Examine individual changes

' {{Use British English|date=February 2012}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}} {{infobox concert| | concert_tour_name =Zoo TV Tour | ima | alt = A black poster with a black-and-white image occupying most it. The image shows U2 walking up the stairs of a small aeroplane as Bono gives a peace sign towards the viewer. Text on the poster reads "U2 Zoo TV Tour" and "Zooropa '93". | caption = | artist = [[U2]] | type = World | location = North America, Europe, Oceania, Japan | album = ''[[Achtung Baby]]'', ''[[Zooropa]]'' | start_date = 29 February 1992 | end_date = 10 December 1993 | number_of_legs = 5 | number_of_shows = 157{{efn|name="dressreh"}} | last_tour = [[Lovetown Tour]] <br> (1989–90) | this_tour = '''Zoo TV Tour''' <br> (1992–93) | next_tour = [[PopMart Tour]] <br> (1997–98) }} The '''Zoo TV Tour''' (also written as '''ZooTV''', '''ZOO TV''' or '''ZOOTV''') was a worldwide [[concert tour]] by [[rock music|rock]] band [[U2]]. Staged in support of their 1991 album ''[[Achtung Baby]]'', the tour visited arenas and stadiums from 1992 to 1993. It was intended to mirror the group's new musical direction on ''Achtung Baby''. In contrast to U2's austere stage setups from previous tours, the Zoo TV Tour was an elaborately staged multimedia spectacle, satirising television and media oversaturation by attempting to instill "[[sensory overload]]" in its audience. To escape their reputation for being earnest and overly serious, U2 embraced a more lighthearted and self-deprecating image on tour. Zoo TV and ''Achtung Baby'' were central to the group's 1990s reinvention. The tour's concept was inspired by disparate television programming, coverage of the [[Gulf War]], the desensitising effect of mass media, and "[[morning zoo]]" radio shows. The stages featured dozens of large video screens that showed visual effects, video clips, and flashing text phrases, along with a lighting system partially made of [[Trabant]] automobiles. The shows incorporated [[channel surfing]], [[prank call]]s, video [[confessional]]s, a [[belly dance]]r, and live satellite transmissions with [[Siege of Sarajevo|war-torn Sarajevo]]. On stage, Bono portrayed several characters he conceived, including the leather-clad egomaniac "[[The Fly (song)|The Fly]]", the greedy [[Televangelism|televangelist]] "Mirror Ball Man", and the devilish "MacPhisto". In contrast to other U2 tours, each of the Zoo TV shows opened with six to eight consecutive new songs before older material was played. Comprising five legs and 157 shows,{{efn|name="dressreh"}} the tour began in [[Lakeland, Florida]], on 29 February 1992 and ended in [[Tokyo, Japan]], on 10 December 1993. The tour alternated between North America and Europe for the first four legs before visiting Oceania and Japan. After two arena legs, the show's production was expanded for stadiums for the final three legs, which were branded "Outside Broadcast", "Zooropa", and "Zoomerang/New Zooland", respectively. Although the tour provoked a range of reactions from music critics, it was generally well received. Along with being the highest-grossing North American tour of 1992, Zoo TV sold around 5.3&nbsp;million tickets overall. The band's 1993 album, ''[[Zooropa]]'', was recorded during a break in the tour and expanded on its mass media themes. The tour was depicted in the [[Grammy Award]]-winning 1994 concert film ''[[Zoo TV: Live from Sydney]]''. Critics regard the Zoo TV Tour as one of rock's most memorable tours—in 2002, ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''{{'}}s Tom Doyle called it "the most spectacular rock tour staged by any band".<ref name="Q-int"/> {{TOC limit|2}} ==Background== U2's 1987 album ''[[The Joshua Tree]]'' and the supporting [[Joshua Tree Tour]] brought them to a new level of commercial and critical success, particularly in the United States.<ref name="fricke">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/u2s_serious_fun |title=U2 Finds What It's Looking For |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |first=David |last=Fricke |authorlink=David Fricke |date=1 October 1992 |accessdate=28 December 2009 |issue=640 |pages=40+ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026111642/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/u2s_serious_fun |archivedate=26 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Like their previous tours, the Joshua Tree Tour was a minimalistic, austere production,<ref>McGee (2008), p. 110</ref> and they used this outlet for addressing political and social concerns.<ref name="nyt031592"/> As a result, the band earned a reputation for being earnest and serious,<ref name="ach-stations">{{cite magazine|title=Achtung Stations|magazine=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]|first=Stephen|last=Dalton|date=November 2004|issue=90|page=52}}</ref><ref name="chop-joshua">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.uncut.co.uk/u2/u2-the-joshua-tree-re-mastered-r1987-review|title=U2&nbsp;– The Joshua Tree Re-Mastered (R1987)|magazine=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]|first=Andrew|last=Mueller|accessdate=27 January 2012}}</ref> an image that became a target for derision after their much-maligned 1988 motion picture and companion album ''[[Rattle and Hum]]'',<ref name="fricke" /> which documented their exploration of [[American roots music]].<ref name="lightenup">{{cite news|title='U2 Rattle and Hum': Lighten up!|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|first=Jim|last=Sullivan|page=46|date=22 February 1989}}</ref> The project was criticised as being "pretentious",<ref name="lightenup"/> and "misguided and bombastic",<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/achtung-baby-251325/|title=U2's 'Achtung Baby': Bring the Noise|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|first=Elysa|last=Gardner|date=9 January 1992|issue=621|page=51|accessdate=27 February 2020}}</ref> and U2 were accused of being grandiose and self-righteous.<ref name="fricke" /><ref name="lightenup"/> Their 1989 [[Lovetown Tour]] did not visit the United States, and at the end of the tour, lead vocalist [[Bono]] announced on-stage that it was "the end of something for U2" and that "we have to go away and ... just dream it all up again", foreshadowing changes for the group.<ref>de la Parra (2003), pp. 138–149</ref> ==Conception== {{Quote box|quote="... I sort of took the overview position of saying, 'What do you want? You don't want a stage show where everything fits neatly into place and it's all nicely organized and people know exactly where the center of attention is at all moments.' That isn't what the music is about now, and it certainly isn't what this concept of a new Europe is about, so how can we make a stage show that has some of the feeling of defensiveness and chaos and [[information overload]]...?"|source=—[[Brian Eno]], on asking U2 about their plans for concerts<ref name="milkit" />|width=25em|align=right|style=padding:8px;}} One of U2's inspirations for Zoo TV was a 1989 concert in Dublin that reached a radio audience of 500&nbsp;million people and was widely [[Bootleg recording|bootlegged]]. Bono said the group were fascinated with the possibilities of radio and how they could be expanded using video to "beam concerts into Peking or Prague for free" or spawn "video bootlegs in cultures where it's hard to get [U2's] music".<ref name="usa030692"/> The wild antics of "[[morning zoo]]" radio programmes inspired the band to consider taking a [[pirate television]] station on tour.<ref name="m234">McCormick (2006), pp. 234–235</ref> They were also interested in using video as a way of making themselves less accessible to their audiences.<ref name="zootv-talent">{{cite magazine|title=Zoo TV Station Talent|magazine=Propaganda|publisher=U2 World Service|date=Spring–Summer 1992|issue=16}}</ref> The band developed these ideas while recording ''[[Achtung Baby]]'' in Berlin at [[Hansa Studios]]. There they watched television coverage of the [[Gulf War]] on [[Sky News]], which was the only English programming available at their hotel. When they became tired of hearing about the conflict, they tuned into local programming to see "bad German soap operas" and automobile advertisements.<ref name="m234" /> The band believed that cable television had blurred the lines between news, entertainment, and [[home shopping]] over the previous decade, and they wanted to represent this on their next tour.<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 13</ref> The juxtaposition of such disparate programming inspired U2 and ''Achtung Baby'' co-producer [[Brian Eno]] to conceive an "audio-visual show" that would display a rapidly changing mix of live and pre-recorded video on monitors.<ref name="milkit">DeRogatis (2003), pp. 194–195</ref><ref name="m234" /> The idea was intended to mock the desensitising effect of mass media.<ref name="ach-stations" /> Eno, who was credited in the tour programme for the "Video Staging Concept",<ref name="tv-station">{{cite magazine|title=Tuning Into Zoo TV Station|magazine=Propaganda|publisher=U2 World Service|date=Spring–Summer 1992|issue=16}}</ref> explained his vision for the tour: "the idea to make a stage set with a lot of different video sources was mine, to make a chaos of uncoordinated material happening together... The idea of getting away from video being a way of helping people to see the band more easily ... this is video as a way of obscuring them, losing them sometimes in just a network of material."<ref name="eno-prop">{{cite magazine|title=Eno|magazine=Propaganda|publisher=U2 World Service|date=Spring–Summer 1992|issue=16}}</ref> [[File:U2 Zoo TV Tour Trabant in Hard Rock Cafe in Dublin (5466177224).jpg|thumb|left|U2's interest in [[Trabant]]s while recording ''Achtung Baby'' in Germany sparked the idea to use them as lighting fixtures on the tour and to paint them.|alt=A boxy car with a bright, multi-coloured paint job is tilted slightly to the right. Its license plate reading ZOO TV is upside down and three of the four headlights are lit.]] While on a break from recording, the band invited production designer [[Willie Williams (set designer)|Willie Williams]] to join them in [[Tenerife]] in February 1991. Williams had recently worked on [[David Bowie]]'s [[Sound+Vision Tour]], which used film projection and video content, and he was keen to "take rock show video to a level as yet undreamed of".<ref>McGee (2008), p. 135</ref> The band played Williams some of their new music—inspired by [[alternative rock]], [[industrial music]], and [[electronic dance music]]—and they told him about the "Zoo TV" phrase that Bono liked.<ref name="zootv-talent" /> Williams also learned about the band's affection for the [[Trabant]], an East German automobile that derisively became a symbol for the [[fall of Communism]]; he thought their fondness for the car was "deeply, deeply bizarre".<ref name="zootv-talent" /> In May, he brainstormed the idea to construct a lighting system of recycled Trabants<ref name="1000days">{{cite magazine|title=1,000 Days of Zoo TV, Part One|magazine=Propaganda|publisher=U2 World Service|date=Spring–Summer 1994|issue=19}}</ref> Williams, who "always favored a very homemade approach to lighting, over an off-the-shelf one", had previously fashioned fixtures from objects such as trash cans and furniture. He saw the Trabant as the perfect object to light U2's tour, envisioning it as a "suitably surreal and symbolic scenic element".<ref name="concert-lighting"/> On 1 June 1991, Williams visited the engineering department of Light & Sound Design in Birmingham, England, to ask for help with building a prototype.<ref name="1000days"/><ref name="concert-lighting"/> On 14 June, the first tour production meeting was held, with Williams, the band, [[band manager|manager]] [[Paul McGuinness]], artist Catherine Owens, and production managers Steve Iredale and Jake Kennedy in attendance. Williams presented his ideas, which included the Trabant lighting system and the placement of video monitors all over the stage; both notions were well received.<ref name="zootv-talent" /><ref name="1000days" /> Eno's original idea was to have the video screens on wheels and constantly in motion, although this was impractical.<ref name="eno-prop" /> Williams and the group proposed many ideas that did not make it to the final stage design. One such proposal, dubbed "Motorway Madness", would have placed billboards advertising real products across the stage, similar to their placement beside highways.<ref name="flan32" /> The idea was intended to be ironic, but was ultimately scrapped out of fear that the band would be accused of [[selling out]].<ref name="flan32" /> Another proposed idea building a giant doll of an "achtung baby", complete with an inflatable penis that would spray on the audience, but it was deemed too expensive and was abandoned.<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 36</ref> By August, a prototype of a single Trabant for the lighting system was completed, with the innards gutted and retrofitted with lighting equipment, and a paint job on the exterior.<ref name="1000days" /> Williams spent most of the second half of 1991 designing the stage.<ref name="tv-station" /><ref name="1000days" /> Owens was insistent that her ideas be given priority, as she thought that men had been making all of U2's creative decisions and were using male-centred designs.<ref name="flan32" /> With bassist [[Adam Clayton]]'s support, she recruited visual artists from Europe and the United States to arrange images for use on the display screens. These people included video artist [[Mark Pellington]], photo/conceptual artist [[David Wojnarowicz]], and satirical group [[Emergency Broadcast Network]], who digitally manipulate sampled image and sound.<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 34</ref> Pellington envisaged a collection of text phrases into the visual displays, inspired by his working with artist [[Jenny Holzer]].<ref name="spin">{{cite magazine|title=Even Bigger Than the Real Thing|magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|first1=Martin|last1=Scholz|first2=Jean-François|last2=Bizot|first3=Bernard|last3= Zekri|date=August 1993|pages=60–62, 96|volume=9|issue=5}}</ref> The idea was first put into practice in the video for ''Achtung Baby''{{'}}s lead single, "[[The Fly (song)|The Fly]]".<ref>"Zoo TV: The Inside Story" (DVD documentary), ''Zoo TV: Live from Sydney''.</ref> Bono devised and collected numerous phrases during development of the album and the tour.<ref name="spin" /> Additional pre-recorded video content was created by Eno, Williams, [[Kevin Godley]], Carol Dodds, and Philip Owens.<ref name="1000days" /> On 13 November, U2 settled on the "Zoo TV Tour" name and the plans to place video screens across the stage and build a lighting system out of Trabants.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 138</ref> McGuinness led a trip to East Germany to buy Trabants from a recently closed factory in [[Chemnitz]],<ref name="flan32">Flanagan (1996), p. 32</ref> and in January 1992, Catherine Owens began to paint the cars.<ref name="zootv-talent" /> As she described, "The basic idea was that the imagery on the cars should have nothing to do with the car itself."<ref name="zootv-talent" /> One such design was the "fertility car", which sported blown-up newspaper [[personal ad]]s and a drawing of a woman giving birth while holding string tied to her husband's testicles.<ref name="flan32"/> Williams and Chilean artist Rene Castro also provided artwork on the cars.<ref name="fistful">"A Fistful of Zoo TV" (DVD documentary), ''Zoo TV: Live from Sydney''.</ref> ==Stage design and show production== {{Quote box|quote="We really wanted to do something that had never been seen before, using TV, text, and imagery. It was a very big and expensive project to put together. We allowed ourselves to be carried away by new technology."|source=—[[Larry Mullen Jr.]]<ref name="m234" />|width=25em|align=right|style=padding:8px;}} The Zoo TV stages were designed by Willie Williams, U2's stage designer since the [[War Tour]] of 1982–1983. In place of U2's austere and minimalist productions of the 1980s,<ref name="zootv-talent"/> the Zoo TV stage was a complex setup, designed to instill "[[sensory overload]]" in its audience.<ref name="hpfeature" /><ref name="usa081292"/> The set's giant video screens showed not only close-ups of the band members performing, but also pre-recorded video, live television transmissions (intercepted by a satellite dish the group brought on tour), and text phrases.<ref name="mcg143" /> Electronic, tabloid-style headlines ran on scrawls at the ends of the stage.<ref name="nydn081392"/> The band's embracing of such technology was meant as a radical departure in form, and as a commentary on the pervasive nature of technology.<ref name="nyt031592"/><ref name="ach-stations" /> This led many critics to describe the show as ironic.<ref name="ach-stations" /> To accommodate the video production, the equivalent of a [[Production control room|television studio control room]]—costing US$3.5&nbsp;million—was built for the tour.<ref name="tv-station" /><ref name="prop-tour">{{cite magazine|title=Sixty-Nine Things You May Not Have Known About Life in the Zoo|magazine=Propaganda|publisher=U2 World Service|issue=17|date=Winter 1992–1993}}</ref> Beneath the stage, Dodds, the video director, operated a system custom-built by [[Philips]] called [[CD-i]]. It used five&nbsp;broadcast camera systems, 12&nbsp;[[Laser Disc]] players, and a satellite dish, and it required 12&nbsp;directors and 19&nbsp;video crew members to operate.<ref name="fistful" /> Despite the production's complexity, the group decided that flexibility in the shows' length and content was a priority. Guitarist [[the Edge]] said, "That was one of the more important decisions we made early on, that we wouldn't sacrifice flexibility, so we designed a system that is both extremely complicated and high-tech but also incredibly simple and hands-on, controlled by human beings... in that sense, it's still a live performance."<ref name="hpfeature">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.hotpress.com/archive/434728.html|title=Achtung Station!|magazine=[[Hot Press]]|first=Bill|last=Graham|date=21 May 1992|accessdate=22 April 2011}}</ref> This flexibility allowed for improvisations and deviations from the planned programme.<ref>{{cite news|title=A feast for the ears and a riot for the eyes|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|first=Adam|last=Sweeting|date=28 May 1992|page=22}}</ref> Eno recommended that U2 film its own video tapes so that they could be edited and looped into the video displays more easily, instead of relying entirely on pre-sequenced video. Eno explained, "their show depends on some kind of response to what's happening at the moment in that place. So if it turns out they want to do a song for five minutes longer, they can actually loop through the material again so that you're not suddenly stuck with black screens halfway through the fifth verse."<ref name="milkit" /> The band shot new video for the displays over the course of the tour.<ref name="1000days2">{{cite magazine|title=1,000 Days of Zoo TV, Part Two|magazine=Propaganda|publisher=U2 World Service|date=Spring–Summer 1994|issue=19}}</ref> A [[Footbridge#Catwalk|catwalk]] extended from the main stage with a camera track laid on top of it, leading to a [[B-stage]], a smaller, secondary performance area. Zoo TV was U2's first tour to use a B-stage;<ref name="concert-lighting"/> the band pursued the idea on previous tours because Bono wanted proximity to the audience,<ref name="concert"/><ref name="amuse-mar92"/> but they had been unsuccessful due to [[Building code|building]] and [[fire code]] restrictions.<ref name="concert-lighting"/> Equipment for the [[Public address system|sound system]] was provided by [[Clair Global|Clair Brothers Audio]], which had been working with U2 since 1982. The sound engineers decided not to supplement the traditional public address system with delayed speakers for [[Loudspeaker time alignment|time-alignment]], as they wanted the audience to focus their attention on the stage and the multimedia aspects of the show.<ref name="record-mus-nov92">{{cite magazine|title=U2: The Unforgettable Fire|magazine=Recording Musician|date=November 1992|first=Mike|last=Lethby|volume=1|issue=5|pages=14–19}}</ref> The [[stage monitor system]] used on the Zoo TV Tour was one of the largest and most complex systems at the time.<ref name="lsi-apr92">{{cite magazine|title=On Tour: U2&nbsp;– Across America|magazine=[[Lighting & Sound International]]|first=Catriona|last=Forcer|date=April 1992|pages=52–54}}</ref> Through "quad monitoring", the monitor engineer used a [[joystick]] to [[Panning (audio)|pan]] each band member's mix around the monitor speakers to "follow" them as they moved around on stage and away from their dedicated monitors. The band members also wore [[in-ear monitor]]s, which was necessitated by their performing on the B-stage, where they were in front of the primary PA speakers and where monitor wedges could not be positioned nearby.<ref name="record-mus-nov92"/><ref name="lsi-apr92"/><ref name="zooreview"/> Lighting equipment was provided by Light & Sound Design.<ref name="concert-lighting" /><ref name="amuse-mar92">{{cite magazine|title='Radically different' production for U2 tour; stadium leg to follow current 31-city outing|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Amusement Business]]|first=Ray|last=Waddell|date=16 March 1992|volume=104|issue=11|pages=6+}}</ref> Supplementing the traditional lighting rigs were several suspended Trabants that had been retrofitted with light fixtures. A 2.5K [[Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp|HMI]] [[Fresnel lantern|Fresnel fixture]] with a ColourMag and dowser was mounted to the metal bar that previously held the vehicle's backseat; a 5K fixture was originally used but replaced after it caused the car to melt after five minutes. Other fixtures installed were: a [[PAR64|PAR-64]] Ray Light reflector in the headlight bracket; two Mirrorstrobes; eight Molefays behind the front bumper and four behind the rear; and ACL strips behind the radiator grid.<ref name="concert-lighting" /><ref name="lsi-apr92"/> Chain hoists were attached to brackets welded onto the wheel hubs, allowing the vehicles to be raised and tilted on their own axles.<ref name="concert-lighting" /> Several versions of the stage were used during the tour. ===Arena legs=== The first two legs of the tour in 1992 were indoors and used the smallest of the stages. The video system included four {{convert|8|ft|adj=on}} Philips Vidiwalls of video cubes,<ref name="concert-lighting"/><ref name="dlp140">de la Parra (2003), p. 140</ref> thirty-two {{convert|36|in|adj=on}} monitors, and a {{convert|16|×|20|ft|adj=on}} projection screen center-hung from the front [[truss]].<ref name="concert-lighting"/> The projection screen was used in lieu of an additional video cube wall that proved too costly; Williams called it the "first of many such compromises" during the tour.<ref name="concert-lighting"/> Six&nbsp;Trabants were suspended above the stage,<ref name="amuse-mar92"/> and a seventh Trabant by the B-stage doubled as a [[Disc jockey|DJ]] booth and a [[Disco ball|mirror ball]].<ref name="lsi-apr92"/> The North American arena shows used 72 Clair Brothers S4 Series II [[Loudspeaker enclosure|speaker cabinets]], in positions of [[Blocking (stage)#Stage directions|stage left and right]], rear fill stage left and right, and left and right sidefill. For the European arena shows, the number of S4 Series II speakers was reduced to 56, as rear fill and sidefill audio were not required. Clair Brothers' P4 "Piston" cabinets were also used for [[Nearfield monitors|nearfield]]/in-fill audio, with two clusters of six speakers each at stage left and right. Bass was provided by six Servo Drive Bass Tech 7 [[subwoofer]]s from Servotech. The sound was mixed by sound engineer Joe O'Herlihy and assistant Robbie Adams on an [[Automated Processes, Inc.|ATI]] Paragon [[Mixing console|console]] and a Clair Brothers CBA console, aided by an inventory of effects intended to replicate the ones used in the studio during the recording of ''Achtung Baby''.<ref name="record-mus-nov92"/> The stage monitor system was controlled underneath the stage by five consoles: two [[Harrison Audio Consoles|Harrison]] SM5s (with a 16-[[Audio signal|channel]] extender), a [[Yamaha Pro Audio|Yamaha]] DMP7, and a [[Soundcraft]] 200B; they provided capabilities for around 200 audio channels. On stage, the monitor speakers consisted of Clair Brothers' 12AM single and double wedge units, with ML18 and MM4T units for sidefill.<ref name="record-mus-nov92"/> Steve McCale served as the monitor engineer for Bono, the Edge, and Clayton, and controlled the joystick panning, while Dave Skaff was the monitor engineer for drummer [[Larry Mullen Jr.]]<ref name="lsi-apr92"/> In-ear monitors were provided by [[Future Sonics]].<ref name="record-mus-nov92"/> The production equipment was transported on 11&nbsp;trucks supplied by Upstaging Trucking.<ref name="amuse-mar92"/> The stage required 13–14&nbsp;hours to build and 3–4&nbsp;hours to disassemble.<ref name="amuse-mar92"/><ref name="bosglob-031292">{{cite news|title=U2 Lightens Up with High-Tech 'Zoo TV'|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|first=Steve|last=Morse|date=12 March 1992|at=sec. Calendar, pp. 8–9}}</ref> The crew of 75 people travelled on six buses,<ref name="bosglob-031292"/> while the band flew in a [[Air charter|chartered plane]].<ref name="amuse-mar92"/> ===North American stadium leg=== [[File:Zoo TV Tour 1992-09-03 Veterans Stadium Preshow.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An elaborate concert stage, seen during the day inside a mostly empty stadium. The stage comprises several dark, rectangular structures. Fans are scattered throughout the floor seats, while the stadium seating is empty.|The "Outside Broadcast" version of the stage, before a Veterans Stadium concert in September 1992]] To redesign the stage for the 1992 North American stadium leg—dubbed "Outside Broadcast"—Williams collaborated with stage designers [[Mark Fisher (architect)|Mark Fisher]] and Jonathan Park, both of whom had worked on [[Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour|Steel Wheels Tour]] stage for [[the Rolling Stones]].<ref>de la Parra (2003), p. 151</ref> The Zoo TV set was expanded to include a {{convert|248|by|80|ft|m|adj=on}} stage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1992/08/09/u2-uncaged-the-zoo-tour/2115cde7-c29f-4c27-99c3-2c6ac9199ac6/|title=U2 Uncaged: The Zoo Tour|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Richard|last=Harrington|date=9 August 1992|accessdate=28 February 2020}}</ref> The video system consisted of four Vidiwalls, four larger video screens, 36&nbsp;video monitors,<ref name="amuse-aug92"/> 18&nbsp;[[Video projector|projectors]], and two&nbsp;[[Betacam]] and two&nbsp;[[Video-8]] handheld video cameras.<ref name="fistful" /><ref name="usa081292" /> Williams faced difficulties in designing the outdoor lighting system, as the stage did not have a roof. He settled on using the venues' house spotlights and strategically placed lights in the structure behind the band.<ref name="concert">Moody (1998), pp. 196–204</ref> About a third of the lighting equipment was lifted by a {{convert|100|ft|adj=on}} tower, requiring {{convert|25|ST}} of [[ballast]]. Lighting was also provided by 11&nbsp;Trabants; two were suspended from cranes while the others were supported by a hydraulic system.<ref name="amuse-aug92"/> The spires of the stage, intended to resemble [[Radio masts and towers|radio masts]],<ref name="usa081292"/> reached as high as {{convert|110|ft}}, requiring [[aircraft warning lights]] approved by the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] to be placed on top of them.<ref name="amuse-aug92"/> The stage's appearance was compared to the techno-future cityscapes from ''[[Blade Runner]]''<ref name="usa081292"/> and the works of [[cyberpunk]] writer [[William Gibson]].<ref name="ach-stations"/> The B-stage was located at the end of a {{convert|150|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} catwalk,<ref name="usa081292"/> nearly four times as long as the arena version.<ref name="amuse-aug92"/> The audio system for the larger stage used 176&nbsp;speaker enclosures, 312&nbsp;{{convert|18|in|cm|adj=on}} subwoofers,<ref name="amuse-aug92"/> 592 {{convert|10|in|cm|adj=on}} mid-range [[Electrodynamic speaker driver|drivers]], and 604 high-frequency drivers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Million kilograms of techno-wizardry precedes U2 show|newspaper=[[The Vancouver Sun]]|first=John|last=Armstrong|date=2 November 1992|page=C3}}</ref> The system used about one&nbsp;million watts of power and weighed {{convert|60,000|lb}}. U2 were Clair Brothers' first client to use the company's nascent "flying" PA system, which designers were able to position behind the staging area. The [[Live sound mixing#Front of house mixing|front of house]] position featured three mixing stations, each with 40-channel capabilities. The stage monitor system used 60 speakers, which were mixed from two separate positions, each with two consoles providing 160-channel capacities. On stage, 26&nbsp;microphones were used.<ref name="amuse-aug92"/> The North American stadium leg employed a 145-person production crew and 45-person staging crew that travelled on 12&nbsp;buses and a 40-passenger chartered jet known as the Zoo Plane.<ref name="amuse-aug92">{{cite magazine|title=U2's high-tech 'ZOO' tour setting precedents for stage productions|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Amusement Business]]|first=Ray|last=Waddell|date=24 August 1992|volume=104|issue=34|pages=6+}}</ref><ref name="rs-zwo"/> The tour required 52&nbsp;trucks to transport {{convert|2.4|e6lb}} of equipment—12&nbsp;trucks for each of the two steel systems and 28 for the production equipment. The concerts were powered by four generators and {{convert|3|mi|km}} of cabling. Stage construction required more than 200&nbsp;local labourers, 12&nbsp;forklifts, and a {{convert|120|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}}, {{convert|40|ST|0|adj=on}} crane.<ref name="amuse-aug92"/> The million-dollar stage was built in 40 hours and disassembled in six.<ref name="usa081292"/><ref name="amuse-aug92"/> ===European stadium leg=== [[File:1993 - Zooropa Tour 1993-05-15 - Lisbon Palco zootv tour 1993 640.jpg|thumb|left|alt=An elaborate concert stage, seen during the day in an empty stadium. The stage comprises several dark, rectangular structures.|The "Zooropa" version of the stage, before a concert in May 1993]] The outdoor stage used for the 1993 legs of the tour was smaller due to budget concerns, and it discarded the Trabants hung from cranes, instead featuring three&nbsp;cars hanging behind the drum kit.<ref name="concert-lighting" /><ref name="dlp160">de la Parra (2003), p. 160</ref> All of the projection screens were replaced with video cubes, as the projectors were not bright enough for the European summer nights when daylight lasted later.<ref name="concert-lighting" /> The resulting video system used three Digiwalls of {{convert|41|in|adj=on}} projection cubes, four Vidiwalls (each 4 cubes high by 4 cubes wide), and thirty-six {{convert|27|in|adj=on}} [[Barco (manufacturer)|Barco]] monitors. Comprising 178 cubes, the Digiwalls varied in orientation: 14 cubes high by 6 cubes wide, 9 high by 5 wide, and 7 high by 7 wide.<ref name="mt-animal-magic">{{cite magazine|title=Animal Magic|magazine=MT|first=Phil|last=Ward|date=October 1993|issue=84|pages=46–47}}</ref> Williams said the new video system was "vastly superior" and that the changes made Zoo TV "the largest touring video facility ever created".<ref name="concert-lighting" /> The sound system utilised 144 pairs of Clair Brothers' S4 Series II cabinets positioned in "two curved wings". At the front of the B-stage was a small system of Clair Brothers P4 "Piston" cabinets. The sound was mixed by O'Herlihy on an ATI Paragon console and a Clair Brothers CBA console. The monitor speaker system consisted of wedges by Clair Brothers, sidefill cabinets from Clair Brothers and MT4, and in-ear monitors by Radio Station. Crew members Dave Skaaf and Vish Wadi mixed them using four [[Panasonic|Ramsa]] WS-840 consoles.<ref name="zooreview">{{cite magazine|title=Zoo Review: U2 Tour Takes Large-Scale Tack|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|first=Mike|last=Lethby|date=18 December 1993|volume=105|issue=51|pages=119–120}}</ref> The European leg featured confetti cannons, provided by Shell Shock Firework Co. and JEM, that shot "Zoo Ecu" [[banknotes]] (which were substituted by "Zooropa" [[condom]]s in Ireland).<ref name="zooreview"/> {{clear}} ==Planning, itinerary, and ticketing== [[File:U2 at Cardiff Arms Park.jpg|right|thumb|alt=A multi-coloured rectangular concert ticket, displayed horizontally. Small icons are scattered in the background. It bears the logo of a satellite and features details of the concert, along with the text "U2 Zooropa '93 Zoo TV Tour".|The design of a 1993 "Zooropa" leg ticket reflects the tour's media oversaturation themes. The tour was co-sponsored by [[MTV]], as shown in the ticket's bottom right corner.]] Rehearsals for the tour began in December 1991 at The Factory in Dublin.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 139</ref> The band found it challenging to recreate all the sounds from the new album. They considered using additional musicians, but their sentimental attachment to a four-piece prevailed.<ref>Flanagan (1996), pp. 84–85</ref><ref name="mcg141" /> The tour was announced on 11 February 1992, less than three weeks before opening night. The opening leg consisted of 32 arena shows in 31 North American cities, from 29 February to 23 April.<ref>{{cite news|title=U2 to tour N. America; Oakland date planned|newspaper=[[San Francisco Examiner]]|agency=Associated Press|date=11 February 1992|page=D-1}}</ref> Four days after the tour announcement, tickets for some concerts first went on sale.<ref name="mcg142"/> While the band had toured North America every year between 1980 and 1987, they had been absent from the region's tour circuit for over four years before Zoo TV.<ref name="dlp139" /> The US concert business was in a slump at the time, and the routing of the first tour's two legs generally afforded only one show per city.<ref name="dlp139"/><ref name="bb111691">{{cite magazine|title=McGuinness and the 'Principle' of U2 Management|first=Thom|last=Duffy|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=16 November 1991}} in Bordowitz (2003) pp. 278–281.</ref> This was intended to announce the band's return to major cities, to gauge demand for ticket sales, and to re-introduce the notion of a "hot ticket" to concertgoers.<ref name="dlp139">de la Parra (2003), p. 139</ref><ref name="bb111691"/> Ticket sale arrangements varied from city to city, but in each case, a ticket limit per purchase was enforced.<ref name="amusebiz-feb92">{{cite magazine|title=U2's 'Zoo TV Tour' opens in Fla. Feb. 29; band plans to make it tough for scalpers|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Amusement Business]]|date=17 February 1992|first=Ray|last=Waddell|volume=104|issue=7|pages=6+}}</ref> The band minimized the amount of shows for which tickets were sold at physical box offices, preferring to sell over the telephone instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=U2 Says It Hit on the Right Ticket|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|first=Steve|last=Morse|date=13 March 1992|page=39}}</ref> In cities where [[Ticket resale|scalping]] was rampant, only telephone sales were offered, allowing ticket brokers to cancel duplicate orders.<ref name="amusebiz-feb92"/> Tickets for the opening show on 29 February in [[Lakeland, Florida]], sold out over the phone in four minutes,<ref name="mcg142">McGee (2008), p. 142</ref> with demand exceeding supply by a factor of ten to one.<ref name="dlp139" /> Several cities' telephone systems were overwhelmed when Zoo TV tickets went on sale; Los Angeles telephone company [[Pacific Bell]] reported 54&nbsp;million calls in a four-hour period, while Boston's telephone system was temporarily shut down.<ref name="britqueue">{{cite news|title=U2 Fans Quick to Form Queues for First British Concerts in Five Years|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|first=Martin|last=Rowe|date=2 May 1992|page=8}}</ref> On 19 February, the band departed Dublin for the US to prepare for the tour.<ref name="dlp140" /><ref name="mcg142" /> While rehearsing in Lakeland for opening night, Eno consulted U2 on the visual aspects of the show.<ref name="tv-station" /> Unlike many of the group's previous tours, which began ahead of or coincident with the release of a new album, Zoo TV started four months after ''Achtung Baby'' was released, giving fans more time to familiarise themselves with the new songs. By opening night, the album had already sold three&nbsp;million copies in the US and seven&nbsp;million worldwide.<ref name="nyt031592">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/15/arts/pop-music-a-chastened-u2-comes-down-to-earth.html|title=A Chastened U2 Comes Down to Earth|first=Larry|last=Rohter|authorlink=Larry Rohter|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 March 1992|page=H33|edition=National|accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="usa030692"/> Details of the second leg of the tour were first released on 30 April with the announcement of four UK arena shows.<ref name="britqueue" /> Ticketing details were kept secret until radio advertisements announced that tickets had gone on sale at box offices.<ref name="dlp146">de la Parra (2003), p. 146</ref> In many cases, tickets were limited to two per person to deter scalping.<ref name="britqueue" /> Due to the production costs and relatively small arena crowds, the European arena leg lost money. McGuinness had planned larger outdoor concerts in Berlin, Turin, Poland, and Vienna to help the tour break even, but only the Vienna concert occurred.<ref name="dlp146" /> Plans for stadium shows were first mentioned by Iredale in March 1992,<ref name="amuse-mar92"/> but not confirmed until the 23 April announcement of the "Outside Broadcast" leg in North America. It was accompanied by details of two concerts, for which tickets went on sale two days later.<ref>{{cite news|title=U2 gives stadium dates|newspaper=[[Oshkosh Northwestern]]|agency=Northwestern Wire Service|date=23 April 1992|page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=U2 to play Giants Stadium|newspaper=[[The Record (North Jersey)|The Record]]|first=Barbara|last=Jaeger|date=23 April 1992|page=C-10}}</ref> While U2 were motivated to play stadiums by pragmatic concerns, they saw it as an artistic challenge as well, imagining what artists [[Salvador Dalí]] or [[Andy Warhol]] would have done with such spaces.<ref name="zooradio"/> Rehearsals for "Outside Broadcast" began in [[Hersheypark Stadium]] in [[Hershey, Pennsylvania]], on 2 August 1992.<ref name="mcg150">McGee (2008), p. 150</ref> To accommodate fans who had been camping outside the venue to listen, the band held a public dress rehearsal concert on 7 August,<ref name="usa081292">{{cite news|title=U2's 'Zoo': The band lets loose with a high-tech roar|first=Edna|last=Gundersen|authorlink=Edna Gundersen|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=12 August 1992|page=1D}}</ref> with half-price tickets benefiting five local charities.<ref name="mcg150"/><ref>{{cite news|title=U2 selling tickets for its Hershey Park rehearsal|newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|first=L.|last=Boasberg|date=6 August 1992|page=C2}}</ref> Technical problems and pacing issues forced refinement to the show.<ref name="usa081292"/> On 5 August, six days before the official leg-opening concert at [[Giants Stadium]], the group delayed the show by a day, due to the difficulty of assembling the large outdoor production.<ref>{{cite news|title='U2' shifts date|newspaper=[[Daily Record (Morristown)|Daily Record]]|date=5 August 1992|page=B7}}</ref> By the time "Outside Broadcast" began, ''Achtung Baby'' had sold four&nbsp;million copies in the US.<ref name="app081492">{{cite news|title=Big things and small songs create a large tableau for U2 concert|first=Matty|last=Karas|newspaper=[[Asbury Park Press]]|date=14 August 1992|page=C13}}</ref> Tickets for the "Zooropa" leg went on sale in November 1992. The leg, which began in May 1993, was the band's first full stadium tour of Europe and marked the first time they had visited certain areas.<ref name="dlp160" /> Scheduling for the "Zoomerang" stadium leg in the Pacific from November–December 1993 afforded the band more off-days between shows than previous legs, but this amplified the exhaustion and restlessness that had set in by the tour's end.<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 429</ref> Although the tour was listed as co-sponsored by [[MTV]],<ref name="nyt081592"/> the group decided against explicit corporate sponsorship; band members, especially Mullen, were uncertain that the tour would be profitable.<ref name="usa081292"/> The daily cost of producing the tour was US$125,000, regardless of whether a show was held on a given day.<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 86</ref> An attempt to convince Philips to donate the video equipment was unsuccessful, and the band had to pay for it themselves.<ref name="hot-2009"/> In order to defray the heavy expenses of the Pacific shows, U2 asked for large guarantees from local [[Tour promoter|promoters]] up front, rather than sharing the financial burden as they had in the past.<ref name="flanagan-484"/> This sometimes caused promoters to raise ticket prices above usual levels, which in turn sometimes resulted in less than full houses.<ref name="flanagan-484"/> Profit margin was a slim four to five percent at most sold-out shows.<ref name="ach-stations"/> ==Show overview== ===Pre-show=== Between the support acts and U2's performance, a [[disc jockey]] played records. For the 1992 legs, Irish rock journalist and radio presenter [[BP Fallon]] filled the role. Originally hired to write the Zoo TV tour programme,<ref name="mcg141">McGee (2008), p. 141</ref> he played music from inside a Trabant on the B-stage, while providing commentary and wearing a cape and top hat.<ref>Flanagan (1996), pp. 123–125, 348</ref> His official title was "Guru, Viber and DJ".<ref name="mcg141" /> He hosted ''Zoo Radio'', a November 1992 distributed radio special that showcased select live performances, audio oddities, and half-serious interviews with members of U2 and the opening acts.<ref name="zooradio"/> At the group's suggestion, Fallon published a book about the tour entitled ''U2 Faraway So Close''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fallon|first=BP|authorlink=BP Fallon|title=U2, Faraway So Close|publisher=Virgin Publishing|year=1994|location=London|isbn=0-86369-885-9}}</ref> [[Paul Oakenfold]], who became one of the world's most prominent club DJs by the decade's end, replaced him later on the tour.<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 473</ref> {{Quote box|quote="Zoo TV wasn't a set piece, it was a state of mind. It was constantly evolving and changing and taking on new ideas as it went... We changed it consciously for each new area of the world."|source=—[[The Edge]]<ref name="m238">McCormick (2006), p. 238</ref>|width=25em|align=right|style=padding:8px;}} Beginning with the group's 24 May 1992 show, Fallon played "Television, the Drug of the Nation" by hip-hop artists [[the Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy]] as the last song before the lights were turned off and U2 took the stage.<ref>de la Parra (2003), pp. 147–148</ref><ref>McGee (2008), p. 147</ref> The band believed that the song, a commentary on mass media culture, encapsulated some of the tour's principal themes.<ref name="zooradio"/><ref name="flanagan-93">Flanagan (1996), p. 93</ref> The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy became one of the supporting acts for the "Outside Broadcast" leg, and after their supporting stint, "Television" was retained as the pre-show closing song for the remainder of the tour.<ref name="flanagan-93"/><ref name="efc">{{cite news|title=The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy|first=Bruce|last=Warren|newspaper=Concert News|publisher=[[Electric Factory Concerts]]|date=September 1992|page=11}}</ref> After the venue darkened, one of several audio-video pieces was played to accompany the group taking the stage. During the "Outside Broadcast" leg, the piece was one by Emergency Broadcast Network that reorganised video clips of [[President of the United States|American President]] [[George H. W. Bush]] to give the impression of him singing [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s song "[[We Will Rock You]]". A different piece, created by Ned O'Hanlon and Maurice Linnane of Dreamchaser video productions, was used on the 1993 legs;<ref>Flanagan (1996), pp. 192–194</ref> it wove looped video from [[Leni Riefenstahl]]'s films ''[[Triumph of the Will]]'' and ''[[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]]'' with various clips of war and news footage.<ref name="rs-zwo"/> ===Main set=== [[File:Zoo TV Tour 1992-09-03 Veterans Stadium pic d.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An elaborate concert stage set bearing a logo that reads "Zoo TV", set in a dark stadium. Towers reach into the nighttime sky, illuminated in blue with red warning lights on top.|The stage as it appeared during the early portion of the show while "[[One (U2 song)|One]]" was performed. A video screen on the left displays the quote "smell the flowers while you can" from David Wojnarowicz.]] The concert began with a fixed sequence of six to eight consecutive ''Achtung Baby'' songs, a further sign that they were no longer the U2 of the 1980s.<ref name="mcg143">McGee (2008), pp. 143–144</ref> For the opening song, "[[Zoo Station (song)|Zoo Station]]", Bono entered as his primary stage persona, "The Fly", appearing silhouetted against a giant screen of blue and white [[Noise (video)|video noise]] interwoven with glimpses of xerox animations of the band members.<ref name="Flanagan 1996, p. 61">Flanagan (1996), p. 61</ref> "[[The Fly (song)|The Fly]]" was usually performed next, with the video monitors flashing a rapidly changing array of textual words and aphorisms. Some of these included "Taste is the enemy of art", "Religion is a club", "Ignorance is bliss", "Watch more TV", "Believe" with letters fading out to leave "lie", and "Everything you know is wrong".<ref name="superfly" /> (During the first week of the tour, media outlets incorrectly reported that the words shown included "Bomb Japan Now", forcing the band to issue a statement denying the claim.<ref>McGee (2008), pp. 144–145</ref>) Before "[[Even Better Than the Real Thing]]", Bono [[channel surf]]ed through live television programming,<ref name="tv-station" /><ref name="rs-zwo" /> and during the song, as random images from television and pop culture flashed on screen, he filmed himself and the rest of the band with a [[camcorder]].<ref name="nyt031192" /><ref>{{cite news|title=U2: Musical Masters of the Visual Medium|newspaper=[[The Daily Yomiuri]]|first=W. Blake|last=Gray|date=11 December 1993|page=15}}</ref> In a ''Zoo Radio'' interview, the Edge described the visual material that accompanied the first three songs:<ref name="zooradio"/> {{blockquote|"'Zoo Station' is four minutes of a television that's not tuned into any station, but giving you interference and shash and almost a TV picture. 'The Fly' is information meltdown—text, sayings, truisms, untruisms, oxymorons, soothsayings, etc., all blasted at high speed, just fast enough so it's impossible to actually read what's being said. 'Even Better Than the Real Thing' is whatever happens to be flying around the stratosphere on that night. Satellite TV pictures, the weather, shopping channel, cubic zirconium diamond rings, religious channels, soap operas..."}} "[[Mysterious Ways (song)|Mysterious Ways]]" featured a [[belly dance]]r on-stage, tempting Bono and dancing just out of his reach.<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 63</ref> Initially, Floridian fan Christina Petro filled the role. After appearing outside the venue of the band's final dress rehearsal in a belly-dancing outfit, the crew invited her inside to dance with Bono to lighten the mood. The group liked their interaction and that it made reference to the belly dancer in the song's music video, and she accepted an invitation to join the tour.<ref name="mcg143"/><ref name="m238"/> For the "Outside Broadcast" leg, tour choreographer [[Morleigh Steinberg]] took over the role.<ref name="u2byu2-243"/><ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 139</ref> Performances of "[[One (U2 song)|One]]" were accompanied by the title word shown in many languages, as well as Mark Pellington-directed video clips of [[American Bison|buffalos]] leading to a still image of David Wojnarowicz's "Falling Buffalo" photograph.<ref name="nyt031192"/> For "[[Until the End of the World (song)|Until the End of the World]]", Bono often played with a camera, kissing the lens and thrusting it into his crotch, a stark contrast from his more earnest stage behaviour of the past.<ref name="nyt031592" /> Beginning with "Outside Broadcast", the band began playing "[[New Year's Day (U2 song)|New Year's Day]]" afterwards.<ref name="u2gigszoo">{{cite web|url=http://www.u2gigs.com/ZOO_TV_Tour.html|title=U2 ZOO TV Tour|website=U2Gigs.com|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> During "[[Tryin' to Throw Your Arms Around the World]]", Bono danced with a young female fan from the crowd (a ritual he had done more solemnly on past tours), shared camcorder video filming duties with her, and sprayed champagne.<ref>Flanagan (1996), pp. 61–62, 341</ref> At this point in the show, Mullen sometimes sang a solo performance of "[[Dirty Old Town]]".<ref>McGee (2008), p. 145</ref> [[File:ZooTVBstage.jpg|thumb|left|alt=An elaborate concert stage set bearing a logo that reads "Zoo TV", set in a dark stadium. White lights shine from various angles into the center of the audience, where a performance is taking place on a small stage.|The band plays from the [[B-stage]] during the middle portion of the show.]] The group played many ''Achtung Baby'' songs very similarly to the way they had appeared on record.<ref name="nyt031192"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Achtung Baby, It's U2 in Paris|first=Alice|last=Rawthorn|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=9 May 1992}} in Bordowitz (2003) pp. 194–195.</ref> Since this material was complex and layered, most numbers featuring pre-recorded or offstage percussion, keyboard, or guitar elements underlying the U2 members' live instrumentals and vocals.<ref name="nyt031192"/><ref name="app032092"/> The band had used backing tracks in live performance before, but with the need to sync live performance to Zoo TV's high-tech visuals, almost the entire show was synced and sequenced. This practice has continued on their subsequent tours.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12435-2004Oct30.html|title=In Concert, But Not Live|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Sean|last=Daly|date=31 October 2004|page=A01|accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Recorded vocals Are In Sync With Many Stage Shows|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|first=Jon|last=Bream|date=27 February 2005|page=8F}}</ref> Zoo TV was one of the first large-scale concerts to feature a B-stage, where performances were intended "to be the antidote to Zoo TV".<ref name="zooradio">{{cite AV media|title=Zoo Radio |url=http://www.bpfallon.com/audio.html |date=27 November 1992 |medium=Syndicated radio broadcast |location=United States |people=[[BP Fallon]] (host and co-creator) |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113234604/http://www.bpfallon.com/audio.html |archivedate=13 November 2009 }}</ref> The idea had been inspired by the successful informality of the [[Elvis (1968 TV program)|Elvis Presley ''{{'}}68 Comeback Special'']].<ref name="jobling-227">Jobling (2014), p. 227</ref> Here, the band played quieter songs, such as acoustic arrangements of "[[Angel of Harlem]]", "[[When Love Comes to Town]]", "[[Stay (Faraway, So Close!)]]", and [[Lou Reed]]'s "[[Satellite of Love]]".<ref name="u2gigszoo" /> Many critics compared the B-stage performances to "[[busking]]" and singled them out as the shows' highlights.<ref name="hpfeature" /><ref name="sfchron" /> After leaving the B-stage, U2 often played "[[Bad (U2 song)|Bad]]" or "[[Sunday Bloody Sunday]]",<ref name="u2gigszoo" /> with performances of "[[Bullet the Blue Sky]]" and "[[Running to Stand Still]]" following. For "Bullet the Blue Sky", the video screens displayed burning crosses and [[swastika]]s.<ref name="tv-station" /><ref name="greatestshow" /> During "Running to Stand Still", Bono mimed the actions of a heroin addict from the B-stage, rolling up his sleeves and then pretending to spike his arm during the final lyric.<ref>Brothers (1999), p. 260</ref> Afterwards, red and yellow smoke flares ignited from either end of the B-stage,<ref>Flanagan (1996), pp. 290, 444</ref> before the band re-grouped on the main stage to play older songs with more sincerity.<ref name="nyt081592"/> "[[Where the Streets Have No Name]]" was accompanied by sped-up video of the group in the desert from ''The Joshua Tree''{{'}}s photo shoot.<ref name="rockbig">{{cite magazine|title=Rock and Roll Should Be This Big!|magazine=[[NME]]|first=Stuart|last=Bailie|date=13 June 1992}}</ref> U2 often finished their set with "[[Pride (In the Name of Love)]]" while a clip from [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]'s famed "[[I've Been to the Mountaintop]]" speech was played on the video screens.<ref name="rs-zwo"/> The group was initially unconvinced that the leap from the rest of the show's irony and artifice to something more sincere would be successful, but they thought that it was important to demonstrate that certain ideals were so strong and true that they could be held onto no matter the circumstance.<ref name="rs-zwo"/> The group alternated between performing "[[I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For]]" acoustically on the B-stage and using it to conclude the main set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u2gigs.com/I_Still_Havent_Found_What_Im_Looking_For-s54.html|title=U2 I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For|website=U2Gigs.com|accessdate=10 May 2010}}</ref> ===Encore=== Beginning with the "Outside Broadcast" leg, footage from the tour's "video [[confessional]] booth" was displayed on the video screens during the intermission.<ref name="mcg151" /> Before each concert, fans were encouraged to visit the booth—a converted [[chemical toilet]] near the mix station—and record a 20-second confession. The video crew would then edit together the confessional footage to broadcast later that evening before the encore.<ref name="mt-animal-magic"/> The "confessions" varied from a woman flashing her breasts to a man revealing he had injured people in a drunk-driving accident.<ref name="m237">McCormick (2006), p. 237</ref> The inspiration for the video confessional came the day before the "Outside Broadcast" leg officially began.<ref name="mcg151" /> For encores, Bono returned to the stage as a different alter ego—Mirror Ball Man in 1992, and MacPhisto in 1993. Performances of "[[Desire (U2 song)|Desire]]" were accompanied by images of [[Richard Nixon]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Paul Gascoigne]], and [[Jimmy Swaggart]], and were meant as a criticism of greed;<ref name="rockbig" /> cash rained the stage and Bono portrayed Mirror Ball Man as an interpretation of the greedy preacher described in the song's lyrics.<ref name="flan62">Flanagan (1996), p. 62</ref> Bono often made a [[crank call]] from the stage as his persona of the time.<ref name="rockbig" /><ref name="m237" /> Such calls included dialing a [[phone sex]] line, calling a [[taxi cab]], ordering 10,000 pizzas (the Detroit pizza parlor delivered 100 pizzas during the show), or contacting a local politician.<ref name="m237" /><ref name="flan245" /> Bono regularly called the [[White House]] in an attempt to contact President Bush. Though Bono never reached the President, Bush did acknowledge the calls during a press conference.<ref name="m237" /><ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 99</ref> "[[Ultraviolet (Light My Way)]]" and "[[With or Without You]]" were frequently played afterwards. Concerts initially ended with ''Achtung Baby''{{'}}s slower "[[Love Is Blindness]]".<ref name="u2gigszoo" /> Beginning with the "Outside Broadcast" shows,<ref name="u2gigszoo" /> it was often followed by Bono's [[falsetto]] take on [[Elvis Presley]]'s long-time show-closing ballad, "[[Can't Help Falling in Love]]", culminating in Bono softly stating that "Elvis is still in the building".<ref name="rs-zwo">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/u2s-zoo-world-order-74591/|title=Zoo World Order|first=Anthony|last=DeCurtis|authorlink=Anthony DeCurtis|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=14 October 1993|issue=667|pages=48+|accessdate=12 February 2020}}</ref> Both songs presented a low-key, introspective conclusion to the show, in contrast to the dynamic, aggressive opening; the group also wanted to move away from its tradition of ending concerts with the fan sing-along favourite "[[40 (song)|40]]".<ref name="rs-zwo"/> The night finished with a single video message being displayed: "Thanks for shopping at Zoo TV".<ref name="usa081492"/> ===Setlist example=== The following setlists are representative of the tour's average setlist as conducted by Setlist.fm, which represents all concerts for the duration of the tour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.setlist.fm/stats/average-setlist/u2-23d6b80f.html?year=1992|title=U2 Average Setlists of year: 1992 {{!}} setlist.fm|website=www.setlist.fm|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.setlist.fm/stats/average-setlist/u2-23d6b80f.html?year=1993|title=U2 Average Setlists of year: 1993 |website=www.setlist.fm|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref> {{hidden|toggle=left | headercss = background: #ffe0ff; font-size: 100%; width:50em; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100% | header = 1992 | content = {{Div col}} # "[[Zoo Station (song)|Zoo Station]]" # "[[The Fly (song)|The Fly]]" # "[[Even Better Than the Real Thing]]" # "[[Mysterious Ways (song)|Mysterious Ways]]" # "[[One (U2 Song)|One]]" # "[[Until the End of the World (song)|Until the End of the World]]" # "[[New Year's Day (U2 song)|New Year's Day]]" # "[[Who's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses]]" # "[[Tryin' to Throw Your Arms Around the World]]" # "[[Angel of Harlem]]" # "[[When Love Comes to Town]]" # "[[Satellite of Love]]" # "[[Bad (U2 song)|Bad]]" # "[[Bullet the Blue Sky]]" # "[[Running to Stand Still]]" # "[[Where the Streets Have No Name]]" # "[[I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For]]" '''Encore''' # <li value="18"> "[[Desire (U2 song)|Desire]]" # "[[Ultraviolet (Light My Way)]]" # "[[With or Without You]]" # "[[Love Is Blindness]]" {{div col end}} }} {{hidden|toggle=left | headercss = background: #ffe0ff; font-size: 100%; width:50em; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100% | header = 1993 | content = {{Div col}} # "Zoo Station" # "The Fly" # "Even Better Than the Real Thing" # "Mysterious Ways" # "One" # "Until the End of the World" # "New Year's Day" # "[[Numb (U2 song)|Numb]]" # "Tryin' to Throw Your Arms Around the World" # "Angel of Harlem" # "When Love Comes to Town" # "Satellite of Love" # "Bad" # "Bullet the Blue Sky" # "Running to Stand Still" # "Where the Streets Have No Name" # "[[Pride (In the Name of Love)]]" '''Encore''' # <li value="18"> "Desire" # "Ultraviolet (Light My Way)" # "With or Without You" # "Love Is Blindness" # "[[Can't Help Falling in Love]]" {{div col end}} }} ===Guest appearances=== [[File:VeteransStadiumAfterZooTV.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A side shot of a concert stage as a crew disassembles it at night. The stadium it is built in is empty and lit up.|Side view of the stage at [[Veterans Stadium]] in Philadelphia after a September 1992 concert]] On 11 June 1992, [[Benny Andersson]] and [[Björn Ulvaeus]] of [[ABBA]] appeared on-stage in Stockholm for the first time in years to perform "[[Dancing Queen]]" with the band,<ref name="mcg148">McGee (2008), p. 148</ref> which U2 had frequently performed on the tour up to that point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u2gigs.com/Dancing_Queen-s131.html|title=U2 Dancing Queen|website=U2Gigs.com|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> Other guest performers on the tour included [[Axl Rose]],<ref name="prop-tour" /> Jo Shankar,<ref name="dlp160" /> and [[Daniel Lanois]].<ref>de la Parra (2003), p. 154</ref> On 19 June 1992, during the European indoor leg, U2 played the "[[Stop Sellafield]]" concert in Manchester, alongside [[Kraftwerk]], [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]], and [[Big Audio Dynamite II]], to protest the operation of a second nuclear reactor at Sellafield.<ref>Stokes (1996), p. 141</ref> For the group's performance, the stage was made to resemble their Zoo TV stage. The following day, the band participated in a demonstration organised by [[Greenpeace]] in which protesters landed on the beach at Sellafield in rubber dinghies and displayed 700 placards for the waiting media.<ref name="mcg148" /> At the first "Outside Broadcast" show on 12 August 1992 at Giants Stadium, Lou Reed performed "Satellite of Love" with the band;<ref name="mcg151">McGee (2008), p. 151</ref> he and Bono dueted using their contrasting vocal styles.<ref name="nydn081392">{{cite news|title=Zoo Story: At Giants Stadium, U2 projects itself into the future, casting off classic-rock stodginess|first=Jim|last=Farber|newspaper=[[New York Daily News]]|date=13 August 1992|page=37}}</ref><ref name="app081492"/> Bono re-confirmed the singer's influence on the band by announcing, "Every song we've ever written was a rip-off of a Lou Reed song."<ref>{{cite news|title=Outdoor U2 Extravaganza Much The Same As Indoor Show|newspaper=[[Hartford Courant]]|first=Roger|last=Catlin|date=13 August 1992|at=section Calendar, p. 8}}</ref> For the second show and the remainder of the tour, a taping of Reed singing the song was used for a virtual duet between him and Bono.<ref name="mcg151" /> Novelist [[Salman Rushdie]] joined the band on stage in London's [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] on 11 August 1993, despite the death [[fatwā]] against the author and the risk of violence arising from his controversial novel ''[[The Satanic Verses]]''.<ref name="rs-zwo"/> In reference to the novel's satanic references, Rushdie, when confronted by Bono's MacPhisto character, observed that "real devils don't wear horns".<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 308</ref> In 2010, Clayton recalled that "Bono had been calling Salman Rushdie from the stage every night on the Zoo TV tour. When we played Wembley, Salman showed up in person and the stadium erupted. You [could] tell from Larry's face that we weren't expecting it. Salman was a regular visitor after that. He had a backstage pass and he used it as often as possible. For a man who was supposed to be in hiding, it was remarkably easy to see him around the place."<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Stairway to Devon − OK, Somerset!|magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|date=July 2010|page=101|author=U2|issue=288}}</ref> ==Bono's stage personae==<!-- This section is linked from [[Bono]] --> Bono assumed a number of costumed alter egos during Zoo TV performances. The three main personae that he used on stage were "[[The Fly (song)|The Fly]]", "Mirror Ball Man", and "MacPhisto". During performances of "Bullet the Blue Sky" and "Running to Stand Still", he also appeared on stage wearing a military utility vest and cap, and a microphone headset. As this character, he ranted and raved in an act he said was set in the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>de la Parra (2003), p. 141</ref> To escape their reputation for being overly serious and self-righteous, U2 decided to alter their image by being more facetious.<ref name="ach-stations" /> Bono said, "All through the Eighties we tried to be ourselves and failed when the lights were on. Which is what set us up for Zoo TV. We decided to have some fun being other people, or at least other versions of ourselves."<ref name="m234" /> The Edge said, "We were quite thrilled at the prospect of smashing U2 and starting all over again."<ref name="nyt031592"/> The group viewed humour as the appropriate response to their negative perception and that although their message would not change, they needed to change how they delivered it to their audience.<ref name="fricke" /> ===The Fly=== [[File:Bono as The Fly Cleveland 1992.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Bono with black hair, black sunglasses, and black leather attire speaks into a microphone.|Bono in 1992 as his persona "The Fly", a leather-clad egomaniac meant to parody rock stardom]] Bono conceived his "Fly" persona during the writing of the song of the same name. The character began with Bono wearing an oversized pair of [[blaxploitation]] sunglasses, given to him by wardrobe manager Fintan Fitzgerald, to lighten the mood in the studio.<ref name="mcg134-5">McGee (2008), pp. 134–135</ref><ref name="comp">McCormick (2006), pp. 224–225, 227, 232</ref> Bono wrote the song's lyrics as this character, composing a sequence of "single-line aphorisms".<ref>Stokes (1996), p. 102</ref> He developed the persona into a leather-clad egomaniac, describing his outfit as having Lou Reed's glasses, Elvis Presley's jacket, and [[Jim Morrison]]'s leather trousers.<ref name="legends" /> To match the character's dark fashion, Bono dyed his naturally-brown hair black.<ref>Flanagan (1996), pp. 97, 521</ref> Bono began each concert as The Fly and continued to play the character for most of the first half of the concert. In contrast to his earnest stage persona of the 1980s, as The Fly, Bono strutted around the stage with "swagger and style", exhibiting mannerisms of an egotistical rock star.<ref name="mcg143" /> He adopted the mindset that he was "licensed to be an egomaniac".<ref name="zooradio"/><ref name="forus">{{cite magazine|title=Let's Hear It For... Us!|magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|first=Paul|last=Du Noyer|date=January 1993|issue=76}}</ref> He often stayed in character away from the tour stage, including for public appearances and when staying in hotels.<ref name="rs-fly"/> He said, "That rather cracked character could say things that I couldn't",<ref name="comp" /> and that it offered him a greater freedom of speech.<ref name="ach-stations" /> ===Mirror Ball Man=== As the Mirror Ball Man, Bono dressed in a shining silver [[Lamé (fabric)|lamé]] suit with matching shoes and cowboy hat.<ref name="flan62" /> The character was meant to parody greedy American [[televangelist]]s, showmen, and car salesman, and was inspired by [[Phil Ochs]]' Elvis persona from his 1970 tour.<ref name="Flanagan 1996, p. 61"/> Bono said that the character represented "a kind of showman America. He had the confidence and charm to pick up a mirror and look at himself and give the glass a big kiss. He loved cash and in his mind success was God's blessing. If he's made money, he can't have made any mistakes."<ref name="m238" /> As the character, Bono spoke with an exaggerated [[Southern American English|Southern US accent]]. Mirror Ball Man appeared during the show's encore and made nightly prank calls, often to the White House.<ref name="flan62" /> Bono portrayed this alter ego on the first three legs of the tour, but replaced him with MacPhisto for the 1993 legs.<ref name="flan228" /> ===MacPhisto=== [[File:U2 in Sydney (49121303468).jpg|thumb|Bono (left) in 2019 with a fan dressed as MacPhisto]] MacPhisto was created to parody the devil and was named after [[Mephistopheles]] of the [[Faust (opera)|Faust]] legend.<ref name="flan228">Flanagan (1996), pp. 228–231</ref> Initially called "Mr. Gold", MacPhisto wore a gold lamé suit with gold platform shoes, pale makeup, lipstick, and devil's horns on his head.<ref>McGee (2008), pp. 160–161</ref> As MacPhisto, Bono spoke with an exaggerated upper-class English accent, similar to that of a down-on-his-luck character actor.<ref name="flan228" /> The character was created as a European replacement for the American-influenced Mirror Ball Man.<ref name="rs-zwo"/><ref name="flan228" /> The initial inspiration for MacPhisto came from the stage musical ''[[The Black Rider]]''.<ref>McGee (2008), p. 158</ref> The character was realised during rehearsal the night before the first 1993 show.<ref name="lat042097"/> According to Bono, "We came up with a sort of old English Devil, a pop star long past his prime returning regularly from sessions on The Strip in Vegas and regaling anyone who would listen to him at cocktail hour with stories from the good old, bad old days."<ref name="m248">McCormick (2006), p. 248</ref> MacPhisto sang the closing "Can't Help Falling in Love" with an oddly childlike manner that many reviewers found one of the most poignant moments of the show.<ref>Jobling (2014), p. 233</ref> Bono continued making prank calls as MacPhisto, and changed his targets with the location of each concert. Many of them were local politicians who Bono wished to mock by engaging them in character as the devil.<ref name="flan245">Flanagan (1996), p. 245</ref> He enjoyed making these calls, saying, "When you're dressed as the Devil, your conversation is immediately loaded, so if you tell somebody you really like what they're doing, you know it's not a compliment."<ref name="m248" /> The band intended MacPhisto to add humour while making a point. The Edge said: "That character was a great device for saying the opposite of what you meant. It made the point so easily and with real humor."<ref name="m248" /> A female Cardiff fan who was pulled on-stage questioned Bono's motives for dressing as the devil, prompting the singer to compare his act to the plot of the [[C. S. Lewis]] novel ''[[The Screwtape Letters]]''.<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 434</ref><ref>Scharen (2006), p. 197</ref> ==Sarajevo satellite link-ups== As the "Zooropa" leg unfolded in 1993, U2 became concerned about the volatile political situation in [[Post-communism|post-communist]] Europe and the resurgence of [[radical nationalism]].<ref name="rs-zwo"/> The opening of the show was modified to reflect this, with sounds from ''Lenin's Favourite Songs'' mixed with [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven's]] [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Ninth Symphony]] and monotone voices asking "What do you want?" in different European languages.<ref name="jobling-232">Jobling (2014), p. 232</ref> A visual of the [[flag of Europe]] was presented which then crumbled after one of the stars fell off.<ref name="jobling-232"/> Some European shows featured live satellite link-ups with people living in [[Sarajevo]] during the [[siege of Sarajevo]] in the [[Bosnian War]]. The transmissions were arranged with help from American aid worker [[Bill Carter]]. Before their 3 July show in [[Verona]], the band met with Carter to give an interview about Bosnia for [[Radiotelevision of Bosnia-Herzegovina|Radio Televizija Bosne I Hercegovina]].<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 277</ref><ref name="m252">McCormick (2006), pp. 252–253</ref> Carter described his experiences helping Sarajevans while surviving the dangerous living conditions.<ref name="link">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.hotpress.com/archive/443692.html|title=A Crucial Link|magazine=[[Hot Press]]|first=Bill|last=Graham|date=11 August 1993|accessdate=22 April 2011}}</ref> While in Sarajevo, Carter had seen a television interview on MTV in which Bono mentioned the theme of the "Zooropa" leg was a unified Europe. Feeling that such an aim was empty if Bosnia went overlooked, Carter sought Bono's help.<ref>Carter (2003), p. 170</ref> He requested that U2 visit Sarajevo to bring attention to the war and break the "media fatigue" that had occurred from covering the conflict.<ref name="m252" /> Bono wanted the band to play a concert in the city, but their tour schedule prevented this, and McGuinness believed that a concert there would make them and their audience targets for the Serbian aggressors.<ref name="m252" /> Instead, the group agreed to use the tour's satellite dish to conduct live video transmissions between their concerts and Carter in Sarajevo.<ref name="m252" /> Carter returned to the city and was able to assemble a video unit. The band had to purchase a satellite dish to be sent to Sarajevo and had to pay a £100,000 fee to join the [[European Broadcasting Union]].<ref name="link" /> Once set up, the band began satellite link-ups to Sarajevo on a near nightly basis, the first airing on 17 July 1993 in [[Bologna]].<ref name="flan300">Flanagan (1996), pp. 300–306</ref> To connect with the EBU satellite feeds, Carter and two co-workers had to traverse "[[Sniper Alley]]" at night to reach the Sarajevo television station, and they had to film with as little light as possible to avoid the attention of snipers.<ref name="flan300" /><ref name="j49">Jackson (2008), pp. 48, 49</ref> This was done ten times over the course of a month. Carter discussed the deteriorating situation in the city, and Bosnians often spoke to U2 and their audience.<ref name="flan300" /> These grim interviews deviated from the rest of the show, and they were completely unscripted, leaving the group unsure of who would be speaking or what they would say.<ref name="m252" /> U2 stopped the broadcasts in August 1993 after learning that the siege of Sarajevo was being reported on the front of many British newspapers.<ref name="j49" /> Though this trend had begun before the first link-up, Nathan Jackson suggested that U2's actions had brought awareness of the situation to their fans, and to the British public indirectly.<ref name="j49" /> Reactions to the transmissions were mixed, triggering a media debate concerning the ethical implications of mixing rock entertainment with human tragedy.<ref name="rs-zwo"/> The Edge said, "A lot of nights it felt like quite an abrupt interruption that was probably not particularly welcomed by a lot of people in the audience. You were grabbed out of a rock concert and given a really strong dose of reality and it was quite hard sometimes to get back to something as frivolous as a show having watched five or ten minutes of real human suffering."<ref name="m252" /> Mullen worried that the band were exploiting the Bosnians' suffering for entertainment.<ref name="m252" /> In 2002, he said, "I can't remember anything more excruciating than those Sarajevo link-ups. It was like throwing a bucket of cold water over everybody. You could see your audience going, 'What the fuck are these guys doing?' But I'm proud to have been a part of a group who were trying to do something."<ref name="Q-int">{{cite magazine|title=10 Years of Turmoil Inside U2|first=Tom|last=Doyle|magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|date=November 2002|issue=196}}</ref> During a transmission for the band's concert at Wembley Stadium, three women in Sarajevo told Bono via satellite, "We know you're not going to do anything for us. You're going to go back to a rock show. You're going to forget that we even exist. And we're all going to die."<ref name="m252" /> Some people close to the band joined the [[War Child (charity)|War Child]] charity project, including Brian Eno.<ref name="m252" /> Writer [[Bill Flanagan]] believes that the link-ups accomplished Bono's goal for Zoo TV of "illustrating onstage the obscenity of idly flipping from a war on CNN to rock videos on MTV".<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 307</ref> U2 vowed to perform in Sarajevo someday, [[U2 concert in Sarajevo|eventually fulfilling this commitment]] on their 1997 [[PopMart Tour]].<ref name="m277">McCormick (2006), pp. 277, 279</ref> ==Recording and release of ''Zooropa''== {{Main|Zooropa}} [[File:1993 - Zooropa Tour 1993-05-15 - Lisbon mysterious ways em alvalade 93 640.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An elaborate concert stage at night. Three cars hang at the stage's rear shining lights towards the performance. Video screens are located behind and to the sides of the stage.|U2 performing during the "Zooropa" leg of the tour in May 1993, as the group completed the ''[[Zooropa]]'' album]] U2 recorded their next album, ''Zooropa'', from February to May 1993 during an extended break between the third and fourth legs of the tour. The album was intended as a companion [[Extended play|EP]] to ''Achtung Baby'', but soon expanded into a full LP.<ref name="u2byu2-247">McCormick (2006), p. 247</ref> Recording could not be completed before the tour restarted, and for the first month of the "Zooropa" leg, the band flew home after shows, recording until the early morning and working on their off-days, before travelling to their next destination.<ref name="Q-int"/><ref name="u2byu2-247"/> Clayton called the process "about the craziest thing you could do to yourself", while Mullen said of it, "It was mad, but it was mad good, as opposed to mad bad."<ref name="u2byu2-247" /> McGuinness later said the band had nearly wrecked themselves in the process.<ref name="hot-2009">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.hotpress.com/archive/5318031.html|title=30 remarkable years: Why McGuinness has been good for U2|first=Olaf|last=Tyaransen|magazine=[[Hot Press]]|date=23 March 2009|accessdate=22 April 2011}}</ref> The album was released on 5 July 1993.<ref name="m248"/> Influenced by the tour's themes of technology and mass media,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/u2s-zooropa-10-things-you-didnt-know-666937/|title=U2's 'Zooropa': 10 Things You Didn't Know|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|first=Brady|last=Gerber|date=5 July 2018|accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref> ''Zooropa'' was an even greater departure in style from their earlier recordings than ''Achtung Baby'' was, incorporating further dance music influences and electronic effects. Songs from the album were incorporated into the subsequent "Zooropa" and "Zoomerang" legs, most frequently "[[Numb (U2 song)|Numb]]" and "[[Stay (Faraway, So Close!)]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u2gigs.com/tour202.html|title=U2 ZOO TV 4th leg: Zooropa|website=U2Gigs.com|accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="u2gigszoomerang">{{cite web|url=http://www.u2gigs.com/tour203.html|title=U2 ZOO TV 5th leg: Zoomerang / New Zooland / Japan|website=U2Gigs.com|accessdate=16 July 2010}} Reference provides links to individual concerts that can be manually verified.</ref> For the "Zoomerang" leg, "[[Daddy's Gonna Pay for Your Crashed Car]]" and "[[Lemon (U2 song)|Lemon]]" were added to the encore and "Dirty Day" to the main set.<ref name="u2gigszoomerang"/> ==Broadcasts, recordings, and releases== On 9 September 1992, a portion of U2's performance at the [[Pontiac Silverdome]] was broadcast live to the [[1992 MTV Video Music Awards]]. The band performed "Even Better Than the Real Thing" while VMA host [[Dana Carvey]], dressed as his ''[[Wayne's World]]'' Garth persona, accompanied the band on drums in Los Angeles.<ref name="superfly">{{cite magazine|title=Superfly|magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|first=Danny|last=Eccleston|year=2004|issue=Special Edition: 50 Years of Rock 'n' Roll}}</ref> A ''Zoo Radio'' special included live selections from 1992 shows from Toronto, Dallas, Tempe, and New York City.<ref name="zooradio"/> On 28 and 29 November 1992, a television special entitled ''Zoo TV Featuring U2'' was aired, featuring portions of several "Outside Broadcast" leg shows as well as [[William S. Burroughs]]' reading of the sardonic poem "[[Thanksgiving Prayer]]". Directed by Kevin Godley, the programme was broadcast in North America on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], and in Europe via [[Channel 4]], [[Sky Deutschland|Premiere]], [[France 2]], [[Rai Uno]], [[RTVE]], [[TV1000]], and [[Veronica (TV channel)|Veronica]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PHILIPS+DCC+PRESENTS+U2+BROADCAST+ON+FOX+TV-a012739414|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140414112337/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PHILIPS+DCC+PRESENTS+U2+BROADCAST+ON+FOX+TV-a012739414|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2014|title=Philips DCC Presents U2 Broadcast on Fox TV|publisher=[[Philips Consumer Lifestyle|Philips Consumer Electronics]]|agency=[[PR Newswire]]|date=5 November 1992|accessdate=5 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/481044|title=Zoo Tv Featuring U2 (1992)|website=[[British Film Institute]]|accessdate=9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sharing U2's 'Zoo' view |first=Edna|last=Gundersen|authorlink=Edna Gundersen|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=27 November 1992|page=3D}}</ref><ref>Flanagan (1996), pp. 110–111</ref> Several 1992 shows, including the 11 June concert in Stockholm and 27 October concert in El Paso, were broadcast into the homes of fans who had won contests.<ref>de la Parra (2003), pp. 150, 156</ref> In October 1992,<ref>{{cite news|title=On the Beat; Rousing the Bodies Politic|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Richard|last=Harrington|date=23 September 1992|page=F7}}</ref> U2 released ''Achtung Baby: The Videos, The Cameos, and a Whole Lot of Interference from Zoo TV'', a [[VHS]] compilation of nine [[music video]]s from ''Achtung Baby''. Interspersed between the music videos were clips of so-called "interference", comprising documentary footage, media clips, and other video similar to what was displayed on tour.<ref name="prop-tour" /> Two November 1993 "Zoomerang" shows in Sydney were filmed on consecutive nights as part of a worldwide television broadcast. The 26 November concert was staged as a rehearsal for the production crew in advance of the official filming the following night.<ref name="mcg169">McGee (2008), pp. 169–170</ref> However, Clayton, who began drinking excessively on the latter stages of the tour, was unable to perform on 26 November after experiencing an [[Blackout (drug-related amnesia)|alcoholic blackout]].<ref name="u2byu2-255"/> The band ruled out canceling the show, since it was the only opportunity for the production crew to do a dry run of the filming.<ref name="u2byu2-255"/><ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 404</ref> Bass [[guitar technician]] Stuart Morgan filled in for Clayton instead, marking the first time a member of U2 had missed a concert since their earliest days. Clayton recovered in time to play the 27 November show,<ref name="mcg169"/> which was broadcast in the United States on tape-delayed [[pay-per-view]].<ref>{{cite news|title=U2 Fans Get a Close-Up of Bono|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|first=Chris|last=Wilman|date=29 November 1993|page=F10}}</ref> U2 originally planned to produce the concert with MTV for a January 1994 "triplecast" that would have offered three different perspectives of the show on three separate television channels. After realising they had not fully developed the concept, the group cancelled the "triplecast", denying themselves income that was supposed to make the Pacific leg of the tour profitable.<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 401</ref> The show was subsequently released as the concert video ''[[Zoo TV: Live from Sydney]]'' in 1994,<ref>McGee (2008), pp. 174, 178</ref> and the double CD ''[[Zoo TV Live]]'' in 2006 to subscribing members of U2's website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u2.com/discography/index/album/albumId/4097/tagName/u2.com_limited_editions|title=ZOO2Live&nbsp;– U2 Live in Sydney (2006)|website=U2.com|publisher=[[Live Nation Entertainment]]|accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref> The video won the [[Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video]] at the [[37th Annual Grammy Awards]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/37th-annual-grammy-awards-1994|title=1994 GRAMMY WINNERS|website=[[Grammy Award|Grammy.com]]|accessdate=21 February 2020}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Critical response=== Reviews written during the initial arena legs reflected the dramatic change in U2's approach. Many critics published favourable reviews about the tour. The ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' praised the special effects for supplementing the music. The reviewer wrote, "The often-surrealistic effects always served the songs, not the other way around." The review concluded, "this magnificent multimedia production will serve as a pinnacle in rock's onstage history for sometime{{sic}} to come".<ref name="sfchron">{{cite news|title=U2 Pushes the Limits of Rock Shows|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|first=Joel|last=Selvin|date=20 April 1992|page=E1}}</ref> [[Edna Gundersen]] of ''[[USA Today]]'' said that U2 was dismantling its myth and wrote that the show was "a trippy and decadent concert of bedazzling visuals and adventurous music".<ref name="usa030692">{{cite news|title=U2's rock 'n' roll Zoo|first=Edna|last=Gundersen|authorlink=Edna Gundersen|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=6 March 1992|page=1D}}</ref> ''[[Melody Maker]]''{{'}}s Jon Wiederhorn wrote that he expected to dislike the show based upon their past stage history, "But, alas, I cannot be negative about U2 tonight. Their Zoo TV show is visually stunning, musically unparalleled, downright moving and, dammit, truly entertaining."<ref name="jobling-227"/> ''[[Hot Press]]''{{'}} Bill Graham said of the show, "U2 don't so much use every trick in the book as invent a whole new style of rock performance art." For Graham, the tour resolved any doubts he had about the band—particularly about Bono—following their reinvention with ''Achtung Baby''.<ref name="hpfeature" /> Other critics indicated befuddlement as to U2's purpose. The ''[[Asbury Park Press]]'' wrote that the long string of ''Achtung Baby'' song presentations that opened the show made one forget about the band's past, and that "almost everything you knew about U2 a couple years ago is, in fact, wrong now".<ref name="app032092">{{cite news|title=A new U2|first=Matty|last=Karas|newspaper=[[Asbury Park Press]]|date=20 March 1992|page=C1}}</ref> ''[[The Star-Ledger]]'' said that the band shortchanged its music with its video presentations and that especially during the opening sequence, "one was only aware of the music as a soundtrack to the real 'show'".<ref name="nsl032092">{{cite news|title=U2 concert missing musical magic, mystery|first=Jay|last=Lustig|newspaper=[[The Star-Ledger]]|date=20 March 1992|page=61}}</ref> It concluded by saying that the group had lost the sense of mystery and yearning that made it great and that they had succumbed to the style of music videos.<ref name="nsl032092"/> [[Jon Pareles]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' acknowledged that U2 was trying to break its former earnest image and that they were a "vastly improved band" for being "trendy" and "funny"; yet, he commented, "U2 wants to have its artifice and its sincerity at the same time—no easy thing—and it hasn't yet made the breakthrough that will unite them."<ref name="nyt031192">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/11/arts/review-rock-u2-restyled-with-props-and-a-nod-to-the-fringes.html|title=U2 Restyled, With Props and a Nod to the Fringes|first=Jon|last=Pareles|authorlink=Jon Pareles|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 March 1992|edition=National|page=C17|accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref> The stadium legs of the tour received more consistent praise than the arena shows. Critics noted that while the show and its [[setlist]] were largely the same as before, the tour mostly benefited from the increased scale.<ref name="nydn081392"/><ref name="app081492"/><ref name="nyt081592">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/arts/review-rock-high-tech-and-nostalgia-in-u2-show.html|title=High-Tech and Nostalgia in U2 Show|first=Jon|last=Pareles|authorlink=Jon Pareles|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 August 1992|edition=National|page=14|accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref> The ''[[New York Daily News]]'' said that the stage "looked like a city made of television sets—an electronic Oz" and that "glitz was used not as a mere distraction (as it has been by so many video-age artists), but as a determined conceit".<ref name="nydn081392"/> Gundersen also made the comparison to [[Land of Oz|Oz]], saying that even though the band was dwarfed by the setting, their adventurous musicianship still shone through.<ref name="usa081492">{{cite news|title=U2's music matches a massive production|first=Edna|last=Gundersen|authorlink=Edna Gundersen|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=14 August 1992|page=1D}}</ref> She concluded that the group had "deliver[ed] a brilliant high-wire act" between mocking and exploiting rock music clichés,<ref name="usa081492"/> a comparison also made by stage designer Willie Williams.<ref name="lat042097"/> [[Robert Hilburn]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' said of the outdoor American leg, "Zoo TV is the yardstick by which all other stadium shows will be measured."<ref name="1000days" /> [[David Fricke]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' said that the band had "regained critical and commercial favor by negotiating an inspired balance between rock's cheap thrills and its own sense of moral burden". He praised the band for "retool[ing] themselves as wiseacres with heart and elephant bucks to burn". Fricke noted that the increased visual effects for the "Outside Broadcast" leg increased the shows' "mind-fuck" factor.<ref name="fricke" /> Many critics described the tour as "[[post-modern]]".<ref name="fricke" /><ref name="ach-stations" /><ref name="details">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/u2-anew/|title=U2 Anew|first=Sean|last=O'Hagan|magazine=[[Details (magazine)|Details]]|date=September 1992|accessdate=4 March 2013|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="socialhist">Friedlander (2006), p. 276</ref> The writers of ''Rolling Stone'', in a best-of-1992 issue, named U2 co-winners of "Best Band", while awarding the Zoo TV Tour honours for both "Best Tour" and "Worst Tour".<ref>McGee (2008), p. 159</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' praised the "Zooropa" leg, with the reviewer stating, "I came as a sceptic, and left believing I had witnessed the most sophisticated meeting of technical wizardry and mojo priestcraft ever mounted."<ref>{{cite news|title=Saturday Night: Playing in the Deep End with U2|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|first=Alix|last=Sharkey|date=21 August 1993|at=section Weekend Style, p. 37}}</ref> [[Dave Fanning]] of ''[[The Irish Times]]'' praised the "Zooropa" leg, stating, "If this is the show by which all other rock circuses must be measured, then God help the new music."<ref name="irtimes">{{cite news|title=Zooropa Tour: Style, Sex and Self-Assurance|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|first=Dave|last=Fanning|authorlink=Dave Fanning|date=25 August 1993|at=section Arts, p. 10}}</ref> Fanning observed that the group, particularly Bono, exhibited "style, sex and self-assurance".<ref name="irtimes" /> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' wrote, "No one is dancing on the edges of rock'n'roll's contradictions as effectively these days as U2."<ref>{{cite magazine|title=U2 Flips Zoo-TV Channel to the Horrors of Bosnia|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|first=Thom|last=Duff|date=4 September 1993|volume=105|issue=36|page=45}}</ref> The stadium legs had their detractors, as ''[[NME]]'' called the shows a "two-hour post-modernist [[Pot Noodle|pot noodle]] advert made by politically naive, culturally unaware squares with the help of some cool, arty people".<ref name="irtimes" /> Graham thought that the scale of the stadium shows led to more predictability and less interaction with the audiences.<ref name="greatestshow">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.hotpress.com/archive/447837.html|title=Zooropa: The Greatest Show on Earth|magazine=[[Hot Press]]|first=Bill|last=Graham|date=8 September 1993|accessdate=22 April 2011}}</ref> ===Fan reaction=== The group and the music industry were unsure how fans would receive the tour beforehand.<ref name="rs-fly"/> During the first week of shows, Bono said, "This show is a real roller coaster ride, and some people will want to get off, I'm sure." He remained optimistic that their devoted fans would continue following them, but cautioned he had no intention of resisting the glamour and fame: "Oh, but it's ''fun'' to be carried away by the hype. Where would you be without the hype?... You can't pretend all the promotion and all the fanfare is not happening."<ref name="usa030692"/> Some hardcore fans, particularly in the US, objected to the tour as a blatant sellout to commercial values,<ref name="ach-stations"/> while others misinterpreted the tour's mocking of excess, believing that, according to ''[[VH1's Legends]]'', "U2 had 'lost it' and that Bono had become an egomaniac".<ref name="legends">{{cite episode|title=U2|series=[[VH1's Legends|Legends]]|network=[[VH1]]|season=1|number=6|airdate=11 December 1998}}</ref> Many Christian fans were offended by the band's antics and believed they had abandoned their religious faith.<ref>Thompson (2000), pp. 99–100</ref> By the outdoor legs, many fans knew what to expect, and Pareles observed that Bono's admonitions to never cheer a rock star were greeted with idolatrous applause; he concluded that the show's message of scepticism was somewhat lost on the audience and that, "No matter what Bono tells his fans, they seem likely to trust him anyway."<ref name="nyt081592"/> By the end of the tour's first year, U2 had won over many fans. In a 1992 end-of-year poll, readers of ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' voted U2 "The Best Act in the World Today".<ref name="forus" /> The band's almost clean sweep of ''Rolling Stone''{{'}}s end-of-year readers' poll—which included "Best Artist", "Best Tour", and Bono as "Sexiest Male Artist"—reconfirmed for the magazine they were the "world's biggest rock band".<ref name="rs-fly">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bono-behind-the-fly-the-rolling-stone-interview-88039/|title=Behind the Fly|first=Alan|last=Light|authorlink=Alan Light |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=4 March 1993|issue=651|pages=42+|accessdate=27 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Readers Go For U2|agency=[[Reuters]]|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|date=16 February 1993|page=C2}}</ref> ===Commercial performance=== On the opening leg of the tour, U2 grossed US$13,215,414 and sold 528,763&nbsp;tickets to 32&nbsp;shows.<ref name="dlp146" /> Sources gave varying grosses and sales figures for the band's entire 1992 North American itinerary; ''[[Pollstar]]'' reported that they grossed US$67&nbsp;million from 73 shows,<ref name="wapo010693">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/01/06/u2-dead-top-92-concert-sales/d6e12afc-cf16-4b62-96fa-76ef324fbb26/|title=U2, Dead Top '92 Concert Sales|first=Richard|last=Harrington|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=6 January 1993|page=C7|url-access=subscription|accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref> while ''Billboard'' reported that they grossed US$72,427,148 and sold 2,482,802&nbsp;tickets to 77&nbsp;concerts.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Kissing the future: U2 gets on their boots for a two-year tour that will put the band at the center of stadiums around the world|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|first=Ray|last=Waddell|date=14 March 2009|volume=121|issue=10|pages=16+}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Not much better than the real thing|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Amusement Business]]|first=Kelly|last=Barbieri|date=February 2005|volume=117|issue=2|page=3}}</ref> ''Pollstar''{{'}}s reported figure was the highest amount by any touring artist that year, and at the time was the third-highest gross for a North American tour, behind the Rolling Stones' 1989 [[Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour|Steel Wheels Tour]] and [[New Kids on the Block]]'s 1990 [[The Magic Summer Tour|Magic Summer Tour]].<ref name="wapo010693"/> The band's three sold-out shows in [[Foxborough, Massachusetts]], that year grossed US$4,594,205, ranking fourth on ''Amusement Business''{{'}}s list of top boxscores for the year.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=AB's top 10 touring acts post higher grosses in '92|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Amusement Business]]|first=Julie|last=Fingersh|date=21 December 1992|volume=104|issue=51|page=1+}}</ref> Zoo TV sold 2.9&nbsp;million tickets in 1992 for North America and Europe combined.<ref name="dlp160" /> The "Zooropa" stadium leg in 1993 played to more than 2.1&nbsp;million people over 43&nbsp;dates between 9 May and 28 August.<ref name="dlp160" /> In total, the Zoo TV Tour played to about 5.3&nbsp;million people.<ref>Cogan (2008), p. 154</ref> The band incurred heavy expenses to produce the tour, leading to only a small profit.<ref name="hot-2009"/><ref name="flanagan-484"/> According to McGuinness: "We grossed $30&nbsp;million in T-shirt sales. Without those we'd be fucked."<ref name="flanagan-484">Flanagan (1996), pp. 401, 483–484</ref> Bono later said: "When we built Zoo TV, we were so close to bankruptcy that if five percent fewer people went, U2 was bankrupt. Even in our irresponsible, youthful and fatal disregard of such material matters, it was terrifying."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2009-10-04-u2-stadium-tour_N.htm|title=U2 turns 360 stadium tour into attendance-shattering sellouts|first=Edna|last=Gundersen|authorlink=Edna Gundersen|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=5 October 2009|accessdate=4 March 2013|page=1D}}</ref> ==Impact and legacy== ===Effect on U2=== [[File:Colourful Trabant and Hard Rock Cafe Berlin, Germany (6075289871).jpg|thumb|right|A Trabant from the tour's lighting system now resides in a [[Hard Rock Cafe]] in Berlin.|alt=A car with bright coloured squares painted on the exterior is tilted slightly to its left side at the bottom of a spiral staircase.]] For the Zoo TV Tour, U2 embraced the "rock star" identity they had struggled with and were reluctant to accept throughout the 1980s.<ref name="ach-stations" /><ref name="spin" /> They drew the attention of celebrities, including American presidential candidate [[Bill Clinton]], and they began partying more than they had in the past.<ref name="Q-int"/><ref name="u2byu2-243"/> During parts of the tour, the band attracted the fashion crowd; Clayton's romantic relationship with supermodel [[Naomi Campbell]] and Bono's friendship with supermodel [[Christy Turlington]] made them the subjects of unwanted tabloid attention.<ref name="u2byu2-243">McCormick (2006), pp. 243–244</ref> By the "Zoomerang" leg, Clayton's relationship with Campbell was fracturing and he was drinking frequently. After missing the group's 26 November 1993 show in Sydney from an alcoholic blackout, Clayton quit drinking altogether.<ref name="u2byu2-255"/> The incident resulted in tensions within the group during the tour's final weeks as they contemplated whether to reallocate their revenues, which to that point had been split evenly five ways between the band members and McGuinness.<ref>Flanagan (1996), pp. 440, 447–455</ref> The Edge became close with choreographer/belly dancer Morleigh Steinberg during the tour.<ref>Flanagan (1996), pp. 353, 357</ref> She moved to Dublin in 1994 to be with him,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotpress.com/opinion/for-a-dancer-7258734|title=For a Dancer|website=[[Hot Press]]|first=Adrienne|last=Murphy|date=15 November 2010|accessdate=23 February 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and they married in 2002.<ref>McCormick (2006), p. 317</ref> The tour's two-year length, then U2's longest, exhausted the band as the final legs unfolded.<ref name="u2byu2-255">McCormick (2006), pp. 255–256</ref> Following the conclusion of Zoo TV, U2 took an extended break from recording as a group. Mullen and Clayton moved to Manhattan, where they sought out music lessons to become better musicians.<ref>Flanagan (1996), p. 505</ref> The Edge and Bono spent most of 1994 living in newly renovated houses in the [[South of France]].<ref>McCormick (2006), pp. 259–261</ref> The Edge said, "as a band I think [the tour] stretched us all. We were a different band after that and touring was different." Producer [[Nellee Hooper]] later told Bono that Zoo TV "ruined irony for everyone".<ref name="superfly" /> The Fly and MacPhisto characters appeared in the animated music video to U2's 1995 song "[[Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me]]" from the [[Batman Forever (soundtrack)|soundtrack to ''Batman Forever'']]. Author Višnja Cogan wrote that "the video crystallises and concludes the Zoo TV period and the changes that occurred" during that time.<ref>Cogan (2008), pp. 192–193</ref> Director [[Joel Schumacher]] attempted to create a role for Bono as MacPhisto in ''[[Batman Forever]]'', but both later agreed it was not suitable.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-12-16/entertainment/9412140581_1_joel-schumacher-batman-strange-days|title=Bono's Movie Debut Stays Out Of Reach|agency=[[Tribune Media Services]]|newspaper=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]]|date=16 December 1994|accessdate=27 March 2012|at=section Showtime, p. 14}}</ref> In the years following the Zoo TV Tour, Bono continued to wear sunglasses in public,<ref>Jobling (2014), pp. 268–269</ref> leading to it becoming one of his signature trademarks.<ref>{{cite news|title=U2 could be as influential as Bono|newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]|first=Alastair|last=Jamieson|date=4 October 2002|page=9}}</ref> In October 2014, Bono said that the reason he continued to wear sunglasses was because he suffers from [[glaucoma]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/oct/17/bono-glaucoma-20-years-u2-dark-glasses|title=Shedding light: Bono reveals reason for wearing shades|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|first=Hannah|last=Ellis-Petersen|date=18 October 2014|accessdate=26 February 2020|page=20}}</ref> ===Effect on Pixies=== The [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]]' stint as a support act caused a controversy that partially contributed to their breakup.<ref name="flan361" >Flanagan (1996), pp. 361–363</ref> In July 1992, ''Spin'' featured a cover story titled "U2 On Tour: The Story They Didn't Want You to Read", which detailed author [[James Greer (writer)|Jim Greer]]'s travels on the tour's first weeks with his unidentified girlfriend (who turned out to be Pixies' bassist [[Kim Deal]]). The article featured their criticisms of U2 for the supposed poor treatment the Pixies received.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Animal Farm|magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|first=Jim|last=Greer|authorlink=James Greer (writer)|volume=8|issue=4|date=July 1992|pages=32–37, 84}}</ref> Both groups disagreed and were livid at Deal, particularly Pixies frontman [[Black Francis]]. In 1993, following tensions within the group, Francis announced the Pixies had dissolved.<ref name="flan361" /> ===Future endeavours=== As the tour drew to a close, U2 entered prolonged discussions about creating a Zoo TV television channel in partnership with MTV.<ref name="flanagan-504">Flanagan (1996), pp. 477–478, 504–505, 511, 522</ref> This never materialised, but in 1997, MTV ran a brief miniseries called ''Zoo-TV'', which featured Emergency Broadcast Network extending their tour role in creating contemporary surrealist satirical video.<ref name="wired041197">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/1997/04/mtv-opens-cage-for-wild-zoo-tv/|title=MTV Opens Cage for Wild Zoo-TV|first=David|last=Kushner|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=11 April 1997|accessdate=27 February 2020}}</ref> U2 endorsed the effort as a representation of what the tour would have been like as a news magazine,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-06-30-ca-19845-story.html|title='Zoo TV': U2's Principles Minus Band's Principals|first=Steve|last=Hochman|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=30 June 1996|page=60|accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref> but their direct role was limited to providing half-financing and outtakes from the ''Zooropa'' album.<ref name="wired041197"/> ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' magazine said the series "pushe[d] the edge of commercial—even comprehensible—television".<ref name="wired041197"/> U2's subsequent concert tour, 1997's PopMart Tour, followed in Zoo TV's footsteps by mocking another social trend, this time consumerism. Paul McGuinness said the group wanted "the production [of PopMart] to beat Zoo TV", and accordingly, the tour's spectacle was a further shift away from their austere stage shows of the 1980s; PopMart's stage featured a {{convert|150|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} LED screen, a {{convert|100|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} golden arch containing the sound system, and a mirrorball lemon that served as a transport to the B-stage.<ref>McCormick (2006), pp. 270–271</ref> Although critics were much less receptive to PopMart, in a 2009 interview, Bono said that he considers that tour to be their best: "Pop(Mart) is our finest hour. It's better than Zoo TV aesthetically, and as an art project it is a clearer thought."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/premium/loginpage?destination=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/just-the-2-of-u-1.711046|title=Just the 2 of U|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|first=Brian|last=Boyd|date=27 February 2009|at=section The Ticket, p. 5|accessdate=5 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127073403/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/theticket/2009/0227/1224241848766.html|archivedate=27 November 2010}}</ref> In 2005, during their [[Vertigo Tour]], the group often played a short set of songs as a homage to the Zoo TV Tour—"Zoo Station", "The Fly", and "Mysterious Ways"—as part of the first encore; performances of "Zoo Station" included the interference in the background visual effects, and "The Fly" used flashing text effects on the LED screens similar to the Zoo TV visuals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/live-review-u2-go-old-school-in-cali-255183/|title=Live Review: U2 Go Old School in Cali|last=Baltin|first=Steve|website=Rolling Stone|date=29 March 2005|accessdate=27 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Blinded by the Light|last=Boyd|first=Brian|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=17 June 2005|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24795327.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328175804/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24795327.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2015|accessdate=27 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://sofiaecho.com/2005/07/18/646365_when-u2-comes-to-town|title=When U2 comes to town|last=Dimitrova|first=Christina|newspaper=[[The Sofia Echo]]|date=18 July 2005|accessdate=27 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420015115/http://sofiaecho.com/2005/07/18/646365_when-u2-comes-to-town|archivedate=20 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Spettacoli/2005/07_Luglio/18/u2.shtml|title=U2, decalogo del triplo concerto|last=De Ponti|first=Roberto|newspaper=[[Corriere della Sera]]|date=15 July 2005|accessdate=27 March 2011|language=Italian}}</ref> Bono reprised the MacPhisto character during the band's 2018 [[Experience + Innocence Tour]], using an [[augmented reality]] camera filter applied to his face.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avinteractive.com/features/case-studies/storytelling-tech-07-12-2018/|title=Storytelling tech|website=AV Magazine|first=Zoe|last=Mutter|date=7 December 2018|accessdate=21 February 2020}}</ref> The band's creative team gave the character a new appearance after envisioning how 25 years of hard living would have changed him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.u2.com/news/title/resurrecting-macphisto|title=Resurrecting MacPhisto|website=U2.com|publisher=[[Live Nation Entertainment]]|first=Cathleen|last=Falsani|date=22 August 2018|accessdate=30 September 2018}}</ref> As MacPhisto, Bono commented on sociopolitical events and movements of the time such as the [[Unite the Right Rally|Charlottesville rally]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Grand Gestures|magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|first=Tom|last=Doyle|date=September 2018|pages=104–107}}</ref> He punctuated these monologues by saying, "when you don't believe that I exist, that's when I do my best work".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/03/arts/music/u2-experience-innocence-tour-review.html|title=Review: U2 Is Still Fighting for the American Dream|website=[[The New York Times]]|first=Jon|last=Pareles|authorlink=Jon Pareles|date=3 May 2018|accessdate=3 September 2018}}</ref> ===Critical assessment=== Critics regard the Zoo TV Tour as one of rock's most memorable tours. During the "Zooropa" leg of the tour, Guy Garcia of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' called Zoo TV "one of the most electrifying rock shows ever staged".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978842,00.html |title=Future Shock From Ireland |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |first=Guy |last=Garcia|date=12 July 1993 |accessdate=23 April 2010 |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=58–59 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106102331/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C978842%2C00.html |archivedate=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1997, Robert Hilburn wrote that "It's not unreasonable to think of it as the ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band|Sgt. Pepper's]]'' of rock tours."<ref name="lat042097">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997-04-20/entertainment/ca-50434_1_brick-building|title=Building the Beast|first=Robert|last=Hilburn|authorlink=Robert Hilburn|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=20 April 1997|page=8|accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref> In 2002, Tom Doyle of ''Q'' called it "still the most spectacular rock tour staged by any band",<ref name="Q-int"/> and in 2013, the magazine listed it as one of the "ten greatest gigs of all time".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://news.qthemusic.com/2013/01/the_ten_greatest_gigs_of_all_t.html|title=The Ten Greatest Gigs Of All Time|magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|date=March 2013|issue=320|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212641/http://news.qthemusic.com/2013/01/the_ten_greatest_gigs_of_all_t.html|archivedate=29 October 2013}}</ref> In 2009, critic [[Greg Kot]] said, "Zoo TV remains the finest supersized tour mounted by any band in the last two decades."<ref name="trib-360">{{cite news|url=http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2009/09/concert-review-u2-360-tour-at-soldier-field.html|title=Concert review: U2 360 Tour at Soldier Field|first=Greg|last=Kot|authorlink=Greg Kot|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=12 September 2009|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> Ryan Dombal of ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' wrote in a review of ''Achtung Baby''{{'}}s 20th anniversary [[reissue]], "Even 20 years on, the tour looks like something to behold, a singularly inventive experience that no band—including U2 itself—has been able to really expound upon in a meaningful way."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16022-achtung-baby-super-deluxe-edition/|title=U2: Achtung Baby [Super Deluxe Edition]|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|first=Ryan|last=Dombal|date=9 November 2011|accessdate=9 November 2011}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' included the tour on its 2017 list of "The 50 Greatest Concerts of the Last 50 Years".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/the-50-greatest-concerts-of-the-last-50-years-127062/u2-zoo-tv-tour-194301/|title=The 50 Greatest Concerts of the Last 50 Years|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|first=Andy|last=Greene|date=12 June 2017|accessdate=27 February 2020}}</ref> ==Tour dates== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, tickets sold, amount of available tickets and gross revenue |- ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Date ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| City ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Country ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Venue ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Opening Act(s) ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Attendance ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Revenue |- bgcolor="#DDDDDD" ! style="background:#dde;" colspan="7"| Leg 1: arenas in North America<ref>de la Parra (2003), pp. 140–146</ref><ref>North American arena tour boxscore data: * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-03-21.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 22 | volume = 104 | issue = 12 | date = 21 March 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-03-28.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 14 | volume = 104 | issue = 13 | date = 28 March 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-04-11.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 10 | volume = 104 | issue = 15 | date = 11 April 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-04-18.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 15 | volume = 104 | issue = 16 | date = 18 April 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-04-25.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 15 | volume = 104 | issue = 17 | date = 25 April 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-05-02.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 18 | volume = 104 | issue = 18 | date = 2 May 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-05-09.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 16 | volume = 104 | issue = 19 | date = 9 May 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-05-16.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 12 | volume = 104 | issue = 20 | date = 16 May 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-05-30.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 19 | volume = 104 | issue = 22 | date = 30 May 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} </ref> |- |29 February 1992 |[[Lakeland, Florida|Lakeland]] |rowspan="14"|United States |[[Lakeland Civic Center]] |rowspan="32"|[[Pixies (band)|Pixies]] | 7,251 / 7,251 | $181,275 |- |1 March 1992 |[[Miami]] |[[Miami Arena]] | 14,000 / 14,000 | {{n/a}} |- |3 March 1992 |[[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]] |[[Charlotte Coliseum]] | 22,786 / 22,786 | $569,650 |- |5 March 1992 |[[Atlanta]] |[[The Omni]] | 16,336 / 16,336 | $408,400 |- |7 March 1992 |[[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]] |[[Hampton Coliseum]] | 10,187 / 10,187 | $254,675 |- |9 March 1992 |[[Uniondale, New York|Uniondale]] |[[Nassau Coliseum]] | 17,397 / 17,397 | $434,275 |- |10 March 1992 |[[Philadelphia]] |[[The Spectrum (Philadelphia)|The Spectrum]] | 18,349 / 18,349 | $458,725 |- |12 March 1992 |[[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] |[[Hartford Civic Center]] | 16,438 / 16,438 | $385,662 |- |13 March 1992 |[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] |[[Centrum in Worcester]] | 13,835 / 13,835 | $345,875 |- |15 March 1992 |[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] |[[Providence Civic Center]] | 13,680 / 13,680 | $324,900 |- |17 March 1992 |[[Boston]] |[[Boston Garden]] | 15,212 / 15,212 | $380,300 |- |18 March 1992 |[[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]] |[[Brendan Byrne Arena]] | 19,880 / 19,880 | $497,000 |- |20 March 1992 |New York City |[[Madison Square Garden]] | 18,179 / 18,179 | $454,475 |- |21 March 1992 |[[Albany, New York|Albany]] |[[Knickerbocker Arena]] | 16,258 / 16,258 | $398,218 |- |23 March 1992 |[[Montreal]] |rowspan="2"|Canada |[[Montreal Forum]] | {{n/a}} | {{n/a}} |- |24 March 1992 |[[Toronto]] |[[Maple Leaf Gardens]] | 16,015 / 16,015 | $387,837 |- |26 March 1992 |[[Richfield, Ohio|Richfield]] |rowspan="15"|United States |[[Coliseum at Richfield]] | 18,083 / 18,083 | $452,075 |- |27 March 1992 |[[Auburn Hills, Michigan|Auburn Hills]] |[[The Palace of Auburn Hills]] | 21,064 / 21,064 | $526,600 |- |30 March 1992 |[[Minneapolis]] |[[Target Center]] | 18,256 / 18,256 | $447,272 |- |31 March 1992 |[[Rosemont, Illinois|Rosemont]] |[[Rosemont Horizon]] | 17,329 / 17,329 | $433,225 |- |5 April 1992 |[[Dallas]] |[[Reunion Arena]] | 17,999 / 17,999 | $447,175 |- |6 April 1992 |[[Houston]] |[[The Summit (Houston)|The Summit]] | 16,342 / 16,342 | $418,875 |- |7 April 1992 |[[Austin, Texas|Austin]] |[[Frank Erwin Center]] | 16,768 / 16,768 | $416,950 |- |10 April 1992 |[[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]] |[[Wells Fargo Arena (Tempe)|Arizona State University Activity Center]] | 13,302 / 13,302 | $332,550 |- |12 April 1992 |rowspan="2"|Los Angeles |rowspan="2"|[[Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena|Los Angeles Sports Arena]] | rowspan=2| 31,692 / 31,692 | rowspan=2| $792,300 |- |13 April 1992 |- |15 April 1992 |[[San Diego]] |[[San Diego Sports Arena]] | 13,824 / 13,824 | $345,600 |- |17 April 1992 |[[Sacramento]] |[[Arco Arena]] | 15,893 / 15,893 | $397,325 |- |18 April 1992 |[[Oakland, California|Oakland]] |[[Oakland Coliseum Arena]] | 14,431 / 14,431 | $360,775 |- |20 April 1992 |rowspan="2"|[[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] |rowspan="2"|[[Tacoma Dome]] | rowspan=2| 43,977 / 43,977 | rowspan=2| $1,099,425 |- |21 April 1992 |- |23 April 1992 |[[Vancouver]] |Canada |[[Pacific Coliseum]] | {{n/a}} | {{n/a}} |- ! style="background:#dde;" colspan="7"|Leg 2: arenas in Europe<ref>de la Parra (2003), pp. 146–151</ref> |- |7 May 1992 |Paris |France |[[Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy|Palais Omnisports Bercy]] |rowspan="25"|[[The Fatima Mansions]] | rowspan=25 {{n/a}} | rowspan=25 {{n/a}} |- |9 May 1992 |[[Ghent]] |Belgium |[[Flanders Expo]] |- |11 May 1992 |[[Lyon]] |France |[[Halle Tony Garnier]] |- |12 May 1992 |[[Lausanne]] |Switzerland |[[CIG de Malley]] |- |14 May 1992 |[[San Sebastián]] |rowspan="3"|Spain |[[Velodromo de Anoeta|Velodrome Anoeta]] |- |16 May 1992 |rowspan="2"|[[Barcelona]] |rowspan="2"|[[Palau Sant Jordi]] |- |18 May 1992 |- |21 May 1992 |rowspan="2"|[[Assago]] |rowspan="2"|Italy |rowspan="2"|[[Forum di Assago]] |- |22 May 1992 |- |24 May 1992 |[[Vienna]] |Austria |[[Donauinsel]] |- |25 May 1992 |[[Munich]] |Germany |[[Olympiahalle]] |- |27 May 1992 |[[Zürich]] |Switzerland |[[Hallenstadion]] |- |29 May 1992 |[[Frankfurt]] |Germany |[[Festhalle Frankfurt|Festhalle]] |- |31 May 1992 |London |rowspan="2"|England |[[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court]] |- |1 June 1992 |[[Birmingham]] |[[National Exhibition Centre]] |- |4 June 1992 |rowspan="2"|[[Dortmund]] |rowspan="2"|Germany |rowspan="2"|[[Westfalenhalle]] |- |5 June 1992 |- |8 June 1992 |[[Gothenburg]] |rowspan="3"|Sweden |[[Scandinavium]] |- |10 June 1992 |rowspan="2"|[[Stockholm]] |rowspan="2"|[[Globen]] |- |11 June 1992 |- |13 June 1992 |[[Kiel]] |Germany |[[Sparkassen-Arena]] |- |15 June 1992 |[[Rotterdam]] |Netherlands |[[Rotterdam Ahoy|Ahoy]] |- |17 June 1992 |[[Sheffield]] |England |[[Sheffield Arena]] |- |18 June 1992 |[[Glasgow]] |Scotland |[[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]] |- |19 June 1992 |[[Manchester]] |England |[[Manchester Central (Conference Centre)|GMEX Centre]] |- ! style="background:#dde;" colspan="7"|Leg 3: stadiums in North America ("Outside Broadcast")<ref>de la Parra (2003), pp. 151–158</ref><ref>North American stadium tour boxscore data: * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-08-29.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 16 | volume = 104 | issue = 35 | date = 29 August 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-09-12.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 18 | volume = 104 | issue = 37 | date = 12 September 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-09-26.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 18 | volume = 104 | issue = 39 | date = 26 September 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-10-03.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 17 | volume = 104 | issue = 40 | date = 3 October 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-10-17.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 19 | volume = 104 | issue = 42 | date = 17 October 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-10-24.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 22 | volume = 104 | issue = 43 | date = 24 October 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-10-31.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 14 | volume = 104 | issue = 44 | date = 31 October 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-11-07.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 20 | volume = 104 | issue = 45 | date = 7 November 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-11-14.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 17 | volume = 104 | issue = 46 | date = 14 November 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-11-21.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 22 | volume = 104 | issue = 47 | date = 21 November 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-11-28.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 18 | volume = 104 | issue = 48 | date = 28 November 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-12-05.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 26 | volume = 104 | issue = 49 | date = 5 December 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}} * {{cite magazine |magazine= Billboard | url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-12-19.pdf| title = AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses | page = 15 | volume = 104 | issue = 51 | date = 19 December 1992 | issn = 0006-2510}}</ref> |- |7 August 1992{{efn|name="dressreh"|Sources give varying figures for the total number of concerts during the tour, due to a 7 August 1992 show, which was a dress rehearsal for the 3rd leg but featured a paying audience. The band's website [http://www.u2.com/tour/date/id/4045 lists it on the Zoo TV Tour page], but U2 concert fan site [http://www.u2gigs.com/tour134.html U2Gigs.com excludes it]. [[Bill Flanagan]]'s book ''U2 at the End of the World'' (pages 484–485) recounts the tour crew counting 157 shows. For purposes of completeness, the higher 157 show total is listed in this article.}} |[[Hershey, Pennsylvania|Hershey]] |rowspan="10"|United States |[[Hersheypark Stadium]] |WNOC | {{n/a}} | {{n/a}} |- |12 August 1992 |rowspan="2"|East Rutherford |rowspan="2"|[[Giants Stadium]] |rowspan="18"|[[Primus (band)|Primus]],<br> [[The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy]] | rowspan=2| 109,000 / 109,000 | rowspan=2| $3,269,790 |- |13 August 1992 |- |15 August 1992 |rowspan="2"|Washington, D.C. |rowspan="2"|[[Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium]] | rowspan=2| 97,038 / 97,038 | rowspan=2| $2,765,583 |- |16 August 1992 |- |18 August 1992 |[[Saratoga Springs, New York|Saratoga Springs]] |[[Saratoga Casino and Raceway|Saratoga Gaming and Raceway]] | 30,227 / 35,000 | $906,810 |- |20 August 1992 |rowspan="3"|[[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]] |rowspan="3"|[[Foxboro Stadium]] | rowspan=3| 148,736 / 148,736 | rowspan=3| $4,427,100 |- |22 August 1992 |- |23 August 1992 |- |25 August 1992 |[[Pittsburgh]] |[[Three Rivers Stadium]] | 39,586 / 39,586 | $1,028,783 |- |27 August 1992 |Montreal |Canada |[[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] | 42,210 / 43,000 | $1,010,864 |- |29 August 1992 |rowspan="2"|New York City |rowspan="4"|United States |rowspan="2"|[[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] | rowspan=2| 104,100 / 104,100 | rowspan=2| $3,123,000 |- |30 August 1992 |- |2 September 1992 |rowspan="2"|Philadelphia |rowspan="2"|[[Veterans Stadium]] | rowspan=2| 88,684 / 88,684 | rowspan=2| $2,691,880 |- |3 September 1992 |- |5 September 1992 |rowspan="2"|Toronto |rowspan="2"|Canada |rowspan="2"|[[Exhibition Stadium]] | rowspan=2| 108,043 / 108,043 | rowspan=2| $3,021,488 |- |6 September 1992 |- |9 September 1992 |[[Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]] |rowspan="20"|United States |[[Pontiac Silverdome]] | 36,740 / 40,680 | $1,102,200 |- |11 September 1992 |[[Ames, Iowa|Ames]] |[[Cyclone Stadium]] | 48,822 / 48,822 | $1,452,630 |- |13 September 1992 |[[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]] |[[Camp Randall Stadium]] |rowspan="11"|[[Big Audio Dynamite II]],<br>[[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]] | 62,280 / 62,280 | $1,868,400 |- |15 September 1992 |rowspan="3"|[[Tinley Park, Illinois|Tinley Park]] |rowspan="3"|[[World Music Theatre]] | rowspan=3| 89,307 / 89,307 | rowspan=3| $2,457,690 |- |16 September 1992 |- |18 September 1992 |- |20 September 1992 |[[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] |[[Busch Memorial Stadium]] | 48,054 / 48,054 | $1,389,930 |- |23 September 1992 |[[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]] |[[Williams-Brice Stadium]] | 28,305 / 40,136 | $776,568 |- |25 September 1992 |[[Atlanta]] |[[Georgia Dome]] | 53,427 / 53,427 | $1,602,810 |- |3 October 1992 |[[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]] |[[Joe Robbie Stadium]] | 45,244 / 46,000 | $1,289,454 |- |7 October 1992 |[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] |[[Legion Field]] | 35,209 / 41,632 | $1,021,061 |- |10 October 1992 |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] |[[Tampa Stadium]] | 41,090 / 42,500 | $1,194,407 |- |14 October 1992 |Houston |[[Houston Astrodome]] | 31,884 / 35,000 | $925,560 |- |16 October 1992 |[[Irving, Texas|Irving]] |[[Texas Stadium]] |[[The Sugarcubes]],<br>Public Enemy | 39,514 / 39,514 | $1,144,500 |- |18 October 1992 |[[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]] |[[Arrowhead Stadium]] |The Sugarcubes,<br>The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy | 37,867 / 40,000 | $1,154,944 |- |21 October 1992 |[[Denver]] |[[Mile High Stadium]] |rowspan="11"|The Sugarcubes,<br>Public Enemy | 54,450 / 54,450 | $1,654,390 |- |24 October 1992 |Tempe |[[Sun Devil Stadium]] | 35,177 / 40,000 | $1,055,310 |- |27 October 1992 |[[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] |[[Sun Bowl Stadium]] | 35,564 / 39,500 | $1,066,920 |- |30 October 1992 |rowspan="2"|Los Angeles |rowspan="2"|[[Dodger Stadium]] | rowspan=2| 108,357 / 108,357 | rowspan=2| $3,250,710 |- |31 October 1992 |- |3 November 1992 |rowspan="2"|Vancouver |rowspan="2"|Canada |rowspan="2"|[[BC Place Stadium]] | rowspan=2| 77,448 / 83,000 | rowspan=2| $2,143,567 |- |4 November 1992 |- |7 November 1992 |Oakland |rowspan="4"|United States |[[Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum|Oakland-Alameda County Stadium]] | 59,800 / 59,800 | $1,793,700 |- |10 November 1992 |San Diego |[[Jack Murphy Stadium]] | 33,575 / 55,000 | $999,765 |- |12 November 1992 |[[Whitney, Nevada|Whitney]] |[[Sam Boyd Stadium]] | 27,774 / 37,011 | $860,994 |- |14 November 1992 |[[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] |[[Anaheim Stadium]] | 48,640 / 48,640 | $1,462,800 |- |21 November 1992 |rowspan="4"|[[Mexico City]] |rowspan="4"|Mexico |rowspan="4"|[[Palacio de los Deportes]] |rowspan="4"|Big Audio Dynamite II | rowspan=4| 83,068 / 83,068 | rowspan=4| $4,148,756 |- |22 November 1992 |- |24 November 1992 |- |25 November 1992 |- ! style="background:#dde;" colspan="7"| Leg 4: stadiums in Europe ("Zooropa")<ref>de la Parra (2003), pp. 160–170</ref><ref>European stadium tour boxscore data: * {{cite magazine|magazine= Billboard|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1993/BB-1993-09-11.pdf|title=AB Boxscore: Top 10 Concert Grosses|page=18|volume=105|issue=37|date=11 September 1993|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> |- |9 May 1993 |rowspan="3"|[[Rotterdam]] |rowspan="3"|Netherlands |rowspan="3"|[[Feijenoord Stadion]] |[[Utah Saints]], [[Claw Boys Claw]] | rowspan=41 {{n/a}} | rowspan=41 {{n/a}} |- |10 May 1993 |[[Einstürzende Neubauten]], Claw Boys Claw |- |11 May 1993 |Claw Boys Claw |- |15 May 1993 |[[Lisbon]] |Portugal |[[Estádio José Alvalade (1956)|Estádio José Alvalade]] |Utah Saints |- |19 May 1993 |[[Oviedo]] |rowspan="2"|Spain |[[Estadio Carlos Tartiere]] |rowspan="2"|Utah Saints, [[The Ramones]] |- |22 May 1993 |[[Madrid]] |[[Estadio Vicente Calderón]] |- |26 May 1993 |[[Nantes]] |France |[[Stade de la Beaujoire]] |[[Urban Dance Squad]], Utah Saints |- |29 May 1993 |[[Werchter]] |Belgium |Festival Grounds |[[Stereo MCs]], Urban Dance Squad |- |2 June 1993 |[[Frankfurt]] |rowspan="6"|Germany |[[Waldstadion (Frankfurt)|Waldstadion]] |rowspan="6"|Stereo MCs, [[Die Toten Hosen]] |- |4 June 1993 |[[Munich]] |[[Olympiastadion (Munich)|Olympiastadion]] |- |6 June 1993 |[[Stuttgart]] |[[Cannstatter Wasen]] |- |9 June 1993 |[[Bremen]] |[[Weserstadion]] |- |12 June 1993 |[[Cologne]] |[[Müngersdorferstadion]] |- |15 June 1993 |Berlin |[[Olympic Stadium (Berlin)|Olympiastadion]] |- |23 June 1993 |[[Strasbourg]] |rowspan="2"|France |[[Stade de la Meinau]] |Stereo MCs, [[The Velvet Underground]] |- |26 June 1993 |Paris |[[Hippodrome de Vincennes]] |[[Belly (band)|Belly]], The Velvet Underground |- |28 June 1993 |[[Lausanne]] |rowspan="2"|Switzerland |[[Stade Olympique de la Pontaise]] |The Velvet Underground |- |30 June 1993 |[[Basel]] |[[St. Jakob Stadium]] |[[Stereo MCs]], [[The Velvet Underground]] |- |2 July 1993 |rowspan="2"|[[Verona]] |rowspan="6"| Italy |rowspan="2"|[[Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi]] |rowspan="4"|[[An Emotional Fish]], [[Pearl Jam]] |- |3 July 1993 |- |6 July 1993 |rowspan="2"|Rome |rowspan="2"|[[Stadio Flaminio]] |- |7 July 1993 |- |9 July 1993 |[[Naples]] |[[Stadio San Paolo]] |[[Ligabue]] |- |12 July 1993 |[[Turin]] |[[Stadio Delle Alpi]] |An Emotional Fish, [[Ligabue]] |- |14 July 1993 |[[Marseille]] |France |[[Stade Vélodrome]] |An Emotional Fish |- |17 July 1993 |rowspan="2"|[[Bologna]] |rowspan="2"|Italy |rowspan="2"|[[Stadio Renato Dall'Ara]] |rowspan="2"|An Emotional Fish, [[Galliano (band)|Galliano]] |- |18 July 1993 |- |23 July 1993 |[[Budapest]] |Hungary |[[Stadium Puskás Ferenc]] |[[Ákos Kovács (singer)|Ákos]] |- |27 July 1993 |[[Copenhagen]] |Denmark |[[Gentofte Stadion]] |rowspan="4"|[[PJ Harvey]], Stereo MCs |- |29 July 1993 |[[Oslo]] |Norway |[[Valle Hovin Stadion]] |- |31 July 1993 |[[Stockholm]] |Sweden |[[Stockholm Olympic Stadium]] |- |3 August 1993 |[[Nijmegen]] |Netherlands |[[Goffertpark]] |- |7 August 1993 |rowspan="2"|[[Glasgow]] |rowspan="2"|Scotland |rowspan="2"|[[Celtic Park]] |Utah Saints, PJ Harvey |- |8 August 1993 |Utah Saints, Stereo MCs |- |11 August 1993 |rowspan="2"|London |rowspan="3"|England |rowspan="2"|[[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] |rowspan="2"|PJ Harvey, Big Audio Dynamite II |- |12 August 1993 |- |14 August 1993 |[[Leeds]] |[[Roundhay Park]] |[[Marxman]], Stereo MCs |- |18 August 1993 |[[Cardiff]] |Wales |[[Cardiff Arms Park]] |rowspan="2"|Utah Saints, Stereo MCs |- |20 August 1993 |rowspan="2"|London |rowspan="2"|England |rowspan="2"|Wembley Stadium |- |21 August 1993 |[[Björk]], Stereo MCs |- |24 August 1993 |[[Cork (city)|Cork]] |rowspan="3"|Ireland |[[Páirc Uí Chaoimh]] |[[Engine Alley]], Utah Saints |- |27 August 1993 |rowspan="2"|[[Dublin]] |rowspan="2"|[[RDS Arena]] |Marxman, [[The Golden Horde (band)|The Golden Horde]] | rowspan=2| 72,000 / 72,000 | rowspan=2| $2,413,370 |- |28 August 1993 |Scary Éire, Stereo MCs |- ! style="background:#dde;" colspan="7"| Leg 5: stadiums in Oceania and Japan ("Zoomerang/New Zooland")<ref>de la Parra (2003), pp. 171–172</ref> |- |12 November 1993 |rowspan="2"|[[Melbourne]] |rowspan="6"|Australia |rowspan="2"|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] |rowspan="6"|Big Audio Dynamite II, [[Kim Salmon and the Surrealists]] | rowspan=10 {{n/a}} | rowspan=10 {{n/a}} |- |13 November 1993 |- |16 November 1993 |[[Adelaide]] |[[Football Park]] |- |20 November 1993 |[[Brisbane]] |[[Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre]] |- |26 November 1993 |rowspan="2"|[[Sydney]] |rowspan="2"|[[Sydney Football Stadium]] |- |27 November 1993 |- |1 December 1993 |[[Christchurch]] |rowspan="2"|New Zealand |[[Lancaster Park]] |rowspan="2"|[[The 3Ds|3Ds]], Big Audio Dynamite II |- |4 December 1993 |[[Auckland]] |[[Western Springs Stadium]] |- |9 December 1993 |rowspan="2"|Tokyo |rowspan="2"|Japan |rowspan="2"|[[Tokyo Dome]] |rowspan="2"|Big Audio Dynamite II |- |10 December 1993 |} ==See also== * [[List of highest-grossing concert tours]] * [[Timeline of U2]] ==References== '''Notes''' {{Noteslist}} '''Footnotes''' {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} '''Bibliography''' {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=The U2 Reader: A Quarter Century of Commentary, Criticism, and Reviews|editor-first=Hank|editor-last=Bordowitz|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|location=Milwaukee|year=2003|isbn=0-634-03832-X|url=https://archive.org/details/u2readerquarter00bord}} * {{cite book|title=Reading Rock and Roll: Authenticity, Appropriation, Aesthetics|editor-first=Kevin J. H.|editor-last=Dettmar|editor2-first=William|editor2-last=Richey|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=0-231-11399-4|first=Robyn|last=Brothers|chapter=Time to Heal, 'Desire' Time: The Cyberprophesy of U2's 'Zoo World Order'|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/readingrockrolla0000unse}} * {{cite book|last=Carter|first=Bill|authorlink=Bill Carter|title=Fools Rush In|publisher=Wenner Books|location=New York|year=2003|isbn=1-932958-50-9}} * {{cite book|title=U2: An Irish Phenomenon|first=Višnja|last=Cogan|year=2008|publisher=Pegasus Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-933648-71-2}} * {{cite book|title=U2 Live: A Concert Documentary|first=Pimm Jal|last=de la Parra|year=2003|publisher=Omnibus Press|location=London|isbn=0-7119-9198-7}} * {{cite book|title=Milk It! Collected Musings on the Alternative Music Explosion of the '90s|first=Jim|last=DeRogatis|authorlink=Jim DeRogatis|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-306-81271-1|year=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/milkitcollectedm00dero}} * {{cite book|last=Flanagan|first=Bill|authorlink=Bill Flanagan|title=U2 at the End of the World|publisher=Delta|edition=Paperback|year=1996|location=New York|isbn=0-385-31157-5}} * {{cite book|title=Rock & Roll: A Social History|first=Paul|last=Friedlander|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder|year=2006|edition=2nd|isbn=0-8133-4306-2}} * {{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Nathan|title=Bono's Politics: The Future of Celebrity Political Activism|publisher=VDM Verlag|year=2008|location=Saarbrücken|isbn=978-3-639-02623-8}} * {{cite book|last=Jobling|first=John|title=U2: The Definitive Biography|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|year=2014|location=New York|isbn=978-1-250-02789-4}} * {{cite book|last=McGee|first=Matt|title=U2: A Diary|publisher=Omnibus Press|location=London|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84772-108-2}} * {{cite book|title=Concert Lighting: Techniques, Art, and Business|first=James L.|last=Moody|publisher=Focal Press|location=Boston|year=1998|edition=2nd|isbn=0-240-80293-4}} * {{cite book|title=One Step Closer: Why U2 Matters to Those Seeking God|first=Christian|last=Scharen|publisher=Brazos Press|location=Grand Rapids|year=2006|isbn=1-58743-169-6|url=https://archive.org/details/onestepcloserwhy00scha}} * {{cite book|first=Niall|last=Stokes|authorlink=Niall Stokes|title=Into the Heart: The Stories Behind Every U2 Song|publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press|year=1996|location=New York|isbn=1-56025-134-4|url=https://archive.org/details/intoheart00stok}} * {{cite book|title=Raised by Wolves: The Story of Christian Rock & Roll|url=https://archive.org/details/raisedbywolvesst0000thom|url-access=registration|first=John J.|last=Thompson|publisher=ECW Press|year=2000|location=Toronto|isbn=1-55022-421-2}} * {{cite book|author=U2|author-link=U2|editor-first=Neil|editor-last=McCormick|editor-link=Neil McCormick|title=U2 by U2|url=https://archive.org/details/u2byu200u2ne|url-access=registration|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|location=London|year=2006|isbn=0-00-719668-7}} * {{cite AV media|title=[[Zoo TV: Live from Sydney]]|publisher=[[Island Records|Island]] / [[Universal Music Group|UMG]]|location=Special Edition|medium=DVD|year=2006}} {{refend}} ==External links== * [http://u2.com/tour/index/tour/id/54 Zoo TV Tour at U2.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090415160844/http://www.stufish.com/u2/zoo-tv/reality.html Mark Fisher's Zoo TV Gallery] {{U2}} {{featured article}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zoo Tv Tour}} [[Category:U2 concert tours]] [[Category:1992 concert tours]] [[Category:1993 concert tours]] [[Category:Pixies (band)]] [[Category:Concert tours of Canada]] [[Category:Concert tours of the United States]] [[Category:Concert tours of Australia]] [[Category:Concert tours of New Zealand]] [[Category:Concert tours of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Concert tours of Ireland]] [[Category:Concert tours of Mexico]] [[Category:Concert tours of Japan]] [[Category:Concert tours of France]] [[Category:Concert tours of Germany]]'