>',
17 => 'The [[anti-natalist]] policies flourished in the 1960s and 1970s: initiatives advocating small families were launched and developed into the ''Stop at Two'' programme, pushing for two-children families and promoting [[sterilisation (medicine)|sterilisation]]. In 1984, the government announced the ''Graduate Mothers' Scheme'', which favoured children of [[Population Planning in Singapore#The demographic transition and the Graduate Mothers Scheme|more well-educated mothers]];<ref>{{cite book| first =Pekka | last = Louhiala |title= Preventing intellectual disability: ethical and clinical issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bb8grOsEyEC&pg=PA62|year= 2004|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53371-3|page= 62}}</ref> the policy was however soon abandoned due to the outcry in the [[Singapore general election, 1984|general election of the same year]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Quah|first=Jon |title= Singapore in 1984: Leadership Transition in an Election Year |journal=Asian Survey|year=1985|jstor=2644306 |doi= 10.1525/as.1985.25.2.01p0247v |volume= 25|issue=2 |pages=220–231 }}</ref>',
18 => 'Eventually, the government became [[pro-natalist]] in the late 1980s, marked by its ''Have Three or More'' plan in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore: Population Control Policies |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |work=Country Studies |year=1989 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411115633/http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |archivedate=11 April 2011 }}</ref> Singapore pays $3,000 for the first child, $9,000 in cash and savings for the second; and up to $18,000 each for the third and fourth.<ref name= 'nytimes-russia' />'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the practice among non-humans, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_control" title="Population control">Population control</a>.</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fertility_rate_world_map_2.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Fertility_rate_world_map_2.png/300px-Fertility_rate_world_map_2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Fertility_rate_world_map_2.png/450px-Fertility_rate_world_map_2.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Fertility_rate_world_map_2.png/600px-Fertility_rate_world_map_2.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="443" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fertility_rate_world_map_2.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Map of countries by fertility rate (2018), according to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></div></div></div>
<p><b>Human reproduction planning</b> is the practice of intentionally controlling the rate of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population growth">growth of a human population</a>. Historically, human population planning has been implemented with the goal of increasing the rate of human population growth. However, in the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about global population growth and its effects on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">environmental degradation</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_stability" class="mw-redirect" title="Political stability">political stability</a> led to efforts to reduce human population growth rates. More recently, some countries, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, have begun efforts to increase their birth rates once again.
While population planning can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, a few programs, most notably the Chinese government's "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">two-child policy</a>", have resorted to coercive measures.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Methods"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Methods</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Reducing_population_growth"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reducing population growth</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Increasing_population_growth"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Increasing population growth</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ancient_times_through_Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient times through Middle Ages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#16th_and_17th_centuries"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">16th and 17th centuries</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Population_planning_movement"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Population planning movement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Population_planning_and_economics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Population planning and economics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Views_on_population_planning"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Views on population planning</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Population_increase_reductions"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Population increase reductions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Support"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Support</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Opposition"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Opposition</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Natalism"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Natalism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Pro-natalist_policies"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Pro-natalist policies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Balanced_birth_policies"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Balanced birth policies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Modern_practice_by_country"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Modern practice by country</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#One-child_era_(1979–2015)"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">One-child era (1979–2015)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Hungary"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hungary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#India"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Iran"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Iran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Israel</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Myanmar"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">Myanmar</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Spain"><span class="tocnumber">8.8</span> <span class="toctext">Spain</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Turkey"><span class="tocnumber">8.9</span> <span class="toctext">Turkey</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">8.10</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Natalism_in_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">8.10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Natalism in the United States</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Uzbekistan"><span class="tocnumber">8.11</span> <span class="toctext">Uzbekistan</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Fiction"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fiction</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Four types of population planning goals pursued by governments can be identified:
</p>
<ol><li>Increasing the overall population growth rate</li>
<li>Reducing the overall population growth rate</li>
<li>Decreasing the relative population growth of a less favored subgroup of a national population or ethnic group, such as people of low intelligence or people with disabilities. This is known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>.</li>
<li>Instead of trying to control the rate of population growth <i>per se</i>, trying to arrange things so that all population groups of a certain type (e.g. all social classes within a society) have the same average rate of population growth.</li></ol>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Methods">Methods</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Human+population+planning%22">"Human population planning"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Human+population+planning%22+-wikipedia">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?&q=%22Human+population+planning%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Human+population+planning%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Human+population+planning%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Human+population+planning%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2013</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>While a specific population planning practice may be legal/mandated in one country, it may be illegal or restricted in another, indicative of the controversy surrounding this topic.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reducing_population_growth">Reducing population growth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reducing population growth">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Population planning that is intended to reduce a population or sub-population's growth rates may promote or enforce one or more of the following practices, although there are other methods:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> (Wars that are done on purpose or in aggression can cause casualties that lower the population. For instance in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> approximately 1 million people died.)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li>Higher <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> of parents who have too many children</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Abstinence</a><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births,_under-5,_world_map.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg/240px-2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="123" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg/360px-2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg/480px-2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births,_under-5,_world_map.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>World infant mortality rates in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></div></div></div></li>
<li>Reducing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> (Pornography has been shown to cause sexual dysfunction)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li>Changing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Status_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of women">status of women</a> causing departure from traditional sexual division of labour.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sterilisation_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterilisation (medicine)">Sterilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One_child_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One child policy">One-child</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Two_child_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Two child policy">Two-child</a> policies, and other policies restricting or discouraging births directly.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ryerson_2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryerson_2010-8">[8]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Migration from rural areas to urban areas</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> having more children is financially more beneficial (for farming families, ...) in rural areas than in urban areas</li>
<li>Create small family "role models"<sup id="cite_ref-Ryerson_2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryerson_2010-8">[8]</a></sup></li>
<li>Changes to immigration policies</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">Emigration</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</li></ul>
<p>The method(s) chosen can be strongly influenced by the religious and cultural beliefs of community members. The failure of other methods of population planning can lead to the use of abortion or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> as solutions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Increasing_population_growth">Increasing population growth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Increasing population growth">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Population policies that are intended to increase a population or subpopulation growth rates may use practices such as:
</p>
<ul><li>Higher <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> of married couples who have no, or too few, children</li>
<li>Politicians imploring the populace to have bigger families</li>
<li>Tax breaks and subsidies for families with children</li>
<li>Loosening of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> restrictions, and/or mass recruitment of foreign workers by the government</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_times_through_Middle_Ages">Ancient times through Middle Ages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient times through Middle Ages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A number of ancient writers have reflected on the issue of population. At about 300 BC, the Indian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Political philosopher">political philosopher</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> (c. 350-283 BC) considered population a source of political, economic, and military strength. Though a given region can house too many or too few people, he considered the latter possibility to be the greater evil. Chanakya favored the remarriage of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Widows" class="mw-redirect" title="Widows">widows</a> (which at the time was forbidden in India), opposed taxes encouraging emigration, and believed in restricting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> to the aged.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath_1994_7-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (427-347 BC) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384-322 BC) discussed the best population size for Greek <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> such as Sparta, and concluded that cities should be small enough for efficient administration and direct citizen participation in public affairs, but at the same time needed to be large enough to defend themselves against hostile neighbors. In order to maintain a desired population size, the philosophers advised that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Procreation" class="mw-redirect" title="Procreation">procreation</a>, and if necessary, immigration, should be encouraged if the population size was too small. Emigration to colonies would be encouraged should the population become too large.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath_1994_6-11">[11]</a></sup> Aristotle concluded that a large increase in population would bring, "certain poverty on the citizenry and poverty is the cause of sedition and evil." To halt rapid population increase, Aristotle advocated the use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and the exposure of newborns (that is, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> (551-478 BC) and other Chinese writers cautioned that, "excessive growth may reduce output per worker, repress levels of living for the masses and engender strife." Confucius also observed that, "mortality increases when food supply is insufficient; that premature marriage makes for high infantile mortality rates, that war checks population growth."<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath_1994_6-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, especially in the time of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (63 BC-AD 14), needed manpower to acquire and administer the vast <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. A series of laws were instituted to encourage early marriage and frequent childbirth. Lex Julia (18 BC) and the Lex Papia Poppaea (AD 9) are two well-known examples of such laws, which among others, provided tax breaks and preferential treatment when applying for public office for those that complied with the laws. Severe limitations were imposed on those who did not. For example, the surviving spouse of a childless couple could only inherit one-tenth of the deceased fortune, while the rest was taken by the state. These laws encountered resistance from the population which led to the disregard of their provisions and to their eventual abolition.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath_1994_7-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, an early Christian author (ca. AD 160-220), was one of the first to describe famine and war as factors that can prevent overpopulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_7_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath_1994_7-10">[10]</a></sup> He wrote: "The strongest witness is the vast population of the earth to which we are a burden and she scarcely can provide for our needs; as our demands grow greater, our complaints against Nature's inadequacy are heard by all. The scourges of pestilence, famine, wars, and earthquakes have come to be regarded as a blessing to overcrowded nations since they serve to prune away the luxuriant growth of the human race."<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath94-page8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath94-page8-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, a North African <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> (1332–1406), considered population changes to be connected to economic development, linking high birth rates and low death rates to times of economic upswing, and low birth rates and high death rates to economic downswing. Khaldoun concluded that high <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> rather than high absolute population numbers were desirable to achieve more efficient division of labour and cheap administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath94-page8_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath94-page8-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in Christian Europe, population issues were rarely discussed in isolation. Attitudes were generally pro-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalist">natalist</a> in line with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a> command, "Be ye fruitful and multiply."<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath94-page8_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath94-page8-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="16th_and_17th_centuries">16th and 17th centuries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 16th and 17th centuries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>European cities grew more rapidly than before, and throughout the 16th century and early 17th century discussions on the advantages and disadvantages of population growth were frequent.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_10_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath_1994_10-14">[14]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, an Italian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Political philosopher">political philosopher</a>, wrote, "When every province of the world so teems with inhabitants that they can neither subsist where they are nor remove themselves elsewhere... the world will purge itself in one or another of these three ways," listing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">floods</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">plague</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath_1994_9-15">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> concluded, "God makes children. He is also going to feed them."<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath_1994_9-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a>, a French <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosopher</a> (1530–1596), argued that larger populations meant more production and more exports, increasing the wealth of a country.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath_1994_9-15">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Giovanni Botero</a>, an Italian priest and diplomat (1540–1617), emphasized that, "the greatness of a city rests on the multitude of its inhabitants and their power," but pointed out that a population cannot increase beyond its food supply. If this limit was approached, late marriage, emigration, and the war would serve to restore the balance.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath_1994_9-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a>, an English writer (1527–1616), observed that, "Through our longe peace and seldom sickness... we are grown more populous than ever heretofore;... many thousands of idle persons are within this realme, which, having no way to be sett on work, be either mutinous and seek alteration in the state, or at least very burdensome to the commonwealth." Hakluyt believed that this led to crime and full jails and in <i>A Discourse on Western Planting</i> (1584), Hakluyt advocated for the emigration of the surplus population.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_10_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath_1994_10-14">[14]</a></sup> With the onset of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–48), characterized by widespread devastation and deaths brought on by hunger and disease in Europe, concerns about depopulation returned.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Population_planning_movement">Population planning movement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Population planning movement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In the 20th century, population planning proponents have drawn from the insights of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, a British clergyman and economist who published <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" title="An Essay on the Principle of Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a></i> in 1798. Malthus argued that, "Population, when unchecked, increases in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geometric_progression" title="Geometric progression">geometrical</a> ratio. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">Subsistence</a> only increases in an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arithmetic_progression" title="Arithmetic progression">arithmetical</a> ratio." He also outlined the idea of "positive checks" and "preventative checks." "Positive checks", such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disasters</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a> are factors which Malthus believed could increase the death rate.<sup id="cite_ref-geography.about.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geography.about.com-17">[17]</a></sup>
"Preventative checks" were factors which Malthus believed could affect the birth rate such as moral restraint, abstinence and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geography.about.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geography.about.com-17">[17]</a></sup> He predicted that "positive checks" on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponential population growth</a> would ultimately save humanity from itself and he also believed that human misery was an "absolute necessary consequence."<sup id="cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_2–3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knudsen_2006_2–3-18">[18]</a></sup> Malthus went on to explain why he believed that this misery affected the poor in a disproportionate manner.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:World_population_growth_rate_1950%E2%80%932050.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/World_population_growth_rate_1950%E2%80%932050.svg/300px-World_population_growth_rate_1950%E2%80%932050.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/World_population_growth_rate_1950%E2%80%932050.svg/450px-World_population_growth_rate_1950%E2%80%932050.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/World_population_growth_rate_1950%E2%80%932050.svg/600px-World_population_growth_rate_1950%E2%80%932050.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="900" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:World_population_growth_rate_1950%E2%80%932050.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_growth#Human_population_growth_rate" title="Population growth">World population growth rate 1950–2050</a></div></div></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047036">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is a constant effort towards an increase in population which tends to subject the lower classes of society to distress and to prevent any great permanent amelioration of their condition…. The way in which these effects are produced seems to be this. We will suppose the means of subsistence in any country just equal to the easy support of its inhabitants. The constant effort towards population... increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are increased. The food, therefore which before supplied seven million must now be divided among seven million and a half or eight million. The poor consequently must live much worse, and many of them are reduced to severe distress.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p></blockquote>
<p>Finally, Malthus advocated for the education of the lower class about the use of "moral restraint" or voluntary abstinence, which he believed would slow the growth rate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a>, a US biologist and environmentalist, published <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a></i> in 1968, advocating stringent population planning policies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> His central argument on population is as follows:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A cancer is an uncontrolled multiplication of cells; the population explosion is an uncontrolled multiplication of people. Treating only the symptoms of cancer may make the victim more comfortable at first, but eventually, he dies - often horribly. A similar fate awaits a world with a population explosion if only the symptoms are treated. We must shift our efforts from the treatment of the symptoms to the cutting out of cancer. The operation will demand many apparently brutal and heartless decisions. The pain may be intense. But the disease is so far advanced that only with radical surgery does the patient have a chance to survive.
</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><sup id="cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knudsen_2006_3-22">[22]</a></sup></cite></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:World_population_history.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/World_population_history.svg/280px-World_population_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="168" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/World_population_history.svg/420px-World_population_history.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/World_population_history.svg/560px-World_population_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:World_population_history.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>World population 1950–2010</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Human_population_growth_from_1800_to_2000.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Human_population_growth_from_1800_to_2000.png/220px-Human_population_growth_from_1800_to_2000.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Human_population_growth_from_1800_to_2000.png/330px-Human_population_growth_from_1800_to_2000.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Human_population_growth_from_1800_to_2000.png/440px-Human_population_growth_from_1800_to_2000.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1118" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Human_population_growth_from_1800_to_2000.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>World population 1800-2000</div></div></div>
<p>In his concluding chapter, Ehrlich offered a partial solution to the "population problem,"
"[We need] compulsory birth regulation... [through] the addition of temporary sterilants to water supplies or staple food. Doses of the antidote would be carefully rationed by the government to produce the desired family size".<sup id="cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knudsen_2006_3-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Ehrlich's views came to be accepted by many population planning advocates in the United States and Europe in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Since Ehrlich introduced his idea of the "population bomb," overpopulation has been blamed for a variety of issues, including increasing poverty, high unemployment rates, environmental degradation, famine and genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_2–3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knudsen_2006_2–3-18">[18]</a></sup> In a 2004 interview, Ehrlich reviewed the predictions in his book and found that while the specific dates within his predictions may have been wrong, his predictions about climate change and disease were valid. Ehrlich continued to advocate for population planning and co-authored the book <i>The Population Explosion</i>, released in 1990 with his wife Anne Ehrlich.
</p><p>However, it is controversial as to whether human population stabilization will avert environmental risks.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>Paige Whaley Eager argues that the shift in perception that occurred in the 1960s must be understood in the context of the demographic changes that took place at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-WhaleyEager_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhaleyEager-27">[27]</a></sup> It was only in the first decade of the 19th century that the world's population reached one billion. The second billion was added in the 1930s, and the next billion in the 1960s. 90 percent of this net increase occurred in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-WhaleyEager_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhaleyEager-27">[27]</a></sup> Eager also argues that, at the time, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> recognised that these demographic changes could significantly affect global geopolitics. Large increases occurred in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and demographers warned of a "population explosion," particularly in developing countries from the mid-1950s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 1980s, tension grew between population planning advocates and women's health activists who advanced women's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> as part of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>-based approach.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Growing opposition to the narrow population planning focus led to a significant change in population planning policies in the early 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (January 2013)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Population_planning_and_economics">Population planning and economics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Population planning and economics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Opinions vary among economists about the effects of population change on a nation's economic health. US scientific research in 2009 concluded that the raising of a child cost about $16,000 yearly ($291,570 total for raising the child to its 18th birthday).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> In the US, the multiplication of this number with the yearly population growth will yield the overall cost of the population growth. Costs for other developed countries are usually of a similar order of magnitude.
</p><p>Some economists, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Walter E. Williams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> have argued that poverty and famine are caused by bad government and bad economic policies, not by overpopulation.
</p><p>In his book <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ultimate_Resource" title="The Ultimate Resource">The Ultimate Resource</a></i>, economist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Julian Simon</a> argued that higher population density leads to more specialization and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technological_innovation" title="Technological innovation">technological innovation</a>, which in turn leads to a higher standard of living. He claimed that human beings are the ultimate resource since we possess "productive and inventive minds that help find creative solutions to man’s problems, thus leaving us better off over the long run".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> He also claimed that, "Our species is better off in just about every measurable material way."<sup id="cite_ref-wired.com_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired.com-35">[35]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:PCR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PCR"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may lack sufficient context (July 2011)">context?</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Simon also claimed that when considering a list of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">countries ranked in order by population density</a>, there is no correlation between population density and poverty and starvation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Instead, if a list of countries is considered according to corruption within their respective governments, there is a significant correlation between government corruption, poverty and famine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Views_on_population_planning">Views on population planning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Views on population planning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="Unbalanced scales.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talk:Human_population_planning##" title="Talk:Human population planning">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Population_increase_reductions">Population increase reductions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Population increase reductions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Support">Support</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Support">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>As early as 1798, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> argued in his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" class="mw-redirect" title="Essay on the Principle of Population">Essay on the Principle of Population</a> for implementation of population planning. Around the year 1900, Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> said in his publication <i>Hereditary Improvement</i>: "The unfit could become enemies to the State if they continue to propagate." In 1968, Paul Ehrlich noted in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a></i>, "We must cut the cancer of population growth", and "if this was not done, there would be only one other solution, namely the 'death rate solution' in which we raise the death rate through war-famine-pestilence, etc.”
</p><p>In the same year, another prominent modern advocate for mandatory population planning was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a>, who proposed in his landmark 1968 essay <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></i>, society must relinquish the "freedom to breed" through "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon." Later on, in 1972, he reaffirmed his support in his new essay "<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Exploring_New_Ethics_for_Survival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exploring New Ethics for Survival (page does not exist)">Exploring New Ethics for Survival</a>", by stating, " We are breeding ourselves into oblivion." Many prominent personalities, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> (1939), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Frederick Osborn</a> (1952), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Arne Næss</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> have also advocated for population planning.
Today, a number of influential people advocate population planning such as these:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonathon_Porritt" title="Jonathon Porritt">Jonathon Porritt</a>, UK sustainable development commissioner<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sara_Parkin" title="Sara Parkin">Sara Parkin</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crispin_Tickell" title="Crispin Tickell">Crispin Tickell</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a>, Nobel laureate<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>The head of the UN Millennium Project <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> is also a strong proponent of decreasing the effects of overpopulation. In 2007, Jeffrey Sachs gave a number of lectures (2007 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reith_Lectures" title="Reith Lectures">Reith Lectures</a>) about population planning and overpopulation. In his lectures, called "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bursting_at_the_seams_(Reith_lectures)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursting at the seams (Reith lectures)">Bursting at the Seams</a>", he featured an integrated approach that would deal with a number of problems associated with overpopulation and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">poverty reduction</a>. For example, when criticized for advocating mosquito nets he argued that child survival was, "by far one of the most powerful ways," to achieve fertility reduction, as this would assure poor families that the smaller number of children they had would survive.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Opposition">Opposition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The Roman Catholic Church <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">has opposed abortion, sterilization, and artificial contraception</a> as a general practice but especially in regard to population planning policies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> has stated, "The extermination of millions of unborn children, in the name of the fight against poverty, actually constitutes the destruction of the poorest of all human beings."<sup id="cite_ref-Vatican.va_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatican.va-45">[45]</a></sup> The reformed Theology pastor Dr. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Tong" title="Stephen Tong">Stephen Tong</a> also opposes the planning of human population.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Natalism">Natalism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Natalism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a> has criticised some white <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a> families for having large families motivated by demographic change and worries about "race suicide".<sup id="cite_ref-nation_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nation-47">[47]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pro-natalist_policies">Pro-natalist policies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pro-natalist policies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></div>
<p>In 1946, Poland introduced a <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bykowe" class="extiw" title="pl:Bykowe">tax on childlessness</a>, discontinued in the 1970s, as part of natalist policies in the Communist government. From 1941 to the 1990s, the Soviet Union had a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tax_on_childlessness" title="Tax on childlessness">similar tax</a> to replenish the population losses incurred during the Second World War.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a> under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> severely <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">repressed abortion</a>, (the most common <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> method at the time) in 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-Scarlat_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scarlat-48">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> and forced gynecological revisions and penalties for unmarried women and childless couples.
The surge of the birth rate taxed the public services received by the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decree_770" title="Decree 770">decreţei 770</a></i> ("Scions of the Decree 770") generation. A consequence of Ceaușescu's natalist policy is that large numbers of children ended up living in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orphanages" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphanages">orphanages</a>, because their parents could not cope. The vast majority of children who lived in the communist orphanages were not actually orphans, but were simply children whose parents could not afford to raise them.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a> of 1989 preceded a fall in population growth.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Balanced_birth_policies">Balanced birth policies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Balanced birth policies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Nativity in the Western world dropped during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>. Swedish sociologists <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> published <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crisis_in_the_Population_Question" title="Crisis in the Population Question">Crisis in the Population Question</a> in 1934, suggesting an extensive <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> with universal healthcare and childcare, to increase overall Swedish birth rates, and level the number of children at a reproductive level for all social classes in Sweden. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden" title="Demographics of Sweden">Swedish fertility</a> rose throughout World War II (as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden was largely unharmed by the war</a>) and peaked in 1946.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_practice_by_country">Modern practice by country</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern practice by country">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> currently offers fortnightly Family Tax Benefit payments plus a free immunization scheme, and recently proposed to pay all child care costs for women who want to work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="China">China</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: China">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span id="One-child_era_.281979.E2.80.932015.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="One-child_era_(1979–2015)">One-child era (1979–2015)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: One-child era (1979–2015)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></div>
<p>The most significant population planning system in the world was China's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a>, in which, with various exceptions, having more than one child was discouraged. Unauthorized births were punished by fines, although there were also allegations of illegal forced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortions</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">forced sterilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dewey_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewey-51">[51]</a></sup> As part of China's planned birth policy, (work) unit supervisors monitored the fertility of married women and may decide whose turn it is to have a baby.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Chinese government introduced the policy in 1978 to alleviate the social and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in the People's Republic of China">environmental problems of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> According to government officials, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births. The success of the policy has been questioned, and reduction in fertility has also been attributed to the modernization of China.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> The policy is controversial both within and outside of China because of its manner of implementation and because of concerns about negative economic and social consequences e.g. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Female_infanticide" title="Female infanticide">female infanticide</a>. In oriental cultures, the oldest male child has responsibility of caring for the parents in their old age. Therefore, it is common for oriental families to invest most heavily in the oldest male child, such as providing college, steering them into the most lucrative careers, and so on. To these families, having an oldest male child is paramount, so in a one-child policy, a daughter has no economic benefit, so daughters, especially as a first child, is often targeted for abortion or infanticide. China introduced several government reforms to increase retirement payments to coincide with the one-child policy. During that time, couples could request permission to have more than one child.<span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: A <code><ref></code> tag is missing the closing <code></ref></code> (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_included_ref" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error included ref">help page</a>).
</span><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hungary">Hungary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Second Orbán Government made saving the nation from the demographic abyss a key aspect and therefore has introduced generous breaks for large families and greatly increased social benefits for all families. Those with three or more children pay virtually no taxes. In just a couple years, Hungary went from being one of the countries that spend the least on families in the OECD to being one of those that do so the most.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> In 2015, it was almost 4% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="India">India</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: India">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning in India</a></div>
<p>Only those with two or fewer children are eligible for election to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gram_panchayat" title="Gram panchayat">gram panchayat</a>, or local government.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Us two, our two</i> ("Hum do, hamare do" in Hindi) is a slogan meaning <i>one family, two children</i> and is intended to reinforce the message of family planning thereby aiding population planning.
</p><p>Facilities offered by government to its employees are limited to two children. The government offers incentives for families accepted for sterilization. Moreover, India was the first country to take measures for family planning back in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
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<table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;">
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<td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“
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<td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">In the south west of India lies the long narrow coastal state of Kerala. Most of its thirty-two million inhabitants live off the land and the ocean, a rich tropical ecosystem watered by two monsoons a year. It's also one of India's most crowded states – but the population is stable because nearly everybody has small families… At the root of it all is education. Thanks to a long tradition of compulsory schooling for boys and girls Kerala has one of the highest literacy rates in the World. Where women are well educated they tend to choose to have smaller families… What Kerala shows is that you don't need aggressive policies or government incentives for birthrates to fall. Everywhere in the world where women have access to education and have the freedom to run their own lives, on the whole they and their partners have been choosing to have smaller families than their parents. But reducing birthrates is very difficult to achieve without a simple piece of medical technology, contraception.
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<td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">”
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<td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon (BBC TV series)">BBC <i>Horizon</i></a> (2009), <i>How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth</i></cite>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Iran">Iran</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_planning_in_Iran" title="Family planning in Iran">Family planning in Iran</a></div>
<table class="box-Contradict plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="Exclamation mark with arrows pointing at each other" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/38px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Accuracy dispute" width="38" height="38" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/57px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/76px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>appears to contradict itself</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talk:Human_population_planning" title="Talk:Human population planning">talk page</a> for more information.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="Ambox current red.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> encouraged married couples to produce as many children as possible to replace population lost to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>Iran succeeded in sharply reducing its birth rate from the late 1980s to 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mandatory contraceptive courses are required for both males and females before a marriage license can be obtained, and the government emphasized the benefits of smaller families and the use of contraception.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> This changed in 2012, when a major policy shift back towards increasing birth rates and against population planning was announced. In 2014, permanent contraception and advertising of birth control were to be outlawed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Israel">Israel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> families with many children receive economic support through generous governmental child allowances, government assistance in housing young religious couples, as well as specific funds by their own community institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> Haredi women have an average of 6.7 children while the average Jewish Israeli woman has 3 children.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Myanmar">Myanmar</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Myanmar">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, the Population planning Health Care Bill requires some parents to space each child three years apart.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> The measure is expected<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2017)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be used against the persecuted Muslim <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rohingyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingyas">Rohingyas</a> minority.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Spain">Spain</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 2017, the government of Spain appointed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edelmira_Barreira" title="Edelmira Barreira">Edelmira Barreira</a>, as "minister for sex", in a pro-natalist attempt to reverse a <i>negative</i> population growth rate.<sup id="cite_ref-spain-independent_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spain-independent-68">[68]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Turkey">Turkey</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In May 2012, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan argued that abortion is murder and announced that legislative preparations to severely limit the practice are underway. Erdogan also argued that abortion and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">C-section deliveries</a> are plots to stall Turkey's economic growth. Prior to this move, Erdogan had repeatedly demanded that each couple have at least three children.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Enacted in 1970, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Title_X" title="Title X">Title X</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_Health_Service_Act" title="Public Health Service Act">Public Health Service Act</a> provides access to contraceptive services, supplies and information to those in need. Priority for services is given to people with low incomes. The Title X Family Planning program is administered through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_Population_Affairs" title="Office of Population Affairs">Office of Population Affairs</a> under the Office of Public Health and Science.
It is directed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_Population_Affairs#Office_of_Family_Planning" title="Office of Population Affairs">Office of Family Planning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-70">[70]</a></sup> In 2007, Congress appropriated roughly $283 million for family planning under Title X, at least 90 percent of which was used for services in family planning clinics.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-70">[70]</a></sup> Title X is a vital source of funding for family planning clinics throughout the nation,<sup id="cite_ref-pp_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-71">[71]</a></sup> which provide reproductive health care, including abortion.
</p><p>The education and services supplied by the Title X-funded clinics support young individuals and low-income families. The goals of developing healthy families are accomplished by helping individuals and couples decide whether to have children and when the appropriate time to do so would be.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>Title X has made the prevention of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unintended_pregnancies" class="mw-redirect" title="Unintended pregnancies">unintended pregnancies</a> possible.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-71">[71]</a></sup> It has allowed millions of American women to receive necessary reproductive health care, plan their pregnancies and prevent abortions. Title X is dedicated exclusively to funding family planning and reproductive health care services.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-70">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>Title X as a percentage of total public funding to family planning client services has steadily declined from 44% of total expenditures in 1980 to 12% in 2006. Medicaid has increased from 20% to 71% in the same time. In 2006, Medicaid contributed $1.3 billion to public family planning.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Natalism_in_the_United_States">Natalism in the United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Natalism in the United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In a 2004 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Editorial" title="Editorial">editorial</a> in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Brooks_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Brooks (journalist)">David Brooks</a> expressed the opinion that the relatively high birthrate of the United States in comparison to Europe could be attributed to social groups with "natalist" attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> The article is referred to in an analysis of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> However, the figures identified for the demographic are extremely low.
</p><p>Former US Senator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> made natalism part of his platform for his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rick_Santorum_presidential_campaign,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Santorum presidential campaign, 2012">2012 presidential campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-santorum_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santorum-75">[75]</a></sup> This is not an isolated case. Many of those categorized in the General Social Survey as "Fundamentalist Protestant" are more or less natalist, and have a higher birth rate than "Moderate" and "Liberal" Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> However, Rick Santorum is not a Protestant but a practicing Catholic.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Uzbekistan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization#Uzbekistan" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization in Uzbekistan</a></div>
<p>It is reported that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> has been pursuing a policy of forced sterilizations, hysterectomies and IUD insertions since the late 1990s in order to impose population planning.<sup id="cite_ref-iwpr-2005-11-18_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwpr-2005-11-18-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-news-2012-04-12_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-news-2012-04-12-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-cc-2012-04-12_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-cc-2012-04-12-79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moscow-2010-03-10_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moscow-2010-03-10-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">List of population concern organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malthus%27_Dismal_Theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthus' Dismal Theorem">Malthus' Dismal Theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overconsumption" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_Matters#Pledge_two_or_fewer" title="Population Matters">Pledge two or fewer</a> (campaign for small families)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fiction">Fiction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Fiction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Logan%27s_Run" title="Logan's Run">Logan's Run</a> -</i> State-mandated euthanasia at 21 for all people (30 in the film) to conserve resources</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Make_Room!_Make_Room!" title="Make Room! Make Room!">Make Room! Make Room!</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avengers:_Infinity_War" title="Avengers: Infinity War">Avengers: Infinity War</a> -</i> Antagonist and villain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thanos" title="Thanos">Thanos</a> kills half of all living things throughout universe in order to maintain ecological balance</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shadow_Children" title="Shadow Children">Shadow Children</a> series - Families are allowed two children maximum, and "shadow children" (third children and beyond) are subject to be killed</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, Luke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-deaths-survey/iraq-conflict-has-killed-a-million-iraqis-survey-idUSL3048857920080130">"Iraq conflict has killed a million Iraqis: survey"</a>, <i>Reuters</i>, January 30, 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf">Infant Mortality Rates in 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153724/http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf">Archived</a> July 14, 2014, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lifeblood: How to Change the World One Dead Mosquito at a Time, Alex Perry p9</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian, Park; Gary, Wilson; Berger, Jonathan; Christman, Mathew; Reina, Brynn; Bishop, Frank; Klam, Warren P.; Doan, Andrew P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5039517/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5039517/</a> "Is Internet Pornography Causing Sexual Dysfunctions? A Review with Clinical Reports", "Behavioral Sciences", September 2016</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Dennis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.webmd.com/sex/news/20170512/study-sees-link-between-porn-and-sexual-dysfunction#1">https://www.webmd.com/sex/news/20170512/study-sees-link-between-porn-and-sexual-dysfunction#1</a> "Study Sees Link Between Porn and Sexual Dysfunction" "WebMD" May 12, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Villines, Zawn | <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317117.php">https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317117.php</a> | How can porn induce erectile dysfunction? | Medical News Today | July 30, 2018 |</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">| How Many People Are On Porn Sites Right Now? (Hint: It’s A Lot.) | <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://fightthenewdrug.org/by-the-numbers-see-how-many-people-are-watching-porn-today/">https://fightthenewdrug.org/by-the-numbers-see-how-many-people-are-watching-porn-today/</a> | Fight the New Drug | September 3, 2019 |</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ryerson_2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryerson_2010_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryerson_2010_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ryerson, William N. (2010). "Ch.12: Population: The Multiplier of Everything Else". <i>The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century's Sustainability Crises</i>. Healdsburg, Calif.: Watershed Media. pp. 153–174. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0970950062" title="Special:BookSources/978-0970950062"><bdi>978-0970950062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.12%3A+Population%3A+The+Multiplier+of+Everything+Else&rft.btitle=The+Post+Carbon+Reader%3A+Managing+the+21st+Century%27s+Sustainability+Crises&rft.place=Healdsburg%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=153-174&rft.pub=Watershed+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0970950062&rft.aulast=Ryerson&rft.aufirst=William+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r935243608">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prb.org/urbanization-an-environmental-force-to-be-reckoned-with/">Urbanization: An Environmental Force to Be Reckoned With</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Neurath_1994_7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_1994_7_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_1994_7_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_1994_7_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Neurath, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22"><i>From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 7. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563244070" title="Special:BookSources/9781563244070"><bdi>9781563244070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Malthus+to+the+Club+of+Rome+and+Back&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781563244070&rft.aulast=Neurath&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZHx3GO_xLMC%26dq%3D%2522population%2Bcontrol%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Neurath_1994_6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_1994_6_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_1994_6_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Neurath, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22"><i>From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 6. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563244070" title="Special:BookSources/9781563244070"><bdi>9781563244070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Malthus+to+the+Club+of+Rome+and+Back&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781563244070&rft.aulast=Neurath&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZHx3GO_xLMC%26dq%3D%2522population%2Bcontrol%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Neurath, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22"><i>From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 6–7. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563244070" title="Special:BookSources/9781563244070"><bdi>9781563244070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Malthus+to+the+Club+of+Rome+and+Back&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781563244070&rft.aulast=Neurath&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZHx3GO_xLMC%26dq%3D%2522population%2Bcontrol%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Neurath94-page8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath94-page8_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath94-page8_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath94-page8_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Neurath, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22"><i>From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 8. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563244070" title="Special:BookSources/9781563244070"><bdi>9781563244070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Malthus+to+the+Club+of+Rome+and+Back&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781563244070&rft.aulast=Neurath&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZHx3GO_xLMC%26dq%3D%2522population%2Bcontrol%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Neurath_1994_10-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_1994_10_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_1994_10_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Neurath, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22"><i>From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 10. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563244070" title="Special:BookSources/9781563244070"><bdi>9781563244070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Malthus+to+the+Club+of+Rome+and+Back&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781563244070&rft.aulast=Neurath&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZHx3GO_xLMC%26dq%3D%2522population%2Bcontrol%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Neurath_1994_9-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Neurath, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22"><i>From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 9. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563244070" title="Special:BookSources/9781563244070"><bdi>9781563244070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Malthus+to+the+Club+of+Rome+and+Back&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781563244070&rft.aulast=Neurath&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZHx3GO_xLMC%26dq%3D%2522population%2Bcontrol%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Neurath, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZHx3GO_xLMC&dq=%22population+control%22"><i>From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 10–11. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563244070" title="Special:BookSources/9781563244070"><bdi>9781563244070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Malthus+to+the+Club+of+Rome+and+Back&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781563244070&rft.aulast=Neurath&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZHx3GO_xLMC%26dq%3D%2522population%2Bcontrol%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-geography.about.com-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geography.about.com_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geography.about.com_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenberg, M. (2007, September 09)3-2. Thomas Malthus on Population. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from About.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/malthus.htm">"Geography Web site"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624052900/http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/malthus.htm">Archived</a> 2009-06-24 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Knudsen_2006_2–3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_2–3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_2–3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Knudsen, Lara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights"><i>Reproductive Rights in a Global Context</i></a>. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 2–3. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826515285" title="Special:BookSources/9780826515285"><bdi>9780826515285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Rights+in+a+Global+Context&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780826515285&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Db3thCcdyScsC%26dq%3Dreproductive%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bleier, R. The Home Page of the International Society of Malthus. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from The International Society of Malthus Web site: <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desip.igc.org/malthus/principles.html">"Malthus Society Rationale and Core Principles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618035115/http://desip.igc.org/malthus/principles.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malthus+Society+Rationale+and+Core+Principles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdesip.igc.org%2Fmalthus%2Fprinciples.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/malthus.htm">Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766-1834</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090801082256/http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/malthus.htm">Archived</a> 2009-08-01 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from The History of Economic Thought Website</span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Knudsen, Lara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights"><i>Reproductive Rights in a Global Context</i></a>. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 3. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826515285" title="Special:BookSources/9780826515285"><bdi>9780826515285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Rights+in+a+Global+Context&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780826515285&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Db3thCcdyScsC%26dq%3Dreproductive%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Knudsen_2006_3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Knudsen, Lara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights"><i>Reproductive Rights in a Global Context</i></a>. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 3. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826515285" title="Special:BookSources/9780826515285"><bdi>9780826515285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Rights+in+a+Global+Context&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780826515285&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Db3thCcdyScsC%26dq%3Dreproductive%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Knudsen, Lara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights"><i>Reproductive Rights in a Global Context</i></a>. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826515285" title="Special:BookSources/9780826515285"><bdi>9780826515285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Rights+in+a+Global+Context&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780826515285&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Db3thCcdyScsC%26dq%3Dreproductive%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4246304">"Human population reduction is not a quick fix for environmental problems"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <b>111</b> (46): 16610–16615. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1410465111">10.1073/pnas.1410465111</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4246304">4246304</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25349398">25349398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Human+population+reduction+is+not+a+quick+fix+for+environmental+problems&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=16610-16615&rft.date=2014&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4246304&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25349398&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1410465111&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Corey+J.+A.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4246304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Spears, Dean (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426416">"Smaller human population in 2100 could importantly reduce the risk of climate catastrophe"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <b>112</b> (18): E2270. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1501763112">10.1073/pnas.1501763112</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426416">4426416</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25848063">25848063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Smaller+human+population+in+2100+could+importantly+reduce+the+risk+of+climate+catastrophe&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=E2270&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4426416&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25848063&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1501763112&rft.aulast=Spears&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4426416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">McGrath, Matt (October 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29788754">"Population controls 'will not solve environment issues<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504092235/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29788754">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Population+controls+%27will+not+solve+environment+issues%27&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-29788754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WhaleyEager-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhaleyEager_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhaleyEager_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whaley Eager, Paige (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=G2WBj4BDLqYC&dq=reproductive+rights"><i>Global Population Policy</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 36. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754641629" title="Special:BookSources/9780754641629"><bdi>9780754641629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Population+Policy&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780754641629&rft.aulast=Whaley+Eager&rft.aufirst=Paige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DG2WBj4BDLqYC%26dq%3Dreproductive%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whaley Eager, Paige (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=G2WBj4BDLqYC&dq=reproductive+rights"><i>Global Population Policy</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 37. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754641629" title="Special:BookSources/9780754641629"><bdi>9780754641629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Population+Policy&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780754641629&rft.aulast=Whaley+Eager&rft.aufirst=Paige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DG2WBj4BDLqYC%26dq%3Dreproductive%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Knudsen, Lara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights"><i>Reproductive Rights in a Global Context</i></a>. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 2. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826515285" title="Special:BookSources/9780826515285"><bdi>9780826515285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Rights+in+a+Global+Context&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780826515285&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Db3thCcdyScsC%26dq%3Dreproductive%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-wired.com-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wired.com_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regis, E. (1997, February). The Doomslayer. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.02/ffsimon.html?pg=1&topic=">Wired.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103204754/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.02/ffsimon.html?pg=1&topic=">Archived</a> 2012-11-03 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> site</span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Buch, Nirmala (2005). "Law of Two-Child Norm in Panchayats: Implications, Consequences and Experiences". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>40</b> (24): 2421–2429. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/4416748">4416748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Law+of+Two-Child+Norm+in+Panchayats%3A+Implications%2C+Consequences+and+Experiences&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=2421-2429&rft.date=2005&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4416748&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Buch&rft.aufirst=Nirmala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21653661-myanmars-repression-rohingyas-continues-apace-still-peril">"Rohingyas: Still in peril: Myanmar's repression of Rohingyas continues apace"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. Singapore. 6 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607020301/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21653661-myanmars-repression-rohingyas-continues-apace-still-peril">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>This measure grants local authorities the power to mandate that mothers in areas deemed to have high rates of population growth have children no fewer than three years apart. Buddhist chauvinists in Myanmar have fomented fears of high birth rates among Muslims; this measure is likely to be used against Rohingyas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Rohingyas%3A+Still+in+peril%3A+Myanmar%27s+repression+of+Rohingyas+continues+apace&rft.date=2015-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2F21653661-myanmars-repression-rohingyas-continues-apace-still-peril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-spain-independent-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spain-independent_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-sex-tsar-population-crisis-baby-parents-demographic-government-a7599091.html">"Spain appoints 'sex tsar' in bid to boost declining population"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 25 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052733/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-sex-tsar-population-crisis-baby-parents-demographic-government-a7599091.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Spain+appoints+%27sex+tsar%27+in+bid+to+boost+declining+population&rft.date=2017-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fspain-sex-tsar-population-crisis-baby-parents-demographic-government-a7599091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-santorum-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-santorum_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kim, Seung Min (15 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-live/2012/01/santorum-more-babies-please-110897.html">"Santorum: More babies, please!"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118215636/http://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-live/2012/01/santorum-more-babies-please-110897.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Santorum%3A+More+babies%2C+please%21&rft.date=2012-01-15&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Seung+Min&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Fpolitico-live%2F2012%2F01%2Fsantorum-more-babies-please-110897.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McKeown, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.15countries40-6385.2010.00517.x/abstract">"Modern Protestant Natalism"</a>. <i>Dialog</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 133–40. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6385.2010.00517.x">10.1111/j.1540-6385.2010.00517.x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//hdl.handle.net/10034%2F254540">10034/254540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialog&rft.atitle=Modern+Protestant+Natalism&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10034%2F254540&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6385.2010.00517.x&rft.aulast=McKeown&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.15countries40-6385.2010.00517.x%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-iwpr-2005-11-18-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iwpr-2005-11-18_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwpr.net/report-news/birth-control-decree-uzbekistan">Birth Control by Decree in Uzbekistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019132115/http://iwpr.net/report-news/birth-control-decree-uzbekistan">Archived</a> 2013-10-19 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting" title="Institute for War and Peace Reporting">IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting</a>, published 2005-11-18, accessed 2012-04-12</span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbc-news-2012-04-12-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-news-2012-04-12_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550">BBC News: Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405112247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550">Archived</a> 2015-04-05 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12</span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbc-cc-2012-04-12-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-cc-2012-04-12_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fjx63">Crossing Continents: Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903195248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fjx63">Archived</a> 2016-09-03 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12</span>
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<li id="cite_note-moscow-2010-03-10-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moscow-2010-03-10_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/uzbeks-face-forced-sterilization/401279.html">Uzbeks Face Forced Sterilization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019203218/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/uzbeks-face-forced-sterilization/401279.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-19 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a></i> published 2010-03-10, accessed 2012-04-12</span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Antelava, Natalia (12 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550">"Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women"</a>. <i>BBC World Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405112247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+Service&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%27s+policy+of+secretly+sterilising+women&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft.aulast=Antelava&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-17612550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Mandani, Mahmood (1972). <i>The Myth of Population Control: Family, Caste, and Class in an Indian Village</i>, in series, <i>Modern Reader</i>. First Modern Reader Pbk. ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973, cop. 1972. 173 p. SBN 85345-284-9</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Warren C. Robinson; John A. Ross (2007). <i>The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs</i>. World Bank Publications. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6951-7"><bdi>978-0-8213-6951-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+global+family+planning+revolution%3A+three+decades+of+population+policies+and+programs&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-6951-7&rft.au=Warren+C.+Robinson&rft.au=John+A.+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li>Thomlinson, R. 1975. <i>Demographic Problems: Controversy over Population Control</i>. 2nd ed. Encino, CA: Dickenson.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Human_population_planning&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113095438/http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm">"A chat with Tim Flannery, senior research scientist, on Population Control"</a>. <i>Karina Kelly, Peter Kirkwood, Owen Craig</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Karina+Kelly%2C+Peter+Kirkwood%2C+Owen+Craig&rft.atitle=A+chat+with+Tim+Flannery%2C+senior+research+scientist%2C+on+Population+Control&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100113095438%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fquantum%2Finfo%2Fq95-19-5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+population+planning" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/OzzieZehner/Papers/911571/The_Environmental_Politics_of_Population_and_Overpopulation/">The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation</a> A University of California, Berkeley summary of historical, contemporary and environmental concerns involving overpopulation</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/">UNmilleniumProject.org</a>, UN Millennium Project, retrieved June 20, 2009.</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Template:Human impact on the environment"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Template talk:Human impact on the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental issues</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Impact assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Planetary_boundaries.svg" class="image" title="Planetary boundaries"><img alt="Planetary boundaries" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Planetary_boundaries.svg/140px-Planetary_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="115" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Planetary_boundaries.svg/210px-Planetary_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Planetary_boundaries.svg/280px-Planetary_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1163" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">irrigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_cocoa_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Environmental impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">Land use</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_agents" title="Environmental impact of cleaning agents">cleaning agents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of plastics">plastics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paint" title="Environmental impact of paint">paint</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">paper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_impacts_on_marine_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Human impacts on marine life">Marine life</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_mining" title="Environmental impact of mining">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" title="Environmental impact of transport">Transport</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">aviation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of roads">roads</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change">Climate change</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Runaway_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway climate change">runaway climate change</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Climate engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">Community resilience</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Decoupling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">Environmental mitigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restoration_ecology" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimization</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li> <img alt="Commons page" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental impact">Commons</a></b></li>
<li> <img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_source" title="Category:Environmental impact by source">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_country" title="Category:Environmental impact by country">by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Category:Environmental impact assessment">assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Environmental_mitigation" title="Category:Environmental mitigation">mitigation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_human_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e6e6e6;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:#e6e6e6;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#e6e6e6;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Population&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:#e6e6e6;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_human_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Global human population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eee;">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Optimum_population" title="Optimum population">Optimum population</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Overpopulation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malthusian_catastrophe" title="Malthusian catastrophe">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Women's reproductive rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eee;">Biological and<br />related topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_Matters#Pledge_two_or_fewer" title="Population Matters">Pledge two or fewer</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human population planning</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eee;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on<br />the environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Environmental impact</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">of agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">of aviation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">of biodiesel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">of concrete</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">of electricity generation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">of the energy industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">of fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">of irrigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_mining" title="Environmental impact of mining">of mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Off-roading#Environmental_impact" title="Off-roading">of off-roading</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">of oil shale industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">of palm oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">of paper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">of the petroleum industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">of reservoirs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">of shipping</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">of war</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overconsumption" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eee;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carrying_capacity#Humans" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_energy_consumption" title="World energy consumption">World energy consumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_energy_resources" title="World energy resources">World energy resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eee;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Observations_Concerning_the_Increase_of_Mankind,_Peopling_of_Countries,_etc." title="Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.">Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" title="An Essay on the Principle of Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a></i></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/How_Much_Land_Does_a_Man_Need%3F" title="How Much Land Does a Man Need?">How Much Land Does a Man Need?</a>"</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operating_Manual_for_Spaceship_Earth" title="Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth">Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_Control:_Real_Costs,_Illusory_Benefits" title="Population Control: Real Costs, Illusory Benefits">Population Control: Real Costs, Illusory Benefits</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist" title="The Skeptical Environmentalist">The Skeptical Environmentalist</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ultimate_Resource" title="The Ultimate Resource">The Ultimate Resource</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eee;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eee;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of metropolitan areas by population">Metropolitan areas by population</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">Population milestone babies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eee;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Events and<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_Research_Institute" title="Population Research Institute">Population Research Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eee;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fertility_and_intelligence" title="Fertility and intelligence">Fertility and intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#e6e6e6;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Commons page" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_overpopulation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human overpopulation">Commons</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Human_overpopulation" title="Category:Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Human_activities_with_impact_on_the_environment" title="Category:Human activities with impact on the environment">Human activities with impact on the environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Human_migration" title="Category:Human migration">Human migration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" title="Template:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" title="Template talk:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_countries_and_territories" title="Lists of countries and territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Population statistics">population statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">Current population</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_continents_by_population" title="List of continents by population">(Sub-)continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_population" title="List of Asian countries by population">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_population" title="List of North American countries by population">North America</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_countries_by_population" title="List of Caribbean countries by population">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">Oceania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_population" title="List of South American countries by population">South America</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_population" title="List of countries in the Americas by population">Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Arab_countries_by_population" title="List of Arab countries by population">Arab world</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations_by_population" title="List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Eurasian_countries_by_population" title="List of Eurasian countries by population">Eurasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_population" title="List of European Union member states by population">European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_countries_by_population" title="List of Latin American countries by population">Latin America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Middle East</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities/urban regions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">National capitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population" title="List of cities proper by population">Cities proper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of metropolitan areas by population">Metropolitan areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of urban areas by population">Urban areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolises</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past and future</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_future_population" title="List of countries by past and future population">Past and future population</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_population_estimates" title="World population estimates">World population estimates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_states_by_population_in_1_CE" title="List of states by population in 1 CE">1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1000" title="List of countries by population in 1000">1000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1500" title="List of countries by population in 1500">1500</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1600" title="List of countries by population in 1600">1600</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1700" title="List of countries by population in 1700">1700</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1800" title="List of countries by population in 1800">1800</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1900" title="List of countries by population in 1900">1900</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1907" title="List of countries by population in 1907">1907</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1939" title="List of countries by population in 1939">1939</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1989" title="List of countries by population in 1989">1989</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2000" title="List of countries by population in 2000">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2005" title="List of countries by population in 2005">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2010" title="List of countries by population in 2010">2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2015" title="List of countries by population in 2015">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_population_milestones_by_country" title="List of population milestones by country">Population milestones</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">Current density</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_future_population_density" title="List of countries by past and future population density">Past and future population density</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_population_density_based_on_food_growing_capacity" title="List of countries by real population density based on food growing capacity">Current real density based on food growing capacity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth indicators</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_growth_rate" title="List of countries by population growth rate">Population growth rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_increase" title="List of countries by natural increase">Natural increase</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_birth_rate" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by birth rate">Birth rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_mortality_rate" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by mortality rate">Mortality rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_total_fertility_rate" title="List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate">Fertility rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_fertility_rate" title="List of countries by past fertility rate">Past fertility rate</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_age_at_first_marriage" title="List of countries by age at first marriage">Age at first marriage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_age_structure" title="List of countries by age structure">Age structure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_dependency_ratio" title="List of countries by dependency ratio">Dependency ratio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divorce_demography" title="Divorce demography">Divorce rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_ranked_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_level" title="List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level">Ethnic and cultural diversity level</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">Immigrant population</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linguistic_diversity_index" title="Linguistic diversity index">Linguistic diversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">Median age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_migration_rate" title="List of countries by net migration rate">Net migration rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_households" title="List of countries by number of households">Number of households</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_sex_ratio" title="List of countries by sex ratio">Sex ratio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_urban_population" title="List of countries by urban population">Urban population</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urbanization_by_country" title="Urbanization by country">Urbanization</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_antidepressant_consumption" title="List of countries by antidepressant consumption">Antidepressant consumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stockpiling_antiviral_medications_for_pandemic_influenza" title="Stockpiling antiviral medications for pandemic influenza">Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_and_under-five_mortality_rates" title="List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates">Infant and under-five mortality rates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maternal_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by maternal mortality rate">Maternal mortality rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_obesity_rate" title="List of countries by obesity rate">Obesity rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by past life expectancy">Past life expectancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_suffering_from_undernourishment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by percentage of population suffering from undernourishment">Percentage suffering from undernourishment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_health_expenditure_covered_by_government" title="List of countries by health expenditure covered by government">Health expenditure covered by government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">Suicide rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">Total health expenditure per capita</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_body_mass_index" title="List of countries by body mass index">Body Mass Index (BMI)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education <br />and innovation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Innovation Index">Bloomberg Innovation Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Innovation_Index" title="International Innovation Index">International Innovation Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Innovation_Union_Scoreboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Innovation Union Scoreboard">Innovation Union Scoreboard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">Literacy rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Programme_for_the_International_Assessment_of_Adult_Competencies" title="Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies">Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study" title="Progress in International Reading Literacy Study">Progress in International Reading Literacy Study</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_student_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by student skills">Student skills</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tertiary_education_attainment" title="List of countries by tertiary education attainment">Tertiary education attainment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trends_in_International_Mathematics_and_Science_Study" title="Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_women%27s_average_years_in_school" title="List of countries by women's average years in school">Women's average years in school</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Economic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_share_of_population_with_access_to_financial_services" title="List of countries by share of population with access to financial services">Access to financial services</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_development_aid_country_donors" title="List of development aid country donors">Development aid given</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Official_Development_Assistance_received" title="List of countries by Official Development Assistance received">Official Development Assistance received</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_employment_rate" title="List of countries by employment rate">Employment rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" title="List of countries by irrigated land area">Irrigated land area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">inequality-adjusted</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">Imports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" title="List of countries by income equality">Income equality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries by labour force">Labour force</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_share_of_income_of_the_richest_one_percent" title="List of countries by share of income of the richest one percent">Share of income of top 1%</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_millionaires" title="List of countries by the number of millionaires">Number of millionaires (US dollars)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_billionaires" title="List of countries by the number of billionaires">Number of billionaires (US dollars)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">Percentage living in poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_public_sector" title="List of countries by public sector">Public sector</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_top_international_rankings_by_country" title="List of top international rankings by country">List of top international rankings by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Sustainability&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Outline&#10;*_History&#10;*_Index">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_sustainability" title="History of sustainability">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth_system_governance" title="Earth system governance">Earth system governance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_governance" title="Environmental governance">Environmental governance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_sustainability" title="Social sustainability">Social sustainability</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Sustainability advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Sustainability brand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Sustainability marketing myopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero growth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_descent" title="Energy descent">Descent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fossil-fuel_phase-out" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil-fuel phase-out">Fossil-fuel phase-out</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_poverty" title="Energy poverty">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rebound_effect_(conservation)" title="Rebound effect (conservation)">Rebound effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forest_gardening" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">Local</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">Urban horticulture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vegetable_box_scheme" title="Vegetable box scheme">Vegetable box scheme</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Water crisis">Crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Sustainability accounting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Sustainability measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Sustainability metrics and indices</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Sustainability reporting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_American_collegiate_sustainability_programs" title="North American collegiate sustainability programs">College programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Design</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_for_Sustainable_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Education for Sustainable Development">Education for Sustainable Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Green marketing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Industries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Sustainable market</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_practices_in_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability practices in organizations">Practices</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">Urbanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">ICPD Programme of Action (1994)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> (1997)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> (2015)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Ocean_Conference" title="United Nations Ocean Conference">UN Ocean Conference</a> (2017)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1581599134 |