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{{short description|City in Texas, United States}}
{{Distinguish|Tyler County, Texas}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tyler, Texas
| official_name = City of Tyler
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Tyler TX Montage.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise: Tyler skyline with Plaza Tower at right and People's Petroleum building in center, Cotton Belt Depot, [[Caldwell Zoo]], [[Chamblee Rose Garden]], Smith County Courthouse, Goodman Home.
| image_seal = Seal of Tyler, Texas.png
| nickname = Rose City, Rose Capital, Rose Capital of America
| motto = A Natural Beauty
| image_map = Smith_County_Texas_Incorporated_Areas_Tyler_highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location in [[Smith County, Texas|Smith County]] and the state of [[Texas]]
| coordinates = {{coord|32|21|N|95|18|W|region:US-TX|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Texas]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Texas|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Smith County, Texas|Smith]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1846
| named_for = [[John Tyler]]
| government_type = [[Council-manager government|Council-Manager]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Martin Heines]] ([[Democratic Party (U.S.)|D]])
| leader_title1 = [[City Council]]
| leader_name1 = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes
| title = Members
| 1 = Linda Sellers
| 2 = Broderick McGee
| 3 = Ed Moore
| 4 = Don Warren
| 5 = Bob Westbrook
| 6 = John Nix
}}
| leader_title2 = [[City Manager]]
| leader_name2 = Edward Broussard
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_magnitude = 1 E9
| area_total_km2 = 140.833
| area_total_sq_mi = 54.376
| area_land_km2 = 140.5
| area_land_sq_mi = 54.2
| area_water_km2 = 0.3
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.1
| elevation_m = 165 <!--USGS-->
| elevation_ft = 544 <!--USGS-->
| population_footnotes = <ref name="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=October 24, 2014}}</ref>
| population_total = 50,000
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2010]]
| population_rank = US: [[List of United States cities by population|287th]]
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusEst2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=July 16, 2019}}</ref>
| population_est = 105,729
| pop_est_as_of = 2018
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_urban = 130,247 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|247th]])
| population_metro = 216,080 (US: [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|200th]])
| timezone = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]
| utc_offset = −6
| timezone_DST = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]
| utc_offset_DST = −5
| population_blank2_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank2 = Tylerite
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code = 757xx
| area_code = [[Area codes 430 and 903|430/903]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 48-74144<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 31, 2008|title=American FactFinder}}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 1348998<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=January 31, 2008|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=October 25, 2007}}</ref>
| blank2_name = [[U.S. Routes]]
| blank2_info = [[File:US 69.svg|26px|link=U.S. Route 69 (Texas)]] [[File:US 271.svg|31px|link=U.S. Route 271 (Texas)]]
| blank3_name = Major State Highways
| blank3_info = [[File:Texas 31.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway 31]] [[File:Texas 64.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway 64]] [[File:Texas 110.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway 110]] [[File:Texas 155.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway 155]] [[File:Texas Loop 323.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway Loop 323]] [[File:Toll Texas 49 new.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway Loop 49]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.cityoftyler.org}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tyler''' is the county seat of [[Smith County, Texas|Smith County]], located in east-central [[Texas]], [[United States]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> The city of Tyler has long been Smith County's major economic, educational, financial, medical, and cultural hub. The city is named for [[John Tyler]], the tenth [[President of the United States]]. Tyler had a population of 96,900 in 2010, according to the [[United States Census Bureau]], and Tyler's 2018 estimated population was 105,729.<ref name="USCensusEst2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/tylercitytexas|title=Quick Facts: Tyler, city, Texas|access-date=November 3, 2018|publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref> It is {{convert|100|mi|km}} east-southeast of [[Dallas]]. Tyler is the principal city of the [[Tyler Metropolitan Statistical Area|Tyler metropolitan statistical area]], which had a population of 209,714 in 2010, and is the regional center of the [[Tyler-Jacksonville combined statistical area]], which had a population of 260,559 in 2010.
Tyler is known as the "Rose Capital of America" (also the "Rose City" and the "Rose Capital of the World"),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://visittyler.com|title=Welcome to Tyler, Texas|author=Tyler Convention & Visitors Bureau|access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref> a [[nickname]] it earned from a long history of [[rose]] production, cultivation, and processing. It is home to the largest [[rose garden]] in the United States, a 14-[[acre]] public garden complex that has over 38,000 rose bushes of at least 500 different varieties.<ref name="Recreation">{{Cite web|url=http://parksandrec.cityoftyler.org/ParkDirectory/TylerRoseGarden.aspx|title=City of Tyler – Parks and Recreation > Park Directory > Tyler Rose Garden|last=Recreation|first=City of Tyler – Parks and|website=parksandrec.cityoftyler.org|access-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref> The Tyler Rose Garden is also home to the annual [[Texas Rose Festival]], attracting tourists by the thousands each year in mid-October.<ref name="Recreation"/> Tyler is also home to the [[Caldwell Zoo]] and [[Broadway Square Mall]].
As a regional educational and technology center, Tyler is the host for more than 20,000 higher-education students, a college of engineering, a university health science center, and two regional hospital systems.
In 1985, the international [[Adopt-a-Highway]] movement originated in Tyler. After appeals by local [[Texas Department of Transportation]] officials, the local [[Civitan]] chapter adopted a two-mile (three-kilometer) stretch of [[U.S. Highway 69 (Texas)|U.S. Highway 69]] to maintain. Drivers and other motorists traveling on this segment of US 69 (between Tyler and nearby [[Lindale, Texas|Lindale]]) will notice brown road signs that read, "First Adopt-A-Highway in the World".
==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Tyler, Texas}}
Legal recognition of Tyler was initiated by an act of the state legislature on April 11, 1846. The Texas government created Smith County and authorized a county seat. The first plat designated a 28-block town site centered by a main square, located within a 100-acre tract acquired by Smith County on February 6, 1847. The new town was named for [[John Tyler|President John Tyler]], who advocated for [[Texas annexation|annexation of Texas]] by the United States. A log building on the north side of the square functioned as courthouse and public meeting hall until it was displaced by a brick courthouse in 1852. On January 29, 1850, Tyler was incorporated. Early religious and social institutions included the First Baptist church and a Methodist church, a [[Masonic Lodge]] and an [[Odd Fellows|Odd Fellows Lodge]], and Tyler's first newspaper.<ref name="hto">{{cite web|series=Handbook of Texas Online|first=Christopher |last=Long|title=TYLER, TX|access-date=November 3, 2018| url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdt04|date=June 15, 2010|publisher=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref>
Though Tyler's early economy (1847–1873) was based on agriculture, it was also well-diversified during this period. Logging was a second major industry, while complementary manufacturing included metal working, milling wood, and leather tanning. As the seat of Smith County, the town also benefited from government activity.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Register of Historic Places Form: People’s National Bank Building|access-date=November 3, 2018|page=7|series=Texas Historic Sites Atlas|url=https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/NR/pdfs/02000896/02000896.pdf||last=Williams|first=Diane Elizabeth|date=June 20, 2001}}</ref> The local agricultural economy relied on slave labor before the Civil War. By 1860, Tyler held over 1000 enslaved persons, which represented 35 percent of the town's population. So there was strong support for secession and the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] within Tyler, as a high percentage of its residents voted for secession and many of its men joined the Confederate Army. The town was secure enough for the Confederacy to establish the largest ordnance plant in Texas. In 1870, the first bank in Tyler was established by Bonner and Williams. Though both the [[Texas and Pacific Railroad]] and the International Railroad (Texas) eschewed routes through Tyler, the town gained an important rail connection when the [[Houston]] and Great Northern built a branch line in 1874.<ref name="hto" />
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, fruit orchards emerged as an important new business in the regional economy. Eighty percent of the county agricultural revenue derived from cotton as it persisted as the dominant crop in the first decades of the twentieth century. Peaches were the principal fruit crop as the county fruit tree inventory surpassed one million by 1900. Disease struck the peach trees, though, and local farmers moved toward growing roses by the 1920s. Twenty years later, most of the US rose supply originated in the Tyler area.<ref name="hto" />
On October 29, 1895, an African American suspect named Robert Henry Hillard was burned at the stake in the Smith County Courthouse Square for the alleged murder of a nineteen-year-old white woman.<ref>''Galveston Daily News''. "Slowly Roasted." October 30, 1895.</ref><ref>E. R. Bills. ''Black Holocaust: The Paris Horror and a Legacy of Texas Terror''. Fort Worth, Texas: Eakin Press, 2015</ref> Denied a trial and due process, Hillard was taken from law enforcement personnel by a white mob.<ref>''Dallas Morning News''. ""Roasted to Death." October 30, 1895.</ref> Hillard's executioners were never punished. Later, two entrepreneurs combined photographs from the actual lynching with others staged with actors and sold the 16-image production as a stereographic set. One of the original sets sits in the United States Library of Congress.<ref>E. R. Bills. ''Black Holocaust: The Paris Horror and a Legacy of Texas Terror''. Fort Worth, Texas: Eakin Press, 2015</ref>
On May 25, 1912, Dan Davis, an African American man suspected of attacking a sixteen-year-old white girl named Carrie Johnson, was burned at the stake in the Smith County Courthouse Square.<ref>''The New York Times''. "2,000 Aid in Burning Negro at the Stake." May 26, 1912.</ref><ref>''Granbury News''. "Negro Meets Death at Stake in Tyler." October 30, 1912.</ref><ref>''Dallas Morning News''. "Negro Meets Death at Stake in Tyler." May 26, 1912.</ref><ref>E. R. Bills. ''Black Holocaust: The Paris Horror and a Legacy of Texas Terror''. Fort Worth, Texas: Eakin Press, 2015</ref>
==Geography==
[[File:Tyler Texas aerial 2018.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Tyler in 2018]]
[[File:Tyler skyline.jpg|right|thumb|Tyler skyline]]
Tyler is located at {{Coord|32.334249|-95.299927|region:US-TX_type:city|format=dms}}<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> and is {{convert|544|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The city of Tyler is surrounded by many smaller cities, including [[Whitehouse, Texas|Whitehouse]], [[Lindale, Texas|Lindale]], [[New Chapel Hill, Texas|New Chapel Hill]], [[Bullard, Texas|Bullard]], [[Edom, Texas|Edom]], [[Brownsboro, Texas|Brownsboro]], [[Kilgore, Texas|Kilgore]], [[Flint, Texas|Flint]], and [[Chandler, Texas|Chandler]].
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 54.4 square miles (140.8 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 54.2 mi<sup>2</sup> (140.5 km<sup>2</sup>) are land and 0.1 mi<sup>2</sup>(0.3 km<sup>2</sup>²) is covered by water.
===Climate===
{{climate chart
|Tyler
|38|57|3.34
|41|64|3.73
|49|72|3.96
|55|78|3.70
|63|84|4.46
|70|90|3.65
|73|93|2.16
|72|94|2.61
|67|88|3.28
|56|78|5.14
|48|67|4.45
|40|58|4.75
| source = Weather.com / NWS
| float = right
| clear = right
| units = imperial
}}
Tyler experiences [[weather]] typical of [[East Texas]], which is unpredictable, especially in the spring. All of East Texas has the [[humid subtropical climate]] typical of the [[American South]].
The record high for Tyler is {{convert|115|°F|0|abbr=on}}, which occurred in 2011. The record low for Tyler is {{convert|-3|°F|0|abbr=on}}, which occurred on January 18, 1930.
==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1880= 2423
|1890= 6908
|1900= 8069
|1910= 10400
|1920= 12085
|1930= 17113
|1940= 28279
|1950= 38968
|1960= 51230
|1970= 57770
|1980= 70508
|1990= 75450
|2000= 83650
|2010= 96900
|estyear=2018
|estimate=105729
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=July 16, 2019}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=October 17, 2016}}</ref><br />2017 Estimate<ref name="USCensusEst2017"/>
}}
[[File:Tyler, Texas, sign IMG 0444.JPG|right|thumb|Tyler welcome sign on U.S. Highway 69]]
[[File:Tyler, TX, City Hall IMG 0545.JPG|thumb|Tyler City Hall]]
As of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]],<ref name="GR2" /> 96,900 people resided in the city of Tyler, Texas. The [[population density]] was 1,782.0 people per square mile (688.0/km²). The 41,742 housing units averaged a density of 716.7 per mi<sup>2</sup>(276.7/km²). The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|racial makeup]] of the city was: 60.5% White, 24.8% Black, 0.5% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 10.3% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. About 21.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The median income for the city was $42,752 and the poverty rate was 19.5%.
==Government==
===Local government===
According to the city's most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $87.7 million in revenues, $101.7 million in expenditures, $49.2 million in total assets, $12.3 million in total liabilities, and $17.6 million in cash in investments.<ref>[http://cityoftyler.org/Portals/0/docs/departments/accounting/CAFR%202007-2008.pdf City of Tyler CAFR]. Retrieved June 7, 2009.</ref>
{{hidden begin
|titlestyle = background:#ccccff;width=35%
|title = List of mayors of Tyler, Texas
}}
* McDonald Lorance, 1846<ref name=former />
* William Bartlett, circa 1848<ref>{{cite book |editor1= Robert W. Glover |editor2= Linda Brown Cross |publisher=American Bicentennial Committee of Tyler-Smith County |title= Tyler & Smith County, Texas: An Historical Survey |url= https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth61117/|via= University of North Texas Libraries |year= 1976 }} {{free access}}</ref>
* ?
* Oscar Burton, circa 1937<ref name=Graveyard>{{cite web |url= http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/ofc/tyler.html |title=Mayors of Tyler, Texas |editor=[[Lawrence Kestenbaum]] |work=[[Political Graveyard]] |accessdate= April 15, 2017 }}</ref>
* Zeb J. Spruiell, circa 1955<ref name=Graveyard />
* ?
* Murph Wilson, 1967<ref>{{citation |work=[[Congressional Record]] |location=Washington DC |title= In Memory of Murph Wilson |date=August 7, 1998 |url= https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1998-08-07/pdf/CREC-1998-08-07-extensions.pdf }}</ref>
* ?
* Jack H. Halbert, 1970-1976<ref>{{citation |url=http://obituaries.tylerpaper.com/obituaries/tylerpaper/obituary.aspx?n=jack-h-halbert&pid=17948835 |title=Jack H. Halbert Obituary |work=[[Tyler Morning Telegraph]] |date=May 31, 2006 }}</ref>
* ?
* Norman Shtofman, 1982-1984<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.kltv.com/story/1544025/former-tyler-mayor-dies |title=Former Tyler Mayor Dies |date= |work=KITV }}</ref>
* Smith Reynolds, Junior
* [[Kevin Eltife]], circa 1996-2002<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970227083903/http://www.tylertexas.com/city/Mayor/default.html |url-status=dead |url=http://www.tylertexas.com:80/city/Mayor/default.html |archivedate=February 27, 1997 |title=City of Tyler Mayor |work=Tylertexas.com |via=Internet Archive, [[Wayback Machine]] }}</ref>[http://www.tylerpaper.com/TP-News+Local/220816/eltife-will-not-run-for-reelection-in-16]
* Joey Seeber, 2002-2008<ref name=former>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoftyler.org/Visitors/TylerHistory/FormerTylerMayors.aspx |title=Former Tyler Mayors |work= Cityoftyler.org |publisher= City of Tyler |accessdate= April 15, 2017 }}</ref>
* Barbara Bass, 2008-2014<ref name=former />
* Martin Heines, 2014–present<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoftyler.org/Government/MayorandCouncil/Mayor.aspx |title=Mayor |work= Cityoftyler.org |publisher= City of Tyler |accessdate= April 15, 2017 }}</ref>
{{hidden end}}
The structure of the management and coordination of city services is:<ref>http://cityoftyler.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=76</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width=30% | City Manager
| Edward Broussard
|-
!Managing Director of Planning & Economic Development
|Heather Nick
|-
!Managing Director of Culture, Recreation and Tourism Services
|Stephanie Franklin
|-
!Managing Director for Administration (& HR Director)
|ReNissa Wade
|-
!Managing Director of Public Works
|Scott Taylor
|-
! CFO/Finance Director
| Keidric Trimble
|-
! City Engineer
| Lisa Crossman
|-
!Chief of Police
|Jimmy Toler
|-
! Fire Chief
|David Coble
|-
! Director of Parks
| Russ Jackson
|-
! Chief Information Officer
| Benny Yazdanpanahi
|-
! City Attorney
| Deborah Pullum
|-
!Director of Marketing & Communications
|Julie Goodgame
|-
! Vehicle Services Manager
| Leroy Sparrow
|-
! City Librarian
| Ashley Taylor
|-
! Transit General Manager
| Robert Gil III
|-
! Neighborhood Services Manager
|Raynesha Hudnall
|-
! Housing Manager
|Vacant
|-
! Airport Manager
| Davis Dickson
|-
! Human Resources Manager
| Rose Ray
|-
! Water Utilities Financial Manager
| James Yanker
|-
! Water Utilities Manager
| Joan Roberson
|-
! Development Services Engineer
| Michael Wilson, P.E.
|-
! Traffic Engineer
| Vacant
|}
The Northeast Texas Public Health District<ref>[http://www.healthyeasttx.org/ Northeast Texas Public Health District website]. Retrieved August 18, 2009.</ref> is a political subdivision under the State of Texas established by the City of Tyler and Smith County. In place for nearly 70 years, the Health District became a separate entity in 1994, with an administrative Public Health Board. With a stated vision "To be the Healthiest Community in Texas", the district has a full-time staff of over 130 employees. The Health District has a broad range of services and responsibilities dedicated to their mission: "To Protect, Promote, and Provide for the Health of Our Community."
===State government===
Tyler is represented in the [[Texas Senate]] by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Bryan Hughes]], District 1, and in the [[Texas House of Representatives]] by Republican Matt Schaefer, District 6.
The [[Texas Courts of Appeals|Texas Twelfth Court of Appeals]] is located in Tyler.<ref>"[http://www.12thcoa.courts.state.tx.us/court/contact.asp Contact Information]." Twelfth Eleventh Court of Appeals. Retrieved on March 10, 2010.</ref>
The [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]] operates the Region I [[Parole]] Division Office and the Tyler District Parole Office in Tyler.<ref>"[http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/parole/parole-directory/paroledir-rgnldisparoff1.htm Parole Division Region I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928130938/http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/parole/parole-directory/paroledir-rgnldisparoff1.htm |date=2011-09-28 }}." [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</ref>
===Federal government===
The two U.S. Senators from Texas are Republicans [[John Cornyn]] and [[Ted Cruz]]. Tyler is part of [[Texas' 1st congressional district]], which is currently represented by Republican [[Louie Gohmert]].
The [[United States Postal Service]] operates several post offices in Tyler, including Tyler,<ref>"[http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/tyler-2100-w-martin-luther-king-jr-blvd-tyler-tx-1385275 Post Office Location – TYLER]." [[United States Postal Service]]. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</ref> [[Azalea]],<ref>"[http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/azalea-2627-s-broadway-ave-tyler-tx-1353821 Post Office Location – AZALEA]." [[United States Postal Service]]. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</ref> Southeast Crossing,<ref>"[http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/southeast-crossing-3320-troup-hwy-ste-290-tyler-tx-1382344 Post Office Location – SOUTHEAST CROSSING]." [[United States Postal Service]]. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</ref> and the South Tyler Annex.<ref>"[http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/south-tyler-annex-6722-s-broadway-ave-ste-100-tyler-tx-1382301 Post Office Location – SOUTH TYLER ANNEX]." [[United States Postal Service]]. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</ref>
==Education==
===Colleges and universities===
[[File:UT Tyler Riter Tower.jpg|right|thumbnail|The Riter Tower at University of Texas at Tyler]]
Tyler's higher education institutions include the [[University of Texas at Tyler]] and the [[University of Texas Health Center at Tyler]], both part of the [[University of Texas System]], as well as [[Texas College]], the city's only HBCU, and [[Tyler Junior College]].
===Primary and secondary schools===
[[File:John Tyler High School (Photo 2), Tyler, TX IMG 0554.JPG|thumb|John Tyler High School]]
Public primary and secondary education for much of the city is provided by the [[Tyler Independent School District]], which includes high schools [[John Tyler High School|John Tyler]] and [[Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas)|Robert E. Lee]], as well as Tyler ISD Early College High School, Premier High School of Tyler, a [[Charter school|public charter]] school (Cumberland Academy). Several Tyler schools offer [[IB Diploma Programme|international baccalaureate]] and [[Advanced Placement Program|advanced placement]] programs.
Portions of incorporated Tyler are served by surrounding school districts. These include sections of southeast Tyler, served by the [[Whitehouse Independent School District]], and some sections in the east which are served by the [[Chapel Hill Independent School District (Smith County, Texas)|Chapel Hill Independent School District]].
===Private schools===
*There are also private schools in Tyler, including [[Grace Community School (Texas)]], [[All Saints Episcopal School (Tyler, Texas)|All Saints Episcopal School]], [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] School, King's Academy Christian School, Kingdom Life Academy (Located in the same building but not affiliated with King's Academy), Christian Heritage School, East Texas Christian Academy, and Good Shepherd Reformed Episcopal School. The Brook Hill School in nearby Bullard, TX is also served by the Tyler Independent School District. The Tyler [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] School System of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler|Catholic Diocese of Tyler]] consists of St. Gregory Cathedral School and [[Bishop T. K. Gorman High School (Tyler, Texas)|Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Regional Catholic Middle and High School]].
==Economy==
[[File:Venue Building, Tyler, TX IMG 0469.JPG|right|thumb|People's Petroleum building in downtown Tyler]]
[[File:Tyler, TX, Chamber of Commerce office IMG 0543.JPG|thumb|right|Chamber of Commerce office in downtown Tyler]]
In addition to its role in the rose-growing industry, Tyler is the headquarters for [[Brookshire Grocery Company]], which operates Brookshire's, Fresh, Super 1 Foods, and Spring Market supermarkets in three states (Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas). The company's main distribution center is located in south Tyler, while SouthWest Foods, a subsidiary that processes dairy products, is located just northeast of the city.
The manufacturing sector includes:
* Tyler Pipe, a subsidiary of [[McWane Inc.]] that produces soil and utility pipe products
* [[Trane]], a business of [[Ingersoll-Rand]], formerly a unit of [[American Standard Companies]], which manufactures [[air conditioning|air conditioners]] and [[heat pump]]s (this plant was originally built in 1955 by [[General Electric]])
* [[Delek|Delek Refining]], an [[Israel]]i-owned [[oil refinery]] formerly La Gloria Oil and Gas Co (a [[Crown Central Petroleum]] [[subsidiary]])
* PCSFerguson, an operating company of [[Dover Corporation]] that specializes in equipment for the measurement and production of [[natural gas]] using the plunger lift method
* DYNAenergetics Tyler Distribution Center, part of DYNAenergetics USA, which manufactures perforating equipment and [[Explosive material|explosives]] for the [[Petroleum industry|oil and gas industry]]
* Vesuvius USA, manufacturer of [[refractory]] [[Ceramic engineering|ceramics]] used in the [[Steel|steel industry]]
* [[Cavender's]], a large regional [[western wear]] retailer and manufacturer
According to the City's 2012-2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<ref>[http://www.cityoftyler.org/Portals/0/Documents/Finance%20Department/The%20City%20of%20Tyler%202013%20Audit.pdf City of Tyler 2012-2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, p. 136]. Retrieved April 11, 2014.</ref> the top ten employers in the city are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of Employees
|-
| 1
|[[Trinity Mother Frances Health System]]
| 3,775
|-
| 2
|UT Health - Tyler
| 3,153
|-
| 3
|[[Brookshire Grocery Company]]
| 2,599
|-
| 4
|[[Tyler Independent School District]]
| 2,468
|-
| 5
| [[Trane]]
| 1,500
|-
| 6
|[[SuddenLink]]
| 1,500
|-
| 7
|[[Walmart]]
|1,311
|-
| 8
|[[The University of Texas at Tyler]]
|1,121
|-
| 9
|[[University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler|UT Health - Tyler (north campus)]]
| 925
|-
| 10
|[[Tyler Junior College]]
| 862
|}
==Recreation and tourism==
Annually, the [[Texas Rose Festival]] draws thousands of tourists to Tyler.<ref>[http://www.texasrosefestival.com/festival/now.htm Until Now] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321050634/http://www.texasrosefestival.com/festival/now.htm |date=March 21, 2012 }}</ref> The festival, which celebrates the role of the rose-growing industry in the local economy, is held in October and features a [[parade]], the [[coronation]] of the Rose Queen, and other civic events. The Rose Museum features the [[history]] of the [[Festival]]. Tyler is also home to [[Caldwell Zoo]], several local museums, Lake Palestine, Lake Tyler, and numerous [[golf course]]s and country clubs.<ref>{{cite journal | title = It's Tee Time in Tyler | last = Navarro | first = Edward | journal = Images of Tyler | volume = 1 | page = 57 | publisher = Journal Communications, Inc. | year = 2006 }}</ref> A few miles away in Flint, TX is The WaterPark @ The Villages, a year-round, indoor water park. There is also an "Azalea Trail" in Tyler, which consists of two officially designated routes within the city that showcase homes or other landscaped venues adorned with [[azalea]] shrubs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tylerazaleatrail.com/faqs.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Tyler Azalea Trail |accessdate=December 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130131746/http://tylerazaleatrail.com/faqs.htm |archivedate=November 30, 2012 }}</ref> The Azalea Trail also is home to the long-standing tradition of the [http://www.tylertexasonline.com/tyler-texas-azalea-trail.htm Azalea Belles]. The official greeters of the Azalea Trail are known as the Azalea Belles, young [[Woman|women]] from the Tyler area who dress in [[antebellum era|antebellum]] [[gown]]s. The belles are chosen each year from area high schools or home school families, and it is an honor to be chosen.
[[Tyler State Park (Texas)|Tyler State Park]], located a few miles North of the city limits, attracts visitors with opportunities to [[Camping|camp]], [[canoe]], and paddle boat on the [[lake]]. Other available pastimes include [[picnic]]king, [[boating]] ([[Engine|motors]] allowed – 5 mph [[speed limit]]), boat [[Renting|rentals]], [[fishing]], [[Birdwatching|birding]], [[hiking]], [[mountain biking]], [[Trail|hiking trails]], lake [[swimming]] (in [[unsupervised]] swimming area), and [[nature study]].
The Smith County Historical Society operates a [[museum]] and [[archive]]s in the old Carnegie Library.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithcountyhistoricalsociety.org |title=Smith County Historical Society |publisher=Smith County Historical Society |date= |accessdate=December 11, 2012}}</ref>
The East Texas State Fair is held annually in Tyler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etstatefair.com/ |title=East Texas State Fair |publisher=Etstatefair.com |date= |accessdate=December 11, 2012}}</ref>
Lake Tyler was the location of the [[HGTV Dream Home]] contest in 2005. The 6,500 [[Square foot|square feet]] (600 m²) house helped to boost tourism and interest in the community and surrounding areas. It was subsequently sold at [[public auction]] in January 2008, for $1.325 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kltv.com/Global/story.asp?S=7615650 |title= HGTV Dream Home Sold, $1.325 Million |publisher=Kltv.com |date= |accessdate=December 11, 2012}}</ref>
===Historical===
[[File:Smith County Historical Society, Tyler, TX IMG 0498.JPG|thumb|right|The Smith County Historical Society building is located across the street from the Tyler Public Library.]]
Tyler has a [[Cotton Belt Railroad]] Depot Museum located near the [[Chamber of commerce|Chamber of Commerce]] office.
The Smith County Historical Society, a [[501(c)(3)]] [[non-profit organization]], was founded in 1959 by individuals and business firms dedicated to discovering, collecting, and preserving data, records, and other items relating to the history of Smith County, Texas. The Society operates a museum and archives, which is located in the former [[Carnegie Public Library (Tyler, Texas)|Carnegie Public Library]] building in [[downtown]] Tyler. Permanent museum exhibits include life-size dioramas of Smith County history, with topics ranging from the [[Caddo|Caddo Indians]] to the 20th century. Other items from the Society's collections are showcased in revolving, temporary exhibits. The Society's [[archival library]] contains historical artifacts of Smith County, including newspapers, city directories, school records, photographs, maps, historical papers and rare books. The archives are open to the public for [[research]] on a limited schedule with [[Volunteering|volunteer]] staff on duty. The society is also the official caretaker of [[Camp Ford|Camp Ford Historic Park]].
[[Camp Ford]] was the largest [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Prisoner of War]] camp west of the [[Mississippi River]] during the [[American Civil War]]. The original site of the camp [[stockade]] is a public historic park managed by the [http://smithcountyhistoricalsociety.org Smith County Historical Society]. The park contains a kiosk, paved trail, interpretive signage, a cabin reconstruction, and a picnic area. It is located on Highway 271, {{convert|0.8|mi|km}} north of Loop 323.
===Arts and Culture===
2018 marks the 50th anniversary of Tyler's Civic Chorale.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tylercivicchorale.org/history/ |title=Our History |date=May 15, 2018 |website=www.tylercivicchorale.org |access-date=May 15, 2018}}</ref>
==Transportation==
[[File:TylerPRAirport.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial photo of Tyler Pounds Regional Airport]]
The most common form of [[transport]]ation is the [[motor vehicle]]. Tyler is a nexus of several major highways. [[Interstate 20 (Texas)|Interstate 20]] runs along the north edge of the city going east and west, [[U.S. Route 69 in Texas|U.S. Highway 69]] runs north–south through the center of town and [[Texas State Highway 64|State Highway 64]] runs east–west through the city. Tyler also has access to [[U.S. Highway 271 (Texas)|U.S. Highway 271]], [[Texas State Highway 31|State Highway 31]], [[Texas State Highway 155|State Highway 155]], and [[Texas State Highway 110|State Highway 110]]. [[Texas State Highway Loop 323|Loop 323]] was established in 1957 and encircles the city, which has continued to grow outside of this loop. [[Texas State Highway Loop 49|Loop 49]] is a limited access "outer loop" around the city and currently runs from State Highway 110 south of Tyler to Interstate 20 northwest of Tyler. Loop 124 is 1.5 miles long.
===Public transportation===
Tyler Transit provides customers with [[public transport]]ation service within the City of Tyler. The buses run daily, excluding Sundays and holidays. Tyler Transit offers customers the option to purchase [[Ticket (admission)|tickets]], tokens, or passes at the Tyler Transit office, located at 210 E. Oakwood Street inside the [[Cotton Belt Railroad]] Depot at the main transfer point. The City of Tyler paratransit service is a shared-ride, public transportation service. Requests for service must be made the day before the service is needed. Trips can be scheduled up to 14 days in advance. [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|ADA]] compliant paratransit service is provided to all origins and destinations within the service area defined as the city limits of Tyler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoftyler.org/Departments/TylerTransit.aspx |title=Tyler Transit |publisher=Cityoftyler.org |date= |accessdate=December 11, 2012}}</ref> [[Greyhound Lines]] bus service is available through a downtown terminal.
===Via air===
[[Tyler Pounds Regional Airport]] offers service to and from [[Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport]] and [[Denver International Airport]] via [[American Eagle Airlines|American Eagle]] and [[Frontier Airlines|Frontier]], respectively. While American Eagle provides service with [[Embraer]] [[ERJ-135]] and [[ERJ-145]] regional jets, Frontier operates with [[Airbus A320]] mainline jet aircraft, Europe's own equivalent to the [[Boeing 737]]. General Aviation services are provided by two fixed-base operators, [http://flytyler.com Johnson Aviation] and the Jet Center of Tyler.
===Via train===
Tyler was the hub for a series of short-line [[Rail transport|railroad]]s which later evolved into the [[St. Louis Southwestern Railway]], better known as "The Cotton Belt Route". This line later became part of the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]], which itself merged with the [[Union Pacific Railroad]], which continues to serve the city today. No passenger train service to Tyler has occurred since April 1956, but Amtrak runs through the city of [[Mineola, Texas|Mineola]], a short distance north of Tyler.
===Walkability===
A 2014 study by [[Walk Score]] ranked Tyler with a walkability score of 32 (out of 100) with some amenities within walking distance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkscore.com/TX/Tyler|title= City and Neighborhood Rankings |publisher=Walk Score |year=2014 |accessdate=April 11, 2014}}</ref>
==Healthcare==
[[Hospital]]s located in Tyler include UT Health Tyler, [[Trinity Mother Frances Health System]], UT Health North Campus Tyler, and Texas Spine & Joint Hospital. There are also many clinics including the Direct Care Clinic.
[[File:First Baptist Church, Tyler, TX IMG 0523.JPG|right|thumb|First [[Baptist]] Church in downtown Tyler]]
[[File:Marvin United Methodist Church, Tyler, TX IMG 0522.JPG|thumb|right|Marvin [[United Methodist]] Church in Tyler]]
[[File:West Erwin Church of Christ Family Center, Tyler, TX IMG 0505.JPG|thumb|Family Life Center of West Erwin [[Church of Christ]] in Tyler]]
==Places of worship==
Tyler is the home of many churches, including five large congregations in downtown, the Marvin [[United Methodist]] Church, Dayspring [[United Methodist]] Church, West Erwin [[Church of Christ]], First [[Baptist]] Church, and the [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Tyler, Texas)|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]]. Tyler is also the seat of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler|Catholic Diocese of Tyler]], which is particularly noteworthy for its St. Joseph the Worker Parish, one of the few churches in America dedicated to the exclusive use of the [[Traditional Latin Mass]]. The parish is staffed by the [[Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter]]. The city also is the home of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception and the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, a 100-plus year sanctuary recently{{when|date=January 2020}} renovated and declared a historic and heritage site by the Catholic Diocese of Tyler. The Saint Peter Claver Parish, located in central Tyler, is the second largest Catholic Church in Tyler and was dedicated to St. Peter Claver, a Franciscan priest that assisted the black slaves in Brazil during the slave trade to South America. There is also a Nazarene church on Old Bullard Road, called Tyler First Church Of The Nazarene. The city also has a Chapel of The Church of Jesus Christ Of Latter Day Saints.{{cn|date=January 2020}}
Tyler has three United Pentecostal Churches; the largest of them is Tyler Tabernacle located just outside of Loop 323. Park Heights Assembly of God is another and also located just outside Loop 323. The Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic church in East Tyler is also a major center of gathering. The St. Peter and Paul Chapel, a Catholic church, is located next to the Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Regional Catholic School, was constructed and dedicated in 2011, and holds masses in English and Spanish with a significant number of other services offered to all Tyler and neighboring residents. The city's largest church, [[Green Acres Baptist Church]], is located on Troup Highway in southeast Tyler. Tyler is also home to two reformed Baptist churches, Sylvania Church and Living Acts Church, both of which are located in the south Tyler area. Tyler has several congregations of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Additionally, Tyler has two Jewish houses of prayer, Ahavath Achim, which associates itself with [[Conservative Judaism]] and Beth El which adheres to [[Reform Judaism]].<ref>[http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/tx/tyler.html "Tyler, Texas"], found in the [http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/index.html Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities],</ref>
Tyler is also home to East Texas Islamic Society, established in 1988, which includes an Islamic house of worship and an Islamic school for children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tylermuslims.com/about-etis.html |title=East Texas Islamic Society |publisher=Tylermuslims.com |date=May 29, 1988 |accessdate=December 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315152250/http://www.tylermuslims.com/about-etis.html |archivedate=March 15, 2013 }}</ref> There's also a Unitarian, Universalist Fellowship on Old Omen Road and Cross Brand Cowboy Church at 11915 FM 2015 Tyler, Texas. The oldest continuously active church in Smith County is the historic 152 year old New Harmony Baptist Church, which is located about 10 miles outside of Tyler at 10251 FM 724 Tyler, Texas.
Two Tyler churches were destroyed during the [[2010 East Texas church burnings]].
==Media==
Currently, 18 media outlets and one newspaper are located in Tyler, as well as many more in the surrounding areas.
===Newspaper===
*[[Tyler Morning Telegraph]]
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!valign="bottom"|VHF/UHF Channel<br />
!valign="bottom"|Call Letters<br />
!valign="bottom"|Network<br />
|-
|7
|[[KLTV]]
|ABC
|-
|19
|[[KYTX]]
|CBS
|-
|51
|[[KFXK-TV]]
|FOX
|-
|56
|[[KETK-TV|KETK]]
|NBC
|}
===Radio===
====AM stations====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!valign="bottom"|Frequency<br />
!valign="bottom"|Call Letters<br />
!valign="bottom"|Format<br />
!valign="bottom"|Name<br />
|-
|600
|[[KTBB (AM)|KTBB]]
|News/Talk
|-
|1330
|[[KGLD]]
|Gospel
|The Light
|-
|1490
|[[KYZS]]
|Sports
|ESPN Deportes
|}
====FM stations====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!valign="bottom"|Frequency<br />
!valign="bottom"|Call Letters<br />
!valign="bottom"|Format<br />
!valign="bottom"|Name<br />
|-
|88.7
|[[KLOVE]]
|Christian Contemporary
|KLOVE
|-
|89.5
|[[KVNE]]
|Christian Contemporary
|Encouragement FM
|-
|91.3
|[[KGLY]]
|Religious
|
|-
|92.1
|[[KRWR]]
|Sports
|Fox Sports East Texas
|-
|93.1
|[[KTYL-FM|KTYL]]
|Hot Adult Contemporary
|Mix 93.1
|-
|96.1
|[[KKTX-FM|KKTX]]
|Classic Rock
|Classic Rock 96.1
|-
|96.7
|[[KOYE]]
|Spanish
|La Invasora
|-
|97.5
|[[KTBB-FM]]
|News/Talk
|KTBB
|-
|99.3
|[[KAPW]]
|Spanish Pop
|Mega 99.3
|-
|101.5
|[[KNUE]]
|Country
|
|-
|102.3
|[[KLJT]]
|Top 40
|Fun Radio
|-
|102.7
|[[KBLZ]]
|Urban Contemporary
|The Blaze
|-
|104.1
|[[KKUS]]
|Classic Country
|The Ranch
|-
|106.5
|[[KOOI]]
|Variety Hits
|Jack 106.5
|-
|107.3
|[[KISX]]
|Urban Adult Contemporary
|Hot1073Jamz
|}
==Sports==
[[File:Uttgbball.jpg|right|188px|thumbnail|UT Tyler Women's Basketball Team]]
===College and university teams===
* [[University of Texas at Tyler|University of Texas at Tyler Patriots]] (NCAA Division II)
* [[Texas College]] Steers (HBCU)
* [[Tyler Junior College|Tyler Junior College Apaches]] (NJCAA)
===Baseball teams===
* Tyler Elbertas (1912)
* Tyler Trojans (1924–1929, 1931, 1935–1940, 1946–1950)
* Tyler Sports (1932)
* Tyler Governors (1933–1934)
* Tyler East Texans (1950–1953)
* Tyler Tigers (1954–1955)
* Tyler Wildcatters (1994–1997)
* Tyler Roughnecks (2001)
===Football===
* East Texas Twisters (2004)
===Road races===
* [[Fresh 15 Road Race]] (Annual)
===Soccer===
* Tyler FC (2016–Present)<ref>http://www.tylerfootballclub.com/</ref>
==High school sports teams==
*All Saints Trojans (Private)
*Bishop T.K. Gorman Crusaders (Private)
*Grace Community Cougars (Private)
*Cumberland Academy Knights (Charter)
*EXEL Lions (Home School / 6 Man)
*John Tyler Lions (Public)
*Kings Academy Knights (Private)
*Robert E. Lee Red Raiders (Public)
*Tyler Heat (Home School / 6 Man)
*East Texas Christian Academy Panthers (Private)
Nearby:
*The Brook Hill School Guard (Private)
*Chapel Hill Bulldogs (Public)
*Lindale Eagles (Public)
*Whitehouse Wildcats (Public)
==Notable events==
* Fragments of the [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] landed near Tyler on February 1, 2003. ''(See [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster]])''
* On the evening of February 2, 2009, a fire engulfed a number of historic buildings located in downtown Tyler. Eight different fire departments responded to the fire.<ref>
{{cite news
| work = Palestine Herald Press
| date = February 3, 2009}}
</ref>
* The 1982 Supreme Court case [[Plyler v. Doe]], which prohibited denying schooling to immigrant children, originated in the [[Tyler Independent School District]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crfimmigrationed.org/lessons-for-teachers/149-hl10|title=History Lesson 10: Plyler v. Doe: Can States Deny Public Benefits to Illegal Immigrants?|website=www.crfimmigrationed.org|language=en|access-date=September 13, 2018}}</ref>
* Robert E. Mead founded what later became known as Silverleaf Resorts in Tyler in 1977.
* The [[Tyler courthouse shooting]] was on February 24, 2005, when David Arroyo fatally shot his ex-wife and a man in the Tyler Square on the Smith County Courthouse.
==Notable people==
{{main category|People from Tyler, Texas}}
{{alumni|residents|date=September 2019}}
===Entertainment===
*[[Josh Carpenter]] – film, television, theater, internet and commercial actor
*[[Sandy Duncan]] – actress, raised in Tyler
*[[Alex Finlayson]] – playwright
*[[Kiki Shepard]] (born 1951) – television host
*[[Dooley Wilson|Arthur "Dooley" Wilson]] (1886–1953) – musician and actor ([[Casablanca (film)|''Casablanca]])
===Musicians===
*[[Max Bemis]] – lead singer of rock band [[Say Anything (band)|Say Anything]], who is also married to [[Sherri DuPree]] of [[Eisley]]<ref name=bemis>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=2296310&blogId=490202116 | title=An Update From Max | publisher=blogs.myspace.com/sayanything | date=May 20, 2009 | accessdate=May 21, 2009 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121202021113/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=2296310&blogId=490202116 | archivedate=December 2, 2012 }}</ref>
*[[A. C. Bilbrew]] – musician, composer, and radio personality
*[[Richard Dobson]] – singer-songwriter
*[[Eddie and Sugar Lou's Hotel Tyler Orchestra]] - jazz band
*[[Eisley]] – [[independent music|indie]] band.
*[[Teron Beal]] – Songwriter [[Michael Jackson]]. [[Bonnie Raitt]], [[Mýa|Mya]]
*[[Element Eighty]] – [[alternative metal]] band.
*[[Johnny Gimble]] – award-winning fiddle player associated with Western Swing and Bob Wills
*[[Brandon Beal]] – singer-songwriter and producer <!-- [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Flo Rida]], [[Juelz Santana]]-->
*[[Shaun Groves]] – Christian-rock singer-songwriter
*[[Billy Harper]] – jazz tenor-saxophonist
*[[Johnny Horton]] – country singer
*[[Will Jennings]] – songwriter
*[[Ralph Kirshbaum]] – classical celllist
*[[Adrian Taylor]] – bassist, guitarist
*[[Mouse and the Traps]] – 1960s [[Garage Rock]] band.
*[[Ivoryline]] – alternative band
*[[Willie Neal Johnson]] (1935-2001) - gospel recording artist and quartet singer, inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in Detroit, MI and American Gospel Quartet Hall of Fame in Birmingham, AL in 1999.
=== Government and politics ===
* [[Jere Locke Beasley]] – (born 1935), born in Tyler, he was the 22nd [[Lieutenant Governor of Alabama]] when [[governor of Alabama|Governor]] [[George Wallace|George Corley Wallace]] was shot and severely injured in an assassination attempt in [[Laurel, Maryland]], on May 15, 1972. Beasley, a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], hence served as the acting governor of Alabama from June 5 to July 7, 1972.
* [[Leo Berman]] – Republican former member of the [[Texas House of Representatives]] from District 6
* [[Kevin Eltife]] – Republican member of the [[Texas Senate]] from Tyler
* [[Brady P. Gentry]] – former Chairman Texas State Highway Commission; former US Congressman; the gymnasium at Tyler Junior College named after him
* [[Louie Gohmert]] – Republican [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] and former Smith County judge
* [[William Wayne Justice]] – Democrat U.S. District Court Judge in Tyler for 30 years – made countless key decisions on environment and civil rights
*[[Matt Krause]] – Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]]; born in Tyler in 1980
*[[Frank Melton]] (1949-2009) – former mayor of [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]], [[Mississippi]] (2005–2009), and former broadcast journalist and general manager of KLTV in Tyler in 1977.
*[[Albert Parsons]] (1848-1887) – pioneer American [[Socialism|socialist]] and later [[Anarchism|anarchist]] newspaper editor, orator, and labor activist. Parsons was one of four Chicago radical leaders controversially convicted of conspiracy and hanged following a bomb attack on police remembered as the Haymarket affair. He resided in Tyler, Texas where he was reared by his eldest brother, William Henry Parsons, however Parson's moved the family moved from Tyler in the mid-1850s.
*[[Matt Schaefer]] (born 1976) – Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Tyler since 2013; lawyer and United States Navy officer
*[[Dan Smoot]] (1913-2003) – figure in the [[Communism|anti-communist]] movement; spent later years at Holly Lake Ranch in neighboring Wood County, where he died at the age of eighty-nine
*[[William Steger]] (1920-2006) – Republican U.S. District Court judge for the Eastern District of Texas, based in Tyler, from 1970 until his death. The William M. Steger Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Tyler was named in his honor in 2006.
*[[Martin Heines]] (born 1962) – he is the current mayor of Tyler, Texas.
=== Journalism ===
* [[Nelson Clyde III]] (1945-2007), the fourth-generation publisher of the ''[[Tyler Morning Telegraph]]''
* [[Sarah McClendon]] – Democrat [[journalist]] and [[White House]] correspondent for over half a century, longest tenure ever in the [[White House press corps]]
* [[Allen R. Morris]] – he is an [[Emmy Award]]-winning producer/director/writer. For a period, he worked for Buford Television at KLTV in Tyler, as Operations Manager and Director of Creative Services, during which time he was also a frequent actor at the Tyler Civic Theatre (1979 to 1990).
* [[Ned Touchstone]] (1926–1988) – born in Florien, Louisiana, [[newspaper]] [[publisher]] who was a figure in the "[[Radical right (United States)|Radical Right]]" in [[Louisiana]] politics during the 1960s. At the time of death, he resided on Lake Palestine near Tyler.
=== Religion ===
* [[Joseph Strickland]] - bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler|diocese of Tyler]] whose principal church is the downtown [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Tyler, Texas)|cathedral]].
* [[James T. Draper, Jr.]] – president of the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] from 1982 to 1984, was a pastor in Tyler in the early 1960s.
* [[David O. Dykes]] – pastor of [[Green Acres Baptist Church]] in Tyler
* [[James B. Jordan]] - pastor of Westminster Presbyterian Church and found of the Geneva Study Center
* [[Harold Rahm]] - Jesuit priest, who was sent on a mission to Brazil in 1964 and became known worldwide for his efforts in the prevention and treatment of drug addiction.
* Anwar Khalifa - spokesperson for the East Texas Islamic Society<ref>https://www.cbs19.tv/article/news/local/hundreds-gather-in-unity-with-east-texas-muslim-community/396286234</ref>
=== Science ===
* [[David Brown (scientist)|David Brown]] - geneticist best known for working with [[microRNA]]
*[[Josh Byerly]] – [[NASA]] spokesman and one of the "voices of Mission Control"
*[[Winston C. Hackett]] - A native of Tyler, who became the first African-American physician in Arizona.
*[[Brian Werner]] – Conservationist, co-founder of Tiger Creek Wildlife Refuge, located near Tyler.
===Sports===
*[[Quincy Acy]] – [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] power forward – Sacramento Kings
*[[Gary Baxter]] (1978)– NFL defensive back
*[[Ciron Black]] (1986) – college football right tackle
*[[Jeb Blount]] (1954) – NFL quarterback
*[[Tyus Bowser]] – [http://www.uhcougars.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/tyus_bowser_847106.html University of Houston] & [[Baltimore Ravens]] Offensive Line Backer (2017)
*[[Earl Campbell]] – NFL running back (1955)
*[[Chris Carter (defensive back)|Chris Carter]] – NFL defensive back (1977)
*[[Travis Chick]] – MLB Pitcher (2006)
*[[Ricky Collins]] – CFL wide receiver for the [[Saskatchewan Roughriders]] (2016)
*[[Tim Crowder]] – NFL defensive end (1985)
*[[George Cumby]] (1956) – NFL linebacker
*[[Matt Flynn]] – NFL quarterback (1985)
*[[Hunter Freeman]] – [[Major League Soccer]] defender/midfielder (1985)
*[[Randy Grimes]] – [[National Football League|NFL]] center (1960)
*[[Daniel Hernández (soccer)|Daniel Hernández]] – [[Major League Soccer]] defender/midfielder (1976)
*[[Clarence Huber]] – [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] third baseman
*[[Kendall Hunter]] – [[National Football League|NFL]] running back (1988)
*[[Larry Johnson (basketball, born 1969)|Larry Johnson]] – [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] forward (1969)
*[[Jeremy Lane (American football)|Jeremy Lane]] – NFL cornerback (1990)
*[[Tremain Mack]] – [[National Football League|NFL]] kick returner (1974)
*[[Patrick Mahomes]] – [[Kansas City Chiefs]] Quarterback. Super Bowl LIV Champion and MVP.
*[[Benny Malone]] – NFL running back (1952)
*[[Johnny Manziel]] – NFL quarterback (1992), Born in Tyler, but raised in [[Kerrville, Texas|Kerrville]]- Cleveland Browns
*[[LaDouphyous McCalla]] – CFL defensive back (1976)
*[[A.J. Minter]] - MLB pitcher (2017-present)
*[[Jerry Mumphrey]] – MLB outfielder (1952)
*[[Terrence Murphy (American football)|Terrence Murphy]] – NFL wide receiver
*[[Brandon Pettigrew]] – NFL tight end (1985) – Detroit Lions
*[[Archie Reynolds]] – MLB pitcher, raised in Tyler (1946)
*[[Derrell Robertson]] – [[Canadian Football League]] player (1967-1994)
*[[Aaron Ross (American football)|Aaron Ross]] – NFL cornerback, schooled in Tyler (1982)
*[[Louis Santop]] – [[Negro league baseball|Negro League]] catcher
*[[Robert Taylor (sprinter born 1948)|Robert Taylor]] – Olympic runner (1948-2007)
*[[Josh Tomlin]] – MLB pitcher (1984)
*[[Lee Tunnell]] – MLB pitcher (1960)
*[[Morgan Wade]] – BMX professional (1983)
*[[Greg Ward, Jr.]] – [[University of Houston|Philadelphia Eagles]] Wide Receiver
*[[Branch Warren]] – bodybuilder
*[[Doug Wyatt]] – NFL defensive back (1946)
===Others===
*[[Harry Asher Badt]] – naval officer in World War I and II
*[[Jo-Carroll Dennison]] – [[Miss America]] 1942, the first [[Miss Texas]] to win the national title
*[[Jonna Fitzgerald]] – former Miss Texas, runner-up in [[Miss America]] pageant, television news anchor, noted musician
*[[Bruce Goff]] – Modernist architect, died in Tyler, Texas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/10/t-magazine/bruce-goff-architecture-midwest.html|title=The Man Who Made Wildly Imaginative, Gloriously Disobedient Buildings|last=|first=|date=September 10, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 13, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
==Sister cities==
* {{flagdeco|Chile}} [[Lo Barnechea]], Chile<ref name="Interactive City Directory">{{cite web |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Tyler,%20Texas |title=Interactive City Directory |publisher=Sister Cities International}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Mexico}} [[San Miguel de Allende]], [[Guanajuato]], Mexico<ref name="Interactive City Directory"/>
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Yachiyo, Chiba|Yachiyo]], [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]], Japan<ref name="Interactive City Directory"/>
* {{flagdeco|Poland}} [[Jelenia Góra]], Poland<ref name="Interactive City Directory"/>
* {{flagdeco|Costa Rica}} [[Liberia, Costa Rica|Liberia]], Costa Rica<ref name="Interactive City Directory"/>
* {{flagdeco|France}} [[Metz, France]]
==See also==
{{Portal|Texas}}
*[[Cotton Belt Depot Train Museum]]
*[[List of museums in East Texas]]
*[[Tyler Museum of Art]]
*[[Whitaker-McClendon House]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* Austin, Gladys Peters, ''Along the Century Trail: Early History of Tyler, Texas'' (Dallas: Avalon Press, 1946)
* Burton, Morris ''Tyler as an Early Railroad Center'', Chronicles of Smith County, Spring 1963
* Betts, Vicki, ''Smith County, Texas, in the Civil War'' (Tyler, Texas: Smith County Historical Society, 1978)
* Everett, Dianna, ''The Texas Cherokees: A People between Two Fires, 1819–1840'' (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990)
* Glover, ed., Robert W., ''Tyler and Smith County, Texas'' (n.p.: Walsworth, 1976)
* Henderson, Adele, Smith County, ''Texas: Its Background and History in Ante-Bellum Days'' (M.A. thesis, University of Texas, 1926)
* McDonald, Archie P. ''Historic Smith County'' (Historical Publishing Network, 2006).
* Reed, Robert E. Jr. ''Images of America: Tyler'' ([[Arcadia Publishing]], 2008).
* Reed, Robert E. Jr. ''Postcard History: Tyler'' ([[Arcadia Publishing]], 2009).
* Smith County Historical Society, ''Historical Atlas of Smith County'' (Tyler, Texas: Tyler Print Shop, 1965)
* Wardlaw, Trevor P. "Sires and Sons: The Story of Hubbard’s Regiment." CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1511963732}}
* Whisenhunt, Donald W. comp., ''Chronological History of Smith County'' (Tyler, Texas: Smith County Historical Society, 1983)
* Woldert, Albert, ''A History of Tyler and Smith County'' (San Antonio: Naylor, 1948)
==External links==
{{commons category|Tyler, Texas}}
{{wikivoyage|Tyler}}
{{NSRW Poster|Tyler, Tex.|Tyler, Texas}}
* [https://www.cityoftyler.org/ City Of Tyler Website] Official City Website
{{Prone to spam|date=December 2014}}
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{{Tyler, Texas}}
{{Smith County, Texas}}
{{Texas}}
{{Texas county seats}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Cities in Texas]]
[[Category:County seats in Texas]]
[[Category:Cities in Smith County, Texas]]
[[Category:Tyler, Texas| ]]
[[Category:Cities in the Ark-La-Tex]]
[[Category:County seats in the Ark-La-Tex]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{short description|City in Texas, United States}}
{{Distinguish|Tyler County, Texas}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tyer, Texas
| official_name = City of Tyler
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Tyle TX Montage.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise: Tyler skyline with Plaza Tower at right and People's Petroleum building in center, Cotton Belt Depot, [[Caldwell Zoo]], [[Chamblee Rose Garden]], Smith County Courthouse, Goodman Home.
| image_seal = Seal of Tyler, Texas.png
| nickname = Rose City, Rose Capital, Rose Capital of America
| motto = A Natural Beauty
| image_map = Smith_County_Texas_Incorporated_Areas_Tyler_highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location in [[Smith County, Texas|Smith County]] and the state of [[Texas]]
| coordinates = {{coord|32|21|N|95|18|W|region:US-TX|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Texas]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Texas|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Smith County, Texas|Smith]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1846
| named_for = [[John Tyler]]
| government_type = [[Council-manager government|Council-Manager]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Martin Heines]] ([[Democratic Party (U.S.)|D]])
| leader_title1 = [[City Council]]
| leader_name1 = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes
| title = Members
| 1 = Linda Sellers
| 2 = Broderick McGee
| 3 = Ed Moore
| 4 = Don Warren
| 5 = Bob Westbrook
| 6 = John Nix
}}
| leader_title2 = [[City Manager]]
| leader_name2 = Edward Broussard
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_magnitude = 1 E9
| area_total_km2 = 140.833
| area_total_sq_mi = 54.376
| area_land_km2 = 140.5
| area_land_sq_mi = 54.2
| area_water_km2 = 0.3
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.1
| elevation_m = 165 <!--USGS-->
| elevation_ft = 544 <!--USGS-->
| population_footnotes = <ref name="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=October 24, 2014}}</ref>
| population_total = 50,000
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2010]]
| population_rank = US: [[List of United States cities by population|287th]]
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusEst2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=July 16, 2019}}</ref>
| population_est = 105,729
| pop_est_as_of = 2018
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_urban = 130,247 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|247th]])
| population_metro = 216,080 (US: [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|200th]])
| timezone = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]
| utc_offset = −6
| timezone_DST = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]
| utc_offset_DST = −5
| population_blank2_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank2 = Tylerite
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code = 757xx
| area_code = [[Area codes 430 and 903|430/903]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 48-74144<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 31, 2008|title=American FactFinder}}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 1348998<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=January 31, 2008|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=October 25, 2007}}</ref>
| blank2_name = [[U.S. Routes]]
| blank2_info = [[File:US 69.svg|26px|link=U.S. Route 69 (Texas)]] [[File:US 271.svg|31px|link=U.S. Route 271 (Texas)]]
| blank3_name = Major State Highways
| blank3_info = [[File:Texas 31.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway 31]] [[File:Texas 64.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway 64]] [[File:Texas 110.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway 110]] [[File:Texas 155.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway 155]] [[File:Texas Loop 323.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway Loop 323]] [[File:Toll Texas 49 new.svg|27px|link=Texas State Highway Loop 49]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.cityoftyler.org}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tyler''' is the county seat of [[Smith County, Texas|Smith County]], located in east-central [[Texas]], [[United States]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> The city of Tyler has long been Smith County's major economic, educational, financial, medical, and cultural hub. The city is named for [[John Tyler]], the tenth [[President of the United States]]. Tyler had a population of 96,900 in 2010, according to the [[United States Census Bureau]], and Tyler's 2018 estimated population was 105,729.<ref name="USCensusEst2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/tylercitytexas|title=Quick Facts: Tyler, city, Texas|access-date=November 3, 2018|publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref> It is {{convert|100|mi|km}} east-southeast of [[Dallas]]. Tyler is the principal city of the [[Tyler Metropolitan Statistical Area|Tyler metropolitan statistical area]], which had a population of 209,714 in 2010, and is the regional center of the [[Tyler-Jacksonville combined statistical area]], which had a population of 260,559 in 2010.
Tyler is known as the "Rose Capital of America" (also the "Rose City" and the "Rose Capital of the World"),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://visittyler.com|title=Welcome to Tyler, Texas|author=Tyler Convention & Visitors Bureau|access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref> a [[nickname]] it earned from a long history of [[rose]] production, cultivation, and processing. It is home to the largest [[rose garden]] in the United States, a 14-[[acre]] public garden complex that has over 38,000 rose bushes of at least 500 different varieties.<ref name="Recreation">{{Cite web|url=http://parksandrec.cityoftyler.org/ParkDirectory/TylerRoseGarden.aspx|title=City of Tyler – Parks and Recreation > Park Directory > Tyler Rose Garden|last=Recreation|first=City of Tyler – Parks and|website=parksandrec.cityoftyler.org|access-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref> The Tyler Rose Garden is also home to the annual [[Texas Rose Festival]], attracting tourists by the thousands each year in mid-October.<ref name="Recreation"/> Tyler is also home to the [[Caldwell Zoo]] and [[Broadway Square Mall]].
As a regional educational and technology center, Tyler is the host for more than 20,000 higher-education students, a college of engineering, a university health science center, and two regional hospital systems.
In 1985, the international [[Adopt-a-Highway]] movement originated in Tyler. After appeals by local [[Texas Department of Transportation]] officials, the local [[Civitan]] chapter adopted a two-mile (three-kilometer) stretch of [[U.S. Highway 69 (Texas)|U.S. Highway 69]] to maintain. Drivers and other motorists traveling on this segment of US 69 (between Tyler and nearby [[Lindale, Texas|Lindale]]) will notice brown road signs that read, "First Adopt-A-Highway in the World".
==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Tyler, Texas}}
Legal recognition of Tyler was initiated by an act of the state legislature on April 11, 1846. The Texas government created Smith County and authorized a county seat. The first plat designated a 28-block town site centered by a main square, located within a 100-acre tract acquired by Smith County on February 6, 1847. The new town was named for [[John Tyler|President John Tyler]], who advocated for [[Texas annexation|annexation of Texas]] by the United States. A log building on the north side of the square functioned as courthouse and public meeting hall until it was displaced by a brick courthouse in 1852. On January 29, 1850, Tyler was incorporated. Early religious and social institutions included the First Baptist church and a Methodist church, a [[Masonic Lodge]] and an [[Odd Fellows|Odd Fellows Lodge]], and Tyler's first newspaper.<ref name="hto">{{cite web|series=Handbook of Texas Online|first=Christopher |last=Long|title=TYLER, TX|access-date=November 3, 2018| url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdt04|date=June 15, 2010|publisher=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref>
Though Tyler's early economy (1847–1873) was based on agriculture, it was also well-diversified during this period. Logging was a second major industry, while complementary manufacturing included metal working, milling wood, and leather tanning. As the seat of Smith County, the town also benefited from government activity.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Register of Historic Places Form: People’s National Bank Building|access-date=November 3, 2018|page=7|series=Texas Historic Sites Atlas|url=https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/NR/pdfs/02000896/02000896.pdf||last=Williams|first=Diane Elizabeth|date=June 20, 2001}}</ref> The local agricultural economy relied on slave labor before the Civil War. By 1860, Tyler held over 1000 enslaved persons, which represented 35 percent of the town's population. So there was strong support for secession and the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] within Tyler, as a high percentage of its residents voted for secession and many of its men joined the Confederate Army. The town was secure enough for the Confederacy to establish the largest ordnance plant in Texas. In 1870, the first bank in Tyler was established by Bonner and Williams. Though both the [[Texas and Pacific Railroad]] and the International Railroad (Texas) eschewed routes through Tyler, the town gained an important rail connection when the [[Houston]] and Great Northern built a branch line in 1874.<ref name="hto" />
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, fruit orchards emerged as an important new business in the regional economy. Eighty percent of the county agricultural revenue derived from cotton as it persisted as the dominant crop in the first decades of the twentieth century. Peaches were the principal fruit crop as the county fruit tree inventory surpassed one million by 1900. Disease struck the peach trees, though, and local farmers moved toward growing roses by the 1920s. Twenty years later, most of the US rose supply originated in the Tyler area.<ref name="hto" />
On October 29, 1895, an African American suspect named Robert Henry Hillard was burned at the stake in the Smith County Courthouse Square for the alleged murder of a nineteen-year-old white woman.<ref>''Galveston Daily News''. "Slowly Roasted." October 30, 1895.</ref><ref>E. R. Bills. ''Black Holocaust: The Paris Horror and a Legacy of Texas Terror''. Fort Worth, Texas: Eakin Press, 2015</ref> Denied a trial and due process, Hillard was taken from law enforcement personnel by a white mob.<ref>''Dallas Morning News''. ""Roasted to Death." October 30, 1895.</ref> Hillard's executioners were never punished. Later, two entrepreneurs combined photographs from the actual lynching with others staged with actors and sold the 16-image production as a stereographic set. One of the original sets sits in the United States Library of Congress.<ref>E. R. Bills. ''Black Holocaust: The Paris Horror and a Legacy of Texas Terror''. Fort Worth, Texas: Eakin Press, 2015</ref>
On May 25, 1912, Dan Davis, an African American man suspected of attacking a sixteen-year-old white girl named Carrie Johnson, was burned at the stake in the Smith County Courthouse Square.<ref>''The New York Times''. "2,000 Aid in Burning Negro at the Stake." May 26, 1912.</ref><ref>''Granbury News''. "Negro Meets Death at Stake in Tyler." October 30, 1912.</ref><ref>''Dallas Morning News''. "Negro Meets Death at Stake in Tyler." May 26, 1912.</ref><ref>E. R. Bills. ''Black Holocaust: The Paris Horror and a Legacy of Texas Terror''. Fort Worth, Texas: Eakin Press, 2015</ref>
==Geography==
[[File:Tyler Texas aerial 2018.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Tyler in 2018]]
[[File:Tyler skyline.jpg|right|thumb|Tyler skyline]]
Tyler is located at {{Coord|32.334249|-95.299927|region:US-TX_type:city|format=dms}}<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> and is {{convert|544|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The city of Tyler is surrounded by many smaller cities, including [[Whitehouse, Texas|Whitehouse]], [[Lindale, Texas|Lindale]], [[New Chapel Hill, Texas|New Chapel Hill]], [[Bullard, Texas|Bullard]], [[Edom, Texas|Edom]], [[Brownsboro, Texas|Brownsboro]], [[Kilgore, Texas|Kilgore]], [[Flint, Texas|Flint]], and [[Chandler, Texas|Chandler]].
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 54.4 square miles (140.8 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 54.2 mi<sup>2</sup> (140.5 km<sup>2</sup>) are land and 0.1 mi<sup>2</sup>(0.3 km<sup>2</sup>²) is covered by water.
===Climate===
{{climate chart
|Tyler
|38|57|3.34
|41|64|3.73
|49|72|3.96
|55|78|3.70
|63|84|4.46
|70|90|3.65
|73|93|2.16
|72|94|2.61
|67|88|3.28
|56|78|5.14
|48|67|4.45
|40|58|4.75
| source = Weather.com / NWS
| float = right
| clear = right
| units = imperial
}}
Tyler experiences [[weather]] typical of [[East Texas]], which is unpredictable, especially in the spring. All of East Texas has the [[humid subtropical climate]] typical of the [[American South]].
The record high for Tyler is {{convert|115|°F|0|abbr=on}}, which occurred in 2011. The record low for Tyler is {{convert|-3|°F|0|abbr=on}}, which occurred on January 18, 1930.
==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1880= 2423
|1890= 6908
|1900= 8069
|1910= 10400
|1920= 12085
|1930= 17113
|1940= 28279
|1950= 38968
|1960= 51230
|1970= 57770
|1980= 70508
|1990= 75450
|2000= 83650
|2010= 96900
|estyear=2018
|estimate=105729
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=July 16, 2019}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=October 17, 2016}}</ref><br />2017 Estimate<ref name="USCensusEst2017"/>
}}
[[File:Tyler, Texas, sign IMG 0444.JPG|right|thumb|Tyler welcome sign on U.S. Highway 69]]
[[File:Tyler, TX, City Hall IMG 0545.JPG|thumb|Tyler City Hall]]
As of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]],<ref name="GR2" /> 96,900 people resided in the city of Tyler, Texas. The [[population density]] was 1,782.0 people per square mile (688.0/km²). The 41,742 housing units averaged a density of 716.7 per mi<sup>2</sup>(276.7/km²). The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|racial makeup]] of the city was: 60.5% White, 24.8% Black, 0.5% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 10.3% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. About 21.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The median income for the city was $42,752 and the poverty rate was 19.5%.
==Government==
===Local government===
According to the city's most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $87.7 million in revenues, $101.7 million in expenditures, $49.2 million in total assets, $12.3 million in total liabilities, and $17.6 million in cash in investments.<ref>[http://cityoftyler.org/Portals/0/docs/departments/accounting/CAFR%202007-2008.pdf City of Tyler CAFR]. Retrieved June 7, 2009.</ref>
{{hidden begin
|titlestyle = background:#ccccff;width=35%
|title = List of mayors of Tyler, Texas
}}
* McDonald Lorance, 1846<ref name=former />
* William Bartlett, circa 1848<ref>{{cite book |editor1= Robert W. Glover |editor2= Linda Brown Cross |publisher=American Bicentennial Committee of Tyler-Smith County |title= Tyler & Smith County, Texas: An Historical Survey |url= https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth61117/|via= University of North Texas Libraries |year= 1976 }} {{free access}}</ref>
* ?
* Oscar Burton, circa 1937<ref name=Graveyard>{{cite web |url= http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/ofc/tyler.html |title=Mayors of Tyler, Texas |editor=[[Lawrence Kestenbaum]] |work=[[Political Graveyard]] |accessdate= April 15, 2017 }}</ref>
* Zeb J. Spruiell, circa 1955<ref name=Graveyard />
* ?
* Murph Wilson, 1967<ref>{{citation |work=[[Congressional Record]] |location=Washington DC |title= In Memory of Murph Wilson |date=August 7, 1998 |url= https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1998-08-07/pdf/CREC-1998-08-07-extensions.pdf }}</ref>
* ?
* Jack H. Halbert, 1970-1976<ref>{{citation |url=http://obituaries.tylerpaper.com/obituaries/tylerpaper/obituary.aspx?n=jack-h-halbert&pid=17948835 |title=Jack H. Halbert Obituary |work=[[Tyler Morning Telegraph]] |date=May 31, 2006 }}</ref>
* ?
* Norman Shtofman, 1982-1984<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.kltv.com/story/1544025/former-tyler-mayor-dies |title=Former Tyler Mayor Dies |date= |work=KITV }}</ref>
* Smith Reynolds, Junior
* [[Kevin Eltife]], circa 1996-2002<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970227083903/http://www.tylertexas.com/city/Mayor/default.html |url-status=dead |url=http://www.tylertexas.com:80/city/Mayor/default.html |archivedate=February 27, 1997 |title=City of Tyler Mayor |work=Tylertexas.com |via=Internet Archive, [[Wayback Machine]] }}</ref>[http://www.tylerpaper.com/TP-News+Local/220816/eltife-will-not-run-for-reelection-in-16]
* Joey Seeber, 2002-2008<ref name=former>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoftyler.org/Visitors/TylerHistory/FormerTylerMayors.aspx |title=Former Tyler Mayors |work= Cityoftyler.org |publisher= City of Tyler |accessdate= April 15, 2017 }}</ref>
* Barbara Bass, 2008-2014<ref name=former />
* Martin Heines, 2014–present<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoftyler.org/Government/MayorandCouncil/Mayor.aspx |title=Mayor |work= Cityoftyler.org |publisher= City of Tyler |accessdate= April 15, 2017 }}</ref>
{{hidden end}}
The structure of the management and coordination of city services is:<ref>http://cityoftyler.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=76</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width=30% | City Manager
| Edward Broussard
|-
!Managing Director of Planning & Economic Development
|Heather Nick
|-
!Managing Director of Culture, Recreation and Tourism Services
|Stephanie Franklin
|-
!Managing Director for Administration (& HR Director)
|ReNissa Wade
|-
!Managing Director of Public Works
|Scott Taylor
|-
! CFO/Finance Director
| Keidric Trimble
|-
! City Engineer
| Lisa Crossman
|-
!Chief of Police
|Jimmy Toler
|-
! Fire Chief
|David Coble
|-
! Director of Parks
| Russ Jackson
|-
! Chief Information Officer
| Benny Yazdanpanahi
|-
! City Attorney
| Deborah Pullum
|-
!Director of Marketing & Communications
|Julie Goodgame
|-
! Vehicle Services Manager
| Leroy Sparrow
|-
! City Librarian
| Ashley Taylor
|-
! Transit General Manager
| Robert Gil III
|-
! Neighborhood Services Manager
|Raynesha Hudnall
|-
! Housing Manager
|Vacant
|-
! Airport Manager
| Davis Dickson
|-
! Human Resources Manager
| Rose Ray
|-
! Water Utilities Financial Manager
| James Yanker
|-
! Water Utilities Manager
| Joan Roberson
|-
! Development Services Engineer
| Michael Wilson, P.E.
|-
! Traffic Engineer
| Vacant
|}
The Northeast Texas Public Health District<ref>[http://www.healthyeasttx.org/ Northeast Texas Public Health District website]. Retrieved August 18, 2009.</ref> is a political subdivision under the State of Texas established by the City of Tyler and Smith County. In place for nearly 70 years, the Health District became a separate entity in 1994, with an administrative Public Health Board. With a stated vision "To be the Healthiest Community in Texas", the district has a full-time staff of over 130 employees. The Health District has a broad range of services and responsibilities dedicated to their mission: "To Protect, Promote, and Provide for the Health of Our Community."
===State government===
Tyler is represented in the [[Texas Senate]] by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Bryan Hughes]], District 1, and in the [[Texas House of Representatives]] by Republican Matt Schaefer, District 6.
The [[Texas Courts of Appeals|Texas Twelfth Court of Appeals]] is located in Tyler.<ref>"[http://www.12thcoa.courts.state.tx.us/court/contact.asp Contact Information]." Twelfth Eleventh Court of Appeals. Retrieved on March 10, 2010.</ref>
The [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]] operates the Region I [[Parole]] Division Office and the Tyler District Parole Office in Tyler.<ref>"[http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/parole/parole-directory/paroledir-rgnldisparoff1.htm Parole Division Region I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928130938/http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/parole/parole-directory/paroledir-rgnldisparoff1.htm |date=2011-09-28 }}." [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</ref>
===Federal government===
The two U.S. Senators from Texas are Republicans [[John Cornyn]] and [[Ted Cruz]]. Tyler is part of [[Texas' 1st congressional district]], which is currently represented by Republican [[Louie Gohmert]].
The [[United States Postal Service]] operates several post offices in Tyler, including Tyler,<ref>"[http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/tyler-2100-w-martin-luther-king-jr-blvd-tyler-tx-1385275 Post Office Location – TYLER]." [[United States Postal Service]]. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</ref> [[Azalea]],<ref>"[http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/azalea-2627-s-broadway-ave-tyler-tx-1353821 Post Office Location – AZALEA]." [[United States Postal Service]]. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</ref> Southeast Crossing,<ref>"[http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/southeast-crossing-3320-troup-hwy-ste-290-tyler-tx-1382344 Post Office Location – SOUTHEAST CROSSING]." [[United States Postal Service]]. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</ref> and the South Tyler Annex.<ref>"[http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/south-tyler-annex-6722-s-broadway-ave-ste-100-tyler-tx-1382301 Post Office Location – SOUTH TYLER ANNEX]." [[United States Postal Service]]. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</ref>
==Education==
===Colleges and universities===
[[File:UT Tyler Riter Tower.jpg|right|thumbnail|The Riter Tower at University of Texas at Tyler]]
Tyler's higher education institutions include the [[University of Texas at Tyler]] and the [[University of Texas Health Center at Tyler]], both part of the [[University of Texas System]], as well as [[Texas College]], the city's only HBCU, and [[Tyler Junior College]].
===Primary and secondary schools===
[[File:John Tyler High School (Photo 2), Tyler, TX IMG 0554.JPG|thumb|John Tyler High School]]
Public primary and secondary education for much of the city is provided by the [[Tyler Independent School District]], which includes high schools [[John Tyler High School|John Tyler]] and [[Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas)|Robert E. Lee]], as well as Tyler ISD Early College High School, Premier High School of Tyler, a [[Charter school|public charter]] school (Cumberland Academy). Several Tyler schools offer [[IB Diploma Programme|international baccalaureate]] and [[Advanced Placement Program|advanced placement]] programs.
Portions of incorporated Tyler are served by surrounding school districts. These include sections of southeast Tyler, served by the [[Whitehouse Independent School District]], and some sections in the east which are served by the [[Chapel Hill Independent School District (Smith County, Texas)|Chapel Hill Independent School District]].
===Private schools===
*There are also private schools in Tyler, including [[Grace Community School (Texas)]], [[All Saints Episcopal School (Tyler, Texas)|All Saints Episcopal School]], [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] School, King's Academy Christian School, Kingdom Life Academy (Located in the same building but not affiliated with King's Academy), Christian Heritage School, East Texas Christian Academy, and Good Shepherd Reformed Episcopal School. The Brook Hill School in nearby Bullard, TX is also served by the Tyler Independent School District. The Tyler [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] School System of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler|Catholic Diocese of Tyler]] consists of St. Gregory Cathedral School and [[Bishop T. K. Gorman High School (Tyler, Texas)|Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Regional Catholic Middle and High School]].
==Economy==
[[File:Venue Building, Tyler, TX IMG 0469.JPG|right|thumb|People's Petroleum building in downtown Tyler]]
[[File:Tyler, TX, Chamber of Commerce office IMG 0543.JPG|thumb|right|Chamber of Commerce office in downtown Tyler]]
In addition to its role in the rose-growing industry, Tyler is the headquarters for [[Brookshire Grocery Company]], which operates Brookshire's, Fresh, Super 1 Foods, and Spring Market supermarkets in three states (Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas). The company's main distribution center is located in south Tyler, while SouthWest Foods, a subsidiary that processes dairy products, is located just northeast of the city.
The manufacturing sector includes:
* Tyler Pipe, a subsidiary of [[McWane Inc.]] that produces soil and utility pipe products
* [[Trane]], a business of [[Ingersoll-Rand]], formerly a unit of [[American Standard Companies]], which manufactures [[air conditioning|air conditioners]] and [[heat pump]]s (this plant was originally built in 1955 by [[General Electric]])
* [[Delek|Delek Refining]], an [[Israel]]i-owned [[oil refinery]] formerly La Gloria Oil and Gas Co (a [[Crown Central Petroleum]] [[subsidiary]])
* PCSFerguson, an operating company of [[Dover Corporation]] that specializes in equipment for the measurement and production of [[natural gas]] using the plunger lift method
* DYNAenergetics Tyler Distribution Center, part of DYNAenergetics USA, which manufactures perforating equipment and [[Explosive material|explosives]] for the [[Petroleum industry|oil and gas industry]]
* Vesuvius USA, manufacturer of [[refractory]] [[Ceramic engineering|ceramics]] used in the [[Steel|steel industry]]
* [[Cavender's]], a large regional [[western wear]] retailer and manufacturer
According to the City's 2012-2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<ref>[http://www.cityoftyler.org/Portals/0/Documents/Finance%20Department/The%20City%20of%20Tyler%202013%20Audit.pdf City of Tyler 2012-2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, p. 136]. Retrieved April 11, 2014.</ref> the top ten employers in the city are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of Employees
|-
| 1
|[[Trinity Mother Frances Health System]]
| 3,775
|-
| 2
|UT Health - Tyler
| 3,153
|-
| 3
|[[Brookshire Grocery Company]]
| 2,599
|-
| 4
|[[Tyler Independent School District]]
| 2,468
|-
| 5
| [[Trane]]
| 1,500
|-
| 6
|[[SuddenLink]]
| 1,500
|-
| 7
|[[Walmart]]
|1,311
|-
| 8
|[[The University of Texas at Tyler]]
|1,121
|-
| 9
|[[University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler|UT Health - Tyler (north campus)]]
| 925
|-
| 10
|[[Tyler Junior College]]
| 862
|}
==Recreation and tourism==
Annually, the [[Texas Rose Festival]] draws thousands of tourists to Tyler.<ref>[http://www.texasrosefestival.com/festival/now.htm Until Now] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321050634/http://www.texasrosefestival.com/festival/now.htm |date=March 21, 2012 }}</ref> The festival, which celebrates the role of the rose-growing industry in the local economy, is held in October and features a [[parade]], the [[coronation]] of the Rose Queen, and other civic events. The Rose Museum features the [[history]] of the [[Festival]]. Tyler is also home to [[Caldwell Zoo]], several local museums, Lake Palestine, Lake Tyler, and numerous [[golf course]]s and country clubs.<ref>{{cite journal | title = It's Tee Time in Tyler | last = Navarro | first = Edward | journal = Images of Tyler | volume = 1 | page = 57 | publisher = Journal Communications, Inc. | year = 2006 }}</ref> A few miles away in Flint, TX is The WaterPark @ The Villages, a year-round, indoor water park. There is also an "Azalea Trail" in Tyler, which consists of two officially designated routes within the city that showcase homes or other landscaped venues adorned with [[azalea]] shrubs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tylerazaleatrail.com/faqs.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Tyler Azalea Trail |accessdate=December 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130131746/http://tylerazaleatrail.com/faqs.htm |archivedate=November 30, 2012 }}</ref> The Azalea Trail also is home to the long-standing tradition of the [http://www.tylertexasonline.com/tyler-texas-azalea-trail.htm Azalea Belles]. The official greeters of the Azalea Trail are known as the Azalea Belles, young [[Woman|women]] from the Tyler area who dress in [[antebellum era|antebellum]] [[gown]]s. The belles are chosen each year from area high schools or home school families, and it is an honor to be chosen.
[[Tyler State Park (Texas)|Tyler State Park]], located a few miles North of the city limits, attracts visitors with opportunities to [[Camping|camp]], [[canoe]], and paddle boat on the [[lake]]. Other available pastimes include [[picnic]]king, [[boating]] ([[Engine|motors]] allowed – 5 mph [[speed limit]]), boat [[Renting|rentals]], [[fishing]], [[Birdwatching|birding]], [[hiking]], [[mountain biking]], [[Trail|hiking trails]], lake [[swimming]] (in [[unsupervised]] swimming area), and [[nature study]].
The Smith County Historical Society operates a [[museum]] and [[archive]]s in the old Carnegie Library.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithcountyhistoricalsociety.org |title=Smith County Historical Society |publisher=Smith County Historical Society |date= |accessdate=December 11, 2012}}</ref>
The East Texas State Fair is held annually in Tyler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etstatefair.com/ |title=East Texas State Fair |publisher=Etstatefair.com |date= |accessdate=December 11, 2012}}</ref>
Lake Tyler was the location of the [[HGTV Dream Home]] contest in 2005. The 6,500 [[Square foot|square feet]] (600 m²) house helped to boost tourism and interest in the community and surrounding areas. It was subsequently sold at [[public auction]] in January 2008, for $1.325 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kltv.com/Global/story.asp?S=7615650 |title= HGTV Dream Home Sold, $1.325 Million |publisher=Kltv.com |date= |accessdate=December 11, 2012}}</ref>
===Historical===
[[File:Smith County Historical Society, Tyler, TX IMG 0498.JPG|thumb|right|The Smith County Historical Society building is located across the street from the Tyler Public Library.]]
Tyler has a [[Cotton Belt Railroad]] Depot Museum located near the [[Chamber of commerce|Chamber of Commerce]] office.
The Smith County Historical Society, a [[501(c)(3)]] [[non-profit organization]], was founded in 1959 by individuals and business firms dedicated to discovering, collecting, and preserving data, records, and other items relating to the history of Smith County, Texas. The Society operates a museum and archives, which is located in the former [[Carnegie Public Library (Tyler, Texas)|Carnegie Public Library]] building in [[downtown]] Tyler. Permanent museum exhibits include life-size dioramas of Smith County history, with topics ranging from the [[Caddo|Caddo Indians]] to the 20th century. Other items from the Society's collections are showcased in revolving, temporary exhibits. The Society's [[archival library]] contains historical artifacts of Smith County, including newspapers, city directories, school records, photographs, maps, historical papers and rare books. The archives are open to the public for [[research]] on a limited schedule with [[Volunteering|volunteer]] staff on duty. The society is also the official caretaker of [[Camp Ford|Camp Ford Historic Park]].
[[Camp Ford]] was the largest [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Prisoner of War]] camp west of the [[Mississippi River]] during the [[American Civil War]]. The original site of the camp [[stockade]] is a public historic park managed by the [http://smithcountyhistoricalsociety.org Smith County Historical Society]. The park contains a kiosk, paved trail, interpretive signage, a cabin reconstruction, and a picnic area. It is located on Highway 271, {{convert|0.8|mi|km}} north of Loop 323.
===Arts and Culture===
2018 marks the 50th anniversary of Tyler's Civic Chorale.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tylercivicchorale.org/history/ |title=Our History |date=May 15, 2018 |website=www.tylercivicchorale.org |access-date=May 15, 2018}}</ref>
==Transportation==
[[File:TylerPRAirport.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial photo of Tyler Pounds Regional Airport]]
The most common form of [[transport]]ation is the [[motor vehicle]]. Tyler is a nexus of several major highways. [[Interstate 20 (Texas)|Interstate 20]] runs along the north edge of the city going east and west, [[U.S. Route 69 in Texas|U.S. Highway 69]] runs north–south through the center of town and [[Texas State Highway 64|State Highway 64]] runs east–west through the city. Tyler also has access to [[U.S. Highway 271 (Texas)|U.S. Highway 271]], [[Texas State Highway 31|State Highway 31]], [[Texas State Highway 155|State Highway 155]], and [[Texas State Highway 110|State Highway 110]]. [[Texas State Highway Loop 323|Loop 323]] was established in 1957 and encircles the city, which has continued to grow outside of this loop. [[Texas State Highway Loop 49|Loop 49]] is a limited access "outer loop" around the city and currently runs from State Highway 110 south of Tyler to Interstate 20 northwest of Tyler. Loop 124 is 1.5 miles long.
===Public transportation===
Tyler Transit provides customers with [[public transport]]ation service within the City of Tyler. The buses run daily, excluding Sundays and holidays. Tyler Transit offers customers the option to purchase [[Ticket (admission)|tickets]], tokens, or passes at the Tyler Transit office, located at 210 E. Oakwood Street inside the [[Cotton Belt Railroad]] Depot at the main transfer point. The City of Tyler paratransit service is a shared-ride, public transportation service. Requests for service must be made the day before the service is needed. Trips can be scheduled up to 14 days in advance. [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|ADA]] compliant paratransit service is provided to all origins and destinations within the service area defined as the city limits of Tyler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoftyler.org/Departments/TylerTransit.aspx |title=Tyler Transit |publisher=Cityoftyler.org |date= |accessdate=December 11, 2012}}</ref> [[Greyhound Lines]] bus service is available through a downtown terminal.
===Via air===
[[Tyler Pounds Regional Airport]] offers service to and from [[Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport]] and [[Denver International Airport]] via [[American Eagle Airlines|American Eagle]] and [[Frontier Airlines|Frontier]], respectively. While American Eagle provides service with [[Embraer]] [[ERJ-135]] and [[ERJ-145]] regional jets, Frontier operates with [[Airbus A320]] mainline jet aircraft, Europe's own equivalent to the [[Boeing 737]]. General Aviation services are provided by two fixed-base operators, [http://flytyler.com Johnson Aviation] and the Jet Center of Tyler.
===Via train===
Tyler was the hub for a series of short-line [[Rail transport|railroad]]s which later evolved into the [[St. Louis Southwestern Railway]], better known as "The Cotton Belt Route". This line later became part of the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]], which itself merged with the [[Union Pacific Railroad]], which continues to serve the city today. No passenger train service to Tyler has occurred since April 1956, but Amtrak runs through the city of [[Mineola, Texas|Mineola]], a short distance north of Tyler.
===Walkability===
A 2014 study by [[Walk Score]] ranked Tyler with a walkability score of 32 (out of 100) with some amenities within walking distance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkscore.com/TX/Tyler|title= City and Neighborhood Rankings |publisher=Walk Score |year=2014 |accessdate=April 11, 2014}}</ref>
==Healthcare==
[[Hospital]]s located in Tyler include UT Health Tyler, [[Trinity Mother Frances Health System]], UT Health North Campus Tyler, and Texas Spine & Joint Hospital. There are also many clinics including the Direct Care Clinic.
[[File:First Baptist Church, Tyler, TX IMG 0523.JPG|right|thumb|First [[Baptist]] Church in downtown Tyler]]
[[File:Marvin United Methodist Church, Tyler, TX IMG 0522.JPG|thumb|right|Marvin [[United Methodist]] Church in Tyler]]
[[File:West Erwin Church of Christ Family Center, Tyler, TX IMG 0505.JPG|thumb|Family Life Center of West Erwin [[Church of Christ]] in Tyler]]
==Places of worship==
Tyler is the home of many churches, including five large congregations in downtown, the Marvin [[United Methodist]] Church, Dayspring [[United Methodist]] Church, West Erwin [[Church of Christ]], First [[Baptist]] Church, and the [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Tyler, Texas)|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]]. Tyler is also the seat of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler|Catholic Diocese of Tyler]], which is particularly noteworthy for its St. Joseph the Worker Parish, one of the few churches in America dedicated to the exclusive use of the [[Traditional Latin Mass]]. The parish is staffed by the [[Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter]]. The city also is the home of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception and the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, a 100-plus year sanctuary recently{{when|date=January 2020}} renovated and declared a historic and heritage site by the Catholic Diocese of Tyler. The Saint Peter Claver Parish, located in central Tyler, is the second largest Catholic Church in Tyler and was dedicated to St. Peter Claver, a Franciscan priest that assisted the black slaves in Brazil during the slave trade to South America. There is also a Nazarene church on Old Bullard Road, called Tyler First Church Of The Nazarene. The city also has a Chapel of The Church of Jesus Christ Of Latter Day Saints.{{cn|date=January 2020}}
Tyler has three United Pentecostal Churches; the largest of them is Tyler Tabernacle located just outside of Loop 323. Park Heights Assembly of God is another and also located just outside Loop 323. The Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic church in East Tyler is also a major center of gathering. The St. Peter and Paul Chapel, a Catholic church, is located next to the Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Regional Catholic School, was constructed and dedicated in 2011, and holds masses in English and Spanish with a significant number of other services offered to all Tyler and neighboring residents. The city's largest church, [[Green Acres Baptist Church]], is located on Troup Highway in southeast Tyler. Tyler is also home to two reformed Baptist churches, Sylvania Church and Living Acts Church, both of which are located in the south Tyler area. Tyler has several congregations of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Additionally, Tyler has two Jewish houses of prayer, Ahavath Achim, which associates itself with [[Conservative Judaism]] and Beth El which adheres to [[Reform Judaism]].<ref>[http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/tx/tyler.html "Tyler, Texas"], found in the [http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/index.html Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities],</ref>
Tyler is also home to East Texas Islamic Society, established in 1988, which includes an Islamic house of worship and an Islamic school for children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tylermuslims.com/about-etis.html |title=East Texas Islamic Society |publisher=Tylermuslims.com |date=May 29, 1988 |accessdate=December 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315152250/http://www.tylermuslims.com/about-etis.html |archivedate=March 15, 2013 }}</ref> There's also a Unitarian, Universalist Fellowship on Old Omen Road and Cross Brand Cowboy Church at 11915 FM 2015 Tyler, Texas. The oldest continuously active church in Smith County is the historic 152 year old New Harmony Baptist Church, which is located about 10 miles outside of Tyler at 10251 FM 724 Tyler, Texas.
Two Tyler churches were destroyed during the [[2010 East Texas church burnings]].
==Media==
Currently, 18 media outlets and one newspaper are located in Tyler, as well as many more in the surrounding areas.
===Newspaper===
*[[Tyler Morning Telegraph]]
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!valign="bottom"|VHF/UHF Channel<br />
!valign="bottom"|Call Letters<br />
!valign="bottom"|Network<br />
|-
|7
|[[KLTV]]
|ABC
|-
|19
|[[KYTX]]
|CBS
|-
|51
|[[KFXK-TV]]
|FOX
|-
|56
|[[KETK-TV|KETK]]
|NBC
|}
===Radio===
====AM stations====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!valign="bottom"|Frequency<br />
!valign="bottom"|Call Letters<br />
!valign="bottom"|Format<br />
!valign="bottom"|Name<br />
|-
|600
|[[KTBB (AM)|KTBB]]
|News/Talk
|-
|1330
|[[KGLD]]
|Gospel
|The Light
|-
|1490
|[[KYZS]]
|Sports
|ESPN Deportes
|}
====FM stations====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!valign="bottom"|Frequency<br />
!valign="bottom"|Call Letters<br />
!valign="bottom"|Format<br />
!valign="bottom"|Name<br />
|-
|88.7
|[[KLOVE]]
|Christian Contemporary
|KLOVE
|-
|89.5
|[[KVNE]]
|Christian Contemporary
|Encouragement FM
|-
|91.3
|[[KGLY]]
|Religious
|
|-
|92.1
|[[KRWR]]
|Sports
|Fox Sports East Texas
|-
|93.1
|[[KTYL-FM|KTYL]]
|Hot Adult Contemporary
|Mix 93.1
|-
|96.1
|[[KKTX-FM|KKTX]]
|Classic Rock
|Classic Rock 96.1
|-
|96.7
|[[KOYE]]
|Spanish
|La Invasora
|-
|97.5
|[[KTBB-FM]]
|News/Talk
|KTBB
|-
|99.3
|[[KAPW]]
|Spanish Pop
|Mega 99.3
|-
|101.5
|[[KNUE]]
|Country
|
|-
|102.3
|[[KLJT]]
|Top 40
|Fun Radio
|-
|102.7
|[[KBLZ]]
|Urban Contemporary
|The Blaze
|-
|104.1
|[[KKUS]]
|Classic Country
|The Ranch
|-
|106.5
|[[KOOI]]
|Variety Hits
|Jack 106.5
|-
|107.3
|[[KISX]]
|Urban Adult Contemporary
|Hot1073Jamz
|}
==Sports==
[[File:Uttgbball.jpg|right|188px|thumbnail|UT Tyler Women's Basketball Team]]
===College and university teams===
* [[University of Texas at Tyler|University of Texas at Tyler Patriots]] (NCAA Division II)
* [[Texas College]] Steers (HBCU)
* [[Tyler Junior College|Tyler Junior College Apaches]] (NJCAA)
===Baseball teams===
* Tyler Elbertas (1912)
* Tyler Trojans (1924–1929, 1931, 1935–1940, 1946–1950)
* Tyler Sports (1932)
* Tyler Governors (1933–1934)
* Tyler East Texans (1950–1953)
* Tyler Tigers (1954–1955)
* Tyler Wildcatters (1994–1997)
* Tyler Roughnecks (2001)
===Football===
* East Texas Twisters (2004)
===Road races===
* [[Fresh 15 Road Race]] (Annual)
===Soccer===
* Tyler FC (2016–Present)<ref>http://www.tylerfootballclub.com/</ref>
==High school sports teams==
*All Saints Trojans (Private)
*Bishop T.K. Gorman Crusaders (Private)
*Grace Community Cougars (Private)
*Cumberland Academy Knights (Charter)
*EXEL Lions (Home School / 6 Man)
*John Tyler Lions (Public)
*Kings Academy Knights (Private)
*Robert E. Lee Red Raiders (Public)
*Tyler Heat (Home School / 6 Man)
*East Texas Christian Academy Panthers (Private)
Nearby:
*The Brook Hill School Guard (Private)
*Chapel Hill Bulldogs (Public)
*Lindale Eagles (Public)
*Whitehouse Wildcats (Public)
==Notable events==
* Fragments of the [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] landed near Tyler on February 1, 2003. ''(See [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster]])''
* On the evening of February 2, 2009, a fire engulfed a number of historic buildings located in downtown Tyler. Eight different fire departments responded to the fire.<ref>
{{cite news
| work = Palestine Herald Press
| date = February 3, 2009}}
</ref>
* The 1982 Supreme Court case [[Plyler v. Doe]], which prohibited denying schooling to immigrant children, originated in the [[Tyler Independent School District]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crfimmigrationed.org/lessons-for-teachers/149-hl10|title=History Lesson 10: Plyler v. Doe: Can States Deny Public Benefits to Illegal Immigrants?|website=www.crfimmigrationed.org|language=en|access-date=September 13, 2018}}</ref>
* Robert E. Mead founded what later became known as Silverleaf Resorts in Tyler in 1977.
* The [[Tyler courthouse shooting]] was on February 24, 2005, when David Arroyo fatally shot his ex-wife and a man in the Tyler Square on the Smith County Courthouse.
==Notable people==
{{main category|People from Tyler, Texas}}
{{alumni|residents|date=September 2019}}
===Entertainment===
*[[Josh Carpenter]] – film, television, theater, internet and commercial actor
*[[Sandy Duncan]] – actress, raised in Tyler
*[[Alex Finlayson]] – playwright
*[[Kiki Shepard]] (born 1951) – television host
*[[Dooley Wilson|Arthur "Dooley" Wilson]] (1886–1953) – musician and actor ([[Casablanca (film)|''Casablanca]])
===Musicians===
*[[Max Bemis]] – lead singer of rock band [[Say Anything (band)|Say Anything]], who is also married to [[Sherri DuPree]] of [[Eisley]]<ref name=bemis>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=2296310&blogId=490202116 | title=An Update From Max | publisher=blogs.myspace.com/sayanything | date=May 20, 2009 | accessdate=May 21, 2009 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121202021113/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=2296310&blogId=490202116 | archivedate=December 2, 2012 }}</ref>
*[[A. C. Bilbrew]] – musician, composer, and radio personality
*[[Richard Dobson]] – singer-songwriter
*[[Eddie and Sugar Lou's Hotel Tyler Orchestra]] - jazz band
*[[Eisley]] – [[independent music|indie]] band.
*[[Teron Beal]] – Songwriter [[Michael Jackson]]. [[Bonnie Raitt]], [[Mýa|Mya]]
*[[Element Eighty]] – [[alternative metal]] band.
*[[Johnny Gimble]] – award-winning fiddle player associated with Western Swing and Bob Wills
*[[Brandon Beal]] – singer-songwriter and producer <!-- [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Flo Rida]], [[Juelz Santana]]-->
*[[Shaun Groves]] – Christian-rock singer-songwriter
*[[Billy Harper]] – jazz tenor-saxophonist
*[[Johnny Horton]] – country singer
*[[Will Jennings]] – songwriter
*[[Ralph Kirshbaum]] – classical celllist
*[[Adrian Taylor]] – bassist, guitarist
*[[Mouse and the Traps]] – 1960s [[Garage Rock]] band.
*[[Ivoryline]] – alternative band
*[[Willie Neal Johnson]] (1935-2001) - gospel recording artist and quartet singer, inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in Detroit, MI and American Gospel Quartet Hall of Fame in Birmingham, AL in 1999.
=== Government and politics ===
* [[Jere Locke Beasley]] – (born 1935), born in Tyler, he was the 22nd [[Lieutenant Governor of Alabama]] when [[governor of Alabama|Governor]] [[George Wallace|George Corley Wallace]] was shot and severely injured in an assassination attempt in [[Laurel, Maryland]], on May 15, 1972. Beasley, a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], hence served as the acting governor of Alabama from June 5 to July 7, 1972.
* [[Leo Berman]] – Republican former member of the [[Texas House of Representatives]] from District 6
* [[Kevin Eltife]] – Republican member of the [[Texas Senate]] from Tyler
* [[Brady P. Gentry]] – former Chairman Texas State Highway Commission; former US Congressman; the gymnasium at Tyler Junior College named after him
* [[Louie Gohmert]] – Republican [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] and former Smith County judge
* [[William Wayne Justice]] – Democrat U.S. District Court Judge in Tyler for 30 years – made countless key decisions on environment and civil rights
*[[Matt Krause]] – Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]]; born in Tyler in 1980
*[[Frank Melton]] (1949-2009) – former mayor of [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]], [[Mississippi]] (2005–2009), and former broadcast journalist and general manager of KLTV in Tyler in 1977.
*[[Albert Parsons]] (1848-1887) – pioneer American [[Socialism|socialist]] and later [[Anarchism|anarchist]] newspaper editor, orator, and labor activist. Parsons was one of four Chicago radical leaders controversially convicted of conspiracy and hanged following a bomb attack on police remembered as the Haymarket affair. He resided in Tyler, Texas where he was reared by his eldest brother, William Henry Parsons, however Parson's moved the family moved from Tyler in the mid-1850s.
*[[Matt Schaefer]] (born 1976) – Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Tyler since 2013; lawyer and United States Navy officer
*[[Dan Smoot]] (1913-2003) – figure in the [[Communism|anti-communist]] movement; spent later years at Holly Lake Ranch in neighboring Wood County, where he died at the age of eighty-nine
*[[William Steger]] (1920-2006) – Republican U.S. District Court judge for the Eastern District of Texas, based in Tyler, from 1970 until his death. The William M. Steger Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Tyler was named in his honor in 2006.
*[[Martin Heines]] (born 1962) – he is the current mayor of Tyler, Texas.
=== Journalism ===
* [[Nelson Clyde III]] (1945-2007), the fourth-generation publisher of the ''[[Tyler Morning Telegraph]]''
* [[Sarah McClendon]] – Democrat [[journalist]] and [[White House]] correspondent for over half a century, longest tenure ever in the [[White House press corps]]
* [[Allen R. Morris]] – he is an [[Emmy Award]]-winning producer/director/writer. For a period, he worked for Buford Television at KLTV in Tyler, as Operations Manager and Director of Creative Services, during which time he was also a frequent actor at the Tyler Civic Theatre (1979 to 1990).
* [[Ned Touchstone]] (1926–1988) – born in Florien, Louisiana, [[newspaper]] [[publisher]] who was a figure in the "[[Radical right (United States)|Radical Right]]" in [[Louisiana]] politics during the 1960s. At the time of death, he resided on Lake Palestine near Tyler.
=== Religion ===
* [[Joseph Strickland]] - bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler|diocese of Tyler]] whose principal church is the downtown [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Tyler, Texas)|cathedral]].
* [[James T. Draper, Jr.]] – president of the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] from 1982 to 1984, was a pastor in Tyler in the early 1960s.
* [[David O. Dykes]] – pastor of [[Green Acres Baptist Church]] in Tyler
* [[James B. Jordan]] - pastor of Westminster Presbyterian Church and found of the Geneva Study Center
* [[Harold Rahm]] - Jesuit priest, who was sent on a mission to Brazil in 1964 and became known worldwide for his efforts in the prevention and treatment of drug addiction.
* Anwar Khalifa - spokesperson for the East Texas Islamic Society<ref>https://www.cbs19.tv/article/news/local/hundreds-gather-in-unity-with-east-texas-muslim-community/396286234</ref>
=== Science ===
* [[David Brown (scientist)|David Brown]] - geneticist best known for working with [[microRNA]]
*[[Josh Byerly]] – [[NASA]] spokesman and one of the "voices of Mission Control"
*[[Winston C. Hackett]] - A native of Tyler, who became the first African-American physician in Arizona.
*[[Brian Werner]] – Conservationist, co-founder of Tiger Creek Wildlife Refuge, located near Tyler.
===Sports===
*[[Quincy Acy]] – [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] power forward – Sacramento Kings
*[[Gary Baxter]] (1978)– NFL defensive back
*[[Ciron Black]] (1986) – college football right tackle
*[[Jeb Blount]] (1954) – NFL quarterback
*[[Tyus Bowser]] – [http://www.uhcougars.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/tyus_bowser_847106.html University of Houston] & [[Baltimore Ravens]] Offensive Line Backer (2017)
*[[Earl Campbell]] – NFL running back (1955)
*[[Chris Carter (defensive back)|Chris Carter]] – NFL defensive back (1977)
*[[Travis Chick]] – MLB Pitcher (2006)
*[[Ricky Collins]] – CFL wide receiver for the [[Saskatchewan Roughriders]] (2016)
*[[Tim Crowder]] – NFL defensive end (1985)
*[[George Cumby]] (1956) – NFL linebacker
*[[Matt Flynn]] – NFL quarterback (1985)
*[[Hunter Freeman]] – [[Major League Soccer]] defender/midfielder (1985)
*[[Randy Grimes]] – [[National Football League|NFL]] center (1960)
*[[Daniel Hernández (soccer)|Daniel Hernández]] – [[Major League Soccer]] defender/midfielder (1976)
*[[Clarence Huber]] – [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] third baseman
*[[Kendall Hunter]] – [[National Football League|NFL]] running back (1988)
*[[Larry Johnson (basketball, born 1969)|Larry Johnson]] – [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] forward (1969)
*[[Jeremy Lane (American football)|Jeremy Lane]] – NFL cornerback (1990)
*[[Tremain Mack]] – [[National Football League|NFL]] kick returner (1974)
*[[Patrick Mahomes]] – [[Kansas City Chiefs]] Quarterback. Super Bowl LIV Champion and MVP.
*[[Benny Malone]] – NFL running back (1952)
*[[Johnny Manziel]] – NFL quarterback (1992), Born in Tyler, but raised in [[Kerrville, Texas|Kerrville]]- Cleveland Browns
*[[LaDouphyous McCalla]] – CFL defensive back (1976)
*[[A.J. Minter]] - MLB pitcher (2017-present)
*[[Jerry Mumphrey]] – MLB outfielder (1952)
*[[Terrence Murphy (American football)|Terrence Murphy]] – NFL wide receiver
*[[Brandon Pettigrew]] – NFL tight end (1985) – Detroit Lions
*[[Archie Reynolds]] – MLB pitcher, raised in Tyler (1946)
*[[Derrell Robertson]] – [[Canadian Football League]] player (1967-1994)
*[[Aaron Ross (American football)|Aaron Ross]] – NFL cornerback, schooled in Tyler (1982)
*[[Louis Santop]] – [[Negro league baseball|Negro League]] catcher
*[[Robert Taylor (sprinter born 1948)|Robert Taylor]] – Olympic runner (1948-2007)
*[[Josh Tomlin]] – MLB pitcher (1984)
*[[Lee Tunnell]] – MLB pitcher (1960)
*[[Morgan Wade]] – BMX professional (1983)
*[[Greg Ward, Jr.]] – [[University of Houston|Philadelphia Eagles]] Wide Receiver
*[[Branch Warren]] – bodybuilder
*[[Doug Wyatt]] – NFL defensive back (1946)
===Others===
*[[Harry Asher Badt]] – naval officer in World War I and II
*[[Jo-Carroll Dennison]] – [[Miss America]] 1942, the first [[Miss Texas]] to win the national title
*[[Jonna Fitzgerald]] – former Miss Texas, runner-up in [[Miss America]] pageant, television news anchor, noted musician
*[[Bruce Goff]] – Modernist architect, died in Tyler, Texas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/10/t-magazine/bruce-goff-architecture-midwest.html|title=The Man Who Made Wildly Imaginative, Gloriously Disobedient Buildings|last=|first=|date=September 10, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 13, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
==Sister cities==
* {{flagdeco|Chile}} [[Lo Barnechea]], Chile<ref name="Interactive City Directory">{{cite web |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Tyler,%20Texas |title=Interactive City Directory |publisher=Sister Cities International}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Mexico}} [[San Miguel de Allende]], [[Guanajuato]], Mexico<ref name="Interactive City Directory"/>
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Yachiyo, Chiba|Yachiyo]], [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]], Japan<ref name="Interactive City Directory"/>
* {{flagdeco|Poland}} [[Jelenia Góra]], Poland<ref name="Interactive City Directory"/>
* {{flagdeco|Costa Rica}} [[Liberia, Costa Rica|Liberia]], Costa Rica<ref name="Interactive City Directory"/>
* {{flagdeco|France}} [[Metz, France]]
==See also==
{{Portal|Texas}}
*[[Cotton Belt Depot Train Museum]]
*[[List of museums in East Texas]]
*[[Tyler Museum of Art]]
*[[Whitaker-McClendon House]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* Austin, Gladys Peters, ''Along the Century Trail: Early History of Tyler, Texas'' (Dallas: Avalon Press, 1946)
* Burton, Morris ''Tyler as an Early Railroad Center'', Chronicles of Smith County, Spring 1963
* Betts, Vicki, ''Smith County, Texas, in the Civil War'' (Tyler, Texas: Smith County Historical Society, 1978)
* Everett, Dianna, ''The Texas Cherokees: A People between Two Fires, 1819–1840'' (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990)
* Glover, ed., Robert W., ''Tyler and Smith County, Texas'' (n.p.: Walsworth, 1976)
* Henderson, Adele, Smith County, ''Texas: Its Background and History in Ante-Bellum Days'' (M.A. thesis, University of Texas, 1926)
* McDonald, Archie P. ''Historic Smith County'' (Historical Publishing Network, 2006).
* Reed, Robert E. Jr. ''Images of America: Tyler'' ([[Arcadia Publishing]], 2008).
* Reed, Robert E. Jr. ''Postcard History: Tyler'' ([[Arcadia Publishing]], 2009).
* Smith County Historical Society, ''Historical Atlas of Smith County'' (Tyler, Texas: Tyler Print Shop, 1965)
* Wardlaw, Trevor P. "Sires and Sons: The Story of Hubbard’s Regiment." CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1511963732}}
* Whisenhunt, Donald W. comp., ''Chronological History of Smith County'' (Tyler, Texas: Smith County Historical Society, 1983)
* Woldert, Albert, ''A History of Tyler and Smith County'' (San Antonio: Naylor, 1948)
==External links==
{{commons category|Tyler, Texas}}
{{wikivoyage|Tyler}}
{{NSRW Poster|Tyler, Tex.|Tyler, Texas}}
* [https://www.cityoftyler.org/ City Of Tyler Website] Official City Website
{{Prone to spam|date=December 2014}}
{{Z148}}<!-- {{No more links}}
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{{Tyler, Texas}}
{{Smith County, Texas}}
{{Texas}}
{{Texas county seats}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Cities in Texas]]
[[Category:County seats in Texas]]
[[Category:Cities in Smith County, Texas]]
[[Category:Tyler, Texas| ]]
[[Category:Cities in the Ark-La-Tex]]
[[Category:County seats in the Ark-La-Tex]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
{{Distinguish|Tyler County, Texas}}
{{Infobox settlement
-| name = Tyler, Texas
+| name = Tyer, Texas
| official_name = City of Tyler
| settlement_type = [[City]]
-| image_skyline = Tyler TX Montage.jpg
+| image_skyline = Tyle TX Montage.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise: Tyler skyline with Plaza Tower at right and People's Petroleum building in center, Cotton Belt Depot, [[Caldwell Zoo]], [[Chamblee Rose Garden]], Smith County Courthouse, Goodman Home.
| image_seal = Seal of Tyler, Texas.png
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Texas, United States</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_County,_Texas" title="Tyler County, Texas">Tyler County, Texas</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Texas, United States</div><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Tyer, Texas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"><div class="category"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;">City of Tyler</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Tyle_TX_Montage.jpg" class="new" title="File:Tyle TX Montage.jpg">Clockwise: Tyler skyline with Plaza Tower at right and People's Petroleum building in center, Cotton Belt Depot, Caldwell Zoo, Chamblee Rose Garden, Smith County Courthouse, Goodman Home.</a><div style="padding:0.4em 0 0 0;">Clockwise: Tyler skyline with Plaza Tower at right and People's Petroleum building in center, Cotton Belt Depot, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caldwell_Zoo" title="Caldwell Zoo">Caldwell Zoo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chamblee_Rose_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chamblee Rose Garden (page does not exist)">Chamblee Rose Garden</a>, Smith County Courthouse, Goodman Home.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="maptable" style="text-align:center"><div style="display:table; width:100%; background:none;">
<div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Seal_of_Tyler,_Texas.png" class="image" title="Official seal of Tyer, Texas"><img alt="Official seal of Tyer, Texas" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/Seal_of_Tyler%2C_Texas.png/100px-Seal_of_Tyler%2C_Texas.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="146" /></a><br />Seal</div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Nickname(s): <div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rose City, Rose Capital, Rose Capital of America</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Motto(s): <div style="display:inline" class="nickname">A Natural Beauty</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Smith_County_Texas_Incorporated_Areas_Tyler_highlighted.svg" class="image" title="Location in Smith County and the state of Texas"><img alt="Location in Smith County and the state of Texas" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Smith_County_Texas_Incorporated_Areas_Tyler_highlighted.svg/250px-Smith_County_Texas_Incorporated_Areas_Tyler_highlighted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Smith_County_Texas_Incorporated_Areas_Tyler_highlighted.svg/375px-Smith_County_Texas_Incorporated_Areas_Tyler_highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Smith_County_Texas_Incorporated_Areas_Tyler_highlighted.svg/500px-Smith_County_Texas_Incorporated_Areas_Tyler_highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="511" /></a><div style="padding:0.3em 0 0 0;">Location in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas" title="Smith County, Texas">Smith County</a> and the state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Coordinates: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Tyler,_Texas&params=32_21_N_95_18_W_region:US-TX_type:city(50000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">95°18′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.350°N 95.300°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.350; -95.300</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Tyler,_Texas&params=32_21_N_95_18_W_region:US-TX_type:city(50000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">95°18′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.350°N 95.300°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.350; -95.300</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td>United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">County</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas" title="Smith County, Texas">Smith</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Founded</th><td>1846</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Government<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Type</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council-manager_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-manager government">Council-Manager</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Heines" title="Martin Heines">Martin Heines</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (U.S.)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="City Council">City Council</a></th><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Members</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Linda Sellers</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Broderick McGee</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Ed Moore</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Don Warren</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Bob Westbrook</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">John Nix</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="City Manager">City Manager</a></th><td>Edward Broussard</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Area<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1_E%2B8_m%C2%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="1 E+8 m²">54.376 sq mi</a> (140.833 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Land</th><td>54.2 sq mi (140.5 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Water</th><td>0.1 sq mi (0.3 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Elevation<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>544 ft (165 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Population<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" title="2020 United States Census">2010</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FactFinder_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactFinder-1">[1]</a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td>50,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Estimate <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2018-2">[2]</a></sup></div></th><td>105,729</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Rank</th><td>US: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">287th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Density</th><td>920/sq mi (360/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>130,247 (US: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">247th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>216,080 (US: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">200th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>Tylerite</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">UTC−6</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">Central</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">Central</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="adr"><div class="postal-code">757xx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Area_codes_430_and_903" class="mw-redirect" title="Area codes 430 and 903">430/903</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td>48-74144<sup id="cite_ref-GR2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td>1348998<sup id="cite_ref-GR3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR3-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Routes" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Routes">U.S. Routes</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Route_69_(Texas)" title="U.S. Route 69 (Texas)"><img alt="US 69.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US_69.svg/26px-US_69.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US_69.svg/39px-US_69.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US_69.svg/52px-US_69.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Route_271_(Texas)" title="U.S. Route 271 (Texas)"><img alt="US 271.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/US_271.svg/31px-US_271.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="25" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/US_271.svg/47px-US_271.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/US_271.svg/62px-US_271.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">Major State Highways</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31" title="Texas State Highway 31"><img alt="Texas 31.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Texas_31.svg/27px-Texas_31.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Texas_31.svg/41px-Texas_31.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Texas_31.svg/54px-Texas_31.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_64" title="Texas State Highway 64"><img alt="Texas 64.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Texas_64.svg/27px-Texas_64.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Texas_64.svg/41px-Texas_64.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Texas_64.svg/54px-Texas_64.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_110" title="Texas State Highway 110"><img alt="Texas 110.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Texas_110.svg/27px-Texas_110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Texas_110.svg/41px-Texas_110.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Texas_110.svg/54px-Texas_110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_155" title="Texas State Highway 155"><img alt="Texas 155.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Texas_155.svg/27px-Texas_155.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Texas_155.svg/41px-Texas_155.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Texas_155.svg/54px-Texas_155.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_323" title="Texas State Highway Loop 323"><img alt="Texas Loop 323.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Texas_Loop_323.svg/27px-Texas_Loop_323.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Texas_Loop_323.svg/41px-Texas_Loop_323.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Texas_Loop_323.svg/54px-Texas_Loop_323.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_49" title="Texas State Highway Loop 49"><img alt="Toll Texas 49 new.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Toll_Texas_49_new.svg/27px-Toll_Texas_49_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Toll_Texas_49_new.svg/41px-Toll_Texas_49_new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Toll_Texas_49_new.svg/54px-Toll_Texas_49_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="385" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Website</th><td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityoftyler.org">www<wbr />.cityoftyler<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Tyler</b> is the county seat of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas" title="Smith County, Texas">Smith County</a>, located in east-central <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GR6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR6-5">[5]</a></sup> The city of Tyler has long been Smith County's major economic, educational, financial, medical, and cultural hub. The city is named for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, the tenth <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>. Tyler had a population of 96,900 in 2010, according to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, and Tyler's 2018 estimated population was 105,729.<sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2017-6">[6]</a></sup> It is 100 miles (160 km) east-southeast of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>. Tyler is the principal city of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyler Metropolitan Statistical Area">Tyler metropolitan statistical area</a>, which had a population of 209,714 in 2010, and is the regional center of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler-Jacksonville_combined_statistical_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyler-Jacksonville combined statistical area">Tyler-Jacksonville combined statistical area</a>, which had a population of 260,559 in 2010.
</p><p>Tyler is known as the "Rose Capital of America" (also the "Rose City" and the "Rose Capital of the World"),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nickname</a> it earned from a long history of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> production, cultivation, and processing. It is home to the largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">rose garden</a> in the United States, a 14-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acre</a> public garden complex that has over 38,000 rose bushes of at least 500 different varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Recreation_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recreation-8">[8]</a></sup> The Tyler Rose Garden is also home to the annual <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Rose_Festival" title="Texas Rose Festival">Texas Rose Festival</a>, attracting tourists by the thousands each year in mid-October.<sup id="cite_ref-Recreation_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recreation-8">[8]</a></sup> Tyler is also home to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caldwell_Zoo" title="Caldwell Zoo">Caldwell Zoo</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadway_Square_Mall" title="Broadway Square Mall">Broadway Square Mall</a>.
</p><p>As a regional educational and technology center, Tyler is the host for more than 20,000 higher-education students, a college of engineering, a university health science center, and two regional hospital systems.
</p><p>In 1985, the international <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adopt-a-Highway" title="Adopt-a-Highway">Adopt-a-Highway</a> movement originated in Tyler. After appeals by local <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation" title="Texas Department of Transportation">Texas Department of Transportation</a> officials, the local <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitan">Civitan</a> chapter adopted a two-mile (three-kilometer) stretch of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Highway_69_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 69 (Texas)">U.S. Highway 69</a> to maintain. Drivers and other motorists traveling on this segment of US 69 (between Tyler and nearby <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lindale,_Texas" title="Lindale, Texas">Lindale</a>) will notice brown road signs that read, "First Adopt-A-Highway in the World".
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Local_government"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Local government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#State_government"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">State government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Federal_government"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Federal government</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Colleges_and_universities"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Colleges and universities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Primary_and_secondary_schools"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Primary and secondary schools</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Private_schools"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Private schools</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Recreation_and_tourism"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Recreation and tourism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Historical"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Arts_and_Culture"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Arts and Culture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Transportation"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Public_transportation"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Public transportation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Via_air"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Via air</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Via_train"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Via train</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Walkability"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Walkability</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Healthcare"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Healthcare</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Places_of_worship"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Places of worship</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Newspaper"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Newspaper</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Television"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Television</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Radio"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Radio</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#AM_stations"><span class="tocnumber">11.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">AM stations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#FM_stations"><span class="tocnumber">11.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">FM stations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#College_and_university_teams"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">College and university teams</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Baseball_teams"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Baseball teams</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Football"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Football</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Road_races"><span class="tocnumber">12.4</span> <span class="toctext">Road races</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Soccer"><span class="tocnumber">12.5</span> <span class="toctext">Soccer</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#High_school_sports_teams"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">High school sports teams</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Notable_events"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Notable events</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Entertainment"><span class="tocnumber">15.1</span> <span class="toctext">Entertainment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Musicians"><span class="tocnumber">15.2</span> <span class="toctext">Musicians</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Government_and_politics"><span class="tocnumber">15.3</span> <span class="toctext">Government and politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Journalism"><span class="tocnumber">15.4</span> <span class="toctext">Journalism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">15.5</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Science"><span class="tocnumber">15.6</span> <span class="toctext">Science</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Sports_2"><span class="tocnumber">15.7</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Others"><span class="tocnumber">15.8</span> <span class="toctext">Others</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Sister cities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">20</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Tyler,_Texas" title="Timeline of Tyler, Texas">Timeline of Tyler, Texas</a></div>
<p>Legal recognition of Tyler was initiated by an act of the state legislature on April 11, 1846. The Texas government created Smith County and authorized a county seat. The first plat designated a 28-block town site centered by a main square, located within a 100-acre tract acquired by Smith County on February 6, 1847. The new town was named for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">President John Tyler</a>, who advocated for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexation of Texas</a> by the United States. A log building on the north side of the square functioned as courthouse and public meeting hall until it was displaced by a brick courthouse in 1852. On January 29, 1850, Tyler was incorporated. Early religious and social institutions included the First Baptist church and a Methodist church, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masonic_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge">Masonic Lodge</a> and an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odd_Fellows" title="Odd Fellows">Odd Fellows Lodge</a>, and Tyler's first newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-hto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hto-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Though Tyler's early economy (1847–1873) was based on agriculture, it was also well-diversified during this period. Logging was a second major industry, while complementary manufacturing included metal working, milling wood, and leather tanning. As the seat of Smith County, the town also benefited from government activity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> The local agricultural economy relied on slave labor before the Civil War. By 1860, Tyler held over 1000 enslaved persons, which represented 35 percent of the town's population. So there was strong support for secession and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> within Tyler, as a high percentage of its residents voted for secession and many of its men joined the Confederate Army. The town was secure enough for the Confederacy to establish the largest ordnance plant in Texas. In 1870, the first bank in Tyler was established by Bonner and Williams. Though both the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_and_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas and Pacific Railroad">Texas and Pacific Railroad</a> and the International Railroad (Texas) eschewed routes through Tyler, the town gained an important rail connection when the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> and Great Northern built a branch line in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-hto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hto-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Toward the end of the nineteenth century, fruit orchards emerged as an important new business in the regional economy. Eighty percent of the county agricultural revenue derived from cotton as it persisted as the dominant crop in the first decades of the twentieth century. Peaches were the principal fruit crop as the county fruit tree inventory surpassed one million by 1900. Disease struck the peach trees, though, and local farmers moved toward growing roses by the 1920s. Twenty years later, most of the US rose supply originated in the Tyler area.<sup id="cite_ref-hto_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hto-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>On October 29, 1895, an African American suspect named Robert Henry Hillard was burned at the stake in the Smith County Courthouse Square for the alleged murder of a nineteen-year-old white woman.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Denied a trial and due process, Hillard was taken from law enforcement personnel by a white mob.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Hillard's executioners were never punished. Later, two entrepreneurs combined photographs from the actual lynching with others staged with actors and sold the 16-image production as a stereographic set. One of the original sets sits in the United States Library of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>On May 25, 1912, Dan Davis, an African American man suspected of attacking a sixteen-year-old white girl named Carrie Johnson, was burned at the stake in the Smith County Courthouse Square.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyler_Texas_aerial_2018.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tyler_Texas_aerial_2018.jpg/220px-Tyler_Texas_aerial_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyler_Texas_aerial_2018.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Aerial view of Tyler in 2018</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyler_skyline.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tyler_skyline.jpg/220px-Tyler_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="249" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyler_skyline.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tyler skyline</div></div></div>
<p>Tyler is located at <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Tyler,_Texas&params=32.334249_N_95.299927_W_region:US-TX_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°20′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">95°18′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.334249°N 95.299927°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.334249; -95.299927</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-GR1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR1-19">[19]</a></sup> and is 544 feet (166 m) above <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>. The city of Tyler is surrounded by many smaller cities, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitehouse,_Texas" title="Whitehouse, Texas">Whitehouse</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lindale,_Texas" title="Lindale, Texas">Lindale</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Chapel_Hill,_Texas" title="New Chapel Hill, Texas">New Chapel Hill</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bullard,_Texas" title="Bullard, Texas">Bullard</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edom,_Texas" title="Edom, Texas">Edom</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brownsboro,_Texas" title="Brownsboro, Texas">Brownsboro</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kilgore,_Texas" title="Kilgore, Texas">Kilgore</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flint,_Texas" title="Flint, Texas">Flint</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chandler,_Texas" title="Chandler, Texas">Chandler</a>.
</p><p>According to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the city has a total area of 54.4 square miles (140.8 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 54.2 mi<sup>2</sup> (140.5 km<sup>2</sup>) are land and 0.1 mi<sup>2</sup>(0.3 km<sup>2</sup>²) is covered by water.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span></h3>
<table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody><tr><th>Tyler
</th></tr>
<tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr>
<tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.69672em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.3</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.6622222222222em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.773333333333em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.1622222222222em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">38</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.89484em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.7</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.9955555555556em;height:2.5555555555556em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.551111111111em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">64</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.4955555555556em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.01168em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.8844444444444em;height:2.5555555555556em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.44em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">72</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3844444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">49</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8796em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.7</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.551111111111em;height:2.5555555555556em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.106666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">78</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.0511111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">55</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.26568em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.5</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.44em;height:2.3333333333333em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.773333333333em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">84</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.94em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8542em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.7</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.217777777778em;height:2.2222222222222em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.44em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">90</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.717777777778em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">70</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.09728em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.2</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.551111111111em;height:2.2222222222222em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.773333333333em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">93</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.051111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">73</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.32588em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.6</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.44em;height:2.4444444444444em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.884444444444em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">94</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.94em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">72</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.66624em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.3</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.884444444444em;height:2.3333333333333em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.217777777778em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">88</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.384444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">67</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.61112em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.1</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.662222222222em;height:2.4444444444444em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.106666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">78</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1622222222222em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">56</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.2606em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.5</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.7733333333333em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.884444444444em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">67</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.2733333333333em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">48</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.413em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.8</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.8844444444444em;height:2em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.884444444444em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">58</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3844444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">40</span></div>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: red">Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: blue">Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: Weather.com / NWS</td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table class="infobox collapsible collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Metric conversion</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.69672em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">85</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.6622222222222em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.773333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.1622222222222em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">3</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.89484em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">95</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.9955555555556em;height:2.5555555555556em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.551111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.4955555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.01168em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">101</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.8844444444444em;height:2.5555555555556em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.44em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8796em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">94</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.551111111111em;height:2.5555555555556em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.106666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.0511111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.26568em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">113</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.44em;height:2.3333333333333em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.773333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">29</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8542em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">93</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.217777777778em;height:2.2222222222222em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.44em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.717777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.09728em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">55</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.551111111111em;height:2.2222222222222em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.773333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">34</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.051111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.32588em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">66</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.44em;height:2.4444444444444em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.884444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">34</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.66624em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">83</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.884444444444em;height:2.3333333333333em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.217777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">31</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.384444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.61112em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">131</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.662222222222em;height:2.4444444444444em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.106666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1622222222222em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.2606em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">113</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.7733333333333em;height:2.1111111111111em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.884444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.2733333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div>
</div></td>
<td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.413em;overflow:hidden"> </div>
<div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">121</span></div>
<div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div>
<div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.8844444444444em;height:2em;"> </div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.884444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div>
<div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: red">Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: blue">Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Tyler experiences <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> typical of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a>, which is unpredictable, especially in the spring. All of East Texas has the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> typical of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a>.
</p><p>The record high for Tyler is 115 °F (46 °C), which occurred in 2011. The record low for Tyler is −3 °F (−19 °C), which occurred on January 18, 1930.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2>
<table class="toccolours" style="border-spacing: 1px; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:right">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="4" class="navbox-title" style="padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px; font-size:110%; text-align:center">Historical population
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black">Census</th>
<th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th>
<th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black"></th>
<th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr>
</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1880_United_States_Census" title="1880 United States Census">1880</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">2,423</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">—</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1890_United_States_Census" title="1890 United States Census">1890</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">6,908</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">185.1%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1900_United_States_Census" title="1900 United States Census">1900</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">8,069</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">16.8%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1910_United_States_Census" title="1910 United States Census">1910</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">10,400</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">28.9%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1920_United_States_Census" title="1920 United States Census">1920</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">12,085</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">16.2%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1930_United_States_Census" title="1930 United States Census">1930</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">17,113</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">41.6%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1940_United_States_Census" title="1940 United States Census">1940</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">28,279</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">65.2%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1950_United_States_Census" title="1950 United States Census">1950</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">38,968</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">37.8%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1960_United_States_Census" title="1960 United States Census">1960</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">51,230</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">31.5%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1970_United_States_Census" title="1970 United States Census">1970</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">57,770</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">12.8%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1980_United_States_Census" title="1980 United States Census">1980</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">70,508</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">22.0%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1990_United_States_Census" title="1990 United States Census">1990</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">75,450</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">7.0%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2000_United_States_Census" title="2000 United States Census">2000</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">83,650</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">10.9%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" title="2010 United States Census">2010</a></b></td><td style="padding-left:8px;">96,900</td><td style="font-size:85%"></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">15.8%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b>Est. 2018</b></td><td style="padding-left:0px;">105,729</td><td style="font-size:85%"><sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2018_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2018-2">[2]</a></sup></td><td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">9.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid black; font-size:85%; text-align:center">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><br />2017 Estimate<sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2017-6">[6]</a></sup></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyler,_Texas,_sign_IMG_0444.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tyler%2C_Texas%2C_sign_IMG_0444.JPG/220px-Tyler%2C_Texas%2C_sign_IMG_0444.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyler,_Texas,_sign_IMG_0444.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tyler welcome sign on U.S. Highway 69</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyler,_TX,_City_Hall_IMG_0545.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tyler%2C_TX%2C_City_Hall_IMG_0545.JPG/220px-Tyler%2C_TX%2C_City_Hall_IMG_0545.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyler,_TX,_City_Hall_IMG_0545.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tyler City Hall</div></div></div>
<p>As of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GR2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-3">[3]</a></sup> 96,900 people resided in the city of Tyler, Texas. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 1,782.0 people per square mile (688.0/km²). The 41,742 housing units averaged a density of 716.7 per mi<sup>2</sup>(276.7/km²). The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">racial makeup</a> of the city was: 60.5% White, 24.8% Black, 0.5% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 10.3% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. About 21.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The median income for the city was $42,752 and the poverty rate was 19.5%.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Local_government">Local government</span></h3>
<p>According to the city's most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $87.7 million in revenues, $101.7 million in expenditures, $49.2 million in total assets, $12.3 million in total liabilities, and $17.6 million in cash in investments.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;font-size:95%;padding:4px;border:none;"><div style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.6;font-weight:bold;background:transparent;text-align:left;;background:#ccccff;width=35%">List of mayors of Tyler, Texas</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;;">
<ul><li>McDonald Lorance, 1846<sup id="cite_ref-former_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-former-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li>William Bartlett, circa 1848<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></li>
<li> ?</li>
<li>Oscar Burton, circa 1937<sup id="cite_ref-Graveyard_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graveyard-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li>Zeb J. Spruiell, circa 1955<sup id="cite_ref-Graveyard_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graveyard-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li> ?</li>
<li>Murph Wilson, 1967<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></li>
<li> ?</li>
<li>Jack H. Halbert, 1970-1976<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></li>
<li> ?</li>
<li>Norman Shtofman, 1982-1984<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></li>
<li>Smith Reynolds, Junior</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kevin_Eltife" title="Kevin Eltife">Kevin Eltife</a>, circa 1996-2002<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tylerpaper.com/TP-News+Local/220816/eltife-will-not-run-for-reelection-in-16">[1]</a></li>
<li>Joey Seeber, 2002-2008<sup id="cite_ref-former_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-former-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li>Barbara Bass, 2008-2014<sup id="cite_ref-former_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-former-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li>Martin Heines, 2014–present<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></div>
<p>The structure of the management and coordination of city services is:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th width="30%">City Manager
</th>
<td>Edward Broussard
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Managing Director of Planning & Economic Development
</th>
<td>Heather Nick
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Managing Director of Culture, Recreation and Tourism Services
</th>
<td>Stephanie Franklin
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Managing Director for Administration (& HR Director)
</th>
<td>ReNissa Wade
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Managing Director of Public Works
</th>
<td>Scott Taylor
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>CFO/Finance Director
</th>
<td>Keidric Trimble
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>City Engineer
</th>
<td>Lisa Crossman
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Chief of Police
</th>
<td>Jimmy Toler
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Fire Chief
</th>
<td>David Coble
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Director of Parks
</th>
<td>Russ Jackson
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Chief Information Officer
</th>
<td>Benny Yazdanpanahi
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>City Attorney
</th>
<td>Deborah Pullum
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Director of Marketing & Communications
</th>
<td>Julie Goodgame
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Vehicle Services Manager
</th>
<td>Leroy Sparrow
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>City Librarian
</th>
<td>Ashley Taylor
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Transit General Manager
</th>
<td>Robert Gil III
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Neighborhood Services Manager
</th>
<td>Raynesha Hudnall
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Housing Manager
</th>
<td>Vacant
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Airport Manager
</th>
<td>Davis Dickson
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Human Resources Manager
</th>
<td>Rose Ray
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Water Utilities Financial Manager
</th>
<td>James Yanker
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Water Utilities Manager
</th>
<td>Joan Roberson
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Development Services Engineer
</th>
<td>Michael Wilson, P.E.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Traffic Engineer
</th>
<td>Vacant
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The Northeast Texas Public Health District<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> is a political subdivision under the State of Texas established by the City of Tyler and Smith County. In place for nearly 70 years, the Health District became a separate entity in 1994, with an administrative Public Health Board. With a stated vision "To be the Healthiest Community in Texas", the district has a full-time staff of over 130 employees. The Health District has a broad range of services and responsibilities dedicated to their mission: "To Protect, Promote, and Provide for the Health of Our Community."
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State_government">State government</span></h3>
<p>Tyler is represented in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">Texas Senate</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryan_Hughes" title="Bryan Hughes">Bryan Hughes</a>, District 1, and in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">Texas House of Representatives</a> by Republican Matt Schaefer, District 6.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Courts_of_Appeals" title="Texas Courts of Appeals">Texas Twelfth Court of Appeals</a> is located in Tyler.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Criminal_Justice" title="Texas Department of Criminal Justice">Texas Department of Criminal Justice</a> operates the Region I <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">Parole</a> Division Office and the Tyler District Parole Office in Tyler.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Federal_government">Federal government</span></h3>
<p>The two U.S. Senators from Texas are Republicans <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>. Tyler is part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas%27_1st_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas' 1st congressional district">Texas' 1st congressional district</a>, which is currently represented by Republican <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louie_Gohmert" title="Louie Gohmert">Louie Gohmert</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> operates several post offices in Tyler, including Tyler,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">Azalea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Southeast Crossing,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> and the South Tyler Annex.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:UT_Tyler_Riter_Tower.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/UT_Tyler_Riter_Tower.jpg/220px-UT_Tyler_Riter_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="407" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:UT_Tyler_Riter_Tower.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Riter Tower at University of Texas at Tyler</div></div></div>
<p>Tyler's higher education institutions include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Tyler" title="University of Texas at Tyler">University of Texas at Tyler</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Center_at_Tyler" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas Health Center at Tyler">University of Texas Health Center at Tyler</a>, both part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_System" title="University of Texas System">University of Texas System</a>, as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_College" title="Texas College">Texas College</a>, the city's only HBCU, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Junior_College" title="Tyler Junior College">Tyler Junior College</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_and_secondary_schools">Primary and secondary schools</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:John_Tyler_High_School_(Photo_2),_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0554.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/John_Tyler_High_School_%28Photo_2%29%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0554.JPG/220px-John_Tyler_High_School_%28Photo_2%29%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0554.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:John_Tyler_High_School_(Photo_2),_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0554.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>John Tyler High School</div></div></div>
<p>Public primary and secondary education for much of the city is provided by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Independent_School_District" title="Tyler Independent School District">Tyler Independent School District</a>, which includes high schools <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Tyler_High_School" title="John Tyler High School">John Tyler</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_High_School_(Tyler,_Texas)" title="Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas)">Robert E. Lee</a>, as well as Tyler ISD Early College High School, Premier High School of Tyler, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">public charter</a> school (Cumberland Academy). Several Tyler schools offer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme" title="IB Diploma Programme">international baccalaureate</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advanced_Placement_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Placement Program">advanced placement</a> programs.
</p><p>Portions of incorporated Tyler are served by surrounding school districts. These include sections of southeast Tyler, served by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitehouse_Independent_School_District" title="Whitehouse Independent School District">Whitehouse Independent School District</a>, and some sections in the east which are served by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chapel_Hill_Independent_School_District_(Smith_County,_Texas)" title="Chapel Hill Independent School District (Smith County, Texas)">Chapel Hill Independent School District</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Private_schools">Private schools</span></h3>
<ul><li>There are also private schools in Tyler, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grace_Community_School_(Texas)" title="Grace Community School (Texas)">Grace Community School (Texas)</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/All_Saints_Episcopal_School_(Tyler,_Texas)" title="All Saints Episcopal School (Tyler, Texas)">All Saints Episcopal School</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> School, King's Academy Christian School, Kingdom Life Academy (Located in the same building but not affiliated with King's Academy), Christian Heritage School, East Texas Christian Academy, and Good Shepherd Reformed Episcopal School. The Brook Hill School in nearby Bullard, TX is also served by the Tyler Independent School District. The Tyler <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> School System of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tyler" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler">Catholic Diocese of Tyler</a> consists of St. Gregory Cathedral School and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishop_T._K._Gorman_High_School_(Tyler,_Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop T. K. Gorman High School (Tyler, Texas)">Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Regional Catholic Middle and High School</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Venue_Building,_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0469.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Venue_Building%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0469.JPG/220px-Venue_Building%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0469.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Venue_Building,_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0469.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>People's Petroleum building in downtown Tyler</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyler,_TX,_Chamber_of_Commerce_office_IMG_0543.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tyler%2C_TX%2C_Chamber_of_Commerce_office_IMG_0543.JPG/220px-Tyler%2C_TX%2C_Chamber_of_Commerce_office_IMG_0543.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyler,_TX,_Chamber_of_Commerce_office_IMG_0543.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Chamber of Commerce office in downtown Tyler</div></div></div>
<p>In addition to its role in the rose-growing industry, Tyler is the headquarters for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brookshire_Grocery_Company" title="Brookshire Grocery Company">Brookshire Grocery Company</a>, which operates Brookshire's, Fresh, Super 1 Foods, and Spring Market supermarkets in three states (Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas). The company's main distribution center is located in south Tyler, while SouthWest Foods, a subsidiary that processes dairy products, is located just northeast of the city.
</p><p>The manufacturing sector includes:
</p>
<ul><li>Tyler Pipe, a subsidiary of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/McWane_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="McWane Inc.">McWane Inc.</a> that produces soil and utility pipe products</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trane" title="Trane">Trane</a>, a business of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ingersoll-Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingersoll-Rand">Ingersoll-Rand</a>, formerly a unit of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Standard_Companies" title="American Standard Companies">American Standard Companies</a>, which manufactures <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioners</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pumps</a> (this plant was originally built in 1955 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delek" title="Delek">Delek Refining</a>, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a>-owned <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refinery</a> formerly La Gloria Oil and Gas Co (a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown_Central_Petroleum" title="Crown Central Petroleum">Crown Central Petroleum</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiary</a>)</li>
<li>PCSFerguson, an operating company of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dover_Corporation" title="Dover Corporation">Dover Corporation</a> that specializes in equipment for the measurement and production of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> using the plunger lift method</li>
<li>DYNAenergetics Tyler Distribution Center, part of DYNAenergetics USA, which manufactures perforating equipment and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">explosives</a> for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">oil and gas industry</a></li>
<li>Vesuvius USA, manufacturer of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">ceramics</a> used in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cavender%27s" title="Cavender's">Cavender's</a>, a large regional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">western wear</a> retailer and manufacturer</li></ul>
<p>According to the City's 2012-2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> the top ten employers in the city are:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>#
</th>
<th>Employer
</th>
<th># of Employees
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinity_Mother_Frances_Health_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Mother Frances Health System">Trinity Mother Frances Health System</a>
</td>
<td>3,775
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2
</td>
<td>UT Health - Tyler
</td>
<td>3,153
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brookshire_Grocery_Company" title="Brookshire Grocery Company">Brookshire Grocery Company</a>
</td>
<td>2,599
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Independent_School_District" title="Tyler Independent School District">Tyler Independent School District</a>
</td>
<td>2,468
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trane" title="Trane">Trane</a>
</td>
<td>1,500
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>6
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SuddenLink" class="mw-redirect" title="SuddenLink">SuddenLink</a>
</td>
<td>1,500
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>7
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>
</td>
<td>1,311
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>8
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Tyler" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Tyler">The University of Texas at Tyler</a>
</td>
<td>1,121
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>9
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_Tyler" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler">UT Health - Tyler (north campus)</a>
</td>
<td>925
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>10
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Junior_College" title="Tyler Junior College">Tyler Junior College</a>
</td>
<td>862
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recreation_and_tourism">Recreation and tourism</span></h2>
<p>Annually, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Rose_Festival" title="Texas Rose Festival">Texas Rose Festival</a> draws thousands of tourists to Tyler.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> The festival, which celebrates the role of the rose-growing industry in the local economy, is held in October and features a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">parade</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> of the Rose Queen, and other civic events. The Rose Museum features the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Festival</a>. Tyler is also home to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caldwell_Zoo" title="Caldwell Zoo">Caldwell Zoo</a>, several local museums, Lake Palestine, Lake Tyler, and numerous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a> and country clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> A few miles away in Flint, TX is The WaterPark @ The Villages, a year-round, indoor water park. There is also an "Azalea Trail" in Tyler, which consists of two officially designated routes within the city that showcase homes or other landscaped venues adorned with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">azalea</a> shrubs.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> The Azalea Trail also is home to the long-standing tradition of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tylertexasonline.com/tyler-texas-azalea-trail.htm">Azalea Belles</a>. The official greeters of the Azalea Trail are known as the Azalea Belles, young <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">women</a> from the Tyler area who dress in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antebellum_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum era">antebellum</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">gowns</a>. The belles are chosen each year from area high schools or home school families, and it is an honor to be chosen.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_State_Park_(Texas)" title="Tyler State Park (Texas)">Tyler State Park</a>, located a few miles North of the city limits, attracts visitors with opportunities to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camp</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoe</a>, and paddle boat on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>. Other available pastimes include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">picnicking</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boating</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">motors</a> allowed – 5 mph <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">speed limit</a>), boat <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rentals</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">birding</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">hiking trails</a>, lake <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">swimming</a> (in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unsupervised" title="Unsupervised">unsupervised</a> swimming area), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nature_study" title="Nature study">nature study</a>.
</p><p>The Smith County Historical Society operates a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archives</a> in the old Carnegie Library.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
The East Texas State Fair is held annually in Tyler.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
Lake Tyler was the location of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HGTV_Dream_Home" title="HGTV Dream Home">HGTV Dream Home</a> contest in 2005. The 6,500 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square feet</a> (600 m²) house helped to boost tourism and interest in the community and surrounding areas. It was subsequently sold at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_auction" title="Public auction">public auction</a> in January 2008, for $1.325 million.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical">Historical</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Smith_County_Historical_Society,_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0498.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Smith_County_Historical_Society%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0498.JPG/220px-Smith_County_Historical_Society%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0498.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Smith_County_Historical_Society,_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0498.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Smith County Historical Society building is located across the street from the Tyler Public Library.</div></div></div>
<p>Tyler has a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotton_Belt_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Belt Railroad">Cotton Belt Railroad</a> Depot Museum located near the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">Chamber of Commerce</a> office.
</p><p>The Smith County Historical Society, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a>, was founded in 1959 by individuals and business firms dedicated to discovering, collecting, and preserving data, records, and other items relating to the history of Smith County, Texas. The Society operates a museum and archives, which is located in the former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnegie_Public_Library_(Tyler,_Texas)" title="Carnegie Public Library (Tyler, Texas)">Carnegie Public Library</a> building in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">downtown</a> Tyler. Permanent museum exhibits include life-size dioramas of Smith County history, with topics ranging from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo Indians</a> to the 20th century. Other items from the Society's collections are showcased in revolving, temporary exhibits. The Society's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archival_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Archival library">archival library</a> contains historical artifacts of Smith County, including newspapers, city directories, school records, photographs, maps, historical papers and rare books. The archives are open to the public for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> on a limited schedule with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteer</a> staff on duty. The society is also the official caretaker of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camp_Ford" title="Camp Ford">Camp Ford Historic Park</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camp_Ford" title="Camp Ford">Camp Ford</a> was the largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prisoner_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of War">Prisoner of War</a> camp west of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The original site of the camp <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockade</a> is a public historic park managed by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smithcountyhistoricalsociety.org">Smith County Historical Society</a>. The park contains a kiosk, paved trail, interpretive signage, a cabin reconstruction, and a picnic area. It is located on Highway 271, 0.8 miles (1.3 km) north of Loop 323.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arts_and_Culture">Arts and Culture</span></h3>
<p>2018 marks the 50th anniversary of Tyler's Civic Chorale.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation">Transportation</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TylerPRAirport.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TylerPRAirport.jpg/220px-TylerPRAirport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="671" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TylerPRAirport.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Aerial photo of Tyler Pounds Regional Airport</div></div></div>
<p>The most common form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transportation</a> is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a>. Tyler is a nexus of several major highways. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interstate_20_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 20 (Texas)">Interstate 20</a> runs along the north edge of the city going east and west, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas" title="U.S. Route 69 in Texas">U.S. Highway 69</a> runs north–south through the center of town and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_64" title="Texas State Highway 64">State Highway 64</a> runs east–west through the city. Tyler also has access to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Highway_271_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 271 (Texas)">U.S. Highway 271</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31" title="Texas State Highway 31">State Highway 31</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_155" title="Texas State Highway 155">State Highway 155</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_110" title="Texas State Highway 110">State Highway 110</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_323" title="Texas State Highway Loop 323">Loop 323</a> was established in 1957 and encircles the city, which has continued to grow outside of this loop. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_49" title="Texas State Highway Loop 49">Loop 49</a> is a limited access "outer loop" around the city and currently runs from State Highway 110 south of Tyler to Interstate 20 northwest of Tyler. Loop 124 is 1.5 miles long.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_transportation">Public transportation</span></h3>
<p>Tyler Transit provides customers with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transportation</a> service within the City of Tyler. The buses run daily, excluding Sundays and holidays. Tyler Transit offers customers the option to purchase <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">tickets</a>, tokens, or passes at the Tyler Transit office, located at 210 E. Oakwood Street inside the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotton_Belt_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Belt Railroad">Cotton Belt Railroad</a> Depot at the main transfer point. The City of Tyler paratransit service is a shared-ride, public transportation service. Requests for service must be made the day before the service is needed. Trips can be scheduled up to 14 days in advance. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a> compliant paratransit service is provided to all origins and destinations within the service area defined as the city limits of Tyler.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a> bus service is available through a downtown terminal.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Via_air">Via air</span></h3>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Pounds_Regional_Airport" title="Tyler Pounds Regional Airport">Tyler Pounds Regional Airport</a> offers service to and from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denver_International_Airport" title="Denver International Airport">Denver International Airport</a> via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Eagle_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="American Eagle Airlines">American Eagle</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frontier_Airlines" title="Frontier Airlines">Frontier</a>, respectively. While American Eagle provides service with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ERJ-135" class="mw-redirect" title="ERJ-135">ERJ-135</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ERJ-145" class="mw-redirect" title="ERJ-145">ERJ-145</a> regional jets, Frontier operates with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">Airbus A320</a> mainline jet aircraft, Europe's own equivalent to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a>. General Aviation services are provided by two fixed-base operators, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flytyler.com">Johnson Aviation</a> and the Jet Center of Tyler.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Via_train">Via train</span></h3>
<p>Tyler was the hub for a series of short-line <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railroads</a> which later evolved into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Louis_Southwestern_Railway" title="St. Louis Southwestern Railway">St. Louis Southwestern Railway</a>, better known as "The Cotton Belt Route". This line later became part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pacific Railroad">Southern Pacific Railroad</a>, which itself merged with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>, which continues to serve the city today. No passenger train service to Tyler has occurred since April 1956, but Amtrak runs through the city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mineola,_Texas" title="Mineola, Texas">Mineola</a>, a short distance north of Tyler.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Walkability">Walkability</span></h3>
<p>A 2014 study by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walk_Score" title="Walk Score">Walk Score</a> ranked Tyler with a walkability score of 32 (out of 100) with some amenities within walking distance.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Healthcare">Healthcare</span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a> located in Tyler include UT Health Tyler, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinity_Mother_Frances_Health_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Mother Frances Health System">Trinity Mother Frances Health System</a>, UT Health North Campus Tyler, and Texas Spine & Joint Hospital. There are also many clinics including the Direct Care Clinic.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:First_Baptist_Church,_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0523.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/First_Baptist_Church%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0523.JPG/220px-First_Baptist_Church%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0523.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:First_Baptist_Church,_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0523.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>First <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> Church in downtown Tyler</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Marvin_United_Methodist_Church,_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0522.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Marvin_United_Methodist_Church%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0522.JPG/220px-Marvin_United_Methodist_Church%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0522.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Marvin_United_Methodist_Church,_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0522.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Marvin <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="United Methodist">United Methodist</a> Church in Tyler</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:West_Erwin_Church_of_Christ_Family_Center,_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0505.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/West_Erwin_Church_of_Christ_Family_Center%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0505.JPG/220px-West_Erwin_Church_of_Christ_Family_Center%2C_Tyler%2C_TX_IMG_0505.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:West_Erwin_Church_of_Christ_Family_Center,_Tyler,_TX_IMG_0505.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Family Life Center of West Erwin <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_Christ" title="Church of Christ">Church of Christ</a> in Tyler</div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</span></h2>
<p>Tyler is the home of many churches, including five large congregations in downtown, the Marvin <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="United Methodist">United Methodist</a> Church, Dayspring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="United Methodist">United Methodist</a> Church, West Erwin <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_Christ" title="Church of Christ">Church of Christ</a>, First <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> Church, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Tyler,_Texas)" title="Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Tyler, Texas)">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception</a>. Tyler is also the seat of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tyler" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler">Catholic Diocese of Tyler</a>, which is particularly noteworthy for its St. Joseph the Worker Parish, one of the few churches in America dedicated to the exclusive use of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traditional_Latin_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Latin Mass">Traditional Latin Mass</a>. The parish is staffed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Priestly_Fraternity_of_St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter">Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter</a>. The city also is the home of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception and the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, a 100-plus year sanctuary recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> renovated and declared a historic and heritage site by the Catholic Diocese of Tyler. The Saint Peter Claver Parish, located in central Tyler, is the second largest Catholic Church in Tyler and was dedicated to St. Peter Claver, a Franciscan priest that assisted the black slaves in Brazil during the slave trade to South America. There is also a Nazarene church on Old Bullard Road, called Tyler First Church Of The Nazarene. The city also has a Chapel of The Church of Jesus Christ Of Latter Day Saints.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Tyler has three United Pentecostal Churches; the largest of them is Tyler Tabernacle located just outside of Loop 323. Park Heights Assembly of God is another and also located just outside Loop 323. The Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic church in East Tyler is also a major center of gathering. The St. Peter and Paul Chapel, a Catholic church, is located next to the Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Regional Catholic School, was constructed and dedicated in 2011, and holds masses in English and Spanish with a significant number of other services offered to all Tyler and neighboring residents. The city's largest church, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_Acres_Baptist_Church" title="Green Acres Baptist Church">Green Acres Baptist Church</a>, is located on Troup Highway in southeast Tyler. Tyler is also home to two reformed Baptist churches, Sylvania Church and Living Acts Church, both of which are located in the south Tyler area. Tyler has several congregations of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Additionally, Tyler has two Jewish houses of prayer, Ahavath Achim, which associates itself with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> and Beth El which adheres to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tyler is also home to East Texas Islamic Society, established in 1988, which includes an Islamic house of worship and an Islamic school for children.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> There's also a Unitarian, Universalist Fellowship on Old Omen Road and Cross Brand Cowboy Church at 11915 FM 2015 Tyler, Texas. The oldest continuously active church in Smith County is the historic 152 year old New Harmony Baptist Church, which is located about 10 miles outside of Tyler at 10251 FM 724 Tyler, Texas.
</p><p>Two Tyler churches were destroyed during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_East_Texas_church_burnings" title="2010 East Texas church burnings">2010 East Texas church burnings</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span></h2>
<p>Currently, 18 media outlets and one newspaper are located in Tyler, as well as many more in the surrounding areas.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Newspaper">Newspaper</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Morning_Telegraph" title="Tyler Morning Telegraph">Tyler Morning Telegraph</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Television">Television</span></h3>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th valign="bottom">VHF/UHF Channel<br />
</th>
<th valign="bottom">Call Letters<br />
</th>
<th valign="bottom">Network<br />
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>7
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KLTV" title="KLTV">KLTV</a>
</td>
<td>ABC
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>19
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KYTX" title="KYTX">KYTX</a>
</td>
<td>CBS
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>51
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KFXK-TV" title="KFXK-TV">KFXK-TV</a>
</td>
<td>FOX
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>56
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KETK-TV" title="KETK-TV">KETK</a>
</td>
<td>NBC
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Radio">Radio</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="AM_stations">AM stations</span></h4>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th valign="bottom">Frequency<br />
</th>
<th valign="bottom">Call Letters<br />
</th>
<th valign="bottom">Format<br />
</th>
<th valign="bottom">Name<br />
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>600
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KTBB_(AM)" title="KTBB (AM)">KTBB</a>
</td>
<td>News/Talk
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1330
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KGLD" title="KGLD">KGLD</a>
</td>
<td>Gospel
</td>
<td>The Light
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1490
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KYZS" title="KYZS">KYZS</a>
</td>
<td>Sports
</td>
<td>ESPN Deportes
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="FM_stations">FM stations</span></h4>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th valign="bottom">Frequency<br />
</th>
<th valign="bottom">Call Letters<br />
</th>
<th valign="bottom">Format<br />
</th>
<th valign="bottom">Name<br />
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>88.7
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KLOVE" class="mw-redirect" title="KLOVE">KLOVE</a>
</td>
<td>Christian Contemporary
</td>
<td>KLOVE
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>89.5
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KVNE" title="KVNE">KVNE</a>
</td>
<td>Christian Contemporary
</td>
<td>Encouragement FM
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>91.3
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KGLY" class="mw-redirect" title="KGLY">KGLY</a>
</td>
<td>Religious
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>92.1
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KRWR" title="KRWR">KRWR</a>
</td>
<td>Sports
</td>
<td>Fox Sports East Texas
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>93.1
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KTYL-FM" title="KTYL-FM">KTYL</a>
</td>
<td>Hot Adult Contemporary
</td>
<td>Mix 93.1
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>96.1
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KKTX-FM" title="KKTX-FM">KKTX</a>
</td>
<td>Classic Rock
</td>
<td>Classic Rock 96.1
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>96.7
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KOYE" title="KOYE">KOYE</a>
</td>
<td>Spanish
</td>
<td>La Invasora
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>97.5
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KTBB-FM" title="KTBB-FM">KTBB-FM</a>
</td>
<td>News/Talk
</td>
<td>KTBB
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>99.3
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KAPW" title="KAPW">KAPW</a>
</td>
<td>Spanish Pop
</td>
<td>Mega 99.3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>101.5
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KNUE" title="KNUE">KNUE</a>
</td>
<td>Country
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>102.3
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KLJT" title="KLJT">KLJT</a>
</td>
<td>Top 40
</td>
<td>Fun Radio
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>102.7
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KBLZ" title="KBLZ">KBLZ</a>
</td>
<td>Urban Contemporary
</td>
<td>The Blaze
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>104.1
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KKUS" title="KKUS">KKUS</a>
</td>
<td>Classic Country
</td>
<td>The Ranch
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>106.5
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KOOI" title="KOOI">KOOI</a>
</td>
<td>Variety Hits
</td>
<td>Jack 106.5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>107.3
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KISX" title="KISX">KISX</a>
</td>
<td>Urban Adult Contemporary
</td>
<td>Hot1073Jamz
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:189px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Uttgbball.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/8/87/Uttgbball.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="166" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="166" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Uttgbball.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>UT Tyler Women's Basketball Team</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="College_and_university_teams">College and university teams</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Tyler" title="University of Texas at Tyler">University of Texas at Tyler Patriots</a> (NCAA Division II)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_College" title="Texas College">Texas College</a> Steers (HBCU)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Junior_College" title="Tyler Junior College">Tyler Junior College Apaches</a> (NJCAA)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Baseball_teams">Baseball teams</span></h3>
<ul><li>Tyler Elbertas (1912)</li>
<li>Tyler Trojans (1924–1929, 1931, 1935–1940, 1946–1950)</li>
<li>Tyler Sports (1932)</li>
<li>Tyler Governors (1933–1934)</li>
<li>Tyler East Texans (1950–1953)</li>
<li>Tyler Tigers (1954–1955)</li>
<li>Tyler Wildcatters (1994–1997)</li>
<li>Tyler Roughnecks (2001)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Football">Football</span></h3>
<ul><li>East Texas Twisters (2004)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Road_races">Road races</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fresh_15_Road_Race" title="Fresh 15 Road Race">Fresh 15 Road Race</a> (Annual)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Soccer">Soccer</span></h3>
<ul><li>Tyler FC (2016–Present)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="High_school_sports_teams">High school sports teams</span></h2>
<ul><li>All Saints Trojans (Private)</li>
<li>Bishop T.K. Gorman Crusaders (Private)</li>
<li>Grace Community Cougars (Private)</li>
<li>Cumberland Academy Knights (Charter)</li>
<li>EXEL Lions (Home School / 6 Man)</li>
<li>John Tyler Lions (Public)</li>
<li>Kings Academy Knights (Private)</li>
<li>Robert E. Lee Red Raiders (Public)</li>
<li>Tyler Heat (Home School / 6 Man)</li>
<li>East Texas Christian Academy Panthers (Private)</li></ul>
<p>Nearby:
</p>
<ul><li>The Brook Hill School Guard (Private)</li>
<li>Chapel Hill Bulldogs (Public)</li>
<li>Lindale Eagles (Public)</li>
<li>Whitehouse Wildcats (Public)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_events">Notable events</span></h2>
<ul><li>Fragments of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a> landed near Tyler on February 1, 2003. <i>(See <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a>)</i></li>
<li>On the evening of February 2, 2009, a fire engulfed a number of historic buildings located in downtown Tyler. Eight different fire departments responded to the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></li>
<li>The 1982 Supreme Court case <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" title="Plyler v. Doe">Plyler v. Doe</a>, which prohibited denying schooling to immigrant children, originated in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Independent_School_District" title="Tyler Independent School District">Tyler Independent School District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></li>
<li>Robert E. Mead founded what later became known as Silverleaf Resorts in Tyler in 1977.</li>
<li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_courthouse_shooting" title="Tyler courthouse shooting">Tyler courthouse shooting</a> was on February 24, 2005, when David Arroyo fatally shot his ex-wife and a man in the Tyler Square on the Smith County Courthouse.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people">Notable people</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:People_from_Tyler,_Texas" title="Category:People from Tyler, Texas">People from Tyler, Texas</a></div>
<table class="box-Alumni plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's list of residents <b>may not follow Wikipedia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiability</a> policy</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tyler,_Texas&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing names that do not have independent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a> showing they merit inclusion in this article AND residents, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a>.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Entertainment">Entertainment</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josh_Carpenter" title="Josh Carpenter">Josh Carpenter</a> – film, television, theater, internet and commercial actor</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandy_Duncan" title="Sandy Duncan">Sandy Duncan</a> – actress, raised in Tyler</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alex_Finlayson" title="Alex Finlayson">Alex Finlayson</a> – playwright</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiki_Shepard" title="Kiki Shepard">Kiki Shepard</a> (born 1951) – television host</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dooley_Wilson" title="Dooley Wilson">Arthur "Dooley" Wilson</a> (1886–1953) – musician and actor (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)"><i>Casablanca</i></a>)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Musicians">Musicians</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Max_Bemis" title="Max Bemis">Max Bemis</a> – lead singer of rock band <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Say_Anything_(band)" title="Say Anything (band)">Say Anything</a>, who is also married to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherri_DuPree" title="Sherri DuPree">Sherri DuPree</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eisley" title="Eisley">Eisley</a><sup id="cite_ref-bemis_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bemis-53">[53]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A._C._Bilbrew" title="A. C. Bilbrew">A. C. Bilbrew</a> – musician, composer, and radio personality</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Dobson" title="Richard Dobson">Richard Dobson</a> – singer-songwriter</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eddie_and_Sugar_Lou%27s_Hotel_Tyler_Orchestra" title="Eddie and Sugar Lou's Hotel Tyler Orchestra">Eddie and Sugar Lou's Hotel Tyler Orchestra</a> - jazz band</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eisley" title="Eisley">Eisley</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">indie</a> band.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teron_Beal" title="Teron Beal">Teron Beal</a> – Songwriter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%BDa" title="Mýa">Mya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Element_Eighty" title="Element Eighty">Element Eighty</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">alternative metal</a> band.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnny_Gimble" title="Johnny Gimble">Johnny Gimble</a> – award-winning fiddle player associated with Western Swing and Bob Wills</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brandon_Beal" title="Brandon Beal">Brandon Beal</a> – singer-songwriter and producer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaun_Groves" title="Shaun Groves">Shaun Groves</a> – Christian-rock singer-songwriter</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billy_Harper" title="Billy Harper">Billy Harper</a> – jazz tenor-saxophonist</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnny_Horton" title="Johnny Horton">Johnny Horton</a> – country singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Will_Jennings" title="Will Jennings">Will Jennings</a> – songwriter</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Kirshbaum" title="Ralph Kirshbaum">Ralph Kirshbaum</a> – classical celllist</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adrian_Taylor" title="Adrian Taylor">Adrian Taylor</a> – bassist, guitarist</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mouse_and_the_Traps" title="Mouse and the Traps">Mouse and the Traps</a> – 1960s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garage_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Garage Rock">Garage Rock</a> band.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivoryline" title="Ivoryline">Ivoryline</a> – alternative band</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Willie_Neal_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Willie Neal Johnson">Willie Neal Johnson</a> (1935-2001) - gospel recording artist and quartet singer, inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in Detroit, MI and American Gospel Quartet Hall of Fame in Birmingham, AL in 1999.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jere_Locke_Beasley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jere Locke Beasley">Jere Locke Beasley</a> – (born 1935), born in Tyler, he was the 22nd <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Alabama">Lieutenant Governor of Alabama</a> when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">Governor</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Corley Wallace</a> was shot and severely injured in an assassination attempt in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurel,_Maryland" title="Laurel, Maryland">Laurel, Maryland</a>, on May 15, 1972. Beasley, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, hence served as the acting governor of Alabama from June 5 to July 7, 1972.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leo_Berman" title="Leo Berman">Leo Berman</a> – Republican former member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">Texas House of Representatives</a> from District 6</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kevin_Eltife" title="Kevin Eltife">Kevin Eltife</a> – Republican member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">Texas Senate</a> from Tyler</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brady_P._Gentry" title="Brady P. Gentry">Brady P. Gentry</a> – former Chairman Texas State Highway Commission; former US Congressman; the gymnasium at Tyler Junior College named after him</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louie_Gohmert" title="Louie Gohmert">Louie Gohmert</a> – Republican <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. representative</a> and former Smith County judge</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Wayne_Justice" title="William Wayne Justice">William Wayne Justice</a> – Democrat U.S. District Court Judge in Tyler for 30 years – made countless key decisions on environment and civil rights</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matt_Krause" title="Matt Krause">Matt Krause</a> – Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a>; born in Tyler in 1980</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Melton" title="Frank Melton">Frank Melton</a> (1949-2009) – former mayor of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> (2005–2009), and former broadcast journalist and general manager of KLTV in Tyler in 1977.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Albert Parsons</a> (1848-1887) – pioneer American <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and later <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> newspaper editor, orator, and labor activist. Parsons was one of four Chicago radical leaders controversially convicted of conspiracy and hanged following a bomb attack on police remembered as the Haymarket affair. He resided in Tyler, Texas where he was reared by his eldest brother, William Henry Parsons, however Parson's moved the family moved from Tyler in the mid-1850s.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matt_Schaefer" title="Matt Schaefer">Matt Schaefer</a> (born 1976) – Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Tyler since 2013; lawyer and United States Navy officer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dan_Smoot" title="Dan Smoot">Dan Smoot</a> (1913-2003) – figure in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">anti-communist</a> movement; spent later years at Holly Lake Ranch in neighboring Wood County, where he died at the age of eighty-nine</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Steger" title="William Steger">William Steger</a> (1920-2006) – Republican U.S. District Court judge for the Eastern District of Texas, based in Tyler, from 1970 until his death. The William M. Steger Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Tyler was named in his honor in 2006.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Heines" title="Martin Heines">Martin Heines</a> (born 1962) – he is the current mayor of Tyler, Texas.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Journalism">Journalism</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nelson_Clyde_III" title="Nelson Clyde III">Nelson Clyde III</a> (1945-2007), the fourth-generation publisher of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Morning_Telegraph" title="Tyler Morning Telegraph">Tyler Morning Telegraph</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarah_McClendon" title="Sarah McClendon">Sarah McClendon</a> – Democrat <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> correspondent for over half a century, longest tenure ever in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_House_press_corps" title="White House press corps">White House press corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allen_R._Morris" title="Allen R. Morris">Allen R. Morris</a> – he is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmy_Award" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a>-winning producer/director/writer. For a period, he worked for Buford Television at KLTV in Tyler, as Operations Manager and Director of Creative Services, during which time he was also a frequent actor at the Tyler Civic Theatre (1979 to 1990).</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ned_Touchstone" title="Ned Touchstone">Ned Touchstone</a> (1926–1988) – born in Florien, Louisiana, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">publisher</a> who was a figure in the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical Right</a>" in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> politics during the 1960s. At the time of death, he resided on Lake Palestine near Tyler.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Strickland" title="Joseph Strickland">Joseph Strickland</a> - bishop of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tyler" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler">diocese of Tyler</a> whose principal church is the downtown <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Tyler,_Texas)" title="Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Tyler, Texas)">cathedral</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_T._Draper,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James T. Draper, Jr.">James T. Draper, Jr.</a> – president of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> from 1982 to 1984, was a pastor in Tyler in the early 1960s.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_O._Dykes" title="David O. Dykes">David O. Dykes</a> – pastor of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_Acres_Baptist_Church" title="Green Acres Baptist Church">Green Acres Baptist Church</a> in Tyler</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_B._Jordan" title="James B. Jordan">James B. Jordan</a> - pastor of Westminster Presbyterian Church and found of the Geneva Study Center</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harold_Rahm" title="Harold Rahm">Harold Rahm</a> - Jesuit priest, who was sent on a mission to Brazil in 1964 and became known worldwide for his efforts in the prevention and treatment of drug addiction.</li>
<li>Anwar Khalifa - spokesperson for the East Texas Islamic Society<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Science">Science</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Brown_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="David Brown (scientist)">David Brown</a> - geneticist best known for working with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josh_Byerly" title="Josh Byerly">Josh Byerly</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> spokesman and one of the "voices of Mission Control"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winston_C._Hackett" title="Winston C. Hackett">Winston C. Hackett</a> - A native of Tyler, who became the first African-American physician in Arizona.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brian_Werner" title="Brian Werner">Brian Werner</a> – Conservationist, co-founder of Tiger Creek Wildlife Refuge, located near Tyler.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports_2">Sports</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quincy_Acy" title="Quincy Acy">Quincy Acy</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> power forward – Sacramento Kings</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gary_Baxter" title="Gary Baxter">Gary Baxter</a> (1978)– NFL defensive back</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ciron_Black" title="Ciron Black">Ciron Black</a> (1986) – college football right tackle</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeb_Blount" title="Jeb Blount">Jeb Blount</a> (1954) – NFL quarterback</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyus_Bowser" title="Tyus Bowser">Tyus Bowser</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhcougars.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/tyus_bowser_847106.html">University of Houston</a> & <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens" title="Baltimore Ravens">Baltimore Ravens</a> Offensive Line Backer (2017)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earl_Campbell" title="Earl Campbell">Earl Campbell</a> – NFL running back (1955)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chris_Carter_(defensive_back)" title="Chris Carter (defensive back)">Chris Carter</a> – NFL defensive back (1977)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Travis_Chick" title="Travis Chick">Travis Chick</a> – MLB Pitcher (2006)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ricky_Collins" title="Ricky Collins">Ricky Collins</a> – CFL wide receiver for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders" title="Saskatchewan Roughriders">Saskatchewan Roughriders</a> (2016)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tim_Crowder" title="Tim Crowder">Tim Crowder</a> – NFL defensive end (1985)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Cumby" title="George Cumby">George Cumby</a> (1956) – NFL linebacker</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matt_Flynn" title="Matt Flynn">Matt Flynn</a> – NFL quarterback (1985)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunter_Freeman" title="Hunter Freeman">Hunter Freeman</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> defender/midfielder (1985)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Randy_Grimes" title="Randy Grimes">Randy Grimes</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> center (1960)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(soccer)" title="Daniel Hernández (soccer)">Daniel Hernández</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> defender/midfielder (1976)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarence_Huber" title="Clarence Huber">Clarence Huber</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a> third baseman</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendall_Hunter" title="Kendall Hunter">Kendall Hunter</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> running back (1988)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larry_Johnson_(basketball,_born_1969)" title="Larry Johnson (basketball, born 1969)">Larry Johnson</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> forward (1969)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeremy_Lane_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremy Lane (American football)">Jeremy Lane</a> – NFL cornerback (1990)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tremain_Mack" title="Tremain Mack">Tremain Mack</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> kick returner (1974)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Mahomes" title="Patrick Mahomes">Patrick Mahomes</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs" title="Kansas City Chiefs">Kansas City Chiefs</a> Quarterback. Super Bowl LIV Champion and MVP.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benny_Malone" title="Benny Malone">Benny Malone</a> – NFL running back (1952)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnny_Manziel" title="Johnny Manziel">Johnny Manziel</a> – NFL quarterback (1992), Born in Tyler, but raised in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerrville,_Texas" title="Kerrville, Texas">Kerrville</a>- Cleveland Browns</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LaDouphyous_McCalla" title="LaDouphyous McCalla">LaDouphyous McCalla</a> – CFL defensive back (1976)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A.J._Minter" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J. Minter">A.J. Minter</a> - MLB pitcher (2017-present)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerry_Mumphrey" title="Jerry Mumphrey">Jerry Mumphrey</a> – MLB outfielder (1952)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terrence_Murphy_(American_football)" title="Terrence Murphy (American football)">Terrence Murphy</a> – NFL wide receiver</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brandon_Pettigrew" title="Brandon Pettigrew">Brandon Pettigrew</a> – NFL tight end (1985) – Detroit Lions</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archie_Reynolds" title="Archie Reynolds">Archie Reynolds</a> – MLB pitcher, raised in Tyler (1946)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Derrell_Robertson" title="Derrell Robertson">Derrell Robertson</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> player (1967-1994)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aaron_Ross_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Ross (American football)">Aaron Ross</a> – NFL cornerback, schooled in Tyler (1982)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Santop" title="Louis Santop">Louis Santop</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro League</a> catcher</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(sprinter_born_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Taylor (sprinter born 1948)">Robert Taylor</a> – Olympic runner (1948-2007)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josh_Tomlin" title="Josh Tomlin">Josh Tomlin</a> – MLB pitcher (1984)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lee_Tunnell" title="Lee Tunnell">Lee Tunnell</a> – MLB pitcher (1960)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morgan_Wade" title="Morgan Wade">Morgan Wade</a> – BMX professional (1983)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greg_Ward,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Greg Ward, Jr.">Greg Ward, Jr.</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">Philadelphia Eagles</a> Wide Receiver</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Branch_Warren" title="Branch Warren">Branch Warren</a> – bodybuilder</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doug_Wyatt" title="Doug Wyatt">Doug Wyatt</a> – NFL defensive back (1946)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Others">Others</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_Asher_Badt" title="Harry Asher Badt">Harry Asher Badt</a> – naval officer in World War I and II</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jo-Carroll_Dennison" title="Jo-Carroll Dennison">Jo-Carroll Dennison</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miss_America" title="Miss America">Miss America</a> 1942, the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miss_Texas" title="Miss Texas">Miss Texas</a> to win the national title</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonna_Fitzgerald" title="Jonna Fitzgerald">Jonna Fitzgerald</a> – former Miss Texas, runner-up in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miss_America" title="Miss America">Miss America</a> pageant, television news anchor, noted musician</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruce_Goff" title="Bruce Goff">Bruce Goff</a> – Modernist architect, died in Tyler, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</span></h2>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lo_Barnechea" title="Lo Barnechea">Lo Barnechea</a>, Chile<sup id="cite_ref-Interactive_City_Directory_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interactive_City_Directory-56">[56]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-Interactive_City_Directory_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interactive_City_Directory-56">[56]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yachiyo,_Chiba" title="Yachiyo, Chiba">Yachiyo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba</a>, Japan<sup id="cite_ref-Interactive_City_Directory_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interactive_City_Directory-56">[56]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a>, Poland<sup id="cite_ref-Interactive_City_Directory_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interactive_City_Directory-56">[56]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberia,_Costa_Rica" title="Liberia, Costa Rica">Liberia</a>, Costa Rica<sup id="cite_ref-Interactive_City_Directory_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interactive_City_Directory-56">[56]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metz,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Metz, France">Metz, France</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotton_Belt_Depot_Train_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Belt Depot Train Museum">Cotton Belt Depot Train Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_museums_in_East_Texas" title="List of museums in East Texas">List of museums in East Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Museum_of_Art" title="Tyler Museum of Art">Tyler Museum of Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitaker-McClendon_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitaker-McClendon House">Whitaker-McClendon House</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FactFinder-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FactFinder_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml">"American FactFinder"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder2.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Fnav%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fcommunity_facts.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r935243608">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-USCensusEst2018-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2018_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2018_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html">"Population and Housing Unit Estimates"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Housing+Unit+Estimates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fpopest%2Fdata%2Ftables.2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GR2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GR2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GR2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder2.census.gov">"American FactFinder"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder2.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GR3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geonames.usgs.gov">"US Board on Geographic Names"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. October 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Board+on+Geographic+Names&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GR6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR6_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx">"Find a County"</a>. National Association of Counties<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+a+County&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Counties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naco.org%2FCounties%2FPages%2FFindACounty.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-USCensusEst2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2017_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2017_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/tylercitytexas">"Quick Facts: Tyler, city, Texas"</a>. US Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quick+Facts%3A+Tyler%2C+city%2C+Texas&rft.pub=US+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ftylercitytexas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tyler Convention & Visitors Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visittyler.com">"Welcome to Tyler, Texas"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Tyler%2C+Texas&rft.au=Tyler+Convention+%26+Visitors+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisittyler.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Recreation-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Recreation_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Recreation_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Recreation, City of Tyler – Parks and. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parksandrec.cityoftyler.org/ParkDirectory/TylerRoseGarden.aspx">"City of Tyler – Parks and Recreation > Park Directory > Tyler Rose Garden"</a>. <i>parksandrec.cityoftyler.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parksandrec.cityoftyler.org&rft.atitle=City+of+Tyler+%E2%80%93+Parks+and+Recreation+%3E+Park+Directory+%3E+Tyler+Rose+Garden&rft.aulast=Recreation&rft.aufirst=City+of+Tyler+%E2%80%93+Parks+and&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparksandrec.cityoftyler.org%2FParkDirectory%2FTylerRoseGarden.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hto_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Long, Christopher (June 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdt04">"TYLER, TX"</a>. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TYLER%2C+TX&rft.series=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fhdt04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Williams, Diane Elizabeth (June 20, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/NR/pdfs/02000896/02000896.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places Form: People's National Bank Building"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Texas Historic Sites Atlas. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Form%3A+People%E2%80%99s+National+Bank+Building&rft.series=Texas+Historic+Sites+Atlas&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2001-06-20&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Diane+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlas.thc.state.tx.us%2FNR%2Fpdfs%2F02000896%2F02000896.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Galveston Daily News</i>. "Slowly Roasted." October 30, 1895.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. R. Bills. <i>Black Holocaust: The Paris Horror and a Legacy of Texas Terror</i>. Fort Worth, Texas: Eakin Press, 2015</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dallas Morning News</i>. ""Roasted to Death." October 30, 1895.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. R. Bills. <i>Black Holocaust: The Paris Horror and a Legacy of Texas Terror</i>. Fort Worth, Texas: Eakin Press, 2015</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>. "2,000 Aid in Burning Negro at the Stake." May 26, 1912.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Granbury News</i>. "Negro Meets Death at Stake in Tyler." October 30, 1912.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dallas Morning News</i>. "Negro Meets Death at Stake in Tyler." May 26, 1912.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. R. Bills. <i>Black Holocaust: The Paris Horror and a Legacy of Texas Terror</i>. Fort Worth, Texas: Eakin Press, 2015</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GR1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html">"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. February 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Gazetteer+files%3A+2010%2C+2000%2C+and+1990&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2011-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fwww%2Fgazetteer%2Fgazette.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.au=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityoftyler.org/Portals/0/docs/departments/accounting/CAFR%202007-2008.pdf">City of Tyler CAFR</a>. Retrieved June 7, 2009.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-former-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-former_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-former_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-former_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityoftyler.org/Visitors/TylerHistory/FormerTylerMayors.aspx">"Former Tyler Mayors"</a>. <i>Cityoftyler.org</i>. City of Tyler<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cityoftyler.org&rft.atitle=Former+Tyler+Mayors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityoftyler.org%2FVisitors%2FTylerHistory%2FFormerTylerMayors.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert W. Glover; Linda Brown Cross, eds. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth61117/"><i>Tyler & Smith County, Texas: An Historical Survey</i></a>. American Bicentennial Committee of Tyler-Smith County – via University of North Texas Libraries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyler+%26+Smith+County%2C+Texas%3A+An+Historical+Survey&rft.pub=American+Bicentennial+Committee+of+Tyler-Smith+County&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetapth61117%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_access#Gratis_and_libre" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free to read" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Graveyard-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graveyard_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graveyard_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawrence_Kestenbaum" title="Lawrence Kestenbaum">Lawrence Kestenbaum</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/ofc/tyler.html">"Mayors of Tyler, Texas"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_Graveyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Graveyard">Political Graveyard</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Political+Graveyard&rft.atitle=Mayors+of+Tyler%2C+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalgraveyard.com%2Fgeo%2FTX%2Fofc%2Ftyler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1998-08-07/pdf/CREC-1998-08-07-extensions.pdf">"In Memory of Murph Wilson"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>, Washington DC, August 7, 1998</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=In+Memory+of+Murph+Wilson&rft.date=1998-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FCREC-1998-08-07%2Fpdf%2FCREC-1998-08-07-extensions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obituaries.tylerpaper.com/obituaries/tylerpaper/obituary.aspx?n=jack-h-halbert&pid=17948835">"Jack H. Halbert Obituary"</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Morning_Telegraph" title="Tyler Morning Telegraph">Tyler Morning Telegraph</a></i>, May 31, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tyler+Morning+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jack+H.+Halbert+Obituary&rft.date=2006-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobituaries.tylerpaper.com%2Fobituaries%2Ftylerpaper%2Fobituary.aspx%3Fn%3Djack-h-halbert%26pid%3D17948835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kltv.com/story/1544025/former-tyler-mayor-dies">"Former Tyler Mayor Dies"</a>, <i>KITV</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KITV&rft.atitle=Former+Tyler+Mayor+Dies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kltv.com%2Fstory%2F1544025%2Fformer-tyler-mayor-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970227083903/http://www.tylertexas.com/city/Mayor/default.html">"City of Tyler Mayor"</a>. <i>Tylertexas.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tylertexas.com:80/city/Mayor/default.html">the original</a> on February 27, 1997 – via Internet Archive, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tylertexas.com&rft.atitle=City+of+Tyler+Mayor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tylertexas.com%3A80%2Fcity%2FMayor%2Fdefault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityoftyler.org/Government/MayorandCouncil/Mayor.aspx">"Mayor"</a>. <i>Cityoftyler.org</i>. City of Tyler<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cityoftyler.org&rft.atitle=Mayor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityoftyler.org%2FGovernment%2FMayorandCouncil%2FMayor.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cityoftyler.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=76">http://cityoftyler.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=76</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthyeasttx.org/">Northeast Texas Public Health District website</a>. Retrieved August 18, 2009.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.12thcoa.courts.state.tx.us/court/contact.asp">Contact Information</a>." Twelfth Eleventh Court of Appeals. Retrieved on March 10, 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/parole/parole-directory/paroledir-rgnldisparoff1.htm">Parole Division Region I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928130938/http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/parole/parole-directory/paroledir-rgnldisparoff1.htm">Archived</a> 2011-09-28 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Criminal_Justice" title="Texas Department of Criminal Justice">Texas Department of Criminal Justice</a>. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/tyler-2100-w-martin-luther-king-jr-blvd-tyler-tx-1385275">Post Office Location – TYLER</a>." <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/azalea-2627-s-broadway-ave-tyler-tx-1353821">Post Office Location – AZALEA</a>." <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/southeast-crossing-3320-troup-hwy-ste-290-tyler-tx-1382344">Post Office Location – SOUTHEAST CROSSING</a>." <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/south-tyler-annex-6722-s-broadway-ave-ste-100-tyler-tx-1382301">Post Office Location – SOUTH TYLER ANNEX</a>." <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityoftyler.org/Portals/0/Documents/Finance%20Department/The%20City%20of%20Tyler%202013%20Audit.pdf">City of Tyler 2012-2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, p. 136</a>. Retrieved April 11, 2014.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasrosefestival.com/festival/now.htm">Until Now</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321050634/http://www.texasrosefestival.com/festival/now.htm">Archived</a> March 21, 2012, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Navarro, Edward (2006). "It's Tee Time in Tyler". <i>Images of Tyler</i>. Journal Communications, Inc. <b>1</b>: 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Images+of+Tyler&rft.atitle=It%27s+Tee+Time+in+Tyler&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Navarro&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130131746/http://tylerazaleatrail.com/faqs.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Tyler Azalea Trail. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tylerazaleatrail.com/faqs.htm">the original</a> on November 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=Tyler+Azalea+Trail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tylerazaleatrail.com%2Ffaqs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithcountyhistoricalsociety.org">"Smith County Historical Society"</a>. Smith County Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smith+County+Historical+Society&rft.pub=Smith+County+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithcountyhistoricalsociety.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etstatefair.com/">"East Texas State Fair"</a>. Etstatefair.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Texas+State+Fair&rft.pub=Etstatefair.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etstatefair.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kltv.com/Global/story.asp?S=7615650">"HGTV Dream Home Sold, $1.325 Million"</a>. Kltv.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HGTV+Dream+Home+Sold%2C+%241.325+Million&rft.pub=Kltv.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kltv.com%2FGlobal%2Fstory.asp%3FS%3D7615650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tylercivicchorale.org/history/">"Our History"</a>. <i>www.tylercivicchorale.org</i>. May 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tylercivicchorale.org&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tylercivicchorale.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityoftyler.org/Departments/TylerTransit.aspx">"Tyler Transit"</a>. Cityoftyler.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tyler+Transit&rft.pub=Cityoftyler.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityoftyler.org%2FDepartments%2FTylerTransit.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkscore.com/TX/Tyler">"City and Neighborhood Rankings"</a>. Walk Score. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+and+Neighborhood+Rankings&rft.pub=Walk+Score&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walkscore.com%2FTX%2FTyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/tx/tyler.html">"Tyler, Texas"</a>, found in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/index.html">Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities</a>,</span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315152250/http://www.tylermuslims.com/about-etis.html">"East Texas Islamic Society"</a>. Tylermuslims.com. May 29, 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tylermuslims.com/about-etis.html">the original</a> on March 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Texas+Islamic+Society&rft.pub=Tylermuslims.com&rft.date=1988-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tylermuslims.com%2Fabout-etis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tylerfootballclub.com/">http://www.tylerfootballclub.com/</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite class="citation news"><i>Palestine Herald Press</i>. February 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Herald+Press&rft.date=2009-02-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crfimmigrationed.org/lessons-for-teachers/149-hl10">"History Lesson 10: Plyler v. Doe: Can States Deny Public Benefits to Illegal Immigrants?"</a>. <i>www.crfimmigrationed.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crfimmigrationed.org&rft.atitle=History+Lesson+10%3A+Plyler+v.+Doe%3A+Can+States+Deny+Public+Benefits+to+Illegal+Immigrants%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crfimmigrationed.org%2Flessons-for-teachers%2F149-hl10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bemis-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bemis_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20121202021113/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=2296310&blogId=490202116">"An Update From Max"</a>. blogs.myspace.com/sayanything. May 20, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=2296310&blogId=490202116">the original</a> on December 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Update+From+Max&rft.pub=blogs.myspace.com%2Fsayanything&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.myspace.com%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3Dblog.view%26friendId%3D2296310%26blogId%3D490202116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cbs19.tv/article/news/local/hundreds-gather-in-unity-with-east-texas-muslim-community/396286234">https://www.cbs19.tv/article/news/local/hundreds-gather-in-unity-with-east-texas-muslim-community/396286234</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/10/t-magazine/bruce-goff-architecture-midwest.html">"The Man Who Made Wildly Imaginative, Gloriously Disobedient Buildings"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. September 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Made+Wildly+Imaginative%2C+Gloriously+Disobedient+Buildings&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F10%2Ft-magazine%2Fbruce-goff-architecture-midwest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Interactive_City_Directory-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interactive_City_Directory_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interactive_City_Directory_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interactive_City_Directory_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interactive_City_Directory_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interactive_City_Directory_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Tyler,%20Texas">"Interactive City Directory"</a>. Sister Cities International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+City+Directory&rft.pub=Sister+Cities+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sister-cities.org%2Finteractive-map%2FTyler%2C%2520Texas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATyler%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li>Austin, Gladys Peters, <i>Along the Century Trail: Early History of Tyler, Texas</i> (Dallas: Avalon Press, 1946)</li>
<li>Burton, Morris <i>Tyler as an Early Railroad Center</i>, Chronicles of Smith County, Spring 1963</li>
<li>Betts, Vicki, <i>Smith County, Texas, in the Civil War</i> (Tyler, Texas: Smith County Historical Society, 1978)</li>
<li>Everett, Dianna, <i>The Texas Cherokees: A People between Two Fires, 1819–1840</i> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990)</li>
<li>Glover, ed., Robert W., <i>Tyler and Smith County, Texas</i> (n.p.: Walsworth, 1976)</li>
<li>Henderson, Adele, Smith County, <i>Texas: Its Background and History in Ante-Bellum Days</i> (M.A. thesis, University of Texas, 1926)</li>
<li>McDonald, Archie P. <i>Historic Smith County</i> (Historical Publishing Network, 2006).</li>
<li>Reed, Robert E. Jr. <i>Images of America: Tyler</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>, 2008).</li>
<li>Reed, Robert E. Jr. <i>Postcard History: Tyler</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>, 2009).</li>
<li>Smith County Historical Society, <i>Historical Atlas of Smith County</i> (Tyler, Texas: Tyler Print Shop, 1965)</li>
<li>Wardlaw, Trevor P. "Sires and Sons: The Story of Hubbard’s Regiment." CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1511963732" title="Special:BookSources/978-1511963732">978-1511963732</a></li>
<li>Whisenhunt, Donald W. comp., <i>Chronological History of Smith County</i> (Tyler, Texas: Smith County Historical Society, 1983)</li>
<li>Woldert, Albert, <i>A History of Tyler and Smith County</i> (San Antonio: Naylor, 1948)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tyler,_Texas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tyler, Texas"><span style="">Tyler, Texas</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tyler#Q499169" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Tyler">Tyler</a></b></i>.</td></tr>
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i> article about "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Tyler,_Tex." class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Tyler, Tex.">Tyler, Texas</a></b>".</td></tr>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityoftyler.org/">City Of Tyler Website</a> Official City Website</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tyler,_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Tyler,_Texas" title="Template:Tyler, Texas"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Tyler,_Texas" title="Template talk:Tyler, Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Tyler,_Texas&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tyler,_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyler, Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">K-12</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Independent_School_District" title="Tyler Independent School District">Tyler ISD</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Tyler_High_School" title="John Tyler High School">John Tyler HS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_High_School_(Tyler,_Texas)" title="Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas)">Robert E. Lee HS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chapel_Hill_Independent_School_District_(Smith_County,_Texas)" title="Chapel Hill Independent School District (Smith County, Texas)">Chapel Hill ISD</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitehouse_Independent_School_District" title="Whitehouse Independent School District">Whitehouse ISD</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishop_Thomas_K._Gorman_Catholic_School" title="Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Catholic School">Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/All_Saints_Episcopal_School_(Tyler,_Texas)" title="All Saints Episcopal School (Tyler, Texas)">All Saints Episcopal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Tyler" title="University of Texas at Tyler">University of Texas at Tyler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Junior_College" title="Tyler Junior College">Tyler Junior College</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_College" title="Texas College">Texas College</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Pounds_Regional_Airport" title="Tyler Pounds Regional Airport">Tyler Pounds Regional Airport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadway_Square_Mall" title="Broadway Square Mall">Broadway Square Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caldwell_Zoo" title="Caldwell Zoo">Caldwell Zoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UT_Health_East_Texas_-_North_Campus" title="UT Health East Texas - North Campus">UT Health East Texas - North Campus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Rose_Festival" title="Texas Rose Festival">Texas Rose Festival</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Smith_County,_Texas,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Smith_County,_Texas" title="Template:Smith County, Texas"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Smith_County,_Texas" title="Template talk:Smith County, Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Smith_County,_Texas&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Smith_County,_Texas,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas" title="Smith County, Texas"><span class="region">Smith County, Texas</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="County_seat:_Tyler"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span>Tyler</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arp,_Texas" title="Arp, Texas">Arp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hideaway,_Texas" title="Hideaway, Texas">Hideaway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lindale,_Texas" title="Lindale, Texas">Lindale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Chapel_Hill,_Texas" title="New Chapel Hill, Texas">New Chapel Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noonday,_Texas" title="Noonday, Texas">Noonday</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overton,_Texas" title="Overton, Texas">Overton</a>‡</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Troup,_Texas" title="Troup, Texas">Troup</a>‡</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitehouse,_Texas" title="Whitehouse, Texas">Whitehouse</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Smith_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Smith_County.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Smith County map" width="100" height="95" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Smith_County.svg/150px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Smith_County.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Smith_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Smith_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12473" data-file-height="11855" /></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bullard,_Texas" title="Bullard, Texas">Bullard</a>‡</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winona,_Texas" title="Winona, Texas">Winona</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emerald_Bay,_Texas" title="Emerald Bay, Texas">Emerald Bay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unincorporated_area#United_States" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antioch,_Smith_County,_Texas" title="Antioch, Smith County, Texas">Antioch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bascom,_Texas" title="Bascom, Texas">Bascom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackjack,_Smith_County,_Texas" title="Blackjack, Smith County, Texas">Blackjack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bostick,_Texas" title="Bostick, Texas">Bostick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Browning,_Texas" title="Browning, Texas">Browning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carroll,_Texas" title="Carroll, Texas">Carroll</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copeland,_Texas" title="Copeland, Texas">Copeland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dogwood_City,_Texas" title="Dogwood City, Texas">Dogwood City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elberta,_Texas" title="Elberta, Texas">Elberta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flint,_Texas" title="Flint, Texas">Flint</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garden_Valley,_Texas" title="Garden Valley, Texas">Garden Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gresham,_Texas" title="Gresham, Texas">Gresham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamestown,_Texas" title="Jamestown, Texas">Jamestown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lee_Spring,_Texas" title="Lee Spring, Texas">Lee Spring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midway,_Smith_County,_Texas" title="Midway, Smith County, Texas">Midway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Sylvan,_Texas" title="Mount Sylvan, Texas">Mount Sylvan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Harmony,_Texas" title="New Harmony, Texas">New Harmony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Hope,_Smith_County,_Texas" title="New Hope, Smith County, Texas">New Hope</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omen,_Texas" title="Omen, Texas">Omen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Owentown,_Texas" title="Owentown, Texas">Owentown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pine_Springs,_Smith_County,_Texas" title="Pine Springs, Smith County, Texas">Pine Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pine_Trail_Estates,_Texas" title="Pine Trail Estates, Texas">Pine Trail Estates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Springs,_Texas" title="Red Springs, Texas">Red Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salem,_Smith_County,_Texas" title="Salem, Smith County, Texas">Salem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sand_Flat,_Smith_County,_Texas" title="Sand Flat, Smith County, Texas">Sand Flat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shady_Grove,_Smith_County,_Texas" title="Shady Grove, Smith County, Texas">Shady Grove</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinclair_City,_Texas" title="Sinclair City, Texas">Sinclair City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Starrville,_Texas" title="Starrville, Texas">Starrville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swan,_Texas" title="Swan, Texas">Swan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teaselville,_Texas" title="Teaselville, Texas">Teaselville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thedford,_Texas" title="Thedford, Texas">Thedford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walnut_Grove,_Smith_County,_Texas" title="Walnut Grove, Smith County, Texas">Walnut Grove</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waters_Bluff,_Texas" title="Waters Bluff, Texas">Waters Bluff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wood_Springs,_Texas" title="Wood Springs, Texas">Wood Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wright_City,_Texas" title="Wright City, Texas">Wright City</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belzora,_Texas" title="Belzora, Texas">Belzora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burning_Bush_Colony" title="Burning Bush Colony">Burning Bush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douglas,_Texas" title="Douglas, Texas">Douglas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utica,_Texas" title="Utica, Texas">Utica</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Texas.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a>   <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the United States.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x16px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Texas" title="Template:Texas"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Texas" title="Template talk:Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Texas&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x16px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Austin_(capital)"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Texas-related_articles" title="Index of Texas-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Texas" title="Architecture of Texas">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_of_Texas" title="Climate of Texas">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">Geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Texas" title="Government of Texas">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Healthcare_in_Texas" title="Healthcare in Texas">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Texas" title="Languages of Texas">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_Texas" title="Law of Texas">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_literature" title="Texas literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Texas_media" title="Category:Texas media">Media</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Texas" title="List of newspapers in Texas">Newspapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Texas" title="List of radio stations in Texas">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Texas" title="List of television stations in Texas">TV</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Texas" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas">National Historic Landmarks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks">Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">National Register of Historic Places Sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_in_Texas" title="Sports in Texas">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_from_Texas" title="List of people from Texas">Texans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Texas" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Texas">Tourist attractions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transportation_in_Texas" title="Transportation in Texas">Transportation</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/100px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/150px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/200px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="524" /><div><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seal_of_Texas" title="Seal of Texas">Seal of Texas</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Texas" title="Culture of Texas">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Texas" title="Crime in Texas">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Texas" title="Demographics of Texas">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Texas" title="Economy of Texas">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Texas" title="Education in Texas">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gambling_in_Texas" title="Gambling in Texas">Gambling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Texas" title="Politics of Texas">Politics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Texas" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark‑La‑Tex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Bend_(Texas)" title="Big Bend (Texas)">Big Bend</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_blackland_prairies" title="Texas blackland prairies">Blackland Prairies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazos_Valley" title="Brazos Valley">Brazos Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Texas" title="Central Texas">Central Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Coastal_Bend" title="Texas Coastal Bend">Coastal Bend</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concho_Valley" title="Concho Valley">Concho Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross_Timbers" title="Cross Timbers">Cross Timbers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Texas#Deep_East_Texas" title="East Texas">Deep East Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Texas)" title="Golden Triangle (Texas)">Golden Triangle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Hill Country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northeast_Texas" title="Northeast Texas">Northeast Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Texas" title="North Texas">North Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osage_Plains" title="Osage Plains">Osage Plains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" title="Texas Panhandle">Panhandle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley" title="Rio Grande Valley">Rio Grande Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Texas" title="Southeast Texas">Southeast Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Plains" title="South Plains">South Plains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texoma" title="Texoma">Texoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Texas_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Texas metropolitan areas">Metropolitan<br />areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Round_Rock,_Texas" title="Round Rock, Texas">Round Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas" title="Port Arthur, Texas">Port Arthur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas" title="Harlingen, Texas">Harlingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryan,_Texas" title="Bryan, Texas">Bryan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple,_Texas" title="Temple, Texas">Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longview,_Texas" title="Longview, Texas">Longview</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mission,_Texas" title="Mission, Texas">Mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas" title="San Angelo, Texas">San Angelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">New Braunfels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherman,_Texas" title="Sherman, Texas">Sherman</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denison,_Texas" title="Denison, Texas">Denison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas" title="Texarkana, Texas">Texarkana</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria,_Texas" title="Victoria, Texas">Victoria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i>See: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">List of counties in Texas</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Texas_county_seats" title="Template:Texas county seats"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Texas_county_seats" title="Template talk:Texas county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Texas_county_seats&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany,_Texas" title="Albany, Texas">Albany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alice,_Texas" title="Alice, Texas">Alice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpine,_Texas" title="Alpine, Texas">Alpine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anahuac,_Texas" title="Anahuac, Texas">Anahuac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anderson,_Texas" title="Anderson, Texas">Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrews,_Texas" title="Andrews, Texas">Andrews</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angleton,_Texas" title="Angleton, Texas">Angleton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anson,_Texas" title="Anson, Texas">Anson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archer_City,_Texas" title="Archer City, Texas">Archer City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aspermont,_Texas" title="Aspermont, Texas">Aspermont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athens,_Texas" title="Athens, Texas">Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">B</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baird,_Texas" title="Baird, Texas">Baird</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballinger,_Texas" title="Ballinger, Texas">Ballinger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bandera,_Texas" title="Bandera, Texas">Bandera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bastrop,_Texas" title="Bastrop, Texas">Bastrop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_City,_Texas" title="Bay City, Texas">Bay City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beeville,_Texas" title="Beeville, Texas">Beeville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bellville,_Texas" title="Bellville, Texas">Bellville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belton,_Texas" title="Belton, Texas">Belton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin,_Texas" title="Benjamin, Texas">Benjamin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Lake,_Texas" title="Big Lake, Texas">Big Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Spring,_Texas" title="Big Spring, Texas">Big Spring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boerne,_Texas" title="Boerne, Texas">Boerne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonham,_Texas" title="Bonham, Texas">Bonham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boston,_Texas" title="Boston, Texas">Boston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brackettville,_Texas" title="Brackettville, Texas">Brackettville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brady,_Texas" title="Brady, Texas">Brady</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breckenridge,_Texas" title="Breckenridge, Texas">Breckenridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brenham,_Texas" title="Brenham, Texas">Brenham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brownfield,_Texas" title="Brownfield, Texas">Brownfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brownwood,_Texas" title="Brownwood, Texas">Brownwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryan,_Texas" title="Bryan, Texas">Bryan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burnet,_Texas" title="Burnet, Texas">Burnet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caldwell,_Texas" title="Caldwell, Texas">Caldwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameron,_Texas" title="Cameron, Texas">Cameron</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian,_Texas" title="Canadian, Texas">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canton,_Texas" title="Canton, Texas">Canton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canyon,_Texas" title="Canyon, Texas">Canyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carrizo_Springs,_Texas" title="Carrizo Springs, Texas">Carrizo Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carthage,_Texas" title="Carthage, Texas">Carthage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Center,_Texas" title="Center, Texas">Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centerville,_Texas" title="Centerville, Texas">Centerville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Channing,_Texas" title="Channing, Texas">Channing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Childress,_Texas" title="Childress, Texas">Childress</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarendon,_Texas" title="Clarendon, Texas">Clarendon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarksville,_Texas" title="Clarksville, Texas">Clarksville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude,_Texas" title="Claude, Texas">Claude</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleburne,_Texas" title="Cleburne, Texas">Cleburne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coldspring,_Texas" title="Coldspring, Texas">Coldspring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coleman,_Texas" title="Coleman, Texas">Coleman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colorado_City,_Texas" title="Colorado City, Texas">Colorado City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbus,_Texas" title="Columbus, Texas">Columbus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comanche,_Texas" title="Comanche, Texas">Comanche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conroe,_Texas" title="Conroe, Texas">Conroe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooper,_Texas" title="Cooper, Texas">Cooper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corsicana,_Texas" title="Corsicana, Texas">Corsicana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotulla,_Texas" title="Cotulla, Texas">Cotulla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crane,_Texas" title="Crane, Texas">Crane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crockett,_Texas" title="Crockett, Texas">Crockett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crosbyton,_Texas" title="Crosbyton, Texas">Crosbyton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crowell,_Texas" title="Crowell, Texas">Crowell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crystal_City,_Texas" title="Crystal City, Texas">Crystal City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuero,_Texas" title="Cuero, Texas">Cuero</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daingerfield,_Texas" title="Daingerfield, Texas">Daingerfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dalhart,_Texas" title="Dalhart, Texas">Dalhart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decatur,_Texas" title="Decatur, Texas">Decatur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Del_Rio,_Texas" title="Del Rio, Texas">Del Rio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denton,_Texas" title="Denton, Texas">Denton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dickens,_Texas" title="Dickens, Texas">Dickens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dimmitt,_Texas" title="Dimmitt, Texas">Dimmitt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dumas,_Texas" title="Dumas, Texas">Dumas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">E</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas" title="Eagle Pass, Texas">Eagle Pass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastland,_Texas" title="Eastland, Texas">Eastland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edna,_Texas" title="Edna, Texas">Edna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eldorado,_Texas" title="Eldorado, Texas">Eldorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emory,_Texas" title="Emory, Texas">Emory</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairfield,_Texas" title="Fairfield, Texas">Fairfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falfurrias,_Texas" title="Falfurrias, Texas">Falfurrias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farwell,_Texas" title="Farwell, Texas">Farwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floresville,_Texas" title="Floresville, Texas">Floresville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floydada,_Texas" title="Floydada, Texas">Floydada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Davis,_Texas" title="Fort Davis, Texas">Fort Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Stockton,_Texas" title="Fort Stockton, Texas">Fort Stockton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin,_Texas" title="Franklin, Texas">Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Texas" title="Fredericksburg, Texas">Fredericksburg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gail,_Texas" title="Gail, Texas">Gail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gainesville,_Texas" title="Gainesville, Texas">Gainesville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garden_City,_Texas" title="Garden City, Texas">Garden City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gatesville,_Texas" title="Gatesville, Texas">Gatesville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_West,_Texas" title="George West, Texas">George West</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgetown,_Texas" title="Georgetown, Texas">Georgetown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giddings,_Texas" title="Giddings, Texas">Giddings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilmer,_Texas" title="Gilmer, Texas">Gilmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glen_Rose,_Texas" title="Glen Rose, Texas">Glen Rose</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goldthwaite,_Texas" title="Goldthwaite, Texas">Goldthwaite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliad,_Texas" title="Goliad, Texas">Goliad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graham,_Texas" title="Graham, Texas">Graham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granbury,_Texas" title="Granbury, Texas">Granbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenville,_Texas" title="Greenville, Texas">Greenville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groesbeck,_Texas" title="Groesbeck, Texas">Groesbeck</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groveton,_Texas" title="Groveton, Texas">Groveton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guthrie,_Texas" title="Guthrie, Texas">Guthrie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hallettsville,_Texas" title="Hallettsville, Texas">Hallettsville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamilton,_Texas" title="Hamilton, Texas">Hamilton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haskell,_Texas" title="Haskell, Texas">Haskell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebbronville,_Texas" title="Hebbronville, Texas">Hebbronville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hemphill,_Texas" title="Hemphill, Texas">Hemphill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hempstead,_Texas" title="Hempstead, Texas">Hempstead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henderson,_Texas" title="Henderson, Texas">Henderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henrietta,_Texas" title="Henrietta, Texas">Henrietta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hereford,_Texas" title="Hereford, Texas">Hereford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hillsboro,_Texas" title="Hillsboro, Texas">Hillsboro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hondo,_Texas" title="Hondo, Texas">Hondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huntsville,_Texas" title="Huntsville, Texas">Huntsville</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">J</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacksboro,_Texas" title="Jacksboro, Texas">Jacksboro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jasper,_Texas" title="Jasper, Texas">Jasper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jayton,_Texas" title="Jayton, Texas">Jayton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jefferson,_Texas" title="Jefferson, Texas">Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnson_City,_Texas" title="Johnson City, Texas">Johnson City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jourdanton,_Texas" title="Jourdanton, Texas">Jourdanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Junction,_Texas" title="Junction, Texas">Junction</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">K</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karnes_City,_Texas" title="Karnes City, Texas">Karnes City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaufman,_Texas" title="Kaufman, Texas">Kaufman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kermit,_Texas" title="Kermit, Texas">Kermit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerrville,_Texas" title="Kerrville, Texas">Kerrville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingsville,_Texas" title="Kingsville, Texas">Kingsville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kountze,_Texas" title="Kountze, Texas">Kountze</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">L</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Grange,_Texas" title="La Grange, Texas">La Grange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamesa,_Texas" title="Lamesa, Texas">Lamesa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lampasas,_Texas" title="Lampasas, Texas">Lampasas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leakey,_Texas" title="Leakey, Texas">Leakey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levelland,_Texas" title="Levelland, Texas">Levelland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberty,_Texas" title="Liberty, Texas">Liberty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linden,_Texas" title="Linden, Texas">Linden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lipscomb,_Texas" title="Lipscomb, Texas">Lipscomb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littlefield,_Texas" title="Littlefield, Texas">Littlefield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livingston,_Texas" title="Livingston, Texas">Livingston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Llano,_Texas" title="Llano, Texas">Llano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lockhart,_Texas" title="Lockhart, Texas">Lockhart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longview,_Texas" title="Longview, Texas">Longview</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lufkin,_Texas" title="Lufkin, Texas">Lufkin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madisonville,_Texas" title="Madisonville, Texas">Madisonville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marfa,_Texas" title="Marfa, Texas">Marfa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marlin,_Texas" title="Marlin, Texas">Marlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marshall,_Texas" title="Marshall, Texas">Marshall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mason,_Texas" title="Mason, Texas">Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matador,_Texas" title="Matador, Texas">Matador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McKinney,_Texas" title="McKinney, Texas">McKinney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Memphis,_Texas" title="Memphis, Texas">Memphis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menard,_Texas" title="Menard, Texas">Menard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mentone,_Texas" title="Mentone, Texas">Mentone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meridian,_Texas" title="Meridian, Texas">Meridian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mertzon,_Texas" title="Mertzon, Texas">Mertzon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miami,_Texas" title="Miami, Texas">Miami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monahans,_Texas" title="Monahans, Texas">Monahans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montague,_Texas" title="Montague, Texas">Montague</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morton,_Texas" title="Morton, Texas">Morton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Texas" title="Mount Pleasant, Texas">Mount Pleasant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Texas" title="Mount Vernon, Texas">Mount Vernon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muleshoe,_Texas" title="Muleshoe, Texas">Muleshoe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas" title="Nacogdoches, Texas">Nacogdoches</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">New Braunfels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newton,_Texas" title="Newton, Texas">Newton</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">O</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange,_Texas" title="Orange, Texas">Orange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ozona,_Texas" title="Ozona, Texas">Ozona</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paducah,_Texas" title="Paducah, Texas">Paducah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paint_Rock,_Texas" title="Paint Rock, Texas">Paint Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestine,_Texas" title="Palestine, Texas">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palo_Pinto,_Texas" title="Palo Pinto, Texas">Palo Pinto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pampa,_Texas" title="Pampa, Texas">Pampa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhandle,_Texas" title="Panhandle, Texas">Panhandle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris,_Texas" title="Paris, Texas">Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearsall,_Texas" title="Pearsall, Texas">Pearsall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pecos,_Texas" title="Pecos, Texas">Pecos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perryton,_Texas" title="Perryton, Texas">Perryton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pittsburg,_Texas" title="Pittsburg, Texas">Pittsburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plains,_Texas" title="Plains, Texas">Plains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plainview,_Texas" title="Plainview, Texas">Plainview</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Lavaca,_Texas" title="Port Lavaca, Texas">Port Lavaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post,_Texas" title="Post, Texas">Post</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Q</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quanah,_Texas" title="Quanah, Texas">Quanah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quitman,_Texas" title="Quitman, Texas">Quitman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rankin,_Texas" title="Rankin, Texas">Rankin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raymondville,_Texas" title="Raymondville, Texas">Raymondville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Refugio,_Texas" title="Refugio, Texas">Refugio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richmond,_Texas" title="Richmond, Texas">Richmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rio_Grande_City,_Texas" title="Rio Grande City, Texas">Rio Grande City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Lee,_Texas" title="Robert Lee, Texas">Robert Lee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roby,_Texas" title="Roby, Texas">Roby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rockport,_Texas" title="Rockport, Texas">Rockport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rocksprings,_Texas" title="Rocksprings, Texas">Rocksprings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rockwall,_Texas" title="Rockwall, Texas">Rockwall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rusk,_Texas" title="Rusk, Texas">Rusk</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas" title="San Angelo, Texas">San Angelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Augustine,_Texas" title="San Augustine, Texas">San Augustine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Diego,_Texas" title="San Diego, Texas">San Diego</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas" title="San Marcos, Texas">San Marcos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Saba,_Texas" title="San Saba, Texas">San Saba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanderson,_Texas" title="Sanderson, Texas">Sanderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarita,_Texas" title="Sarita, Texas">Sarita</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seguin,_Texas" title="Seguin, Texas">Seguin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seminole,_Texas" title="Seminole, Texas">Seminole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seymour,_Texas" title="Seymour, Texas">Seymour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherman,_Texas" title="Sherman, Texas">Sherman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sierra_Blanca,_Texas" title="Sierra Blanca, Texas">Sierra Blanca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silverton,_Texas" title="Silverton, Texas">Silverton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinton,_Texas" title="Sinton, Texas">Sinton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snyder,_Texas" title="Snyder, Texas">Snyder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sonora,_Texas" title="Sonora, Texas">Sonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spearman,_Texas" title="Spearman, Texas">Spearman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanton,_Texas" title="Stanton, Texas">Stanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephenville,_Texas" title="Stephenville, Texas">Stephenville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sterling_City,_Texas" title="Sterling City, Texas">Sterling City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stinnett,_Texas" title="Stinnett, Texas">Stinnett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stratford,_Texas" title="Stratford, Texas">Stratford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulphur_Springs,_Texas" title="Sulphur Springs, Texas">Sulphur Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweetwater,_Texas" title="Sweetwater, Texas">Sweetwater</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tahoka,_Texas" title="Tahoka, Texas">Tahoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Throckmorton,_Texas" title="Throckmorton, Texas">Throckmorton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tilden,_Texas" title="Tilden, Texas">Tilden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulia,_Texas" title="Tulia, Texas">Tulia</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyler</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uvalde,_Texas" title="Uvalde, Texas">Uvalde</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">V</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Van_Horn,_Texas" title="Van Horn, Texas">Van Horn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vega,_Texas" title="Vega, Texas">Vega</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vernon,_Texas" title="Vernon, Texas">Vernon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria,_Texas" title="Victoria, Texas">Victoria</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">W</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waxahachie,_Texas" title="Waxahachie, Texas">Waxahachie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weatherford,_Texas" title="Weatherford, Texas">Weatherford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wellington,_Texas" title="Wellington, Texas">Wellington</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wharton,_Texas" title="Wharton, Texas">Wharton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wheeler,_Texas" title="Wheeler, Texas">Wheeler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodville,_Texas" title="Woodville, Texas">Woodville</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Z</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zapata,_Texas" title="Zapata, Texas">Zapata</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499169&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499169&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499169" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4315246-6">4315246-6</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82105514">n82105514</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/3c38d6f5-af5b-491a-9f65-fe741d320d73">3c38d6f5-af5b-491a-9f65-fe741d320d73</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046364">10046364</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144886350">144886350</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/144886350">144886350</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1583966432 |