Examine individual changes

'<!------Please DO NOT tag this article as a copyvio until you have read the notice on the talk page of this article. Thank you. !-----> {{Infobox event | title = | image = Juanita dama de las nieves.jpg | image_size = 200 | caption = Mummy Juanita's body before unwrapping of her bundle. | date = | time = | place = [[Mount Ampato]], Peru | coordinates = 116.114 .117.118 }} '''Momia Juanita''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "[[Mummy]] Juanita"), also known as the '''Lady of Ampato''', is the well-preserved frozen body of an [[Inca Empire|Inca]] girl<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-480514/Preserved-mummy-500-year-old-Inca-Ice-Maiden-wows-visitors.html|title=Preserved mummy of 500-year-old Inca 'Ice Maiden' wows visitors|work=Mail Online|publisher=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=2018-11-12}}</ref> who was killed as an [[Human Sacrifice|offering]] to the Inca gods sometime between 1450 and 1480 when she was approximately 12–15 years old. She was discovered on [[Ampato|Mount Ampato]] (part of the [[Andes]] [[cordillera]]) in southern [[Peru]] in 1995 by [[anthropologist]] [[Johan Reinhard]] and his Peruvian climbing partner, Miguel Zárate. "Juanita" has been on display in the [[Catholic University of Santa María]]'s Museum of Andean Sanctuaries (Museo Santuarios Andinos) in [[Arequipa, Peru]], almost continuously since 1996, and was displayed on a tour of [[Japan]] in 1999. In 1995, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] chose her as one of the world's top ten discoveries.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Between May and June 1996, she was exhibited in the headquarters of the [[National Geographic Society]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], in a specially acclimatized conservation display unit. In its June 1996 issue, ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' included an article dedicated to the discovery of Juanita.<ref>Reinhard, Johan: Peru’s Ice Maidens. ''National Geographic'' 189(6) (June): 62–81, 1996.</ref> ==Discovery== In September 1995, during an ascent of [[Ampato|Mt. Ampato]] (20,700&nbsp;ft, 6309 m), [[Johan Reinhard]] and Zárate found in the crater a bundle that had fallen from an Inca site on the summit. To their astonishment, the bundle turned out to contain the frozen body of a young girl. They also found many items that had been left as offerings to the Inca gods. The items were strewn about the mountain slope, down which the body had fallen. These included statues and food items. The body and the items were transported to Arequipa, where the body was initially kept in a special refrigerator at the Catholic University.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mummy Juanita: The Sacrifice of the Inca Ice Maiden|url=https://www.ancient-origins.net/history/mummy-juanita-sacrifice-inca-ice-maiden-009800|website=Ancient Origins|accessdate=2018-11-12}}</ref> Two more ice mummies, a young girl and a boy, were discovered in an archaeological expedition led by Dr. Reinhard and Prof. Jose Antonio Chavez in October 1995, and they recovered another female mummy on Ampato in December 1997. Owing to melting caused by volcanic ash from the nearby erupting volcano of [[Sabancaya]], most of the Inca burial site had collapsed down into a gully that led into the crater. Reinhard published a detailed account of the discovery in his 2006 book entitled, ''The Ice Maiden: Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes''. ==Scientific analyses== ===Body=== As Reinhard and Zárate struggled on Ampato's summit to lift the heavy bundle containing Juanita's body, they realized that her body mass had probably been increased by freezing of the flesh. When initially weighed in [[Arequipa]], the bundle containing "Juanita" weighed over 90 pounds (40.82 kilos). Their realization turned out to be correct; Juanita is almost entirely frozen, making her a substantial scientific find. Like only a few other high-altitude Inca mummies, Juanita was found frozen and thus her remains and garments were not [[Desiccation|desiccated]] like those of mummies found in other parts of the world. She was naturally mummified, instead of being artificially mummified, as is the case with Egyptian mummies. Her skin, organs, tissues, blood, hair, stomach contents, and garments are extremely well-preserved, offering scientists a rare glimpse into Inca culture during the reign of the [[Sapa Inca]] [[Pachacuti]] (reigned 1438–1471/1472). Analysis of her stomach contents revealed that she ate a meal of [[vegetable]]s, six to eight hours before her death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ice Maiden Virtual Autopsy|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/|work=Andes Expedition – Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=2011-05-19|year=1997|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623075348/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/|archivedate=2011-06-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Clothing and adornments=== Juanita was wrapped in a brightly coloured burial tapestry (or "aksu"). Her head was adorned with a cap made from the feathers of a red [[macaw]], and she wore a lively woollen [[alpaca]] shawl fastened with a silver clasp. She was fully clothed in garments resembling the finest textiles from the Inca capital city of [[Cusco]]. This, in addition to evidence of excellent health, suggests that she may have come from a noble Cuzco family. These accoutrements were almost perfectly preserved, providing valuable insight into sacred Inca textiles and on how the Inca nobility dressed. ===Tools and equipment=== Found with her in the burial tapestry was a collection of grave goods: bowls, pins, and figurines made of gold, silver, and shell. ===Genetic analysis=== According to the [[Institute for Genomic Research]] (TIGR), the closest kin they could find in the database in 1996 were the [[Ngöbe–Buglé people|Ngobe people]] of [[Panama]], but the later research has shown her to share genetic patterns found in people from the [[Andes]]. Scientists at TIGR examined two mitochondrial [[DNA]] D loop sequences and found that [[Hypervariable region]] 1 (HV1) was consistent with [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|mitochondrial haplogroup A2]], one of the four Native American gene groups. Hypervariable region 2 (HV2) included a unique sequence not found in any of the current mitochondrial DNA databases.<ref>{{cite web|title=DNA: The Key to the Mystery|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/autopsy/lower3.html|work=Andes Expedition – Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=2011-05-19|year=1997|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014063112/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/autopsy/lower3.html|archivedate=2012-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her [[haplotype]] is 16111T, 16223T, 16290T, 16319A.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient DNA|url=http://www.isogg.org/ancientdna.htm|website=www.isogg.org|publisher=International Society of Genetic Genealogy|accessdate=2015-04-05|date=2005-05-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403114037/http://www.isogg.org/ancientdna.htm|archivedate=2015-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> In accordance with the [[genetic map|genetic world map]] and genetic patterns, her HV2 DNA sequence was also related with the ancient races originally from [[Taiwan]] and [[Korea]], which supports the theory that [[Paleo-Indians]] had [[Pacific]] links.<ref>[https://www.sal.org.uk/salon/archive/issue?no=169&f=1&fs=section1&cs=td Tests on 'Ice Maiden' reveal Pacific links], Society of Antiquaries of London, 2007. (169).</ref><ref>[https://ncffa.org/Web%20Files/Curriculum%20Guide/F%20%20Genes%20and%20Disease.pdf The Ice Maiden], Genes and Disease</ref><ref>Saydí María Negrón Romero, [http://www.libreroonline.com/peru/libros/44930/negron-romero-saydi-maria/presenting-peru-machupicchu.html Presenting Peru & Machupicchu], [http://richardchang.tw/2016/09/12/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%90%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF%E7%B4%80%E8%A1%8C%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E7%95%99%E8%91%97%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF/ p.114]</ref> ==Cause of death== Radiologist [[Elliot K. Fishman]] concluded that she was killed by [[blunt trauma]] to the head. He observed that her cracked right eye socket and the two-inch fracture in her skull are injuries "typical of someone who has been hit by a [[baseball bat]]." The blow caused a massive [[hemorrhage]], filling her skull with [[blood]] and pushing her brain to one side.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fatal Head Injury: Cracked Eye Socket and Skull Fracture|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/autopsy/lower6.html|work=Andes Expedition – Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=2011-05-19|year=1997|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014063549/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/autopsy/lower6.html|archivedate=2012-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==See also== *500-year-old Inca child<ref>{{cite journal|title=The complete mitogenome of a 500-year-old Inca child mummy|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=5|pages=16462|pmc=4642457|year=2015|last1=Gómez-Carballa|first1=A.|last2=Catelli|first2=L.|last3=Pardo-Seco|first3=J.|last4=Martinón-Torres|first4=F.|last5=Roewer|first5=L.|last6=Vullo|first6=C.|last7=Salas|first7=A.|pmid=26561991|doi=10.1038/srep16462|bibcode=2015NatSR...516462G}}</ref> *[[Children of Llullaillaco]] *[[Chinchorro mummies]] *"[[Inca Mummy Girl]]" *[[List of unsolved murders (before 1900)|List of unsolved murders]] *[[Ötzi|Ötzi the Iceman]] *[[Pazyryk burials#Ice Maiden|Pazyryk Ice Maiden]] *[[Plomo Mummy]] ==References== {{Reflist}} *{{cite journal|author=Reinhard, Johan|title=Sharp Eyes of Science Probe the Mummies of Peru|journal=National Geographic|volume=191|issue=1|date=January 1997|pages=36–43}} *{{cite book|author=Reinhard, Johan|title=Discovering the Inca Ice Maiden|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington, D.C.|year=1998|isbn=9780792271420|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveringincai00rein}} *{{cite journal|author=Reinhard, Johan|title=New Inca Mummies|journal=National Geographic|volume=194|issue=1|date=July 1998|pages=128–135}} *{{cite book|author=Reinhard, Johan|title=Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes|year=2005|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=9780792268383|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/icemaidenincamum0000rein}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121014063018/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/ Andes Expedition: Searching For Inca Secrets] on [[National Geographic]] *{{cite web|url=http://www.ucsm.edu.pe/museo-santuarios-andinos/|title=El Museo Santuarios Andinos|trans-title= Andean Sanctuaries Museum|language=es|publisher=[[Catholic University of Santa María]]}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mummy Juanita}} [[Category:15th-century births]] [[Category:15th-century deaths]] [[Category:15th-century indigenous people of the Americas]] [[Category:15th-century nobility]] [[Category:15th-century women]] [[Category:1995 archaeological discoveries]] [[Category:Archaeological discoveries in Peru]] [[Category:Archaeology of Peru]] [[Category:Deaths by beating]] [[Category:Female murder victims]] [[Category:Human remains (archaeological)]] [[Category:Human sacrifice]] [[Category:Inca Empire people]] [[Category:Andean mummies|Juanita]] [[Category:Murdered children]] [[Category:People from Arequipa Region]] [[Category:Unidentified murder victims]] [[Category:Unsolved murders]] [[Category:Violence against children]]'