Examine individual changes

[ 0 => 'A '''release print''' is a copy of a [[film]] that is provided to a [[movie theater]] for exhibition.', 1 => '', 2 => '==Definitions==', 3 => 'Release prints are not to be confused with other types of print used in the photochemical post-production process:', 4 => '', 5 => '* '''[[Dailies|Rush prints]]''' are one-light, contact-printed copies made from an unedited roll of [[original camera negative]] immediately after [[Film laboratory|processing]] and screened to the cast and crew in order to ensure that the takes can be used in the final film.', 6 => '* '''[[Workprint]]s''', sometimes called cutting copies, are, like rush prints, copies of a camera negative roll. They are used for editing before the negative itself is [[Negative cutting|conformed]], or cut to match the edited workprint.', 7 => '* An '''[[answer print]]''' is made either from the cut camera negative or an [[interpositive]], depending on the production workflow, in order to verify that the [[Color grading|grading]] ("timing" in US English) conforms to specifications, so that final adjustments can be made before the main batch of release prints is made.', 8 => '* A '''Showprint''' is a very high quality projection print made for screening at special events such as gala premieres. It is usually printed directly from the composited camera negative, with each shot individually timed as a duplicate intermediate element would normally be, onto a higher quality of print stock than is usual for mass-production release prints (e.g. Eastman 2393 for showprints, and the standard 2383 for mass-production release prints). As a showprint is at least two generations closer to the composited camera negative than a typical release print, the definition and saturation in the projected image is significantly higher. Showprints have been colloquially referred to as "EKs" (for Eastman Kodak), since "Showprint" is a tradename of DeLuxe, although it is not a registered trademark.', 9 => '', 10 => '==Workflow==', 11 => '', 12 => '===Photochemical===', 13 => 'In the traditional photochemical post-production workflow, release prints are usually copies, made using a high-speed continuous contact printer, of an [[internegative]] (sometimes referred to as a 'dupe negative'), which in turn is a copy of an [[interpositive]] (these were sometimes referred to as 'lavender prints' in the past), which in turn is a copy, [[Optical printer|optically printed]] to incorporate special effects, fades, etc., from the cut camera negative. In short, a typical release print is three generations removed from the cut camera negative.', 14 => '', 15 => '===Digital intermediate===', 16 => 'The post-production of many feature films is now carried out using a [[digital intermediate]] workflow, in which the uncut camera negative is [[film scanner|scanned]], editing and other post-production functions are carried out using computers, and an internegative is [[film recorder|burnt out]] to film, from which the release prints are struck in the normal way. This procedure eliminates at least one generation of analogue duplication and usually results in a significantly higher quality of release prints. It has the further advantage that a [[Digital Cinema Package]] can be produced as the final output in addition to or instead of film prints, meaning that a single post-production workflow can produce all the required distribution media.', 17 => '', 18 => '==Release print stocks==', 19 => 'As of March 2015, [[Eastman Kodak]] is the only remaining manufacturer of colour release print [[film stock|stock]] in the world. Along with Kodak, [[ORWO]] of Germany also sells black-and-white print stock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmotec.de/?cat=26&lang=en&lang=en |title=OrWo Positive Print Film PF-2; |accessdate=2013-01-20}}</ref> Other manufacturers, principally [[DuPont]] of the United States, [[Fujifilm]] of Japan (the penultimate company to discontinue colour print stock<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fujifilm.com/news/n120913.html |title=Announcement on Motion Picture Film Business of Fujifilm; |date=2012-09-13 |accessdate=2013-01-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127083551/http://www.fujifilm.com/news/n120913.html |archivedate=2013-01-27 }}</ref>), [[Agfa-Gevaert#Agfa photographic products|Agfa-Gevaert]] of Germany, [[Ilford Photo|Ilford]] of the United Kingdom and [[Tasma]] of the Soviet Union competed with Kodak in the print stock market throughout most of the twentieth century.', 20 => '', 21 => 'The person operating the printer on which the release print is struck must take several factors into consideration in order to achieve accurate color. These include the stock manufacturer, the color temperature of the bulbs in the printer, and the various color filters which may have been introduced during initial filming or subsequent generation of duplicates.', 22 => '', 23 => '==Theatrical projection==', 24 => 'At the theater, release prints are projected through an [[Movie projector#Imaging lens and aperture plate|aperture plate]], placed between the film and the projector's light source. The aperture plate in combination with a prime lens of the appropriate focal distance determines which areas of the frame are magnified and projected and which are masked out, according to the [[Aspect ratio (image)#Previous and presently used aspect ratios|aspect ratio]] in which the film is intended to be projected. Sometimes a [[Hard matte#Mattes and widescreen filming|hard matte]] is used in printing to ensure that only the area of the frame shot in the camera that is intended to be projected is actually present on the release print. Some theaters have also used aperture plates that mask away part of the frame area that ''is'' supposed to be projected, usually where the screen is too small to accommodate a wider ratio and does not have a masking system in front of the screen itself. The audience may be confused when significant action appears on the masked-off edges of the picture. Director [[Brad Bird]] expressed frustration at this practice, which some theaters applied to his film ''[[The Incredibles]]''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716050126/http://sfist.com/2005/04/27/sfiff_brad_birds_state_of_cinema_address.php].', 25 => '', 26 => '==Production and disposal==', 27 => '{{refimprove|section|date=June 2016}}', 28 => 'Release prints are generally expensive. For example, in the United States, it is not unusual for each one to cost around $1,500 to print and ship to theaters around the country. The cost of a release print is determined primarily by its length, the type of print stock used and the number of prints being struck in a given run. Laser subtitling release prints of foreign language films adds significantly to the cost per print.<ref>[[Jan Ivarsson]] and Mary Carroll, ''Subtitling'', Simrishamn, 1998, pp. 33-37.</ref> Due to the fear of piracy, [[film distributor|distributors]] try to ensure that prints are returned and destroyed after the movie's theatrical run is complete.<ref>Kerry Segrave, ''Piracy in the Motion Picture Industry'', Jefferson, NC, McFarland (2003), p. 178.</ref> However, small numbers of release prints do end up in the hands of private collectors, usually entering this market via [[projectionist]]s, who simply retain their prints at the end of the run and do not return them. A significant number of films have been [[film preservation|preserved]] this way, via prints eventually being donated to film archives and preservation masters printed from them. The polyester film base is often recycled. {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}', 29 => '', 30 => 'EKs (showprints) are even more expensive as they are almost completely made by hand and to much higher quality standards. Perhaps only five EKs will be made of a widely distributed feature, compared to thousands of standard prints. They are intended primarily for first-run and [[Oscars|Academy]]-consideration theatrical runs in Los Angeles and New York City. This accounts for two of the typically five produced. Two EKs are usually reserved for the film's producer. The remaining EK is usually archived by the film's distributor.', 31 => '', 32 => 'Conventional release prints, which are made from timed internegatives, usually contain black motor and changeover cue marks as the printing internegatives are "punched" and "inked" for this specific purpose. Showprints, being made from the composited camera negatives, which are never "punched" or "inked", have white motor and changeover cue marks as these marks are punched (or scribed) directly on the prints by hand, in the lab.', 33 => '', 34 => '==Gallery==', 35 => '{{Gallery', 36 => '|title=Release Prints', 37 => '|width=400px', 38 => '|height=2000px', 39 => '|align=center', 40 => '|lines=3', 41 => '|File:35mm cinema release print.jpg|A 35 mm release print in the form that it would typically be delivered to a theatre in Europe. Each can contains roughly 2,000 feet of film, or 20 minutes of running time at 24&nbsp;[[Frame_rate#Film_and_television|fps]].', 42 => '|File:A 35mm release print as it would be shipped in North America.jpg|A 35mm release print in the form that it would typically be delivered to a theatre in the United States and Canada. Each 2,000 foot reel is held on a 4" core with clip-on plastic flanges, and held vertically in a plastic or steel container that can take between 2 and 4 reels.', 43 => '|File:5-perf, 70mm release print in Shipping Containers.jpg|This photo shows the form in which 70mm prints are typically shipped to movie theaters worldwide. Each reel can hold up to 3,000 feet of acetate, magnetic-striped print stock. The weight of the film stock, steel reels and shipping containers make the cost of shipping significant, and is a major reason why the format has been in decline since the early 1990s.', 44 => '}}', 45 => '', 46 => '==References==', 47 => '{{Reflist}}', 48 => '', 49 => '==External links==', 50 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061020094700/http://www.sfist.com/archives/2005/04/27/sfiff_brad_birds_state_of_cinema_address.php SFIFF: Brad Bird's State of Cinema Address]', 51 => '', 52 => '[[Category:Film and video terminology]]' ]