Examine individual changes
This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.
Variables generated for this change
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | 453 |
Name of the user account (user_name) | 'Irtapil' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 14485316 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*',
1 => 'user',
2 => 'autoconfirmed'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmywatchlist',
6 => 'editmywatchlist',
7 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
8 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
9 => 'editmyoptions',
10 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
11 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
12 => 'centralauth-merge',
13 => 'abusefilter-view',
14 => 'abusefilter-log',
15 => 'vipsscaler-test',
16 => 'collectionsaveasuserpage',
17 => 'reupload-own',
18 => 'move-rootuserpages',
19 => 'createpage',
20 => 'minoredit',
21 => 'editmyusercss',
22 => 'editmyuserjson',
23 => 'editmyuserjs',
24 => 'purge',
25 => 'sendemail',
26 => 'applychangetags',
27 => 'spamblacklistlog',
28 => 'mwoauthmanagemygrants',
29 => 'reupload',
30 => 'upload',
31 => 'move',
32 => 'collectionsaveascommunitypage',
33 => 'autoconfirmed',
34 => 'editsemiprotected',
35 => 'skipcaptcha',
36 => 'transcode-reset',
37 => 'createpagemainns',
38 => 'movestable',
39 => 'autoreview'
] |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 6688293 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Urdu alphabet' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Urdu alphabet' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 426129016 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '/* Letter names and phonemes */ ' |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Perso-Arabic-based alphabet for Urdu of 39 letters}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox writing system
|name=Urdu alphabet<br/>
|altname=
{{font|size=200%|{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|اردو تہجی}}}}}}
<br/>{{font|size=100%|font=tahoma|{{lang|ur|اردو تہجی}}}}
|type=Abjad
|languages= [[Urdu]], [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Burushaski]], others
|sample=Urdu example.svg
|imagesize=120px
|caption=Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: ''Urdu''
|time=
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]]
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
|fam4=[[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]
|fam5=[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]
|fam6=[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]<br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]<br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]<br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF]
}}
{{Arabic script sidebar|Urdu}}
{{Contains Urdu text}}
The '''Urdu alphabet''' is the [[right-to-left]] [[alphabet]] used for the [[Urdu|Urdu language]]. It is a modification of the [[Persian alphabet]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic alphabet]]. The Urdu alphabet has up to 40 letters.<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm|title=Urdu alphabet, pronunciation and language|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref> With 39 basic letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the [[calligraphic]] [[Nastaʿlīq script]], whereas [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is more commonly in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] style.
[[File:Urdu alphabets.jpg | 220x124px]]
Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called [[Roman Urdu]]) omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the [[Latin script]]. The [[National Language Authority]] of [[Pakistan]] has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
== History ==
The [[Urdu language]] emerged as a distinct register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] well before the [[Partition of India]]. It is distinguished most by its extensive [[Persian language|Persian]] influences. This stands to reason: Persian was the official language of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal government]] and the most prominent [[lingua franca]] of the Indian subcontinent for several centuries before the rise of the [[Maratha Empire]] in the 17th and 18th centuries. The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and has its origins in 13th century [[Iran]]. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nasta{{Okina}}liq]] style of [[Perso-Arabic script]]. [[Urdu]] script in its extended form is known as [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]] script and is used for writing other [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of North [[Indian subcontinent]] like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Saraiki alphabet|Saraiki]] as well.
Despite the invention of the [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter]] in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as ''[[katib]]s'' or ''[[khush-navees]]'' until the late 1980s. The [[Pakistan]]i [[national newspaper]] ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu [[newspaper]] to use ''Nastaʿlīq'' computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the [[internet]]. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs.
Urdu and [[Hindi language|Hindi]], an official federal language of [[India]], are different registers of the same language, and thus they are mutually intelligible and can use each other's script to write the other's language. Usage of script generally signifies the user's faith: Muslims generally use the Urdu (Perso-Arabic) script, while Hindus use the [[Devanagari]] script. In addition to Pakistan, the Urdu script is official in five states of India with a substantial percentage of Hindustani-speaking Muslims: [[Bihar]], [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Telangana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]].
Other than the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Urdu script is also used by [[Pakistani diaspora|Pakistan's large diaspora]], including in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and other places.<ref name="omniglot">[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm "Urdu"]. Omniglot.com.</ref>
== Nastaʿlīq ==
{{Main|Nastaʿlīq script}}
The Nastaʿlīq calligraphic writing style began as a [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] mixture of scripts [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Ta'liq script|Ta'liq]]. After the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Mughal conquest]], Nasta{{Okina}}liq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in [[Pakistan]], and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] counterpart.
== Alphabet ==
The Urdu script is an [[abjad]] script derived from [[Perso-Arabic script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. The Urdu alphabet was standardized in 2004 by the [[National Language Authority]], which is responsible for standardizing Urdu in [[Pakistan]]. According to the National Language Authority, Urdu has 58 letters of which 39 are basic letters while 18 are [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] to represent [[aspirated consonant]]s made by attaching basic consonant letters with a variant of [[He (letter)|He]] called do chashmi he.<ref name="alphabets">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/919270|title=Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet|date=15 June 2009|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref name="alphabets1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2007/corpus_based_urdu_lexicon_development.pdf|title="Corpus Based Urdu Lexicon Development "|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="omniglot.com"/> [[Taw#T.C4.81.CA.BC marb.C5.AB.E1.B9.ADah|Tāʼ marbūṭah]] is also sometimes considered a letter though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from [[Arabic]].
As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in [[Semitic languages]] like Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an [[Indo-European language]], which does not have the same luxury, hence necessitating more memorization.
=== Differences from [[Persian alphabet]] ===
Urdu has more letters added to the Persian base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added include: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} to represent [[voiceless retroflex stop|/ʈ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} to represent [[voiced retroflex stop|/ɖ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} to represent [[retroflex flap|/ɽ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} to represent [[nasal vowel|/◌̃/]], and {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} to represent [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ:/]] or [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e:/]]. A separate do-cashmi-[[He (letter)|he]] letter, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a [[aspirated consonant|/ʰ/]] or a [[murmured voice|/ʱ/]]. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed below.
=== Letter names and phonemes ===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Isolated<br />glyph in<br />[[Nasta'līq]]
! rowspan="2" |positional letter forms {{ref|1|[1]}}
! colspan="3" |Letter name {{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=XV–XVI}}
! colspan="2" |Romanization
! rowspan="2" |[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] (1)
|-
! [[Nasta'līq]]
! [[Tahoma font]]
! {{font|size=90%|transliteration}}
! ALA-LC <ref name="LoC">{{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref>
! {{font|size=90%|[[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]}} <ref name="Hunterian">Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85.pdf No. 85] and [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85-ad1.pdf No. 85 Add. 1.]</ref>
|-
| 1
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ا]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ا‍||‍ا‍||‍ا}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|الف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|الف}}}}
| ''alif''
| colspan="2"| ā, –
| {{IPA|/ɑː, ʔ, ∅/}}
|-
| 2
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ب]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ب‍||‍ب‍||‍ب}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|بے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|بے}}}}
| ''bē''
|colspan="2"| ''b''
| {{IPA|/b/}}
|-
| 3
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[پ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|پ‍||‍پ‍||‍پ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|پے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|پے}}}}
| ''pē''
|colspan="2"| ''p''
| {{IPA|/p/}}
|-
| 4
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ت]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ت‍||‍ت‍||‍ت}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|تے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|تے}}}}
| ''tē''
|colspan="2"| ''t''
| {{IPA|/t̪/}}
|-
| 5
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ٹ‍||‍ٹ‍||‍ٹ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ٹے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ٹے}}}}
| ''ṭē''
| ''ṭ''
| ''t''
| {{IPA|/ʈ/}}
|-
| 6
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ث]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ث‍||‍ث‍||‍ث}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ثے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ثے}}}}
| ''s̱ē''
| ''s̱''
| ''s''
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| 7
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ج]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ج‍||‍ج‍||‍ج}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|جيم}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|جيم}}}}
| ''jīm''
|colspan="2"| ''j''
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|-
| 8
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[چ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|چ‍||‍چ‍||‍چ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|چے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|چے}}}}
| ''cē''
| ''c''
| ''ch''
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
|-
| 9
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ح]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ح‍||‍ح‍||‍ح}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|بڑی حے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|بڑی حے}}}}
| ''baṛī ḥē''
| ''ḥ''
| ''h''
| {{IPA|/ɦ/}}
|-
| 10
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[خ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|خ‍||‍خ‍||‍خ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|خے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|خے}}}}
| ''k͟hē''
| ''k͟h''
| ''kh''
| {{IPA|/x/}}
|-
| 11
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[د]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|د‍||‍د‍||‍د}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|دال}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|دال}}}}
| ''dāl''
|colspan="2"| ''d''
| {{IPA|/d/}}
|-
| 12
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ڈ‍||‍ڈ‍||‍ڈ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ڈال}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ڈال}}}}
| ''ḍāl''
| ''ḍ''
| ''d''
| {{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|-
| 13
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ذ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ذ‍||‍ذ‍||‍ذ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ذال}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ذال}}}}
| ''ẕāl''
| ''ẕ''
| ''z''
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
| 14
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ر]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ر‍||‍ر‍||‍ر}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|رے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|رے}}}}
| ''rē''
|colspan="2"| ''r''
| {{IPA|/r/}}
|-
| 15
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ڑ‍||‍ڑ‍||‍ڑ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ڑے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ڑے}}}}
| ''ṛē''
| ''ṛ''
| ''r''
| {{IPA|/ɽ/}}
|-
| 16
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ز]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ز‍||‍ز‍||‍ز}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|زے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|زے}}}}
| ''zē''
|colspan="2"| ''z''
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
| 17
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ژ‍||‍ژ‍||‍ژ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ژے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ژے}}}}}
| ''zhē''
| ''zh''
| ''zh''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|-
| 18
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[س]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|س‍||‍س‍||‍س}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|سین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|سین}}}}
| ''sīn''
|colspan="2"| ''s''
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| 19
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ش]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ش‍||‍ش‍||‍ش}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|شین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|شین}}}}
| ''shīn''
| ''sh''
| ''sh''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|-
| 20
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ص]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ص‍||‍ص‍||‍ص}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|صاد}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|صاد}}}}
| ''ṣwād''
| ''ṣ''
| ''s''
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| 21
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ض]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ض‍||‍ض‍||‍ض}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ضاد}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ضاد}}}}
| ''ẓwād''
| ''ẓ''
| ''z''
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
| 22
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ط]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ط‍||‍ط‍||‍ط}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|طوے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|طوے}}}}
| ''t̤o{{hamza}}ē''
| ''t̤''
| ''t''
| {{IPA|/t/}}
|-
| 23
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ظ‍||‍ظ‍||‍ظ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ظوے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ظوے}}}}
| ''z̤o{{hamza}}ē''
| ''z̤''
| ''z''
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
| 24
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ع]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ع‍||‍ع‍||‍ع}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|عین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|عین}}}}
| ''‘ain''
| colspan="2"| '''`, {{okina}}, ‘, ', ’, {{hamza}}''' {{ref|ayn|[3]}}
| {{IPA|/ɑː, oː, eː, ʔ, ʕ, ∅/}}
|-
| 25
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[غ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|غ‍||‍غ‍||‍غ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|غین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|غین}}}}
| ''g͟hain''
| ''g͟h''
| ''gh''
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|-
| 26
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ف]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ف‍||‍ف‍||‍ف}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|فے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|فے}}}}
| ''fē''
|colspan="2"| ''f''
| {{IPA|/f/}}
|-
| 27
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ق]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ق‍||‍ق‍||‍ق}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|قاف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|قاف}}}}
| ''qāf''
|colspan="2"| ''q''
| {{IPA|/q/}}
|-
| 28
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[Kāf|ک]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ک‍||‍ک‍||‍ک}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|کاف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|کاف}}}}
| ''kāf''
|colspan="2"| ''k''
| {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| 29
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[گ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|گ‍||‍گ‍||‍گ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|گاف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|گاف}}}}
| ''gāf''
|colspan="2"| ''g''
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|-
| 30
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ل]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ل‍||‍ل‍||‍ل}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|لام}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|لام}}}}
| ''lām''
|colspan="2"| ''l''
| {{IPA|/l/}}
|-
| 31
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[م]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|م‍||‍م‍||‍م}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|میم}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|میم}}}}
| ''mīm''
|colspan="2"| ''m''
| {{IPA|/m/}}
|-
| 32
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ن]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ن‍||‍ن‍||‍ن}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|نون}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|نون}}}}
| ''nūn''
|colspan="2"| ''n''
| {{IPA|/n, ɲ, ɳ, ŋ/}}
|-
| 33
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ں‍||‍ں‍||‍ں}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|نون غنّہ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|نون غنّہ}}}}
| ''nūn g͟hunnah''
| ''ṉ''
| ''n''
| {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel|◌̃]]/}}
|-
| 34
|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[و]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|و‍||‍و‍||‍و}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|واؤ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|واؤ}}}}
| ''wā{{hamza}}o''
| ''v'',<br>''ū'', ''u, o'', ''au''
| ''w'',<br>''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''
| {{IPA|/ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/}}
|-
| 35
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ہ‍||‍ہ‍||‍ہ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 120%;" |
{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی ہے}}}}<br>{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|چھوٹی ہے}}}}
{{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|گول ہے}}}}
| ''choṭī hē''<br>''gol hē''
| colspan="2"| ''h, ā, e''
|{{IPA|/ɦ, ɑː, e:/}}
|-
| 36
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ھ‍||‍ھ‍||‍ھ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|دو چشمی ہے}}}}
| ''do-cashmī hē''
|colspan="2"| ''h''
| {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}}
|-
| 37
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ء]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ء‍||‍ء‍||‍ء}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ہمزہ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ہمزہ}}}}
| ''hamzah''
|colspan="2"| {{hamza}}, –, ''yi'' {{ref|hamza|[2]}}
| {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}}
|-
| 38
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ی]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ی‍||‍ی‍||‍ی}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|چھوٹی يے}}}}
| ''choṭī yē''
|colspan="2"| ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''
| {{IPA|/j, iː, ɑː/}}
|-
| 39
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ے‍||‍ے‍||‍ے}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|بڑی يے}}}}
| ''baṛī yē''
|colspan="2"| ''ai, e''
| {{IPA|/ɛː, eː/}}
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align:left" | Footnotes:
|-
| {{note|1|[1]}}
|
{{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}}}}
{{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}}}}
{{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}}}}
{{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}}}}
|
| colspan="6" style=text-align:left | No Urdu word begins with {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ں]]}}}}, {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ھ]]}}}}, {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ڑ]]}}}} or {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ے]]}}}}.
|-
| {{note|hamza|[2]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=200%|{{nastaliq|[[ء]]}}}}}}
|
| colspan="7" style=text-align:left | In [[Urdu]], '''hamza''' {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ء]]}}}} is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as ''hamza-e-izafat''. The main use of ''hamza'' {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ء]]}}}} in [[Urdu]] is to indicate a vowel cluster.
|-
| {{note|ayn|[3]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=200%|{{nastaliq|[[ع]]}}}}}}
|
| colspan="7" style=text-align:left | '''Ayn''' {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ع]]}}}} in its initial {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|عـ}}}} and final {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ـع}}}} position is silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel. When it appears in the middle of a word there are a few different, similar looking, characters used to represent it in the Latin alphabet: (`) the grave accent, (‘) the left single quotation mark, (') the apostrophe, or the Pacific ({{okina}}) [[okina]], or it can be pronounced like Arabic [[hamza]] {{hamza}} and be transliterated as equivilent marks in the reverse direction such as (’) the right single quotation mark. {{citation needed}}
|-
|}
=== Comparison to Hindi Devanagari and Arabic ===
Urdu and [[Hindi]] are mostly [[mutually intelligible]], to the point that they are sometimes considered to be one language<ref name="Why Hindi-Urdu is one language and Arabic is several">{{cite web |last1=Carreiro |first1=Heather |title=Why Hindi-Urdu is one language and Arabic is several - May 28, 2010 |url=https://matadornetwork.com/abroad/why-hindi-urdu-is-one-language-and-arabic-is-several/ |website=Matador Network |accessdate=}}</ref>, but this distinction is controversial ([[Hindi Urdu controversy]]). One of the biggest differences is the script; Hindi is usually written in [[Devanagari]]. Transliteration between the two scripts is neither simple nor unambiguous<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration">{{cite web |last1=Jawaid |first1=Bushra |last2=Tafseer |first2=Ahmed |title=Hindi to Urdu Conversion: Beyond Simple Transliteration |url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper4.pdf |website=Proceedings of the Conference on Language & Technology 2009 |accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref>. There are many cases where one character in Devanagari Hindi corresponds to multiple redundant characters in Persianised Urdu, or [[vice versa]] (see table below). In many of these cases the letters had different pronunciations in [[arabic phonology|Arabic]], from which the Urdu alphabet is derived (via the [[Persian alphabet]]). For example, the letters representing the [[emphatic consonants]] from Arabic, {{lang-arz|ط}} and {{lang-arz|ص}} are pronounced the same way as the corresponding non-emphatic consonants {{lang-arz|ت}} and {{lang-arz|س}} in Urdu. Though, when pronouncing [[Arabic]] words, particularly in a religious context, native speakers of Urdu go to great effort to pronounce the Arabic sounds unambiguously {{citation needed|2020-02-25: i have heard this from multiple anecdotal sources, i intend to find a decent reference myself, but if you know of one please add it|date=February 2020}}.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+'''Redundancy and ambiguity of non-aspirated consonants:'''
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] for [[modern standard Arabic|standard Arabic]]
! IPA for [[classical Arabic]]
! [[arabic alphabet|Arabic letter name]]
! Urdu letter name !! Urdu letter in [[Tahoma font|Tahoma]]
! Urdu letter in [[Nasta'liq]]
! IPA for Urdu & Hindi <ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /><ref name="Urdu Devanagari Hannover">{{cite web |title=Urdu Alphabet |url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |website=www.user.uni-hannover.de}}</ref> footnote{{ref|schwa|[ə]}}
! [[Hindi]] {{font|size=70%|[[Devanagari]]}} <ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> !! Hindi letter name <ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" />
|-
| colspan=2 | {{ipa|s}} || sin || Seen || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=120%|font=tahoma|س}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|س}}}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=3 | {{ipa|{{font|size=120%|s}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=3 | {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|स}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=3 | SA
|-
| {{ipa|sˤ}} || {{ipa|sˠ}} || sod || Suad || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=tahoma|ص}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|ص}}}}}}
|-
| colspan=2 | {{ipa|θ}} || tha || Saay || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=tahoma|ث}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|ث}}}}}}
|-
| colspan=2 | {{ipa|t}} || ta || Tay || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=120%|font=tahoma|ت}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|ت}}}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=2 | {{ipa|{{font|size=120%|t̪}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=2 | {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|त}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=2 | TA
|-
|| {{ipa|tˤ}} || {{ipa|tˠ}} || toh || Toay || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=120%|font=tahoma|ط}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|ط}}}}}}
|-
| colspan=3 style="background: #cfdfff;" | absent in Arabic || Ttay || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=120%|font=tahoma|ٹ}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|ٹ}}}}}} ||rowspan=1 | {{ipa|{{font|size=120%|ʈ}}}} ||rowspan=1 | {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|ट}}}} ||rowspan=1 | TTA
|-
! colspan=9 style="text-align:left" | Footnotes:
|-
| colspan=9 style="text-align:left" |
{{note|schwa|[ə]}}. The Devanagari equivalents all add a schwa '''[[ə|{{IPA|ə}}]]''' vowel to the IPA.
|}
=== Retroflex letters ===
[[File:Hindustani Urdu retroflex letter T.svg|right|200px]]
Old Hindustani used four dots over three Arabic letters to represent retroflex consonants: {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|ٿ}}}}, {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|ڐ}}}}, {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|ڙ}}}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=James Robert|title=A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1842|publisher=Madden & Company|page=11}}</ref> In handwriting those dots was often written like a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Olaf|title=Scripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots&redir_esc=y|year=2002|publisher=Bibliotheca Alexandrina|page=108}}</ref> (It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ''ṭāʾ'' itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of its being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes. In modern Urdu {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}, called ''to'e'' is always pronounced as a dental, not a retroflex.)
=== Aspirated consonants ===
On of the differences between the Urdu alphabet and the [[Hindi]] [[Devanagari]] alphabet is in the depiction of the [[aspirated consonants]]. In Hindi in Devanagari these are distinct letters {{lang|hi|भ फ थ ठ ध ढ ढ़ झ छ ख घ}} whereas in Urdu they are [[digraph]]s combining {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|ھ}}}} with another [[consonant]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows:'''
|-
! colspan=2 | non-aspirated consonants
! colspan=5 | {{font|size=100%|'''corresponding aspirated consonants'''}}
|-
! Letter
! {{font|size=90%|[[Devanagari]]}} <ref name="Hindi alphabet www.omniglot.com">{{cite web |title=Hindi alphabet, pronunciation and language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm |website=www.omniglot.com |accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref>
! {{font|size=90%|Digraph}} <ref name="LoC"/><ref name="omniglot.com" />
! {{font|size=90%|[[Devanagari]]}} <ref name="Hindi alphabet www.omniglot.com" />
! {{font|size=90%|Transcription}} <ref name="LoC"/>
! '''IPA''' {{ref|schwa|[ə]}}
! Example
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ب}}
| {{lang|hi|ब}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}}
| {{lang|hi|भ}}
| ''bh''
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|بھاری}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پ}}
| {{lang|hi|प}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}}
| {{lang|hi|फ}}
| ''ph''
| {{IPA|[pʰ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|پھول}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ت}}
| {{lang|hi|त}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}}
| {{lang|hi|थ}}
| ''th''
| {{IPA|[tʰ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|تھم}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹ}}
| {{lang|hi|ट}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ठ}}
| ''ṭh''
| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|ٹھیس}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ج}}
| {{lang|hi|ज}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}}
| {{lang|hi|झ}}
| ''jh''
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چ}}
| {{lang|hi|च}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}}
| {{lang|hi|छ}}
| ''ch''
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|چھوکرا}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|د}}
| {{lang|hi|द}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ध}}
| ''dh''
| {{IPA|[dʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|دھوبی}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈ}}
| {{lang|hi|ड}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ढ}}
| ''ḍh''
| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|ڈھول}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑ}}
| {{lang|hi|ड़}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ढ़}}
| ''ṛh''
| {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|کڑھنا}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ک}}
| {{lang|hi|क}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ख}}
| ''kh''
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|کھولنا}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گ}}
| {{lang|hi|ग}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}}
| {{lang|hi|घ}}
| ''gh''
| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|گھبراہٹ}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ن}}
| {{lang|hi|[[न]] [[ण]] [[ञ]]}} ?
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}}
| {{lang|hi|[[ञ्ह]] [[न्ह]] [[नः]] [[णः]]}} ? (none?)
| ''nh''
| {{IPA|[nʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|ننّھا}}}}}} {{lang|ur|ننّھا}} <ref>{{cite web |title=ننّھا |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D9%86%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%A7 |website=oxford dictionaries |accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|م}}
| {{lang|hi|म}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}}
| {{lang|hi|म्ह}} ? (none?)
| ''mh''
| {{IPA|[mʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|تمھیں}}}}}} {{lang|ur|تُمھیں}}<br/>(alternative of {{Nastaliq|تُمہیں}} {{lang|ur|تمہیں}}) <ref>{{cite web |title=تُمھیں |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%AA%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%BA |website=Oxford Dictionaries |accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|و}}
| {{lang|hi|व}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|وھ}}
| {{lang|hi|व्ह}} ? (none?)
| ''wh''
| {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}}
| (not used)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ی}}
| {{lang|hi|य}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|یھ}}a
| {{lang|hi|य्ह}} ? (none?)
| ''yh''
| {{IPA|[jʱ]}}
| (not used)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ر}}
| {{lang|hi|र}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}}
| {{lang|hi|र्ह}} ? (none?)
| ''rh''
| {{IPA|[rʱ]}}
| (not used)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ل}}
| {{lang|hi|ल}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ल्ह}} ? (none?)
| ''lh''
| {{IPA|[lʱ]}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ں}}
| {{lang|hi|न ण ञ ॅ ं}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ںھ}}
| {{lang|hi|न्ह ञ्ह}} ? (none?)
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ح}}
| {{lang|hi|ह}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|حھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ہ}}
| {{lang|hi|ह}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ہھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ط}}
| {{lang|hi|त}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|طھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ص}}
| {{lang|hi|स}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|صھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ق}}
| {{lang|hi|क़}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|قھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ف}}
| {{lang|hi|फ़}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|فھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|س}}
| {{lang|hi|स}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|سھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ش}}
| {{lang|hi|ष श}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|شھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|غ}}
| {{lang|hi|ग़}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|غھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ع}}
| (none)
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|عھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ث}}
| {{lang|hi|स}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ثھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|خ}}
| {{lang|hi|ख़}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|خھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ز}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|زھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ذ}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ذھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ض}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ضھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ظ}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ظھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ژ}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़ जः जः ज़्ह}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ژھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
! colspan=7 | Footnote:
|-
| colspan=7 | {{note|schwa|[ə]}} the Devanagari equivalents all add a schwa [[ə|{{IPA|ə}}]] vowel to the IPA.
|}
== Vowels ==
The [[Urdu]] language has 10 vowels and 10 nasalized vowels. Each vowel has four forms depending on its position: initial, middle, final and isolated. Like in its parent [[Arabic alphabet]], Urdu vowels are represented using a combination of digraphs and diacritics. [[Aleph|Alif]], [[Waw (letter)|Waw]], [[Yodh|Ye]], [[He (letter)|He]] and their variants are used to represent vowels.
=== Vowel chart ===
Urdu doesn't have standalone vowel letters. Short vowels (''a'', ''i'', ''u'') are represented by optional diacritics (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh'') upon the preceding consonant or a placeholder consonant (''alif'', ''ain'', or ''hamzah'') if the syllable begins with the vowel, and long vowels by consonants ''alif'', ''ain'', ''ye'', and ''wa'o'' as matres lectionis, with disambiguating diacritics, some of which are optional (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh''), whereas some are not (''madd'', ''hamzah''). Urdu does not have short vowels at the end of words. This is a table of Urdu vowels:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Romanization
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Final
!Middle
!Initial
|-
|a
|{{IPA|/ə/}}
|N/A
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اَ}}
|-
|ā
|{{IPA|/aː/}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَا ؛ ـَی ؛ ـَہ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَا}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|آ}}
|-
|i
|{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|N/A
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ــِـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اِ}}
|-
|ī
|{{IPA|/iː/}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـِى}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـِيـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اِی}}
|-
|e
|{{IPA|/eː/}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـے}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـيـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اے}}
|-
|ai
|{{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَے}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَيـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اَے}}
|-
|u
|{{IPA|/ʊ/}}
|N/A
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـُ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اُ}}
|-
|ū
|{{IPA|/uː/}}
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـُو}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اُو}}
|-
|-
|o
|{{IPA|/oː/}}
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـو}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|او}}
|-
|au
|{{IPA|/ɔː/}}
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَو}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اَو}}
|}
=== ''Alif'' ===
''Alif'' is the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, and it is used exclusively as a vowel. At the beginning of a word, ''alif'' can be used to represent any of the short vowels: {{Nastaliq|اب}} ''ab'', {{Nastaliq|اسم}} ''ism'', {{Nastaliq|اردو}} ''Urdū''. For long ''ā'' at the beginning of words alif-mad is used: {{Nastaliq|آپ}} ''āp'', but a plain alif in the middle and at the end: {{Nastaliq|بھاگنا}} ''bhāgnā''.
=== ''Wāʾo'' ===
''Wāʾo'' is used to render the vowels "ū", "o", "u" and "au" ([uː], [oː], [ʊ] and [ɔː] respectively), and it is also used to render the [[labiodental approximant]], [ʋ]. Only when preceded by the consonant ''k͟hē ({{Nastaliq|خ}}''), can ''wāʾo'' render the "u" ([ʊ]) sound (such as in {{Nastaliq|خود}}, "<u>''kh''</u>''ud''" - ''myself''), or not pronounced at all (such as in ''{{Nastaliq|خواب}}'', "<u>''kh''</u>''aab''" - ''dream'').
=== ''Ye'' ===
''Ye'' is divided into two variants: ''choṭī ye'' ("little ye")(ى) and ''[[baṛī ye]]'' ("big ye").
''Choṭī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}}) is written in all forms exactly as in Persian. It is used for the long vowel "ī" and the consonant "y".
''Baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) is used to render the vowels "e" and "ai" ({{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}} respectively). ''Baṛī ye'' is distinguishable in writing from ''choṭī ye'' only when it comes at the end of a word/ligature. Additionally, ''Baṛī ye'' is never used to begin a word/ligature, unlike ''choṭī ye''.
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! rowspan=2 | Letter's name
! colspan=4 | {{font|[[nasta'liq|Nasta'lyq]]}}
! colspan=4 | [[Tahoma font]]
|-
!Final<br/>Form
!Middle<br/>Form
!Initial<br/>Form
!Isolated<br/>Form
!Final<br/>Form
!Middle<br/>Form
!Initial<br/>Form
!Isolated<br/>Form
|-
|align=center|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}}}<br/>Choṭī ye
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|‍ی}}}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|‍ی‍}}}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ی‍}}}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ی}}}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|‍ی}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|‍ی‍}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|ی‍}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|ی}}
|-
|align=center|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}}}<br />Baṛī ye
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|‍ے}}}}
|style="font-size: 100%" |[none]
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ے}}}}
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|‍ے}}
|style="font-size: 100%" |[none]
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|ے}}
|}
=== ''The 2 he's'' ===
''He'' is divided into two variants: ''gol he'' ("round he") and ''do-cashmī he'' ("two-eyed he").
''Gol he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) is written round and zigzagged, and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word. Additionally, at the end of a word, it can be used to render the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/e:/}}), which also alters its form slightly (it is worth noting that on modern digital writing systems, this final form is achieved by writing two ''he's'' consecutively).
''Do-cashmī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}) is written as in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop), in order to create the aspirate consonants and write Arabic words.
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!Letter's name
!Final<br/>Form
!Middle<br/>Form
!Initial<br/>Form
!Isolated<br/>Form
|-
|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}}}<br />Gol he
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـہ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـہـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ہـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ہ}}
|-
|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}}}<br />Do-cashmī he
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـھ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـھـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ھـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ھ}}
|}
=== ''Nun Ghunnah'' ===
Nasalized vowels are represented by ''nun ghunnah'' written after their non nasalized versions, for example: ''{{Nastaliq|ہَے}}'' when nasalized would become ''{{Nastaliq|ہَیں}}''. In middle form ''nun gunnah'' is written just like ''nun'' and is differentiated by a diacritic called ''maghnoona'' or ''ulta jazm'' which is a [[superscript]] V symbol above the {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}.
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Examples:
!Form
!colspan=2 | Urdu
!Transcription
|-
|Orthography
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}}
|style="font-size: 150%;font=tahoma"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}}
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''ṉ''}}
|-
|End form
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}}
| style="font-size: 150%;font=tahoma"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}}
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''maiṉ''}}
|-
|Middle form
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}}
| style="font-size: 150%;font=tahoma"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}}
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''kaṉwal''}}
|}
== Diacritics ==
Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic]] based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses [[Perso-Arabic Script|Persian]] names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are ''zabar'' (Arabic ''fatḥah''), ''zer'' (Arabic ''kasrah''), ''pesh'' (Arabic ''dammah'') which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. ''Jazam'' ({{Nastaliq|ـْـ}} , Arabic ''sukun'') is used to indicate a [[consonant cluster]] and ''tashdid'' ({{Nastaliq|ـّـ}}, Arabic ''shaddah'') is used to indicate a [[gemination]], although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include ''khari zabar'' (Arabic ''dagger alif''), ''do zabar'' (Arabic ''fathatan'') which are found in some common [[Arabic]] loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from [[Arabic]]. ''Zer-e-izafat'' and ''hamza-e-izafat'' are described in the next section.
Other than common diacritics, [[Urdu]] also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include ''kasrah-e-majhool'', ''fathah-e-majhool'', ''dammah-e-majhool'', ''maghnoona'', ''ulta jazam'', ''alif-e-wavi'' and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only ''maghnoona'' is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.<ref name="diacritics">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper20.pdf|title="Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode"|publisher=}}</ref>
== Iẓāfat ==
''Iẓāfat'' is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. [[Ezāfe|This construction]] was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly-formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ''ʿain'' ({{Nastaliq|ع}}), it may be written as ''zer'' ({{Nastaliq| ِ}}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in ''choṭī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) or ''ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}} or {{Nastaliq|ے}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{Nastaliq|ء}}) is used above the last letter ({{Nastaliq|ۂ}} or {{Nastaliq|ئ}} or {{Nastaliq|ۓ}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{Nastaliq|ا}} or {{Nastaliq|و}}), then ''baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{Nastaliq|ئے}}) is added at the end of the first word.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=99–100}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Forms||Example||Transliteration||Meaning
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ــِ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|شیرِ پنجاب}}||''sher'''-e''' Panjāb''||the lion of Punjab
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ولئ کامل}}||''walī'''-ye''' kāmil''||perfect saint
|-
| style="font-size: 150%" rowspan="2"|{{Nastaliq|ئے}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|روئے زمین}}||''rū'''-ye''' zamīn''|| the surface of the Earth
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|صدائے بلند}}||''sadā'''-ye''' buland''||a high voice
|}
== Computers and the Urdu alphabet ==
In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any [[code page]]. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.<ref name="ibm">[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CS01248.pdf "IBM 868 code page"]</ref> Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were [[Windows-1256]] and [[MacArabic encoding]] both of which date back to the mid 1990s. In [[Unicode]], Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange]]. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by [[National Language Authority]] is called Urdu Zabta Takhti ({{Nastaliq|اردو ضابطہ تختی}}) (UZT) <ref name="uzt">{{cite web|url=http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf|title="Urdu Zabta Takhti"|publisher=}}</ref> which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet.
=== Encoding Urdu in Unicode ===
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.<ref name="unicode600table">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf | title=Arabic | publisher=unicode.org | accessdate=7 April 2019 }}</ref> Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the [[University of Chicago]]'s electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"<ref name="shakespearDictionary">{{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=29 September 2009 |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> includes the word '{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}' (India). Searching for the string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھارت}}}}" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}" returns the correct entry.<ref name="shakespearDictionary_bharat">{{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter ''do chashmi he'' (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter [[ه|hāʾ]] (U+0647; phonetic value {{IPA|/h/}}). In Urdu, the {{IPA|/h/}} phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called ''gol he'' (round ''he''), or ''chhoti he'' (small ''he'').
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Confusable glyphs in Urdu and Arabic script
|-
! Characters in Urdu
! Characters in Arabic
|-
| {{font|size=200%|{{nq|{{lang|ur|ہ}}}}}} (U+06C1), {{font|size=200%|{{nq|{{lang|ur|ھ}}}}}} (U+06BE) || {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|ه}}}} (U+0647)
|-
| {{font|size=200%|{{nq|{{lang|ur|ی}}}}}} (U+06CC) || {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|ى}}}} (U+0649), {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|ي}}}} (U+064A)
|-
| {{font|size=200%|{{nq|{{lang|ur|ک}}}}}} (U+06A9) || {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|ك}}}} (U+0643)
|}
In 2003, the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP)<ref name="crulp">{{cite web|url=http://www.crulp.org/ |title=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing |publisher=Crulp.org |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref>—a research organisation affiliated with Pakistan's [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]]—produced a proposal for mapping from the 1-byte [[Urdu keyboard#Fourth generation|UZT]] encoding of Urdu characters to the Unicode standard.<ref name="uztunicode">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tremu.gov.pk/tremu1/workingroups/pdfpresentations/UZT%20UNICODE%20MAPPING.pdf |date=* }}</ref> This proposal suggests a preferred Unicode glyph for each character in the Urdu alphabet.
=== Software ===
The ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in ''Nasta{{okina}}liq'' by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Urdu language support in all new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]] and [[Microsoft Office 2007]] are available in Urdu through [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/Browse.aspx?displaylang=ur&productID=38DF6AB1-13D4-409C-966D-CBE61F040027 |title=:مائِیکروسافٹ ڈاؤُن لوڈ مَرکَزWindows |publisher=Microsoft.com |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Urdu support and translations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aasims.wordpress.com/tag/ubuntu-in-urdu/ |title=Ubuntu in Urdu « Aasim's Web Corner |publisher=Aasims.wordpress.com |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Urdu language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s in its [[iOS 8]] update in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/776214/e-urdu-how-one-mans-plea-for-nastaleeq-was-heard-by-apple/|title=E-Urdu: How one man's plea for Nastaleeq was heard by Apple|date=16 October 2014|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref>
== Romanization standards and systems ==
{{main|Roman Urdu}}
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic [[English Orthography|English orthography]]. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is [[ALA-LC romanization]], which is also supported by [[National Language Authority]]. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.<ref name="roman">{{cite web|url=http://nlpd.gov.pk/uakhbareurdu/august2011/8.html|title=اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف : نبلٰی پیرزادہ|website=nlpd.gov.pk}}</ref>
[[Roman Urdu]] also holds significance among the Christians of Pakistan and [[North India]]. Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]] in present-day Pakistan and [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Rajasthan]] in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu. Thus Roman Urdu was a common way of writing among Pakistani and Indian Christians in these areas up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman [[Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu|Urdū Bibles]] that enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdu. However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states.
== See also ==
*[[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʻliq script]]
* [[Persian alphabet]]
* [[Urdu Wikipedia]]
* [[Urdu keyboard]]
* [[Urdu Braille]]
* [[Urdu Informatics]]
* [[Romanization of Urdu]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Sources ==
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Beginner's Urdu Script|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Read and write Urdu script|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFrFSAAACAAJ|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}
* {{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Urdu script notes|url=http://rishida.net/scripts/urdu/}}
== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Urdu}}
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm Urdu alphabet]
* [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html Urdu alphabet with Devanagari equivalents]
* [http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html Hugo's Urdu Alphabet Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/ calligraphyislamic.com], a resource for Urdu calligraphy and script
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/ Urdu Script Introduction from Columbia University]
* [http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]
{{Urdu topics}}
{{Arabic alphabets}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Alphabet}}
[[Category:Hindustani orthography]]
[[Category:Urdu]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Perso-Arabic-based alphabet for Urdu of 39 letters}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox writing system
|name=Urdu alphabet<br/>
|altname=
{{font|size=200%|{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|اردو تہجی}}}}}}
<br/>{{font|size=100%|font=tahoma|{{lang|ur|اردو تہجی}}}}
|type=Abjad
|languages= [[Urdu]], [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Burushaski]], others
|sample=Urdu example.svg
|imagesize=120px
|caption=Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: ''Urdu''
|time=
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]]
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
|fam4=[[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]
|fam5=[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]
|fam6=[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]<br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]<br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]<br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF]
}}
{{Arabic script sidebar|Urdu}}
{{Contains Urdu text}}
The '''Urdu alphabet''' is the [[right-to-left]] [[alphabet]] used for the [[Urdu|Urdu language]]. It is a modification of the [[Persian alphabet]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic alphabet]]. The Urdu alphabet has up to 40 letters.<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm|title=Urdu alphabet, pronunciation and language|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref> With 39 basic letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the [[calligraphic]] [[Nastaʿlīq script]], whereas [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is more commonly in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] style.
[[File:Urdu alphabets.jpg | 220x124px]]
Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called [[Roman Urdu]]) omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the [[Latin script]]. The [[National Language Authority]] of [[Pakistan]] has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
== History ==
The [[Urdu language]] emerged as a distinct register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] well before the [[Partition of India]]. It is distinguished most by its extensive [[Persian language|Persian]] influences. This stands to reason: Persian was the official language of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal government]] and the most prominent [[lingua franca]] of the Indian subcontinent for several centuries before the rise of the [[Maratha Empire]] in the 17th and 18th centuries. The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and has its origins in 13th century [[Iran]]. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nasta{{Okina}}liq]] style of [[Perso-Arabic script]]. [[Urdu]] script in its extended form is known as [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]] script and is used for writing other [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of North [[Indian subcontinent]] like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Saraiki alphabet|Saraiki]] as well.
Despite the invention of the [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter]] in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as ''[[katib]]s'' or ''[[khush-navees]]'' until the late 1980s. The [[Pakistan]]i [[national newspaper]] ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu [[newspaper]] to use ''Nastaʿlīq'' computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the [[internet]]. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs.
Urdu and [[Hindi language|Hindi]], an official federal language of [[India]], are different registers of the same language, and thus they are mutually intelligible and can use each other's script to write the other's language. Usage of script generally signifies the user's faith: Muslims generally use the Urdu (Perso-Arabic) script, while Hindus use the [[Devanagari]] script. In addition to Pakistan, the Urdu script is official in five states of India with a substantial percentage of Hindustani-speaking Muslims: [[Bihar]], [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Telangana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]].
Other than the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Urdu script is also used by [[Pakistani diaspora|Pakistan's large diaspora]], including in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and other places.<ref name="omniglot">[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm "Urdu"]. Omniglot.com.</ref>
== Nastaʿlīq ==
{{Main|Nastaʿlīq script}}
The Nastaʿlīq calligraphic writing style began as a [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] mixture of scripts [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Ta'liq script|Ta'liq]]. After the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Mughal conquest]], Nasta{{Okina}}liq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in [[Pakistan]], and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] counterpart.
== Alphabet ==
The Urdu script is an [[abjad]] script derived from [[Perso-Arabic script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. The Urdu alphabet was standardized in 2004 by the [[National Language Authority]], which is responsible for standardizing Urdu in [[Pakistan]]. According to the National Language Authority, Urdu has 58 letters of which 39 are basic letters while 18 are [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] to represent [[aspirated consonant]]s made by attaching basic consonant letters with a variant of [[He (letter)|He]] called do chashmi he.<ref name="alphabets">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/919270|title=Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet|date=15 June 2009|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref name="alphabets1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2007/corpus_based_urdu_lexicon_development.pdf|title="Corpus Based Urdu Lexicon Development "|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="omniglot.com"/> [[Taw#T.C4.81.CA.BC marb.C5.AB.E1.B9.ADah|Tāʼ marbūṭah]] is also sometimes considered a letter though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from [[Arabic]].
As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in [[Semitic languages]] like Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an [[Indo-European language]], which does not have the same luxury, hence necessitating more memorization.
=== Differences from [[Persian alphabet]] ===
Urdu has more letters added to the Persian base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added include: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} to represent [[voiceless retroflex stop|/ʈ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} to represent [[voiced retroflex stop|/ɖ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} to represent [[retroflex flap|/ɽ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} to represent [[nasal vowel|/◌̃/]], and {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} to represent [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ:/]] or [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e:/]]. A separate do-cashmi-[[He (letter)|he]] letter, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a [[aspirated consonant|/ʰ/]] or a [[murmured voice|/ʱ/]]. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed below.
=== Letter names and phonemes ===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Isolated<br />glyph in<br />[[Nasta'līq]]
! rowspan="2" |positional letter forms {{ref|1|[1]}}
! colspan="3" |Letter name {{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=XV–XVI}}
! colspan="2" |Romanization
! rowspan="2" |[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] (1)
|-
! [[Nasta'līq]]
! [[Tahoma font]]
! {{font|size=90%|transliteration}}
! ALA-LC <ref name="LoC">{{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref>
! {{font|size=90%|[[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]}} <ref name="Hunterian">Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85.pdf No. 85] and [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85-ad1.pdf No. 85 Add. 1.]</ref>
|-
| 1
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ا]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ا‍ ‍ا‍ ‍ا}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|الف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|الف}}}}
| ''alif''
| colspan="2"| ā, –
| {{IPA|/ɑː, ʔ, ∅/}}
|-
| 2
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ب]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ب‍ ‍ب‍ ‍ب}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|بے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|بے}}}}
| ''bē''
|colspan="2"| ''b''
| {{IPA|/b/}}
|-
| 3
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[پ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|پ‍ ‍پ‍ ‍پ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|پے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|پے}}}}
| ''pē''
|colspan="2"| ''p''
| {{IPA|/p/}}
|-
| 4
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ت]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ت‍ ‍ت‍ ‍ت}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|تے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|تے}}}}
| ''tē''
|colspan="2"| ''t''
| {{IPA|/t̪/}}
|-
| 5
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ٹ‍ ‍ٹ‍ ‍ٹ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ٹے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ٹے}}}}
| ''ṭē''
| ''ṭ''
| ''t''
| {{IPA|/ʈ/}}
|-
| 6
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ث]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ث‍ ‍ث‍ ‍ث}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ثے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ثے}}}}
| ''s̱ē''
| ''s̱''
| ''s''
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| 7
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ج]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ج‍ ‍ج‍ ‍ج}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|جيم}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|جيم}}}}
| ''jīm''
|colspan="2"| ''j''
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|-
| 8
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[چ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|چ‍ ‍چ‍ ‍چ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|چے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|چے}}}}
| ''cē''
| ''c''
| ''ch''
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
|-
| 9
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ح]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ح‍ ‍ح‍ ‍ح}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|بڑی حے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|بڑی حے}}}}
| ''baṛī ḥē''
| ''ḥ''
| ''h''
| {{IPA|/ɦ/}}
|-
| 10
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[خ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|خ‍ ‍خ‍ ‍خ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|خے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|خے}}}}
| ''k͟hē''
| ''k͟h''
| ''kh''
| {{IPA|/x/}}
|-
| 11
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[د]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|د‍ ‍د‍ ‍د}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|دال}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|دال}}}}
| ''dāl''
|colspan="2"| ''d''
| {{IPA|/d/}}
|-
| 12
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ڈ‍ ‍ڈ‍ ‍ڈ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ڈال}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ڈال}}}}
| ''ḍāl''
| ''ḍ''
| ''d''
| {{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|-
| 13
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ذ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ذ‍ ‍ذ‍ ‍ذ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ذال}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ذال}}}}
| ''ẕāl''
| ''ẕ''
| ''z''
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
| 14
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ر]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ر‍ ‍ر‍ ‍ر}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|رے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|رے}}}}
| ''rē''
|colspan="2"| ''r''
| {{IPA|/r/}}
|-
| 15
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ڑ‍ ‍ڑ‍ ‍ڑ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ڑے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ڑے}}}}
| ''ṛē''
| ''ṛ''
| ''r''
| {{IPA|/ɽ/}}
|-
| 16
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ز]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ز‍ ‍ز‍ ‍ز}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|زے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|زے}}}}
| ''zē''
|colspan="2"| ''z''
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
| 17
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ژ‍ ‍ژ‍ ‍ژ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ژے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ژے}}}}}
| ''zhē''
| ''zh''
| ''zh''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|-
| 18
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[س]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|س‍ ‍س‍ ‍س}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|سین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|سین}}}}
| ''sīn''
|colspan="2"| ''s''
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| 19
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ش]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ش‍ ‍ش‍ ‍ش}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|شین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|شین}}}}
| ''shīn''
| ''sh''
| ''sh''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|-
| 20
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ص]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ص‍ ‍ص‍ ‍ص}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|صاد}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|صاد}}}}
| ''ṣwād''
| ''ṣ''
| ''s''
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| 21
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ض]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ض‍ ‍ض‍ ‍ض}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ضاد}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ضاد}}}}
| ''ẓwād''
| ''ẓ''
| ''z''
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
| 22
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ط]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ط‍ ‍ط‍ ‍ط}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|طوے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|طوے}}}}
| ''t̤o{{hamza}}ē''
| ''t̤''
| ''t''
| {{IPA|/t/}}
|-
| 23
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ظ‍ ‍ظ‍ ‍ظ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ظوے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ظوے}}}}
| ''z̤o{{hamza}}ē''
| ''z̤''
| ''z''
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
| 24
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ع]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ع‍ ‍ع‍ ‍ع}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|عین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|عین}}}}
| ''‘ain''
| colspan="2"| '''`, {{okina}}, ‘, ', ’, {{hamza}}''' {{ref|ayn|[3]}}
| {{IPA|/ɑː, oː, eː, ʔ, ʕ, ∅/}}
|-
| 25
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[غ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|غ‍ ‍غ‍ ‍غ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|غین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|غین}}}}
| ''g͟hain''
| ''g͟h''
| ''gh''
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|-
| 26
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ف]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ف‍ ‍ف‍ ‍ف}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|فے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|فے}}}}
| ''fē''
|colspan="2"| ''f''
| {{IPA|/f/}}
|-
| 27
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ق]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ق‍ ‍ق‍ ‍ق}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|قاف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|قاف}}}}
| ''qāf''
|colspan="2"| ''q''
| {{IPA|/q/}}
|-
| 28
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[Kāf|ک]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ک‍ ‍ک‍ ‍ک}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|کاف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|کاف}}}}
| ''kāf''
|colspan="2"| ''k''
| {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| 29
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[گ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|گ‍ ‍گ‍ ‍گ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|گاف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|گاف}}}}
| ''gāf''
|colspan="2"| ''g''
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|-
| 30
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ل]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ل‍ ‍ل‍ ‍ل}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|لام}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|لام}}}}
| ''lām''
|colspan="2"| ''l''
| {{IPA|/l/}}
|-
| 31
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[م]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|م‍ ‍م‍ ‍م}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|میم}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|میم}}}}
| ''mīm''
|colspan="2"| ''m''
| {{IPA|/m/}}
|-
| 32
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ن]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ن‍ ‍ن‍ ‍ن}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|نون}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|نون}}}}
| ''nūn''
|colspan="2"| ''n''
| {{IPA|/n, ɲ, ɳ, ŋ/}}
|-
| 33
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ں‍ ‍ں‍ ‍ں}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|نون غنّہ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|نون غنّہ}}}}
| ''nūn g͟hunnah''
| ''ṉ''
| ''n''
| {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel|◌̃]]/}}
|-
| 34
|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[و]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|و‍ ‍و‍ ‍و}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|واؤ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|واؤ}}}}
| ''wā{{hamza}}o''
| ''v'',<br>''ū'', ''u, o'', ''au''
| ''w'',<br>''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au''
| {{IPA|/ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/}}
|-
| 35
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ہ‍ ‍ہ‍ ‍ہ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 120%;" |
{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی ہے}}}}<br>{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|چھوٹی ہے}}}}
{{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|گول ہے}}}}
| ''choṭī hē''<br>''gol hē''
| colspan="2"| ''h, ā, e''
|{{IPA|/ɦ, ɑː, e:/}}
|-
| 36
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ھ‍ ‍ھ‍ ‍ھ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|دو چشمی ہے}}}}
| ''do-cashmī hē''
|colspan="2"| ''h''
| {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}}
|-
| 37
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ء]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ء‍ ‍ء‍ ‍ء}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ہمزہ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ہمزہ}}}}
| ''hamzah''
|colspan="2"| {{hamza}}, –, ''yi'' {{ref|hamza|[2]}}
| {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}}
|-
| 38
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ی]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ی‍ ‍ی‍ ‍ی}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|چھوٹی يے}}}}
| ''choṭī yē''
|colspan="2"| ''y'', ''ī'', ''á''
| {{IPA|/j, iː, ɑː/}}
|-
| 39
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ے‍ ‍ے‍ ‍ے}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|بڑی يے}}}}
| ''baṛī yē''
|colspan="2"| ''ai, e''
| {{IPA|/ɛː, eː/}}
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align:left" | Footnotes:
|-
| {{note|1|[1]}}
|
{{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}}}}
{{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}}}}
{{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}}}}
{{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}}}}
|
| colspan="6" style=text-align:left | No Urdu word begins with {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ں]]}}}}, {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ھ]]}}}}, {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ڑ]]}}}} or {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ے]]}}}}.
|-
| {{note|hamza|[2]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=200%|{{nastaliq|[[ء]]}}}}}}
|
| colspan="7" style=text-align:left | In [[Urdu]], '''hamza''' {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ء]]}}}} is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as ''hamza-e-izafat''. The main use of ''hamza'' {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ء]]}}}} in [[Urdu]] is to indicate a vowel cluster.
|-
| {{note|ayn|[3]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=200%|{{nastaliq|[[ع]]}}}}}}
|
| colspan="7" style=text-align:left | '''Ayn''' {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ع]]}}}} in its initial {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|عـ}}}} and final {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ـع}}}} position is silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel. When it appears in the middle of a word there are a few different, similar looking, characters used to represent it in the Latin alphabet: (`) the grave accent, (‘) the left single quotation mark, (') the apostrophe, or the Pacific ({{okina}}) [[okina]], or it can be pronounced like Arabic [[hamza]] {{hamza}} and be transliterated as equivilent marks in the reverse direction such as (’) the right single quotation mark. {{citation needed}}
|-
|}
=== Comparison to Hindi Devanagari and Arabic ===
Urdu and [[Hindi]] are mostly [[mutually intelligible]], to the point that they are sometimes considered to be one language<ref name="Why Hindi-Urdu is one language and Arabic is several">{{cite web |last1=Carreiro |first1=Heather |title=Why Hindi-Urdu is one language and Arabic is several - May 28, 2010 |url=https://matadornetwork.com/abroad/why-hindi-urdu-is-one-language-and-arabic-is-several/ |website=Matador Network |accessdate=}}</ref>, but this distinction is controversial ([[Hindi Urdu controversy]]). One of the biggest differences is the script; Hindi is usually written in [[Devanagari]]. Transliteration between the two scripts is neither simple nor unambiguous<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration">{{cite web |last1=Jawaid |first1=Bushra |last2=Tafseer |first2=Ahmed |title=Hindi to Urdu Conversion: Beyond Simple Transliteration |url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper4.pdf |website=Proceedings of the Conference on Language & Technology 2009 |accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref>. There are many cases where one character in Devanagari Hindi corresponds to multiple redundant characters in Persianised Urdu, or [[vice versa]] (see table below). In many of these cases the letters had different pronunciations in [[arabic phonology|Arabic]], from which the Urdu alphabet is derived (via the [[Persian alphabet]]). For example, the letters representing the [[emphatic consonants]] from Arabic, {{lang-arz|ط}} and {{lang-arz|ص}} are pronounced the same way as the corresponding non-emphatic consonants {{lang-arz|ت}} and {{lang-arz|س}} in Urdu. Though, when pronouncing [[Arabic]] words, particularly in a religious context, native speakers of Urdu go to great effort to pronounce the Arabic sounds unambiguously {{citation needed|2020-02-25: i have heard this from multiple anecdotal sources, i intend to find a decent reference myself, but if you know of one please add it|date=February 2020}}.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+'''Redundancy and ambiguity of non-aspirated consonants:'''
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] for [[modern standard Arabic|standard Arabic]]
! IPA for [[classical Arabic]]
! [[arabic alphabet|Arabic letter name]]
! Urdu letter name !! Urdu letter in [[Tahoma font|Tahoma]]
! Urdu letter in [[Nasta'liq]]
! IPA for Urdu & Hindi <ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /><ref name="Urdu Devanagari Hannover">{{cite web |title=Urdu Alphabet |url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |website=www.user.uni-hannover.de}}</ref> footnote{{ref|schwa|[ə]}}
! [[Hindi]] {{font|size=70%|[[Devanagari]]}} <ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> !! Hindi letter name <ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" />
|-
| colspan=2 | {{ipa|s}} || sin || Seen || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=120%|font=tahoma|س}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|س}}}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=3 | {{ipa|{{font|size=120%|s}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=3 | {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|स}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=3 | SA
|-
| {{ipa|sˤ}} || {{ipa|sˠ}} || sod || Suad || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=tahoma|ص}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|ص}}}}}}
|-
| colspan=2 | {{ipa|θ}} || tha || Saay || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=tahoma|ث}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|ث}}}}}}
|-
| colspan=2 | {{ipa|t}} || ta || Tay || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=120%|font=tahoma|ت}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|ت}}}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=2 | {{ipa|{{font|size=120%|t̪}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=2 | {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|त}}}} ||style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=2 | TA
|-
|| {{ipa|tˤ}} || {{ipa|tˠ}} || toh || Toay || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=120%|font=tahoma|ط}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|ط}}}}}}
|-
| colspan=3 style="background: #cfdfff;" | absent in Arabic || Ttay || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=120%|font=tahoma|ٹ}}}} || {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{nastaliq|ٹ}}}}}} ||rowspan=1 | {{ipa|{{font|size=120%|ʈ}}}} ||rowspan=1 | {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|ट}}}} ||rowspan=1 | TTA
|-
! colspan=9 style="text-align:left" | Footnotes:
|-
| colspan=9 style="text-align:left" |
{{note|schwa|[ə]}}. The Devanagari equivalents all add a schwa '''[[ə|{{IPA|ə}}]]''' vowel to the IPA.
|}
=== Retroflex letters ===
[[File:Hindustani Urdu retroflex letter T.svg|right|200px]]
Old Hindustani used four dots over three Arabic letters to represent retroflex consonants: {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|ٿ}}}}, {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|ڐ}}}}, {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|ڙ}}}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=James Robert|title=A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1842|publisher=Madden & Company|page=11}}</ref> In handwriting those dots was often written like a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Olaf|title=Scripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots&redir_esc=y|year=2002|publisher=Bibliotheca Alexandrina|page=108}}</ref> (It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ''ṭāʾ'' itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of its being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes. In modern Urdu {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}, called ''to'e'' is always pronounced as a dental, not a retroflex.)
=== Aspirated consonants ===
On of the differences between the Urdu alphabet and the [[Hindi]] [[Devanagari]] alphabet is in the depiction of the [[aspirated consonants]]. In Hindi in Devanagari these are distinct letters {{lang|hi|भ फ थ ठ ध ढ ढ़ झ छ ख घ}} whereas in Urdu they are [[digraph]]s combining {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|ھ}}}} with another [[consonant]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows:'''
|-
! colspan=2 | non-aspirated consonants
! colspan=5 | {{font|size=100%|'''corresponding aspirated consonants'''}}
|-
! Letter
! {{font|size=90%|[[Devanagari]]}} <ref name="Hindi alphabet www.omniglot.com">{{cite web |title=Hindi alphabet, pronunciation and language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm |website=www.omniglot.com |accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref>
! {{font|size=90%|Digraph}} <ref name="LoC"/><ref name="omniglot.com" />
! {{font|size=90%|[[Devanagari]]}} <ref name="Hindi alphabet www.omniglot.com" />
! {{font|size=90%|Transcription}} <ref name="LoC"/>
! '''IPA''' {{ref|schwa|[ə]}}
! Example
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ب}}
| {{lang|hi|ब}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}}
| {{lang|hi|भ}}
| ''bh''
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|بھاری}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پ}}
| {{lang|hi|प}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}}
| {{lang|hi|फ}}
| ''ph''
| {{IPA|[pʰ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|پھول}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ت}}
| {{lang|hi|त}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}}
| {{lang|hi|थ}}
| ''th''
| {{IPA|[tʰ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|تھم}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹ}}
| {{lang|hi|ट}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ठ}}
| ''ṭh''
| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|ٹھیس}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ج}}
| {{lang|hi|ज}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}}
| {{lang|hi|झ}}
| ''jh''
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چ}}
| {{lang|hi|च}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}}
| {{lang|hi|छ}}
| ''ch''
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|چھوکرا}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|د}}
| {{lang|hi|द}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ध}}
| ''dh''
| {{IPA|[dʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|دھوبی}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈ}}
| {{lang|hi|ड}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ढ}}
| ''ḍh''
| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|ڈھول}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑ}}
| {{lang|hi|ड़}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ढ़}}
| ''ṛh''
| {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|کڑھنا}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ک}}
| {{lang|hi|क}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ख}}
| ''kh''
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|کھولنا}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گ}}
| {{lang|hi|ग}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}}
| {{lang|hi|घ}}
| ''gh''
| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|گھبراہٹ}}}}}}
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ن}}
| {{lang|hi|[[न]] [[ण]] [[ञ]]}} ?
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}}
| {{lang|hi|[[ञ्ह]] [[न्ह]] [[नः]] [[णः]]}} ? (none?)
| ''nh''
| {{IPA|[nʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|ننّھا}}}}}} {{lang|ur|ننّھا}} <ref>{{cite web |title=ننّھا |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D9%86%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%A7 |website=oxford dictionaries |accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|م}}
| {{lang|hi|म}}
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}}
| {{lang|hi|म्ह}} ? (none?)
| ''mh''
| {{IPA|[mʱ]}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|تمھیں}}}}}} {{lang|ur|تُمھیں}}<br/>(alternative of {{Nastaliq|تُمہیں}} {{lang|ur|تمہیں}}) <ref>{{cite web |title=تُمھیں |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%AA%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%BA |website=Oxford Dictionaries |accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|و}}
| {{lang|hi|व}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|وھ}}
| {{lang|hi|व्ह}} ? (none?)
| ''wh''
| {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}}
| (not used)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ی}}
| {{lang|hi|य}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|یھ}}a
| {{lang|hi|य्ह}} ? (none?)
| ''yh''
| {{IPA|[jʱ]}}
| (not used)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ر}}
| {{lang|hi|र}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}}
| {{lang|hi|र्ह}} ? (none?)
| ''rh''
| {{IPA|[rʱ]}}
| (not used)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ل}}
| {{lang|hi|ल}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}}
| {{lang|hi|ल्ह}} ? (none?)
| ''lh''
| {{IPA|[lʱ]}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ں}}
| {{lang|hi|न ण ञ ॅ ं}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ںھ}}
| {{lang|hi|न्ह ञ्ह}} ? (none?)
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ح}}
| {{lang|hi|ह}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|حھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ہ}}
| {{lang|hi|ह}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ہھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ط}}
| {{lang|hi|त}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|طھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ص}}
| {{lang|hi|स}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|صھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ق}}
| {{lang|hi|क़}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|قھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ف}}
| {{lang|hi|फ़}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|فھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|س}}
| {{lang|hi|स}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|سھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ش}}
| {{lang|hi|ष श}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|شھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|غ}}
| {{lang|hi|ग़}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|غھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ع}}
| (none)
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|عھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ث}}
| {{lang|hi|स}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ثھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|خ}}
| {{lang|hi|ख़}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|خھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ز}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़}}
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|زھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ذ}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ذھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ض}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ضھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ظ}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ظھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
| style="font-size: 130%"|{{Nastaliq|ژ}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़ जः जः ज़्ह}} ?
| style="font-size: 120%"|{{Nastaliq|ژھ}}
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" |
| style="background: #bfcfef;" | (not used?)
|-
! colspan=7 | Footnote:
|-
| colspan=7 | {{note|schwa|[ə]}} the Devanagari equivalents all add a schwa [[ə|{{IPA|ə}}]] vowel to the IPA.
|}
== Vowels ==
The [[Urdu]] language has 10 vowels and 10 nasalized vowels. Each vowel has four forms depending on its position: initial, middle, final and isolated. Like in its parent [[Arabic alphabet]], Urdu vowels are represented using a combination of digraphs and diacritics. [[Aleph|Alif]], [[Waw (letter)|Waw]], [[Yodh|Ye]], [[He (letter)|He]] and their variants are used to represent vowels.
=== Vowel chart ===
Urdu doesn't have standalone vowel letters. Short vowels (''a'', ''i'', ''u'') are represented by optional diacritics (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh'') upon the preceding consonant or a placeholder consonant (''alif'', ''ain'', or ''hamzah'') if the syllable begins with the vowel, and long vowels by consonants ''alif'', ''ain'', ''ye'', and ''wa'o'' as matres lectionis, with disambiguating diacritics, some of which are optional (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh''), whereas some are not (''madd'', ''hamzah''). Urdu does not have short vowels at the end of words. This is a table of Urdu vowels:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Romanization
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Final
!Middle
!Initial
|-
|a
|{{IPA|/ə/}}
|N/A
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اَ}}
|-
|ā
|{{IPA|/aː/}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَا ؛ ـَی ؛ ـَہ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَا}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|آ}}
|-
|i
|{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|N/A
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ــِـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اِ}}
|-
|ī
|{{IPA|/iː/}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـِى}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـِيـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اِی}}
|-
|e
|{{IPA|/eː/}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـے}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـيـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اے}}
|-
|ai
|{{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَے}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَيـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اَے}}
|-
|u
|{{IPA|/ʊ/}}
|N/A
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـُ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اُ}}
|-
|ū
|{{IPA|/uː/}}
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـُو}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اُو}}
|-
|-
|o
|{{IPA|/oː/}}
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـو}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|او}}
|-
|au
|{{IPA|/ɔː/}}
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـَو}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|اَو}}
|}
=== ''Alif'' ===
''Alif'' is the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, and it is used exclusively as a vowel. At the beginning of a word, ''alif'' can be used to represent any of the short vowels: {{Nastaliq|اب}} ''ab'', {{Nastaliq|اسم}} ''ism'', {{Nastaliq|اردو}} ''Urdū''. For long ''ā'' at the beginning of words alif-mad is used: {{Nastaliq|آپ}} ''āp'', but a plain alif in the middle and at the end: {{Nastaliq|بھاگنا}} ''bhāgnā''.
=== ''Wāʾo'' ===
''Wāʾo'' is used to render the vowels "ū", "o", "u" and "au" ([uː], [oː], [ʊ] and [ɔː] respectively), and it is also used to render the [[labiodental approximant]], [ʋ]. Only when preceded by the consonant ''k͟hē ({{Nastaliq|خ}}''), can ''wāʾo'' render the "u" ([ʊ]) sound (such as in {{Nastaliq|خود}}, "<u>''kh''</u>''ud''" - ''myself''), or not pronounced at all (such as in ''{{Nastaliq|خواب}}'', "<u>''kh''</u>''aab''" - ''dream'').
=== ''Ye'' ===
''Ye'' is divided into two variants: ''choṭī ye'' ("little ye")(ى) and ''[[baṛī ye]]'' ("big ye").
''Choṭī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}}) is written in all forms exactly as in Persian. It is used for the long vowel "ī" and the consonant "y".
''Baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) is used to render the vowels "e" and "ai" ({{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}} respectively). ''Baṛī ye'' is distinguishable in writing from ''choṭī ye'' only when it comes at the end of a word/ligature. Additionally, ''Baṛī ye'' is never used to begin a word/ligature, unlike ''choṭī ye''.
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! rowspan=2 | Letter's name
! colspan=4 | {{font|[[nasta'liq|Nasta'lyq]]}}
! colspan=4 | [[Tahoma font]]
|-
!Final<br/>Form
!Middle<br/>Form
!Initial<br/>Form
!Isolated<br/>Form
!Final<br/>Form
!Middle<br/>Form
!Initial<br/>Form
!Isolated<br/>Form
|-
|align=center|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}}}<br/>Choṭī ye
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|‍ی}}}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|‍ی‍}}}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ی‍}}}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ی}}}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|‍ی}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|‍ی‍}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|ی‍}}
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|ی}}
|-
|align=center|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}}}<br />Baṛī ye
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|‍ے}}}}
|style="font-size: 100%" |[none]
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ے}}}}
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|‍ے}}
|style="font-size: 100%" |[none]
|style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|ے}}
|}
=== ''The 2 he's'' ===
''He'' is divided into two variants: ''gol he'' ("round he") and ''do-cashmī he'' ("two-eyed he").
''Gol he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) is written round and zigzagged, and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word. Additionally, at the end of a word, it can be used to render the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/e:/}}), which also alters its form slightly (it is worth noting that on modern digital writing systems, this final form is achieved by writing two ''he's'' consecutively).
''Do-cashmī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}) is written as in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop), in order to create the aspirate consonants and write Arabic words.
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!Letter's name
!Final<br/>Form
!Middle<br/>Form
!Initial<br/>Form
!Isolated<br/>Form
|-
|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}}}<br />Gol he
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـہ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـہـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ہـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ہ}}
|-
|{{font|size=150%|{{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}}}<br />Do-cashmī he
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـھ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ـھـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ھـ}}
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|ھ}}
|}
=== ''Nun Ghunnah'' ===
Nasalized vowels are represented by ''nun ghunnah'' written after their non nasalized versions, for example: ''{{Nastaliq|ہَے}}'' when nasalized would become ''{{Nastaliq|ہَیں}}''. In middle form ''nun gunnah'' is written just like ''nun'' and is differentiated by a diacritic called ''maghnoona'' or ''ulta jazm'' which is a [[superscript]] V symbol above the {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}.
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Examples:
!Form
!colspan=2 | Urdu
!Transcription
|-
|Orthography
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}}
|style="font-size: 150%;font=tahoma"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}}
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''ṉ''}}
|-
|End form
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}}
| style="font-size: 150%;font=tahoma"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}}
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''maiṉ''}}
|-
|Middle form
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}}
| style="font-size: 150%;font=tahoma"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}}
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''kaṉwal''}}
|}
== Diacritics ==
Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic]] based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses [[Perso-Arabic Script|Persian]] names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are ''zabar'' (Arabic ''fatḥah''), ''zer'' (Arabic ''kasrah''), ''pesh'' (Arabic ''dammah'') which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. ''Jazam'' ({{Nastaliq|ـْـ}} , Arabic ''sukun'') is used to indicate a [[consonant cluster]] and ''tashdid'' ({{Nastaliq|ـّـ}}, Arabic ''shaddah'') is used to indicate a [[gemination]], although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include ''khari zabar'' (Arabic ''dagger alif''), ''do zabar'' (Arabic ''fathatan'') which are found in some common [[Arabic]] loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from [[Arabic]]. ''Zer-e-izafat'' and ''hamza-e-izafat'' are described in the next section.
Other than common diacritics, [[Urdu]] also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include ''kasrah-e-majhool'', ''fathah-e-majhool'', ''dammah-e-majhool'', ''maghnoona'', ''ulta jazam'', ''alif-e-wavi'' and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only ''maghnoona'' is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.<ref name="diacritics">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper20.pdf|title="Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode"|publisher=}}</ref>
== Iẓāfat ==
''Iẓāfat'' is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. [[Ezāfe|This construction]] was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly-formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ''ʿain'' ({{Nastaliq|ع}}), it may be written as ''zer'' ({{Nastaliq| ِ}}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in ''choṭī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) or ''ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}} or {{Nastaliq|ے}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{Nastaliq|ء}}) is used above the last letter ({{Nastaliq|ۂ}} or {{Nastaliq|ئ}} or {{Nastaliq|ۓ}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{Nastaliq|ا}} or {{Nastaliq|و}}), then ''baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{Nastaliq|ئے}}) is added at the end of the first word.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=99–100}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Forms||Example||Transliteration||Meaning
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ــِ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|شیرِ پنجاب}}||''sher'''-e''' Panjāb''||the lion of Punjab
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ولئ کامل}}||''walī'''-ye''' kāmil''||perfect saint
|-
| style="font-size: 150%" rowspan="2"|{{Nastaliq|ئے}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|روئے زمین}}||''rū'''-ye''' zamīn''|| the surface of the Earth
|-
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|صدائے بلند}}||''sadā'''-ye''' buland''||a high voice
|}
== Computers and the Urdu alphabet ==
In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any [[code page]]. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.<ref name="ibm">[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CS01248.pdf "IBM 868 code page"]</ref> Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were [[Windows-1256]] and [[MacArabic encoding]] both of which date back to the mid 1990s. In [[Unicode]], Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange]]. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by [[National Language Authority]] is called Urdu Zabta Takhti ({{Nastaliq|اردو ضابطہ تختی}}) (UZT) <ref name="uzt">{{cite web|url=http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf|title="Urdu Zabta Takhti"|publisher=}}</ref> which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet.
=== Encoding Urdu in Unicode ===
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.<ref name="unicode600table">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf | title=Arabic | publisher=unicode.org | accessdate=7 April 2019 }}</ref> Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the [[University of Chicago]]'s electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"<ref name="shakespearDictionary">{{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=29 September 2009 |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> includes the word '{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}' (India). Searching for the string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھارت}}}}" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}" returns the correct entry.<ref name="shakespearDictionary_bharat">{{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter ''do chashmi he'' (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter [[ه|hāʾ]] (U+0647; phonetic value {{IPA|/h/}}). In Urdu, the {{IPA|/h/}} phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called ''gol he'' (round ''he''), or ''chhoti he'' (small ''he'').
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Confusable glyphs in Urdu and Arabic script
|-
! Characters in Urdu
! Characters in Arabic
|-
| {{font|size=200%|{{nq|{{lang|ur|ہ}}}}}} (U+06C1), {{font|size=200%|{{nq|{{lang|ur|ھ}}}}}} (U+06BE) || {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|ه}}}} (U+0647)
|-
| {{font|size=200%|{{nq|{{lang|ur|ی}}}}}} (U+06CC) || {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|ى}}}} (U+0649), {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|ي}}}} (U+064A)
|-
| {{font|size=200%|{{nq|{{lang|ur|ک}}}}}} (U+06A9) || {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|ك}}}} (U+0643)
|}
In 2003, the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP)<ref name="crulp">{{cite web|url=http://www.crulp.org/ |title=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing |publisher=Crulp.org |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref>—a research organisation affiliated with Pakistan's [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]]—produced a proposal for mapping from the 1-byte [[Urdu keyboard#Fourth generation|UZT]] encoding of Urdu characters to the Unicode standard.<ref name="uztunicode">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tremu.gov.pk/tremu1/workingroups/pdfpresentations/UZT%20UNICODE%20MAPPING.pdf |date=* }}</ref> This proposal suggests a preferred Unicode glyph for each character in the Urdu alphabet.
=== Software ===
The ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in ''Nasta{{okina}}liq'' by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Urdu language support in all new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]] and [[Microsoft Office 2007]] are available in Urdu through [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/Browse.aspx?displaylang=ur&productID=38DF6AB1-13D4-409C-966D-CBE61F040027 |title=:مائِیکروسافٹ ڈاؤُن لوڈ مَرکَزWindows |publisher=Microsoft.com |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Urdu support and translations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aasims.wordpress.com/tag/ubuntu-in-urdu/ |title=Ubuntu in Urdu « Aasim's Web Corner |publisher=Aasims.wordpress.com |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Urdu language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s in its [[iOS 8]] update in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/776214/e-urdu-how-one-mans-plea-for-nastaleeq-was-heard-by-apple/|title=E-Urdu: How one man's plea for Nastaleeq was heard by Apple|date=16 October 2014|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref>
== Romanization standards and systems ==
{{main|Roman Urdu}}
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic [[English Orthography|English orthography]]. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is [[ALA-LC romanization]], which is also supported by [[National Language Authority]]. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.<ref name="roman">{{cite web|url=http://nlpd.gov.pk/uakhbareurdu/august2011/8.html|title=اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف : نبلٰی پیرزادہ|website=nlpd.gov.pk}}</ref>
[[Roman Urdu]] also holds significance among the Christians of Pakistan and [[North India]]. Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]] in present-day Pakistan and [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Rajasthan]] in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu. Thus Roman Urdu was a common way of writing among Pakistani and Indian Christians in these areas up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman [[Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu|Urdū Bibles]] that enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdu. However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states.
== See also ==
*[[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʻliq script]]
* [[Persian alphabet]]
* [[Urdu Wikipedia]]
* [[Urdu keyboard]]
* [[Urdu Braille]]
* [[Urdu Informatics]]
* [[Romanization of Urdu]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Sources ==
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Beginner's Urdu Script|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Read and write Urdu script|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFrFSAAACAAJ|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}
* {{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Urdu script notes|url=http://rishida.net/scripts/urdu/}}
== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Urdu}}
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm Urdu alphabet]
* [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html Urdu alphabet with Devanagari equivalents]
* [http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html Hugo's Urdu Alphabet Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/ calligraphyislamic.com], a resource for Urdu calligraphy and script
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/ Urdu Script Introduction from Columbia University]
* [http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]
{{Urdu topics}}
{{Arabic alphabets}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Alphabet}}
[[Category:Hindustani orthography]]
[[Category:Urdu]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -77,5 +77,5 @@
| 1
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ا]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ا‍||‍ا‍||‍ا}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ا‍ ‍ا‍ ‍ا}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|الف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|الف}}}}
@@ -86,5 +86,5 @@
| 2
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ب]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ب‍||‍ب‍||‍ب}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ب‍ ‍ب‍ ‍ب}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|بے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|بے}}}}
@@ -95,5 +95,5 @@
| 3
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[پ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|پ‍||‍پ‍||‍پ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|پ‍ ‍پ‍ ‍پ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|پے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|پے}}}}
@@ -104,5 +104,5 @@
| 4
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ت]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ت‍||‍ت‍||‍ت}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ت‍ ‍ت‍ ‍ت}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|تے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|تے}}}}
@@ -113,5 +113,5 @@
| 5
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ٹ‍||‍ٹ‍||‍ٹ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ٹ‍ ‍ٹ‍ ‍ٹ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ٹے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ٹے}}}}
@@ -123,5 +123,5 @@
| 6
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ث]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ث‍||‍ث‍||‍ث}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ث‍ ‍ث‍ ‍ث}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ثے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ثے}}}}
@@ -133,5 +133,5 @@
| 7
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ج]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ج‍||‍ج‍||‍ج}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ج‍ ‍ج‍ ‍ج}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|جيم}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|جيم}}}}
@@ -142,5 +142,5 @@
| 8
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[چ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|چ‍||‍چ‍||‍چ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|چ‍ ‍چ‍ ‍چ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|چے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|چے}}}}
@@ -152,5 +152,5 @@
| 9
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ح]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ح‍||‍ح‍||‍ح}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ح‍ ‍ح‍ ‍ح}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|بڑی حے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|بڑی حے}}}}
@@ -162,5 +162,5 @@
| 10
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[خ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|خ‍||‍خ‍||‍خ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|خ‍ ‍خ‍ ‍خ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|خے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|خے}}}}
@@ -172,5 +172,5 @@
| 11
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[د]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|د‍||‍د‍||‍د}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|د‍ ‍د‍ ‍د}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|دال}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|دال}}}}
@@ -181,5 +181,5 @@
| 12
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ڈ‍||‍ڈ‍||‍ڈ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ڈ‍ ‍ڈ‍ ‍ڈ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ڈال}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ڈال}}}}
@@ -191,5 +191,5 @@
| 13
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ذ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ذ‍||‍ذ‍||‍ذ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ذ‍ ‍ذ‍ ‍ذ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ذال}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ذال}}}}
@@ -201,5 +201,5 @@
| 14
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ر]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ر‍||‍ر‍||‍ر}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ر‍ ‍ر‍ ‍ر}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|رے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|رے}}}}
@@ -210,5 +210,5 @@
| 15
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ڑ‍||‍ڑ‍||‍ڑ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ڑ‍ ‍ڑ‍ ‍ڑ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ڑے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ڑے}}}}
@@ -220,5 +220,5 @@
| 16
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ز]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ز‍||‍ز‍||‍ز}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ز‍ ‍ز‍ ‍ز}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|زے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|زے}}}}
@@ -229,5 +229,5 @@
| 17
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ژ‍||‍ژ‍||‍ژ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ژ‍ ‍ژ‍ ‍ژ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ژے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ژے}}}}}
@@ -239,5 +239,5 @@
| 18
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[س]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|س‍||‍س‍||‍س}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|س‍ ‍س‍ ‍س}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|سین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|سین}}}}
@@ -248,5 +248,5 @@
| 19
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ش]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ش‍||‍ش‍||‍ش}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ش‍ ‍ش‍ ‍ش}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|شین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|شین}}}}
@@ -258,5 +258,5 @@
| 20
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ص]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ص‍||‍ص‍||‍ص}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ص‍ ‍ص‍ ‍ص}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|صاد}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|صاد}}}}
@@ -268,5 +268,5 @@
| 21
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ض]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ض‍||‍ض‍||‍ض}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ض‍ ‍ض‍ ‍ض}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ضاد}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ضاد}}}}
@@ -278,5 +278,5 @@
| 22
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ط]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ط‍||‍ط‍||‍ط}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ط‍ ‍ط‍ ‍ط}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|طوے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|طوے}}}}
@@ -288,5 +288,5 @@
| 23
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ظ‍||‍ظ‍||‍ظ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ظ‍ ‍ظ‍ ‍ظ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ظوے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ظوے}}}}
@@ -298,5 +298,5 @@
| 24
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ع]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ع‍||‍ع‍||‍ع}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ع‍ ‍ع‍ ‍ع}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|عین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|عین}}}}
@@ -307,5 +307,5 @@
| 25
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[غ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|غ‍||‍غ‍||‍غ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|غ‍ ‍غ‍ ‍غ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|غین}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|غین}}}}
@@ -317,5 +317,5 @@
| 26
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ف]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ف‍||‍ف‍||‍ف}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ف‍ ‍ف‍ ‍ف}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|فے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|فے}}}}
@@ -326,5 +326,5 @@
| 27
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ق]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ق‍||‍ق‍||‍ق}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ق‍ ‍ق‍ ‍ق}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|قاف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|قاف}}}}
@@ -335,5 +335,5 @@
| 28
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[Kāf|ک]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ک‍||‍ک‍||‍ک}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ک‍ ‍ک‍ ‍ک}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|کاف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|کاف}}}}
@@ -344,5 +344,5 @@
| 29
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[گ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|گ‍||‍گ‍||‍گ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|گ‍ ‍گ‍ ‍گ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|گاف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|گاف}}}}
@@ -353,5 +353,5 @@
| 30
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ل]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ل‍||‍ل‍||‍ل}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ل‍ ‍ل‍ ‍ل}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|لام}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|لام}}}}
@@ -362,5 +362,5 @@
| 31
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[م]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|م‍||‍م‍||‍م}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|م‍ ‍م‍ ‍م}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|میم}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|میم}}}}
@@ -371,5 +371,5 @@
| 32
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ن]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ن‍||‍ن‍||‍ن}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ن‍ ‍ن‍ ‍ن}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|نون}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|نون}}}}
@@ -380,5 +380,5 @@
| 33
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ں‍||‍ں‍||‍ں}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ں‍ ‍ں‍ ‍ں}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|نون غنّہ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|نون غنّہ}}}}
@@ -390,5 +390,5 @@
| 34
|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[و]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|و‍||‍و‍||‍و}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|و‍ ‍و‍ ‍و}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|واؤ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|واؤ}}}}
@@ -400,5 +400,5 @@
| 35
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ہ‍||‍ہ‍||‍ہ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ہ‍ ‍ہ‍ ‍ہ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 120%;" |
{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی ہے}}}}<br>{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}}}
@@ -411,5 +411,5 @@
| 36
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ھ‍||‍ھ‍||‍ھ}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ھ‍ ‍ھ‍ ‍ھ}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|دو چشمی ہے}}}}
@@ -420,5 +420,5 @@
| 37
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ء]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ء‍||‍ء‍||‍ء}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ء‍ ‍ء‍ ‍ء}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ہمزہ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|ہمزہ}}}}
@@ -429,5 +429,5 @@
| 38
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ی]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ی‍||‍ی‍||‍ی}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ی‍ ‍ی‍ ‍ی}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|چھوٹی يے}}}}
@@ -438,5 +438,5 @@
| 39
| style="height:150%;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}}
-| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ے‍||‍ے‍||‍ے}}}}}}
+| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ے‍ ‍ے‍ ‍ے}}}}}}
| style="font-size: 140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|بڑی يے}}}}
' |
New page size (new_size) | 59501 |
Old page size (old_size) | 59267 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 234 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ا‍ ‍ا‍ ‍ا}}}}}} ',
1 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ب‍ ‍ب‍ ‍ب}}}}}} ',
2 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|پ‍ ‍پ‍ ‍پ}}}}}} ',
3 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ت‍ ‍ت‍ ‍ت}}}}}} ',
4 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ٹ‍ ‍ٹ‍ ‍ٹ}}}}}} ',
5 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ث‍ ‍ث‍ ‍ث}}}}}} ',
6 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ج‍ ‍ج‍ ‍ج}}}}}} ',
7 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|چ‍ ‍چ‍ ‍چ}}}}}} ',
8 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ح‍ ‍ح‍ ‍ح}}}}}} ',
9 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|خ‍ ‍خ‍ ‍خ}}}}}} ',
10 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|د‍ ‍د‍ ‍د}}}}}} ',
11 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ڈ‍ ‍ڈ‍ ‍ڈ}}}}}} ',
12 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ذ‍ ‍ذ‍ ‍ذ}}}}}} ',
13 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ر‍ ‍ر‍ ‍ر}}}}}} ',
14 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ڑ‍ ‍ڑ‍ ‍ڑ}}}}}} ',
15 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ز‍ ‍ز‍ ‍ز}}}}}} ',
16 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ژ‍ ‍ژ‍ ‍ژ}}}}}} ',
17 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|س‍ ‍س‍ ‍س}}}}}} ',
18 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ش‍ ‍ش‍ ‍ش}}}}}} ',
19 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ص‍ ‍ص‍ ‍ص}}}}}} ',
20 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ض‍ ‍ض‍ ‍ض}}}}}} ',
21 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ط‍ ‍ط‍ ‍ط}}}}}} ',
22 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ظ‍ ‍ظ‍ ‍ظ}}}}}} ',
23 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ع‍ ‍ع‍ ‍ع}}}}}} ',
24 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|غ‍ ‍غ‍ ‍غ}}}}}} ',
25 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ف‍ ‍ف‍ ‍ف}}}}}} ',
26 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ق‍ ‍ق‍ ‍ق}}}}}} ',
27 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ک‍ ‍ک‍ ‍ک}}}}}} ',
28 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|گ‍ ‍گ‍ ‍گ}}}}}} ',
29 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ل‍ ‍ل‍ ‍ل}}}}}} ',
30 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|م‍ ‍م‍ ‍م}}}}}} ',
31 => '| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=123%|{{nastaliq|ن‍ ‍ن‍ ‍ن}}}}}} ',
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