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{{Multiple issues|
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{{Original research|date=February 2010}}}}
{{Culture of Canada}}
'''Canadian literature''' has been created in [[Canadian English]], [[Canadian French]], and [[Canadian Gaelic]], and more recently by [[Indigenous Literatures in Canada|First Nations]] and immigrants of other ancestral backgrounds. Influences on Canadian writers are broad, both geographically and historically, representing Canada's diversity in culture and region.
While mostly written in English, "Indigenous literature" has begun to flourish and is based upon many distinct oral traditions, languages, and cultural practices. However, Canadians have been less willing to acknowledge the diverse languages of Canada, such as [[Canadian Gaelic]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Newton|first1=Michael|title=Seanchaidh na Coille / The Memory-Keeper of the Forest|date=2015|publisher=Cape Breton University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rankin|first1=Effie|title=A shared song lasts long|url=http://www.gaelic.ca/song.html|website=Comhairle na Gàidhlig|publisher=Gaelic Council of Nova Scotia|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref>
{{History of modern literature}}
The dominant European cultures were originally English, French, and Gaelic. However, in recent decades Canada's literature has been strongly influenced by immigrants from other countries. Since the 1980s Canada's ethnic and cultural diversity has been openly reflected in its literature, with many of its most prominent writers focusing on ethnic minority identity, duality and cultural differences.
==Indigenous literature==
{{main|Indigenous literatures in Canada}}
Indigenous peoples of Canada are culturally diverse.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://csc.immix.ca/files/30/1278480166aboriginal.pdf|title=Aboriginal Literatures in Canada: A Teacher’s Resource Guide A Teacher’s Resource Guide|last=Eigenbrod |first=Renate |display-authors=etal|date=2003}}</ref> Each group has its own literature, language and culture.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://indigenousfoundations.adm.arts.ubc.ca/culture/|title=Culture|website=indigenousfoundations.adm.arts.ubc.ca|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-21}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The term "Indigenous literature" therefore can be misleading. As writer [[Jeannette Armstrong]] states in one interview, "I would stay away from the idea of "Native" literature, there is no such thing. There is [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] literature, there is [[Okanagan people|Okanagan]] literature, but there is no generic Native in Canada".<ref name=":3" />
==French-Canadian literature==
{{main|Quebec literature}}
{{See also|List of French Canadian writers from outside Quebec|List of Quebec writers|Literature of Quebec}}
In 1802, the Lower Canada legislative library was founded, being one of the first in Occident, the first in the Canadas. For comparison, the library of the British House of Commons was founded sixteen years later. The library had some rare titles about geography, natural science and letters. All books it contained were moved to the Canadian parliament in Montreal when the two Canadas, lower and upper, were united. On April 25, 1849, a dramatic event occurred: the Canadian parliament was burned by furious people along with thousands of French Canadian books and a few hundred of English books. This is why some people still affirm today, falsely, that from the early settlements until the 1820s, Quebec had virtually no literature. Though historians, journalists, and learned priests published, overall the total output that remain from this period and that had been kept out of the burned parliament is small.
It was the rise of Quebec patriotism and the 1837 [[Lower Canada Rebellion]], in addition to a modern system of primary school education, which led to the rise of French-Canadian fiction. ''[[L'influence d'un livre]]'' by [[Philippe-Ignace-Francois Aubert de Gaspé]] is widely regarded as the first French-Canadian novel. The genres which first became popular were the rural novel and the historical novel. French authors were influential, especially authors like [[Balzac]].
[[File:Gabrielle Roy 1945.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gabrielle Roy]] was a notable French Canadian author.]]
In 1866, Father [[Henri-Raymond Casgrain]] became one of Quebec's first literary theorists. He argued that literature's goal should be to project an image of proper [[Catholic]] morality. However, a few authors like [[Louis-Honoré Fréchette]] and [[Arthur Buies]] broke the conventions to write more interesting works.
This pattern continued until the 1930s with a new group of authors educated at the [[Université Laval]] and the [[Université de Montréal]]. Novels with psychological and sociological foundations became the norm. [[Gabrielle Roy]] and [[Anne Hébert]] even began to earn international acclaim, which had not happened to French-Canadian literature before. During this period, Quebec theatre, which had previously been melodramas and comedies, became far more involved.
French-Canadian literature began to greatly expand with the turmoil of the [[World War II|Second World War]], the beginnings of industrialization in the 1950s, and most especially the [[Quiet Revolution]] in the 1960s. French-Canadian literature also began to attract a great deal of attention globally, with [[Acadian]] [[novelist]] [[Antonine Maillet]] winning the [[Prix Goncourt]]. An experimental branch of Québécois literature also developed; for instance the poet [[Nicole Brossard]] wrote in a formalist style.
In 1979, [[Roch Carrier]] wrote the story ''[[The Hockey Sweater]]'', which highlighted the cultural and social tensions between [[English Canada|English]] and [[French Canada|French]] speaking Canada.
==Before Confederation==
{{multiple image
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Because Canada only officially became a country on July 1, 1867, it has been argued that literature written before this time was colonial. For example, [[Susanna Moodie]] and [[Catharine Parr Traill]], English sisters who adopted the country as their own, moved to [[Upper Canada]] in 1832. They recorded their experiences as pioneers in Parr Traill's ''The Backwoods of Canada'' (1836) and ''Canadian Crusoes'' (1852), and Moodie's ''Roughing It in the Bush'' (1852) and ''Life in the Clearings'' (1853). However, both women wrote until their deaths, placing them in the country for more than 50 years and certainly well past Confederation. Moreover, their books often dealt with survival and the rugged Canadian environment; these themes re-appear in other Canadian works, including [[Margaret Atwood]]'s ''Survival''. Moodie and Parr Traill's sister, [[Agnes Strickland]], remained in England and wrote elegant royal biographies, creating a stark contrast between Canadian and English literatures.
However, one of the earliest "Canadian" writers virtually always included in Canadian literary anthologies is [[Thomas Chandler Haliburton]] (1796–1865), who died just two years before Canada's official birth. He is remembered for his comic character, Sam Slick, who appeared in ''The Clockmaker'' and other humorous works throughout Haliburton's life.
==After 1867==
[[File:Charles G. D. Roberts cph.3a43709.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles G. D. Roberts]] was a poet that belonged to an informal group known as the [[Confederation Poets]].]]
A group of poets now known as the "[[Confederation Poets]]", including [[Charles G. D. Roberts]], [[Archibald Lampman]], [[Bliss Carman]], [[Duncan Campbell Scott]], and [[William Wilfred Campbell]], came to prominence in the 1880s and 1890s. Choosing the world of nature as their inspiration, their work was drawn from their own experiences and, at its best, written in their own tones. [[Isabella Valancy Crawford]], [[Frederick George Scott]], and [[Francis Joseph Sherman|Francis Sherman]] are also sometimes associated with this group.
During this period, [[Pauline Johnson|E. Pauline Johnson]] and [[William Henry Drummond]] were writing popular poetry - Johnson's based on her part-[[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]] heritage, and Drummond, the Poet of the Habitant, writing dialect verse.
The [[Lucy Maud Montgomery|L. M. Montgomery]] novel ''[[Anne of Green Gables]]'' was first published in 1908. It has sold an estimated 50 million copies and is one of the [[best selling books]] worldwide.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSN1754861220080319 Reuters] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113023844/http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSN1754861220080319|date=2010-01-13}} on ''Anne of Green Gables'': ""Anne of Green Gables" has sold more than 50 million copies and been translated into 20 languages, according to Penguin." (19 March 2008)</ref>
Reacting against a tradition that emphasised the wilderness, poet [[Leonard Cohen]]'s novel ''[[Beautiful Losers]]'' (1966), was labelled by one reviewer "the most revolting book ever written in Canada".<ref>[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,,1305765,00.html ''Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?''] Tim de Lisle, Guardian Online, retrieved 11 October 2006.</ref> However, Cohen is perhaps best known as a folk singer and songwriter, with an international following.
Canadian author [[Farley Mowat]] is best known for his work ''[[Never Cry Wolf]]'' (1963) and his Governor General's Award-winning children's book, ''[[Lost in the Barrens]]'' (1956).
Following World War II, writers such as Mavis Gallant, Mordecai Richler, Norman Levine, Margaret Laurence and Irving Layton added to the Modernist influence to Canadian literature previously introduced by [[F. R. Scott]], [[A. J. M. Smith]] and others associated with the ''McGill Fortnightly''. This influence, at first, was not broadly appreciated. [[Norman Levine]]'s ''Canada Made Me'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/norman-levine-494715.html|title=Norman Levine|date=20 June 2005|website=Independent.co.uk|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> a travelogue that presented a sour interpretation of the country in 1958, for example, was widely rejected.
After 1967, the country's centennial year, the national government increased funding to publishers and numerous small presses began operating throughout the country.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |entry-url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC828178 |entry=Small Presses in the 1960s and 1970s |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |accessdate=2008-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304025739/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC828178 |archivedate=2009-03-04 }}</ref>
The best-known Canadian children's writers include L. M. Montgomery and Monica Hughes.
==Contemporary Canadian literature: After 1967==
Arguably, the best-known living Canadian writer internationally (especially since the deaths of [[Robertson Davies]] and [[Mordecai Richler]]) is [[Margaret Atwood]], a prolific novelist, poet, and literary critic. Some great 20th-century Canadian authors include [[Margaret Laurence]], and [[Gabrielle Roy]].
[[File:Alice Munro.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Short story writer]] [[Alice Munro]] won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 2013.]]
This group, along with Nobel Laureate [[Alice Munro]], who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English,<ref>"For a long time Alice Munro has been compared with Chekhov; John Updike would add Tolstoy, and AS Byatt would say Guy de Maupassant and Flaubert. Munro is often called the best living writer of short stories in English; the words "short story" are frequently dropped." [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,,1055426,00.html ''Riches of a Double Life''], Ada Edemariam, Guardian Online, retrieved 11 October 2006.</ref> were the first to elevate Canadian Literature to the world stage. During the post-war decades only a handful of books of any literary merit were published each year in Canada, and Canadian literature was viewed as an appendage to British and American writing. When academic [[Clara Thomas]] decided in the 1940s to concentrate on Canadian literature for her master's thesis, the idea was so novel and so radical that word of her decision reached ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' books editor [[William Arthur Deacon]], who then personally reached out to Thomas to pledge his and the newspaper's resources in support of her work.<ref name=advocate>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/author-and-educator-clara-thomas-was-a-relentless-advocate-of-canlit/article15666600/ "Author and educator Clara Thomas was a relentless advocate of CanLit"]. ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', November 28, 2013.</ref>
Other major Canadian novelists include [[Carol Shields]], [[Lawrence Hill]], and [[Alice Munro]]. [[Carol Shields]] novel ''The Stone Diaries'' won the 1995 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]], and another novel, ''[[Larry's Party]]'', won the [[Orange Prize for Fiction|Orange Prize]] in 1998. [[Lawrence Hill]]'s ''[[Book of Negroes]]'' won the 2008 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] Overall Best Book Award, while [[Alice Munro]] became the first Canadian to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 2013.<ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/alice-munro-is-1st-canadian-woman-to-win-nobel-literature-prize-1.1958383|title=Nobel-winner Alice Munro hailed as 'master' of short stories|website=Cbc.ca|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> Munro also received the [[Man Booker International Prize]] in 2009.
In the 1960s, a renewed [[nationalism|sense of nation]] helped foster new voices in Canadian poetry, including: [[Margaret Atwood]], [[Michael Ondaatje]], [[Leonard Cohen]], [[Eli Mandel]] and [[Margaret Avison]]. Others such as [[Al Purdy]], [[Milton Acorn]], and [[Earle Birney]], already published, produced some of their best work during this period.
The [[TISH]] Poetry movement in Vancouver brought about poetic innovation from [[Jamie Reid]], [[George Bowering]], [[Fred Wah]], [[Frank Davey]], [[Daphne Marlatt]], David Cull, and [[Lionel Kearns]].
[[File:A passionate George Elliot Clarke recites poetry 2015 07 09 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|The former [[Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate]] [[George Elliott Clarke]] (2015)]] Canadian poets has been expanding the boundaries of originality: [[Christian Bök]], [[Ken Babstock]], [[Karen Solie]], Lynn Crosbie, [[Patrick Lane]], [[George Elliott Clarke]] and [[Barry Dempster]] have all imprinted their unique consciousnesses onto the map of Canadian imagery.
A notable anthology of Canadian poetry is ''The New Oxford book of Canadian Verse'', edited by Margaret Atwood ({{ISBN|0-19-540450-5}}).
[[Anne Carson]] is probably the best known Canadian poet living today. Carson in 1996 won the [[Lannan Literary Award]] for poetry. The foundation's awards in 2006 for poetry, fiction and nonfiction each came with $US 150,000.
===Canadian authors who have won international awards===
'''[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]'''
* [[Alice Munro]] (2013)
'''[[Man Booker International Prize]]'''
* Alice Munro (2009)
'''[[Man Booker Prize]]'''
* [[Michael Ondaatje]], ''[[The English Patient]]'' (1992)
* [[Margaret Atwood]], ''[[The Blind Assassin]]'' (2000)
* [[Yann Martel]], ''[[Life of Pi]]'' (2002)
* Margaret Atwood, ''[[The Testaments]]'' (2019)
'''[[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]'''
* [[Carol Shields]], ''[[The Stone Diaries]]'' (1995)
'''[[National Book Critics Circle Award]]'''
* [[Carol Shields]], ''[[The Stone Diaries]]'' (1994)
'''[[International Dublin Literary Award]]'''
* [[Alistair MacLeod]], ''[[No Great Mischief]]'' (2001)
* [[Rawi Hage]], ''[[De Niro's Game]]'' (2008)
'''[[Orange Prize for Fiction|Orange Prize]]'''
* [[Anne Michaels]], ''[[Fugitive Pieces]]'' (1997)
* [[Carol Shields]], ''[[Larry's Party]]'' (1998)
'''[[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]]'''
* [[Olive Senior]], ''Summer Lightning'' (1987)
* [[Mordecai Richler]], ''[[Solomon Gursky Was Here]]'' (1990)
* [[Rohinton Mistry]], ''[[Such a Long Journey (novel)|Such a Long Journey]]'' (1991)
* [[Rohinton Mistry]], ''[[A Fine Balance]]'' (1996)
* [[Austin Clarke (novelist)|Austin Clarke]], ''[[The Polished Hoe]]'' (2003)
* [[Lawrence Hill]], ''[[The Book of Negroes (novel)|The Book of Negroes]]'' (2008)
'''[[Peace Prize of the German Book Trade]]'''
* Margaret Atwood (2017)
==Awards==
There are a number of notable Canadian awards for literature:
* The [[Atlantic Writers Competition]] highlights talent across the Atlantic Provinces.
* [[Books in Canada First Novel Award]] for the best first novel of the year
* Canadian Authors Association Awards for Adult Literature, honouring works by Canadian writers that achieve excellence without sacrificing popular appeal since 1975<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canadianauthors.org/national/caa-literary-awards/ |title=Canadian Authors Association Literary Awards |website=Canadian Authors |accessdate=2014-04-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425003744/http://canadianauthors.org/national/caa-literary-awards/ |archivedate=2014-04-25 }}</ref>
* [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC Literary Awards]]
* [[Canada Council Molson Prize]] for distinguished contributions to Canada's cultural and intellectual heritage
* [[Danuta Gleed Literary Award]] for a first collection of short fiction by a Canadian author writing in English
* [[Dayne Ogilvie Prize]] for an emerging writer in the [[LGBT|lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender]] communities
* [[Doug Wright Awards]] for graphic literature and novels
* [[Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Awards]] for best Canadian play staged by a [[Canadians|Canadian]] theatre company
* [[Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction]] for best work of nonfiction
* [[Gerald Lampert Award]] for the best new poet
* [[Lane Anderson Award]] for best Canadian non-fiction science
* [[Giller Prize]] for the best Canadian novel or book of short stories in English
* [[Governor General's Literary Awards|Governor General's Awards]] for the best Canadian fiction, poetry, non-fiction, drama, and translation, in both English and French
* [[Griffin Poetry Prize]] for the best book of poetry, one award each for a Canadian poet and an international poet
* [[Indigenous Voices Awards]] for works of literature by [[First Nations]], [[Métis people|Métis]] and [[Inuit people|Inuit]] writers
* [[Marian Engel Award]] for female writers in mid-career
* [[Matt Cohen Award]] to honour a Canadian writer for a lifetime of distinguished achievement
* [[Milton Acorn Poetry Awards]] for an outstanding "people's poet"
* [[National Business Book Award]]
* [[Pat Lowther Award]] for poetry written by a woman
* [[Prix Aurora Awards]] for Canadian [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]], in [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]]
* [[RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers]]
* [[Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize]] for the best work of fiction
* [[Shaughnessy Cohen Award]] for Political Writing
* [[Stephen Leacock Award For Humour]]
* [[W.O. Mitchell Literary Prize]] for a writer who has made a distinguished lifetime contribution both to Canadian literature and to mentoring new writers
* [[Room (magazine)|Room of One's Own]] Annual Award for poetry and literature
* [[3-Day Novel Contest]] annual literary marathon, born in Canada
* [[Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award]] for a distinguished writer in mid-career
* [[Writers' Trust of Canada|Writers' Trust]] / McClelland & Stewart [[Journey Prize]]
Awards For Children's and Young Adult Literature:
* Young Adult Novel Prize of the [[Atlantic Writers Competition]]
* [[R.Ross Annett Award for Children's Literature]]
* [[Geoffrey Bilson Award for Historical Fiction]]
* [[Ann Connor Brimer Award]]
* [[Canadian Library Association Book of the Year Award for Children]]
* [[CLA Young Adult Canadian Book Award]]
* [[Sheila A. Egoff Children's Literature Prize]]
* [[Elizabeth Mrazik-Cleaver Canadian Picture Book Award]]
* [[Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Awards|Floyd S. Chalmers Award for Theatre for Young Adults]]
* [[Amelia Frances Howard-Gibbon Illustrator's Award]]
* [[Information Book of the Year]]
* [[I0DE Book Award]]
* [[Max and Greta Ebel Memorial Award for Children's Writing]]
* [[Norma Fleck Award]] for children's non-fiction
* [[Governor-General's Awards]] for the best Canadian children's literature, text-based or illustrated, in both English and French
* QWF Prize for Children's and Young Adult Literature
* [[Vicky Metcalf Award]] for Children's Literature
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* K. Balachandran, K. (2007) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DdZCmNWk9pkC&pg=PP1 Canadian Literature: An Overview]. Sarup & Sons
* Eugene Benson and William Toye, eds. (1997) ''[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00toye The Oxford companion to Canadian literature]''; online. 1226 pp of short articles by experts.
* Faye Hammill (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1T7WK0F1fXYC&l&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Canadian literature]''. Edinburgh Univ. Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7486-2162-0}}
* Jeffrey M. Heath (1991). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qmMRJzrllTwC&l&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Profiles in Canadian Literature]'', Volume 7. Dundurn Press. {{ISBN|1-55002-145-1}}
* William H. New (1990). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dX_QsBwhubwC&lpg=PA71&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Native writers and Canadian writing]''. UBC Press. {{ISBN|0-7748-0370-3}}
* William H. New (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&lpg=PA1087&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Encyclopedia of literature in Canada]''. Univ. Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-0761-9}}
* William H. New (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=njga9UVBx8YC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true A history of Canadian literature]''. McGill-Queen's Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-7735-2597-1}}
* [[Michael Newton (Gaelic scholar)|Michael Newton]] (2015) ''Seanchaidh na Coille / The Memory-Keeper of the Forest: Anthology of Scottish-Gaelic Literature of Canada''.
* Reingard M. Nischik (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VYgTaGwa4nsC&lpg=PA387&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true History of literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian].'' Camden House. {{ISBN|9781571133595}}
* Pivato, Joseph (1994 and 2003). ''Echo: Essays on Other Literatures.'' Guernica Editions. {{ISBN|1-55071-176-8}}
* David Stouck (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R3tTsYA5DZ0C&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Major Canadian authors: a critical introduction to Canadian literature in English].'' Univ. Nebraska Press. {{ISBN|0-8032-4119-4}}
* Cynthia Sugars and Eleanor Ty, eds. (2015). ''Canadian Literature and Cultural Memory.'' Oxford Univ. Press, 493pp. Scholarly essays on how cultural memory is reflected in Canadian fiction, poetry, drama, films, etc.
* Elizabeth Waterston (1973). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rIEOAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Survey; a short history of Canadian literature]''. Methuen. {{ISBN|0-458-90930-0}}
{{refend}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Literature|Canada}}
* Regional–such as the prairie novel or Quebec theatre.
* By author: Canadian women; [[Acadian]]s, [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada]]; [[Canadians of Irish descent|Irish Canadians]]; Italian-Canadians: South-Asian-Canadian
* Literary period: "The [[Confederation Poets]]", "Canadian postmoderns" or "Canadian Poets Between the Wars."
* [[Canadian poetry]]
* [[Canadian science fiction]]
* [[List of Canadian writers]]
* [[List of Canadian short story writers]]
* [[The Canadian Centenary Series]]
* [[Canada Reads]]
* [[Canadian content]]
* [[Theatre of Canada]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110103231604/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/writers/index-e.html Introduction - Canadian Writers] - Library and Archives Canada
*[http://www.canlit.ca/ ''Canadian Literature''] - CanLit
*[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-literature ''Canadian Literature''] - Historica - The Canadian Encyclopedia Library
*[http://canadian-writers.athabascau.ca Canadian Writers] - Resource for Canadian authors publishing in English or French - Athabasca University, Alberta
*[http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/SCL ''Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littérature canadienne''] - University of New Brunswick
*[https://omeka.vicu.utoronto.ca/dominion/ Dominion of the North: Literary & Print Culture in Canada] - An online exhibition celebrating prominent poets, authors, and historians. It comprises one hundred monographs, organized topically into eight collections.
{{Canada topics}}
{{English literature}}
{{North American topic|| literature}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Canadian Literature}}
[[Category:Canadian literature| ]]
[[Category:North American literature]]
[[Category:English-language literature]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{For|the quarterly academic journal|Canadian Literature (journal)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes|date=March 2014}}
{{Original research|date=February 2010}}}}
{{Culture of Canada}}
'''Canadian literature''' has been created in [[Canadian English]], [[Canadian French]], and [[Canadian Gaelic]], and more recently by [[Indigenous Literatures in Canada|First Nations]] and immigrants of other ancestral backgrounds. Influences on Canadian writers are broad, both geographically and historically, representing Canada's diversity in culture and region.
While mostly written in English, "Indigenous literature" has begun to flourish and is based upon many distinct oral traditions, languages, and cultural practices. However, Canadians have been less willing to acknowledge the diverse languages of Canada, such as [[Canadian Gaelic]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Newton|first1=Michael|title=Seanchaidh na Coille / The Memory-Keeper of the Forest|date=2015|publisher=Cape Breton University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rankin|first1=Effie|title=A shared song lasts long|url=http://www.gaelic.ca/song.html|website=Comhairle na Gàidhlig|publisher=Gaelic Council of Nova Scotia|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref>
{{History of modern literature}}
The dominant European cultures were originally English, French, and Gaelic. However, in recent decades Canada's literature has been strongly influenced by immigrants from other countries. Since the 1980s Canada's ethnic and cultural diversity has been openly reflected in its literature, with many of its most prominent writers focusing on ethnic minority identity, duality and cultural differences.
==Indigenous literature==
{{main|Indigenous literatures in Canada}}
Indigenous peoples of Canada are culturally diverse.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://csc.immix.ca/files/30/1278480166aboriginal.pdf|title=Aboriginal Literatures in Canada: A Teacher’s Resource Guide A Teacher’s Resource Guide|last=Eigenbrod |first=Renate |display-authors=etal|date=2003}}</ref> Each group has its own literature, language and culture.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://indigenousfoundations.adm.arts.ubc.ca/culture/|title=Culture|website=indigenousfoundations.adm.arts.ubc.ca|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-21}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The term "Indigenous literature" therefore can be misleading. As writer [[Jeannette Armstrong]] states in one interview, "I would stay away from the idea of "Native" literature, there is no such thing. There is [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] literature, there is [[Okanagan people|Okanagan]] literature, but there is no generic Native in Canada".<ref name=":3" />
reeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
==Before Confederation==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = SusannahMoodie.jpeg
| width1 = 91
|footer= Sisters [[Susanna Moodie]] and [[Catherine Parr Traill]] wrote several stories about their experiences in [[the Canadas]].
| image2 = CatherineParrTraillcrop.png
| width2 = 129
}}
Because Canada only officially became a country on July 1, 1867, it has been argued that literature written before this time was colonial. For example, [[Susanna Moodie]] and [[Catharine Parr Traill]], English sisters who adopted the country as their own, moved to [[Upper Canada]] in 1832. They recorded their experiences as pioneers in Parr Traill's ''The Backwoods of Canada'' (1836) and ''Canadian Crusoes'' (1852), and Moodie's ''Roughing It in the Bush'' (1852) and ''Life in the Clearings'' (1853). However, both women wrote until their deaths, placing them in the country for more than 50 years and certainly well past Confederation. Moreover, their books often dealt with survival and the rugged Canadian environment; these themes re-appear in other Canadian works, including [[Margaret Atwood]]'s ''Survival''. Moodie and Parr Traill's sister, [[Agnes Strickland]], remained in England and wrote elegant royal biographies, creating a stark contrast between Canadian and English literatures.
However, one of the earliest "Canadian" writers virtually always included in Canadian literary anthologies is [[Thomas Chandler Haliburton]] (1796–1865), who died just two years before Canada's official birth. He is remembered for his comic character, Sam Slick, who appeared in ''The Clockmaker'' and other humorous works throughout Haliburton's life.
==After 1867==
[[File:Charles G. D. Roberts cph.3a43709.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles G. D. Roberts]] was a poet that belonged to an informal group known as the [[Confederation Poets]].]]
A group of poets now known as the "[[Confederation Poets]]", including [[Charles G. D. Roberts]], [[Archibald Lampman]], [[Bliss Carman]], [[Duncan Campbell Scott]], and [[William Wilfred Campbell]], came to prominence in the 1880s and 1890s. Choosing the world of nature as their inspiration, their work was drawn from their own experiences and, at its best, written in their own tones. [[Isabella Valancy Crawford]], [[Frederick George Scott]], and [[Francis Joseph Sherman|Francis Sherman]] are also sometimes associated with this group.
During this period, [[Pauline Johnson|E. Pauline Johnson]] and [[William Henry Drummond]] were writing popular poetry - Johnson's based on her part-[[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]] heritage, and Drummond, the Poet of the Habitant, writing dialect verse.
The [[Lucy Maud Montgomery|L. M. Montgomery]] novel ''[[Anne of Green Gables]]'' was first published in 1908. It has sold an estimated 50 million copies and is one of the [[best selling books]] worldwide.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSN1754861220080319 Reuters] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113023844/http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSN1754861220080319|date=2010-01-13}} on ''Anne of Green Gables'': ""Anne of Green Gables" has sold more than 50 million copies and been translated into 20 languages, according to Penguin." (19 March 2008)</ref>
Reacting against a tradition that emphasised the wilderness, poet [[Leonard Cohen]]'s novel ''[[Beautiful Losers]]'' (1966), was labelled by one reviewer "the most revolting book ever written in Canada".<ref>[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,,1305765,00.html ''Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?''] Tim de Lisle, Guardian Online, retrieved 11 October 2006.</ref> However, Cohen is perhaps best known as a folk singer and songwriter, with an international following.
Canadian author [[Farley Mowat]] is best known for his work ''[[Never Cry Wolf]]'' (1963) and his Governor General's Award-winning children's book, ''[[Lost in the Barrens]]'' (1956).
Following World War II, writers such as Mavis Gallant, Mordecai Richler, Norman Levine, Margaret Laurence and Irving Layton added to the Modernist influence to Canadian literature previously introduced by [[F. R. Scott]], [[A. J. M. Smith]] and others associated with the ''McGill Fortnightly''. This influence, at first, was not broadly appreciated. [[Norman Levine]]'s ''Canada Made Me'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/norman-levine-494715.html|title=Norman Levine|date=20 June 2005|website=Independent.co.uk|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> a travelogue that presented a sour interpretation of the country in 1958, for example, was widely rejected.
After 1967, the country's centennial year, the national government increased funding to publishers and numerous small presses began operating throughout the country.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |entry-url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC828178 |entry=Small Presses in the 1960s and 1970s |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |accessdate=2008-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304025739/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC828178 |archivedate=2009-03-04 }}</ref>
The best-known Canadian children's writers include L. M. Montgomery and Monica Hughes.
==Contemporary Canadian literature: After 1967==
Arguably, the best-known living Canadian writer internationally (especially since the deaths of [[Robertson Davies]] and [[Mordecai Richler]]) is [[Margaret Atwood]], a prolific novelist, poet, and literary critic. Some great 20th-century Canadian authors include [[Margaret Laurence]], and [[Gabrielle Roy]].
[[File:Alice Munro.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Short story writer]] [[Alice Munro]] won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 2013.]]
This group, along with Nobel Laureate [[Alice Munro]], who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English,<ref>"For a long time Alice Munro has been compared with Chekhov; John Updike would add Tolstoy, and AS Byatt would say Guy de Maupassant and Flaubert. Munro is often called the best living writer of short stories in English; the words "short story" are frequently dropped." [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,,1055426,00.html ''Riches of a Double Life''], Ada Edemariam, Guardian Online, retrieved 11 October 2006.</ref> were the first to elevate Canadian Literature to the world stage. During the post-war decades only a handful of books of any literary merit were published each year in Canada, and Canadian literature was viewed as an appendage to British and American writing. When academic [[Clara Thomas]] decided in the 1940s to concentrate on Canadian literature for her master's thesis, the idea was so novel and so radical that word of her decision reached ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' books editor [[William Arthur Deacon]], who then personally reached out to Thomas to pledge his and the newspaper's resources in support of her work.<ref name=advocate>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/author-and-educator-clara-thomas-was-a-relentless-advocate-of-canlit/article15666600/ "Author and educator Clara Thomas was a relentless advocate of CanLit"]. ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', November 28, 2013.</ref>
Other major Canadian novelists include [[Carol Shields]], [[Lawrence Hill]], and [[Alice Munro]]. [[Carol Shields]] novel ''The Stone Diaries'' won the 1995 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]], and another novel, ''[[Larry's Party]]'', won the [[Orange Prize for Fiction|Orange Prize]] in 1998. [[Lawrence Hill]]'s ''[[Book of Negroes]]'' won the 2008 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] Overall Best Book Award, while [[Alice Munro]] became the first Canadian to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 2013.<ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/alice-munro-is-1st-canadian-woman-to-win-nobel-literature-prize-1.1958383|title=Nobel-winner Alice Munro hailed as 'master' of short stories|website=Cbc.ca|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> Munro also received the [[Man Booker International Prize]] in 2009.
In the 1960s, a renewed [[nationalism|sense of nation]] helped foster new voices in Canadian poetry, including: [[Margaret Atwood]], [[Michael Ondaatje]], [[Leonard Cohen]], [[Eli Mandel]] and [[Margaret Avison]]. Others such as [[Al Purdy]], [[Milton Acorn]], and [[Earle Birney]], already published, produced some of their best work during this period.
The [[TISH]] Poetry movement in Vancouver brought about poetic innovation from [[Jamie Reid]], [[George Bowering]], [[Fred Wah]], [[Frank Davey]], [[Daphne Marlatt]], David Cull, and [[Lionel Kearns]].
[[File:A passionate George Elliot Clarke recites poetry 2015 07 09 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|The former [[Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate]] [[George Elliott Clarke]] (2015)]] Canadian poets has been expanding the boundaries of originality: [[Christian Bök]], [[Ken Babstock]], [[Karen Solie]], Lynn Crosbie, [[Patrick Lane]], [[George Elliott Clarke]] and [[Barry Dempster]] have all imprinted their unique consciousnesses onto the map of Canadian imagery.
A notable anthology of Canadian poetry is ''The New Oxford book of Canadian Verse'', edited by Margaret Atwood ({{ISBN|0-19-540450-5}}).
[[Anne Carson]] is probably the best known Canadian poet living today. Carson in 1996 won the [[Lannan Literary Award]] for poetry. The foundation's awards in 2006 for poetry, fiction and nonfiction each came with $US 150,000.
===Canadian authors who have won international awards===
'''[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]'''
* [[Alice Munro]] (2013)
'''[[Man Booker International Prize]]'''
* Alice Munro (2009)
'''[[Man Booker Prize]]'''
* [[Michael Ondaatje]], ''[[The English Patient]]'' (1992)
* [[Margaret Atwood]], ''[[The Blind Assassin]]'' (2000)
* [[Yann Martel]], ''[[Life of Pi]]'' (2002)
* Margaret Atwood, ''[[The Testaments]]'' (2019)
'''[[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]'''
* [[Carol Shields]], ''[[The Stone Diaries]]'' (1995)
'''[[National Book Critics Circle Award]]'''
* [[Carol Shields]], ''[[The Stone Diaries]]'' (1994)
'''[[International Dublin Literary Award]]'''
* [[Alistair MacLeod]], ''[[No Great Mischief]]'' (2001)
* [[Rawi Hage]], ''[[De Niro's Game]]'' (2008)
'''[[Orange Prize for Fiction|Orange Prize]]'''
* [[Anne Michaels]], ''[[Fugitive Pieces]]'' (1997)
* [[Carol Shields]], ''[[Larry's Party]]'' (1998)
'''[[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]]'''
* [[Olive Senior]], ''Summer Lightning'' (1987)
* [[Mordecai Richler]], ''[[Solomon Gursky Was Here]]'' (1990)
* [[Rohinton Mistry]], ''[[Such a Long Journey (novel)|Such a Long Journey]]'' (1991)
* [[Rohinton Mistry]], ''[[A Fine Balance]]'' (1996)
* [[Austin Clarke (novelist)|Austin Clarke]], ''[[The Polished Hoe]]'' (2003)
* [[Lawrence Hill]], ''[[The Book of Negroes (novel)|The Book of Negroes]]'' (2008)
'''[[Peace Prize of the German Book Trade]]'''
* Margaret Atwood (2017)
==Awards==
There are a number of notable Canadian awards for literature:
* The [[Atlantic Writers Competition]] highlights talent across the Atlantic Provinces.
* [[Books in Canada First Novel Award]] for the best first novel of the year
* Canadian Authors Association Awards for Adult Literature, honouring works by Canadian writers that achieve excellence without sacrificing popular appeal since 1975<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canadianauthors.org/national/caa-literary-awards/ |title=Canadian Authors Association Literary Awards |website=Canadian Authors |accessdate=2014-04-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425003744/http://canadianauthors.org/national/caa-literary-awards/ |archivedate=2014-04-25 }}</ref>
* [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC Literary Awards]]
* [[Canada Council Molson Prize]] for distinguished contributions to Canada's cultural and intellectual heritage
* [[Danuta Gleed Literary Award]] for a first collection of short fiction by a Canadian author writing in English
* [[Dayne Ogilvie Prize]] for an emerging writer in the [[LGBT|lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender]] communities
* [[Doug Wright Awards]] for graphic literature and novels
* [[Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Awards]] for best Canadian play staged by a [[Canadians|Canadian]] theatre company
* [[Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction]] for best work of nonfiction
* [[Gerald Lampert Award]] for the best new poet
* [[Lane Anderson Award]] for best Canadian non-fiction science
* [[Giller Prize]] for the best Canadian novel or book of short stories in English
* [[Governor General's Literary Awards|Governor General's Awards]] for the best Canadian fiction, poetry, non-fiction, drama, and translation, in both English and French
* [[Griffin Poetry Prize]] for the best book of poetry, one award each for a Canadian poet and an international poet
* [[Indigenous Voices Awards]] for works of literature by [[First Nations]], [[Métis people|Métis]] and [[Inuit people|Inuit]] writers
* [[Marian Engel Award]] for female writers in mid-career
* [[Matt Cohen Award]] to honour a Canadian writer for a lifetime of distinguished achievement
* [[Milton Acorn Poetry Awards]] for an outstanding "people's poet"
* [[National Business Book Award]]
* [[Pat Lowther Award]] for poetry written by a woman
* [[Prix Aurora Awards]] for Canadian [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]], in [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]]
* [[RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers]]
* [[Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize]] for the best work of fiction
* [[Shaughnessy Cohen Award]] for Political Writing
* [[Stephen Leacock Award For Humour]]
* [[W.O. Mitchell Literary Prize]] for a writer who has made a distinguished lifetime contribution both to Canadian literature and to mentoring new writers
* [[Room (magazine)|Room of One's Own]] Annual Award for poetry and literature
* [[3-Day Novel Contest]] annual literary marathon, born in Canada
* [[Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award]] for a distinguished writer in mid-career
* [[Writers' Trust of Canada|Writers' Trust]] / McClelland & Stewart [[Journey Prize]]
Awards For Children's and Young Adult Literature:
* Young Adult Novel Prize of the [[Atlantic Writers Competition]]
* [[R.Ross Annett Award for Children's Literature]]
* [[Geoffrey Bilson Award for Historical Fiction]]
* [[Ann Connor Brimer Award]]
* [[Canadian Library Association Book of the Year Award for Children]]
* [[CLA Young Adult Canadian Book Award]]
* [[Sheila A. Egoff Children's Literature Prize]]
* [[Elizabeth Mrazik-Cleaver Canadian Picture Book Award]]
* [[Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Awards|Floyd S. Chalmers Award for Theatre for Young Adults]]
* [[Amelia Frances Howard-Gibbon Illustrator's Award]]
* [[Information Book of the Year]]
* [[I0DE Book Award]]
* [[Max and Greta Ebel Memorial Award for Children's Writing]]
* [[Norma Fleck Award]] for children's non-fiction
* [[Governor-General's Awards]] for the best Canadian children's literature, text-based or illustrated, in both English and French
* QWF Prize for Children's and Young Adult Literature
* [[Vicky Metcalf Award]] for Children's Literature
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* K. Balachandran, K. (2007) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DdZCmNWk9pkC&pg=PP1 Canadian Literature: An Overview]. Sarup & Sons
* Eugene Benson and William Toye, eds. (1997) ''[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00toye The Oxford companion to Canadian literature]''; online. 1226 pp of short articles by experts.
* Faye Hammill (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1T7WK0F1fXYC&l&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Canadian literature]''. Edinburgh Univ. Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7486-2162-0}}
* Jeffrey M. Heath (1991). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qmMRJzrllTwC&l&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Profiles in Canadian Literature]'', Volume 7. Dundurn Press. {{ISBN|1-55002-145-1}}
* William H. New (1990). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dX_QsBwhubwC&lpg=PA71&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Native writers and Canadian writing]''. UBC Press. {{ISBN|0-7748-0370-3}}
* William H. New (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&lpg=PA1087&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Encyclopedia of literature in Canada]''. Univ. Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-0761-9}}
* William H. New (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=njga9UVBx8YC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true A history of Canadian literature]''. McGill-Queen's Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-7735-2597-1}}
* [[Michael Newton (Gaelic scholar)|Michael Newton]] (2015) ''Seanchaidh na Coille / The Memory-Keeper of the Forest: Anthology of Scottish-Gaelic Literature of Canada''.
* Reingard M. Nischik (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VYgTaGwa4nsC&lpg=PA387&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true History of literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian].'' Camden House. {{ISBN|9781571133595}}
* Pivato, Joseph (1994 and 2003). ''Echo: Essays on Other Literatures.'' Guernica Editions. {{ISBN|1-55071-176-8}}
* David Stouck (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R3tTsYA5DZ0C&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Major Canadian authors: a critical introduction to Canadian literature in English].'' Univ. Nebraska Press. {{ISBN|0-8032-4119-4}}
* Cynthia Sugars and Eleanor Ty, eds. (2015). ''Canadian Literature and Cultural Memory.'' Oxford Univ. Press, 493pp. Scholarly essays on how cultural memory is reflected in Canadian fiction, poetry, drama, films, etc.
* Elizabeth Waterston (1973). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rIEOAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Survey; a short history of Canadian literature]''. Methuen. {{ISBN|0-458-90930-0}}
{{refend}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Literature|Canada}}
* Regional–such as the prairie novel or Quebec theatre.
* By author: Canadian women; [[Acadian]]s, [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada]]; [[Canadians of Irish descent|Irish Canadians]]; Italian-Canadians: South-Asian-Canadian
* Literary period: "The [[Confederation Poets]]", "Canadian postmoderns" or "Canadian Poets Between the Wars."
* [[Canadian poetry]]
* [[Canadian science fiction]]
* [[List of Canadian writers]]
* [[List of Canadian short story writers]]
* [[The Canadian Centenary Series]]
* [[Canada Reads]]
* [[Canadian content]]
* [[Theatre of Canada]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110103231604/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/writers/index-e.html Introduction - Canadian Writers] - Library and Archives Canada
*[http://www.canlit.ca/ ''Canadian Literature''] - CanLit
*[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-literature ''Canadian Literature''] - Historica - The Canadian Encyclopedia Library
*[http://canadian-writers.athabascau.ca Canadian Writers] - Resource for Canadian authors publishing in English or French - Athabasca University, Alberta
*[http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/SCL ''Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littérature canadienne''] - University of New Brunswick
*[https://omeka.vicu.utoronto.ca/dominion/ Dominion of the North: Literary & Print Culture in Canada] - An online exhibition celebrating prominent poets, authors, and historians. It comprises one hundred monographs, organized topically into eight collections.
{{Canada topics}}
{{English literature}}
{{North American topic|| literature}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Canadian Literature}}
[[Category:Canadian literature| ]]
[[Category:North American literature]]
[[Category:English-language literature]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -16,17 +16,5 @@
Indigenous peoples of Canada are culturally diverse.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://csc.immix.ca/files/30/1278480166aboriginal.pdf|title=Aboriginal Literatures in Canada: A Teacher’s Resource Guide A Teacher’s Resource Guide|last=Eigenbrod |first=Renate |display-authors=etal|date=2003}}</ref> Each group has its own literature, language and culture.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://indigenousfoundations.adm.arts.ubc.ca/culture/|title=Culture|website=indigenousfoundations.adm.arts.ubc.ca|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-21}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The term "Indigenous literature" therefore can be misleading. As writer [[Jeannette Armstrong]] states in one interview, "I would stay away from the idea of "Native" literature, there is no such thing. There is [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] literature, there is [[Okanagan people|Okanagan]] literature, but there is no generic Native in Canada".<ref name=":3" />
-==French-Canadian literature==
-{{main|Quebec literature}}
-{{See also|List of French Canadian writers from outside Quebec|List of Quebec writers|Literature of Quebec}}
-In 1802, the Lower Canada legislative library was founded, being one of the first in Occident, the first in the Canadas. For comparison, the library of the British House of Commons was founded sixteen years later. The library had some rare titles about geography, natural science and letters. All books it contained were moved to the Canadian parliament in Montreal when the two Canadas, lower and upper, were united. On April 25, 1849, a dramatic event occurred: the Canadian parliament was burned by furious people along with thousands of French Canadian books and a few hundred of English books. This is why some people still affirm today, falsely, that from the early settlements until the 1820s, Quebec had virtually no literature. Though historians, journalists, and learned priests published, overall the total output that remain from this period and that had been kept out of the burned parliament is small.
-
-It was the rise of Quebec patriotism and the 1837 [[Lower Canada Rebellion]], in addition to a modern system of primary school education, which led to the rise of French-Canadian fiction. ''[[L'influence d'un livre]]'' by [[Philippe-Ignace-Francois Aubert de Gaspé]] is widely regarded as the first French-Canadian novel. The genres which first became popular were the rural novel and the historical novel. French authors were influential, especially authors like [[Balzac]].
-[[File:Gabrielle Roy 1945.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gabrielle Roy]] was a notable French Canadian author.]]
-In 1866, Father [[Henri-Raymond Casgrain]] became one of Quebec's first literary theorists. He argued that literature's goal should be to project an image of proper [[Catholic]] morality. However, a few authors like [[Louis-Honoré Fréchette]] and [[Arthur Buies]] broke the conventions to write more interesting works.
-
-This pattern continued until the 1930s with a new group of authors educated at the [[Université Laval]] and the [[Université de Montréal]]. Novels with psychological and sociological foundations became the norm. [[Gabrielle Roy]] and [[Anne Hébert]] even began to earn international acclaim, which had not happened to French-Canadian literature before. During this period, Quebec theatre, which had previously been melodramas and comedies, became far more involved.
-
-French-Canadian literature began to greatly expand with the turmoil of the [[World War II|Second World War]], the beginnings of industrialization in the 1950s, and most especially the [[Quiet Revolution]] in the 1960s. French-Canadian literature also began to attract a great deal of attention globally, with [[Acadian]] [[novelist]] [[Antonine Maillet]] winning the [[Prix Goncourt]]. An experimental branch of Québécois literature also developed; for instance the poet [[Nicole Brossard]] wrote in a formalist style.
-In 1979, [[Roch Carrier]] wrote the story ''[[The Hockey Sweater]]'', which highlighted the cultural and social tensions between [[English Canada|English]] and [[French Canada|French]] speaking Canada.
+reeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
==Before Confederation==
' |
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0 => '==French-Canadian literature==',
1 => '{{main|Quebec literature}}',
2 => '{{See also|List of French Canadian writers from outside Quebec|List of Quebec writers|Literature of Quebec}}',
3 => 'In 1802, the Lower Canada legislative library was founded, being one of the first in Occident, the first in the Canadas. For comparison, the library of the British House of Commons was founded sixteen years later. The library had some rare titles about geography, natural science and letters. All books it contained were moved to the Canadian parliament in Montreal when the two Canadas, lower and upper, were united. On April 25, 1849, a dramatic event occurred: the Canadian parliament was burned by furious people along with thousands of French Canadian books and a few hundred of English books. This is why some people still affirm today, falsely, that from the early settlements until the 1820s, Quebec had virtually no literature. Though historians, journalists, and learned priests published, overall the total output that remain from this period and that had been kept out of the burned parliament is small.',
4 => '',
5 => 'It was the rise of Quebec patriotism and the 1837 [[Lower Canada Rebellion]], in addition to a modern system of primary school education, which led to the rise of French-Canadian fiction. ''[[L'influence d'un livre]]'' by [[Philippe-Ignace-Francois Aubert de Gaspé]] is widely regarded as the first French-Canadian novel. The genres which first became popular were the rural novel and the historical novel. French authors were influential, especially authors like [[Balzac]].',
6 => '[[File:Gabrielle Roy 1945.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gabrielle Roy]] was a notable French Canadian author.]]',
7 => 'In 1866, Father [[Henri-Raymond Casgrain]] became one of Quebec's first literary theorists. He argued that literature's goal should be to project an image of proper [[Catholic]] morality. However, a few authors like [[Louis-Honoré Fréchette]] and [[Arthur Buies]] broke the conventions to write more interesting works.',
8 => '',
9 => 'This pattern continued until the 1930s with a new group of authors educated at the [[Université Laval]] and the [[Université de Montréal]]. Novels with psychological and sociological foundations became the norm. [[Gabrielle Roy]] and [[Anne Hébert]] even began to earn international acclaim, which had not happened to French-Canadian literature before. During this period, Quebec theatre, which had previously been melodramas and comedies, became far more involved.',
10 => '',
11 => 'French-Canadian literature began to greatly expand with the turmoil of the [[World War II|Second World War]], the beginnings of industrialization in the 1950s, and most especially the [[Quiet Revolution]] in the 1960s. French-Canadian literature also began to attract a great deal of attention globally, with [[Acadian]] [[novelist]] [[Antonine Maillet]] winning the [[Prix Goncourt]]. An experimental branch of Québécois literature also developed; for instance the poet [[Nicole Brossard]] wrote in a formalist style.',
12 => 'In 1979, [[Roch Carrier]] wrote the story ''[[The Hockey Sweater]]'', which highlighted the cultural and social tensions between [[English Canada|English]] and [[French Canada|French]] speaking Canada.'
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8 => 'http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC828178',
9 => 'http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,,1055426,00.html',
10 => 'https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/author-and-educator-clara-thomas-was-a-relentless-advocate-of-canlit/article15666600/',
11 => 'http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/alice-munro-is-1st-canadian-woman-to-win-nobel-literature-prize-1.1958383',
12 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140425003744/http://canadianauthors.org/national/caa-literary-awards/',
13 => 'http://canadianauthors.org/national/caa-literary-awards/',
14 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1723523',
15 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=DdZCmNWk9pkC&pg=PP1',
16 => 'https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00toye',
17 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=1T7WK0F1fXYC&l&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true',
18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=qmMRJzrllTwC&l&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true',
19 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=dX_QsBwhubwC&lpg=PA71&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true',
20 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&lpg=PA1087&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true',
21 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=njga9UVBx8YC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true',
22 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=VYgTaGwa4nsC&lpg=PA387&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true',
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24 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=rIEOAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true',
25 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110103231604/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/writers/index-e.html',
26 => 'http://www.canlit.ca/',
27 => 'https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-literature',
28 => 'http://canadian-writers.athabascau.ca',
29 => 'http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/SCL',
30 => 'https://omeka.vicu.utoronto.ca/dominion/',
31 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119779474',
32 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119779474',
33 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85019388',
34 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564834'
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2 => 'http://canadian-writers.athabascau.ca',
3 => 'http://canadianauthors.org/national/caa-literary-awards/',
4 => 'http://csc.immix.ca/files/30/1278480166aboriginal.pdf',
5 => 'http://indigenousfoundations.adm.arts.ubc.ca/culture/',
6 => 'http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/SCL',
7 => 'http://www.canlit.ca/',
8 => 'http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/alice-munro-is-1st-canadian-woman-to-win-nobel-literature-prize-1.1958383',
9 => 'http://www.gaelic.ca/song.html',
10 => 'http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC828178',
11 => 'https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00toye',
12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=1T7WK0F1fXYC&l&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true',
13 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=DdZCmNWk9pkC&pg=PP1',
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16 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=VYgTaGwa4nsC&lpg=PA387&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true',
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18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=njga9UVBx8YC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true',
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20 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=rIEOAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true',
21 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119779474',
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25 => 'https://omeka.vicu.utoronto.ca/dominion/',
26 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090304025739/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC828178',
27 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100113023844/http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSN1754861220080319',
28 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110103231604/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/writers/index-e.html',
29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140425003744/http://canadianauthors.org/national/caa-literary-awards/',
30 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/norman-levine-494715.html',
31 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSN1754861220080319',
32 => 'https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-literature',
33 => 'https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/author-and-educator-clara-thomas-was-a-relentless-advocate-of-canlit/article15666600/',
34 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1723523'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the quarterly academic journal, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Literature_(journal)" title="Canadian Literature (journal)">Canadian Literature (journal)</a>.</div>
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<table class="box-More_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear</b> because it has <b>insufficient <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_literature&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2010</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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</div><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-width:2px;border-style:ridge;border-color:grey;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Canadian_culture" title="Category:Canadian culture">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;padding-bottom:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Slightly_darker_Maple_Leaf.png/100px-Slightly_darker_Maple_Leaf.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Slightly_darker_Maple_Leaf.png/150px-Slightly_darker_Maple_Leaf.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Slightly_darker_Maple_Leaf.png/200px-Slightly_darker_Maple_Leaf.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="650" /></div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#E9E9E9;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Canada" title="Freedom of speech in Canada">Free speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canadian_women" title="History of Canadian women">Women</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#E9E9E9;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Canada" title="List of festivals in Canada">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_humour" title="Canadian humour">Humour</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_of_Canada" title="Media of Canada">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_in_Canada" title="Television in Canada">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#E9E9E9;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;">
Research</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Culture" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:1px solid #CC0000;border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;font-size:95%;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Canada.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/32px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/48px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/64px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Canada_sidebar" title="Template:Culture of Canada sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Canada_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Culture of Canada sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture_of_Canada_sidebar&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Canadian literature</b> has been created in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a>, and more recently by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Literatures_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Literatures in Canada">First Nations</a> and immigrants of other ancestral backgrounds. Influences on Canadian writers are broad, both geographically and historically, representing Canada's diversity in culture and region.
</p><p>While mostly written in English, "Indigenous literature" has begun to flourish and is based upon many distinct oral traditions, languages, and cultural practices. However, Canadians have been less willing to acknowledge the diverse languages of Canada, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_modern_literature" title="History of modern literature">History of<br />modern literature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em">
By decade</th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_years_in_literature" title="List of years in literature">List of years in literature</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em">
Early modern by century</th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/17th_century_in_literature" title="17th century in literature">17th</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em">
Mid-modern by century</th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/18th_century_in_literature" title="18th century in literature">18th</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/19th_century_in_literature" title="19th century in literature">19th</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em">
20th–21st century</th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">Modernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poststructuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralism">Poststructuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-colonialism">Post-colonialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypertext_fiction" title="Hypertext fiction">Hypertexts</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em">
By region</th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;">
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Moroccan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;">
Americas</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentine_literature" title="Argentine literature">Argentine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Colombian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Cuban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaican_literature" title="Jamaican literature">Jamaican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Mexican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Peruvian</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;">
Asia</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladeshi_English_literature" title="Bangladeshi English literature">Bangladeshi English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_English_literature" title="Indian English literature">Indian English</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashmiri_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri literature">Kashmiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Pakistani</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistani_English_literature" title="Pakistani English literature">Pakistani English</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;">
Australasia</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:European_literature" title="Category:European literature">Europe</a></th></tr></tbody></table></td>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History of science fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Literature_by_country" title="Category:Literature by country">Literature by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="History of theater">History of theater</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_ideas" title="History of ideas">History of ideas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual history</a></li></ul></td>
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<p>The dominant European cultures were originally English, French, and Gaelic. However, in recent decades Canada's literature has been strongly influenced by immigrants from other countries. Since the 1980s Canada's ethnic and cultural diversity has been openly reflected in its literature, with many of its most prominent writers focusing on ethnic minority identity, duality and cultural differences.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Indigenous_literature"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Indigenous literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Before_Confederation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Before Confederation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#After_1867"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">After 1867</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Contemporary_Canadian_literature:_After_1967"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary Canadian literature: After 1967</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Canadian_authors_who_have_won_international_awards"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Canadian authors who have won international awards</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Awards"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Awards</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Indigenous_literature">Indigenous literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Indigenous literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_literatures_in_Canada" title="Indigenous literatures in Canada">Indigenous literatures in Canada</a></div>
<p>Indigenous peoples of Canada are culturally diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a></sup> Each group has its own literature, language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a></sup> The term "Indigenous literature" therefore can be misleading. As writer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeannette_Armstrong" title="Jeannette Armstrong">Jeannette Armstrong</a> states in one interview, "I would stay away from the idea of "Native" literature, there is no such thing. There is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> literature, there is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Okanagan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagan people">Okanagan</a> literature, but there is no generic Native in Canada".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a></sup>
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</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Before_Confederation">Before Confederation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before Confederation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r923042769/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:SusannahMoodie.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SusannahMoodie.jpeg/91px-SusannahMoodie.jpeg" decoding="async" width="91" height="114" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SusannahMoodie.jpeg/137px-SusannahMoodie.jpeg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/af/SusannahMoodie.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="227" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:CatherineParrTraillcrop.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CatherineParrTraillcrop.png/129px-CatherineParrTraillcrop.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="113" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CatherineParrTraillcrop.png/194px-CatherineParrTraillcrop.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CatherineParrTraillcrop.png/258px-CatherineParrTraillcrop.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="350" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:transparent">Sisters <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susanna_Moodie" title="Susanna Moodie">Susanna Moodie</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_Parr_Traill" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Parr Traill">Catherine Parr Traill</a> wrote several stories about their experiences in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a>.</div></div></div></div>
<p>Because Canada only officially became a country on July 1, 1867, it has been argued that literature written before this time was colonial. For example, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susanna_Moodie" title="Susanna Moodie">Susanna Moodie</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catharine_Parr_Traill" title="Catharine Parr Traill">Catharine Parr Traill</a>, English sisters who adopted the country as their own, moved to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> in 1832. They recorded their experiences as pioneers in Parr Traill's <i>The Backwoods of Canada</i> (1836) and <i>Canadian Crusoes</i> (1852), and Moodie's <i>Roughing It in the Bush</i> (1852) and <i>Life in the Clearings</i> (1853). However, both women wrote until their deaths, placing them in the country for more than 50 years and certainly well past Confederation. Moreover, their books often dealt with survival and the rugged Canadian environment; these themes re-appear in other Canadian works, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>'s <i>Survival</i>. Moodie and Parr Traill's sister, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agnes_Strickland" title="Agnes Strickland">Agnes Strickland</a>, remained in England and wrote elegant royal biographies, creating a stark contrast between Canadian and English literatures.
</p><p>However, one of the earliest "Canadian" writers virtually always included in Canadian literary anthologies is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Chandler_Haliburton" title="Thomas Chandler Haliburton">Thomas Chandler Haliburton</a> (1796–1865), who died just two years before Canada's official birth. He is remembered for his comic character, Sam Slick, who appeared in <i>The Clockmaker</i> and other humorous works throughout Haliburton's life.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="After_1867">After 1867</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After 1867">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg/170px-Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg/255px-Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg/340px-Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1472" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_G._D._Roberts" title="Charles G. D. Roberts">Charles G. D. Roberts</a> was a poet that belonged to an informal group known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederation_Poets" title="Confederation Poets">Confederation Poets</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>A group of poets now known as the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederation_Poets" title="Confederation Poets">Confederation Poets</a>", including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_G._D._Roberts" title="Charles G. D. Roberts">Charles G. D. Roberts</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archibald_Lampman" title="Archibald Lampman">Archibald Lampman</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bliss_Carman" title="Bliss Carman">Bliss Carman</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duncan_Campbell_Scott" title="Duncan Campbell Scott">Duncan Campbell Scott</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Wilfred_Campbell" title="William Wilfred Campbell">William Wilfred Campbell</a>, came to prominence in the 1880s and 1890s. Choosing the world of nature as their inspiration, their work was drawn from their own experiences and, at its best, written in their own tones. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_Valancy_Crawford" title="Isabella Valancy Crawford">Isabella Valancy Crawford</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_George_Scott" title="Frederick George Scott">Frederick George Scott</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Joseph_Sherman" title="Francis Joseph Sherman">Francis Sherman</a> are also sometimes associated with this group.
</p><p>During this period, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pauline_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Johnson">E. Pauline Johnson</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Henry_Drummond" title="William Henry Drummond">William Henry Drummond</a> were writing popular poetry - Johnson's based on her part-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohawk_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk nation">Mohawk</a> heritage, and Drummond, the Poet of the Habitant, writing dialect verse.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucy_Maud_Montgomery" title="Lucy Maud Montgomery">L. M. Montgomery</a> novel <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anne_of_Green_Gables" title="Anne of Green Gables">Anne of Green Gables</a></i> was first published in 1908. It has sold an estimated 50 million copies and is one of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Best_selling_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Best selling books">best selling books</a> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Reacting against a tradition that emphasised the wilderness, poet <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a>'s novel <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beautiful_Losers" title="Beautiful Losers">Beautiful Losers</a></i> (1966), was labelled by one reviewer "the most revolting book ever written in Canada".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> However, Cohen is perhaps best known as a folk singer and songwriter, with an international following.
</p><p>Canadian author <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farley_Mowat" title="Farley Mowat">Farley Mowat</a> is best known for his work <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Never_Cry_Wolf" title="Never Cry Wolf">Never Cry Wolf</a></i> (1963) and his Governor General's Award-winning children's book, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lost_in_the_Barrens" title="Lost in the Barrens">Lost in the Barrens</a></i> (1956).
</p><p>Following World War II, writers such as Mavis Gallant, Mordecai Richler, Norman Levine, Margaret Laurence and Irving Layton added to the Modernist influence to Canadian literature previously introduced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/F._R._Scott" title="F. R. Scott">F. R. Scott</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A._J._M._Smith" title="A. J. M. Smith">A. J. M. Smith</a> and others associated with the <i>McGill Fortnightly</i>. This influence, at first, was not broadly appreciated. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norman_Levine" title="Norman Levine">Norman Levine</a>'s <i>Canada Made Me</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> a travelogue that presented a sour interpretation of the country in 1958, for example, was widely rejected.
</p><p>After 1967, the country's centennial year, the national government increased funding to publishers and numerous small presses began operating throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
The best-known Canadian children's writers include L. M. Montgomery and Monica Hughes.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary_Canadian_literature:_After_1967">Contemporary Canadian literature: After 1967</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contemporary Canadian literature: After 1967">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Arguably, the best-known living Canadian writer internationally (especially since the deaths of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robertson_Davies" title="Robertson Davies">Robertson Davies</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mordecai_Richler" title="Mordecai Richler">Mordecai Richler</a>) is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>, a prolific novelist, poet, and literary critic. Some great 20th-century Canadian authors include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Laurence" title="Margaret Laurence">Margaret Laurence</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabrielle_Roy" title="Gabrielle Roy">Gabrielle Roy</a>.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alice_Munro.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alice_Munro.jpg/170px-Alice_Munro.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alice_Munro.jpg/255px-Alice_Munro.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alice_Munro.jpg/340px-Alice_Munro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="599" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alice_Munro.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Short_story_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Short story writer">Short story writer</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a> won the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 2013.</div></div></div>
<p>This group, along with Nobel Laureate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a>, who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> were the first to elevate Canadian Literature to the world stage. During the post-war decades only a handful of books of any literary merit were published each year in Canada, and Canadian literature was viewed as an appendage to British and American writing. When academic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clara_Thomas" title="Clara Thomas">Clara Thomas</a> decided in the 1940s to concentrate on Canadian literature for her master's thesis, the idea was so novel and so radical that word of her decision reached <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> books editor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Arthur_Deacon" title="William Arthur Deacon">William Arthur Deacon</a>, who then personally reached out to Thomas to pledge his and the newspaper's resources in support of her work.<sup id="cite_ref-advocate_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advocate-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other major Canadian novelists include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawrence_Hill" title="Lawrence Hill">Lawrence Hill</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a> novel <i>The Stone Diaries</i> won the 1995 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a>, and another novel, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larry%27s_Party" title="Larry's Party">Larry's Party</a></i>, won the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_Prize_for_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Prize for Fiction">Orange Prize</a> in 1998. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawrence_Hill" title="Lawrence Hill">Lawrence Hill</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Negroes" title="Book of Negroes">Book of Negroes</a></i> won the 2008 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_Writers%27_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writers' Prize">Commonwealth Writers' Prize</a> Overall Best Book Award, while <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a> became the first Canadian to win the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-11">[11]</a></sup> Munro also received the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Man_Booker_International_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Booker International Prize">Man Booker International Prize</a> in 2009.
</p><p>In the 1960s, a renewed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">sense of nation</a> helped foster new voices in Canadian poetry, including: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eli_Mandel" title="Eli Mandel">Eli Mandel</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Avison" title="Margaret Avison">Margaret Avison</a>. Others such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Purdy" title="Al Purdy">Al Purdy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Milton_Acorn" title="Milton Acorn">Milton Acorn</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earle_Birney" title="Earle Birney">Earle Birney</a>, already published, produced some of their best work during this period.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TISH" title="TISH">TISH</a> Poetry movement in Vancouver brought about poetic innovation from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamie_Reid" title="Jamie Reid">Jamie Reid</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Bowering" title="George Bowering">George Bowering</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fred_Wah" title="Fred Wah">Fred Wah</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Davey" title="Frank Davey">Frank Davey</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daphne_Marlatt" title="Daphne Marlatt">Daphne Marlatt</a>, David Cull, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lionel_Kearns" title="Lionel Kearns">Lionel Kearns</a>.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1190" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_(cropped).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Parliamentary_Poet_Laureate" title="Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate">Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Elliott_Clarke" title="George Elliott Clarke">George Elliott Clarke</a> (2015)</div></div></div><p> Canadian poets has been expanding the boundaries of originality: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_B%C3%B6k" title="Christian Bök">Christian Bök</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ken_Babstock" title="Ken Babstock">Ken Babstock</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karen_Solie" title="Karen Solie">Karen Solie</a>, Lynn Crosbie, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Lane" title="Patrick Lane">Patrick Lane</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Elliott_Clarke" title="George Elliott Clarke">George Elliott Clarke</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barry_Dempster" title="Barry Dempster">Barry Dempster</a> have all imprinted their unique consciousnesses onto the map of Canadian imagery.
</p><p>A notable anthology of Canadian poetry is <i>The New Oxford book of Canadian Verse</i>, edited by Margaret Atwood (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r935243608">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-540450-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-540450-5">0-19-540450-5</a>).
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anne_Carson" title="Anne Carson">Anne Carson</a> is probably the best known Canadian poet living today. Carson in 1996 won the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lannan_Literary_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lannan Literary Award">Lannan Literary Award</a> for poetry. The foundation's awards in 2006 for poetry, fiction and nonfiction each came with $US 150,000.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Canadian_authors_who_have_won_international_awards">Canadian authors who have won international awards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canadian authors who have won international awards">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a> (2013)</li></ul>
<p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Man_Booker_International_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Booker International Prize">Man Booker International Prize</a></b>
</p>
<ul><li>Alice Munro (2009)</li></ul>
<p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Man_Booker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Booker Prize">Man Booker Prize</a></b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_English_Patient" title="The English Patient">The English Patient</a></i> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Blind_Assassin" title="The Blind Assassin">The Blind Assassin</a></i> (2000)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yann_Martel" title="Yann Martel">Yann Martel</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Life_of_Pi" title="Life of Pi">Life of Pi</a></i> (2002)</li>
<li>Margaret Atwood, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Testaments" title="The Testaments">The Testaments</a></i> (2019)</li></ul>
<p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a></b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Stone_Diaries" title="The Stone Diaries">The Stone Diaries</a></i> (1995)</li></ul>
<p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award">National Book Critics Circle Award</a></b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Stone_Diaries" title="The Stone Diaries">The Stone Diaries</a></i> (1994)</li></ul>
<p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Dublin_Literary_Award" title="International Dublin Literary Award">International Dublin Literary Award</a></b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alistair_MacLeod" title="Alistair MacLeod">Alistair MacLeod</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/No_Great_Mischief" title="No Great Mischief">No Great Mischief</a></i> (2001)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rawi_Hage" title="Rawi Hage">Rawi Hage</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_Niro%27s_Game" title="De Niro's Game">De Niro's Game</a></i> (2008)</li></ul>
<p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_Prize_for_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Prize for Fiction">Orange Prize</a></b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anne_Michaels" title="Anne Michaels">Anne Michaels</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fugitive_Pieces" title="Fugitive Pieces">Fugitive Pieces</a></i> (1997)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larry%27s_Party" title="Larry's Party">Larry's Party</a></i> (1998)</li></ul>
<p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_Writers%27_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writers' Prize">Commonwealth Writers' Prize</a></b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olive_Senior" title="Olive Senior">Olive Senior</a>, <i>Summer Lightning</i> (1987)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mordecai_Richler" title="Mordecai Richler">Mordecai Richler</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solomon_Gursky_Was_Here" title="Solomon Gursky Was Here">Solomon Gursky Was Here</a></i> (1990)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rohinton_Mistry" title="Rohinton Mistry">Rohinton Mistry</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Such_a_Long_Journey_(novel)" title="Such a Long Journey (novel)">Such a Long Journey</a></i> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rohinton_Mistry" title="Rohinton Mistry">Rohinton Mistry</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Fine_Balance" title="A Fine Balance">A Fine Balance</a></i> (1996)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin_Clarke_(novelist)" title="Austin Clarke (novelist)">Austin Clarke</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Polished_Hoe" title="The Polished Hoe">The Polished Hoe</a></i> (2003)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawrence_Hill" title="Lawrence Hill">Lawrence Hill</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Book_of_Negroes_(novel)" title="The Book of Negroes (novel)">The Book of Negroes</a></i> (2008)</li></ul>
<p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_Prize_of_the_German_Book_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Prize of the German Book Trade">Peace Prize of the German Book Trade</a></b>
</p>
<ul><li>Margaret Atwood (2017)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>There are a number of notable Canadian awards for literature:
</p>
<ul><li>The <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Writers_Competition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantic Writers Competition (page does not exist)">Atlantic Writers Competition</a> highlights talent across the Atlantic Provinces.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Books_in_Canada_First_Novel_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Books in Canada First Novel Award">Books in Canada First Novel Award</a> for the best first novel of the year</li>
<li>Canadian Authors Association Awards for Adult Literature, honouring works by Canadian writers that achieve excellence without sacrificing popular appeal since 1975<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC Literary Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada_Council_Molson_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Council Molson Prize">Canada Council Molson Prize</a> for distinguished contributions to Canada's cultural and intellectual heritage</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danuta_Gleed_Literary_Award" title="Danuta Gleed Literary Award">Danuta Gleed Literary Award</a> for a first collection of short fiction by a Canadian author writing in English</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dayne_Ogilvie_Prize" title="Dayne Ogilvie Prize">Dayne Ogilvie Prize</a> for an emerging writer in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT" title="LGBT">lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender</a> communities</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doug_Wright_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Wright Awards">Doug Wright Awards</a> for graphic literature and novels</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floyd_S._Chalmers_Canadian_Play_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Awards">Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Awards</a> for best Canadian play staged by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> theatre company</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hilary_Weston_Writers%27_Trust_Prize_for_Nonfiction" title="Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction">Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction</a> for best work of nonfiction</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerald_Lampert_Award" title="Gerald Lampert Award">Gerald Lampert Award</a> for the best new poet</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lane_Anderson_Award" title="Lane Anderson Award">Lane Anderson Award</a> for best Canadian non-fiction science</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giller_Prize" title="Giller Prize">Giller Prize</a> for the best Canadian novel or book of short stories in English</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Literary_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General's Literary Awards">Governor General's Awards</a> for the best Canadian fiction, poetry, non-fiction, drama, and translation, in both English and French</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Griffin_Poetry_Prize" title="Griffin Poetry Prize">Griffin Poetry Prize</a> for the best book of poetry, one award each for a Canadian poet and an international poet</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Voices_Awards" title="Indigenous Voices Awards">Indigenous Voices Awards</a> for works of literature by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Nations" title="First Nations">First Nations</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people">Métis</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inuit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit people">Inuit</a> writers</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marian_Engel_Award" title="Marian Engel Award">Marian Engel Award</a> for female writers in mid-career</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matt_Cohen_Award" title="Matt Cohen Award">Matt Cohen Award</a> to honour a Canadian writer for a lifetime of distinguished achievement</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Milton_Acorn_Poetry_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milton Acorn Poetry Awards (page does not exist)">Milton Acorn Poetry Awards</a> for an outstanding "people's poet"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Business_Book_Award" title="National Business Book Award">National Business Book Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pat_Lowther_Award" title="Pat Lowther Award">Pat Lowther Award</a> for poetry written by a woman</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prix_Aurora_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Prix Aurora Awards">Prix Aurora Awards</a> for Canadian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RBC_Bronwen_Wallace_Award_for_Emerging_Writers" title="RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers">RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rogers_Writers%27_Trust_Fiction_Prize" title="Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize">Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize</a> for the best work of fiction</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaughnessy_Cohen_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaughnessy Cohen Award">Shaughnessy Cohen Award</a> for Political Writing</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Leacock_Award_For_Humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Leacock Award For Humour">Stephen Leacock Award For Humour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/W.O._Mitchell_Literary_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="W.O. Mitchell Literary Prize">W.O. Mitchell Literary Prize</a> for a writer who has made a distinguished lifetime contribution both to Canadian literature and to mentoring new writers</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Room_(magazine)" title="Room (magazine)">Room of One's Own</a> Annual Award for poetry and literature</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/3-Day_Novel_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="3-Day Novel Contest">3-Day Novel Contest</a> annual literary marathon, born in Canada</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Writers%27_Trust_Engel/Findley_Award" title="Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award">Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award</a> for a distinguished writer in mid-career</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Writers%27_Trust_of_Canada" title="Writers' Trust of Canada">Writers' Trust</a> / McClelland & Stewart <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journey_Prize" title="Journey Prize">Journey Prize</a></li></ul>
<p>Awards For Children's and Young Adult Literature:
</p>
<ul><li>Young Adult Novel Prize of the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Writers_Competition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantic Writers Competition (page does not exist)">Atlantic Writers Competition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=R.Ross_Annett_Award_for_Children%27s_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R.Ross Annett Award for Children's Literature (page does not exist)">R.Ross Annett Award for Children's Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geoffrey_Bilson_Award_for_Historical_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Bilson Award for Historical Fiction">Geoffrey Bilson Award for Historical Fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ann_Connor_Brimer_Award" title="Ann Connor Brimer Award">Ann Connor Brimer Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Library_Association_Book_of_the_Year_Award_for_Children&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Library Association Book of the Year Award for Children (page does not exist)">Canadian Library Association Book of the Year Award for Children</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=CLA_Young_Adult_Canadian_Book_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CLA Young Adult Canadian Book Award (page does not exist)">CLA Young Adult Canadian Book Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheila_A._Egoff_Children%27s_Literature_Prize" title="Sheila A. Egoff Children's Literature Prize">Sheila A. Egoff Children's Literature Prize</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabeth_Mrazik-Cleaver_Canadian_Picture_Book_Award" title="Elizabeth Mrazik-Cleaver Canadian Picture Book Award">Elizabeth Mrazik-Cleaver Canadian Picture Book Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floyd_S._Chalmers_Canadian_Play_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Awards">Floyd S. Chalmers Award for Theatre for Young Adults</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amelia_Frances_Howard-Gibbon_Illustrator%27s_Award" title="Amelia Frances Howard-Gibbon Illustrator's Award">Amelia Frances Howard-Gibbon Illustrator's Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Information_Book_of_the_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information Book of the Year (page does not exist)">Information Book of the Year</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=I0DE_Book_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I0DE Book Award (page does not exist)">I0DE Book Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Max_and_Greta_Ebel_Memorial_Award_for_Children%27s_Writing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max and Greta Ebel Memorial Award for Children's Writing (page does not exist)">Max and Greta Ebel Memorial Award for Children's Writing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norma_Fleck_Award" title="Norma Fleck Award">Norma Fleck Award</a> for children's non-fiction</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor-General%27s_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General's Awards">Governor-General's Awards</a> for the best Canadian children's literature, text-based or illustrated, in both English and French</li>
<li>QWF Prize for Children's and Young Adult Literature</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vicky_Metcalf_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicky Metcalf Award">Vicky Metcalf Award</a> for Children's Literature</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist" style="">
<ul><li>K. Balachandran, K. (2007) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdZCmNWk9pkC&pg=PP1">Canadian Literature: An Overview</a>. Sarup & Sons</i></li>
<li>Eugene Benson and William Toye, eds. (1997) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00toye">The Oxford companion to Canadian literature</a></i>; online. 1226 pp of short articles by experts.</li>
<li>Faye Hammill (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1T7WK0F1fXYC&l&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true">Canadian literature</a></i>. Edinburgh Univ. Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2162-0">978-0-7486-2162-0</a></li>
<li>Jeffrey M. Heath (1991). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmMRJzrllTwC&l&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true">Profiles in Canadian Literature</a></i>, Volume 7. Dundurn Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55002-145-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55002-145-1">1-55002-145-1</a></li>
<li>William H. New (1990). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dX_QsBwhubwC&lpg=PA71&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true">Native writers and Canadian writing</a></i>. UBC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0370-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0370-3">0-7748-0370-3</a></li>
<li>William H. New (2002). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&lpg=PA1087&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true">Encyclopedia of literature in Canada</a></i>. Univ. Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-0761-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-0761-9">0-8020-0761-9</a></li>
<li>William H. New (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njga9UVBx8YC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true">A history of Canadian literature</a></i>. McGill-Queen's Univ. Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2597-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2597-1">0-7735-2597-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Michael_Newton_(Gaelic_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Newton (Gaelic scholar) (page does not exist)">Michael Newton</a> (2015) <i>Seanchaidh na Coille / The Memory-Keeper of the Forest: Anthology of Scottish-Gaelic Literature of Canada</i>.</li>
<li>Reingard M. Nischik (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VYgTaGwa4nsC&lpg=PA387&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true">History of literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian</a>.</i> Camden House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571133595" title="Special:BookSources/9781571133595">9781571133595</a></li>
<li>Pivato, Joseph (1994 and 2003). <i>Echo: Essays on Other Literatures.</i> Guernica Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55071-176-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55071-176-8">1-55071-176-8</a></li>
<li>David Stouck (1988). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3tTsYA5DZ0C&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true">Major Canadian authors: a critical introduction to Canadian literature in English</a>.</i> Univ. Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4119-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4119-4">0-8032-4119-4</a></li>
<li>Cynthia Sugars and Eleanor Ty, eds. (2015). <i>Canadian Literature and Cultural Memory.</i> Oxford Univ. Press, 493pp. Scholarly essays on how cultural memory is reflected in Canadian fiction, poetry, drama, films, etc.</li>
<li>Elizabeth Waterston (1973). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rIEOAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Canadian%20literature&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true">Survey; a short history of Canadian literature</a></i>. Methuen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-458-90930-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-458-90930-0">0-458-90930-0</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/32px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/48px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/64px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li>Regional–such as the prairie novel or Quebec theatre.</li>
<li>By author: Canadian women; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadians</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Aboriginal peoples in Canada</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadians_of_Irish_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadians of Irish descent">Irish Canadians</a>; Italian-Canadians: South-Asian-Canadian</li>
<li>Literary period: "The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederation_Poets" title="Confederation Poets">Confederation Poets</a>", "Canadian postmoderns" or "Canadian Poets Between the Wars."</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_poetry" title="Canadian poetry">Canadian poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian science fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadian_writers" title="List of Canadian writers">List of Canadian writers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadian_short_story_writers" title="List of Canadian short story writers">List of Canadian short story writers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Canadian_Centenary_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Centenary Series">The Canadian Centenary Series</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada_Reads" title="Canada Reads">Canada Reads</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_content" title="Canadian content">Canadian content</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre of Canada</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Newton, Michael (2015). <i>Seanchaidh na Coille / The Memory-Keeper of the Forest</i>. Cape Breton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seanchaidh+na+Coille+%2F+The+Memory-Keeper+of+the+Forest&rft.pub=Cape+Breton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rankin, Effie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaelic.ca/song.html">"A shared song lasts long"</a>. <i>Comhairle na Gàidhlig</i>. Gaelic Council of Nova Scotia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comhairle+na+G%C3%A0idhlig&rft.atitle=A+shared+song+lasts+long&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Effie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaelic.ca%2Fsong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Eigenbrod, Renate; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csc.immix.ca/files/30/1278480166aboriginal.pdf">"Aboriginal Literatures in Canada: A Teacher's Resource Guide A Teacher's Resource Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Literatures+in+Canada%3A+A+Teacher%E2%80%99s+Resource+Guide+A+Teacher%E2%80%99s+Resource+Guide&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Eigenbrod&rft.aufirst=Renate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsc.immix.ca%2Ffiles%2F30%2F1278480166aboriginal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indigenousfoundations.adm.arts.ubc.ca/culture/">"Culture"</a>. <i>indigenousfoundations.adm.arts.ubc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indigenousfoundations.adm.arts.ubc.ca&rft.atitle=Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findigenousfoundations.adm.arts.ubc.ca%2Fculture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSN1754861220080319">Reuters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113023844/http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSN1754861220080319">Archived</a> 2010-01-13 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on <i>Anne of Green Gables</i>: ""Anne of Green Gables" has sold more than 50 million copies and been translated into 20 languages, according to Penguin." (19 March 2008)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,,1305765,00.html"><i>Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?</i></a> Tim de Lisle, Guardian Online, retrieved 11 October 2006.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/norman-levine-494715.html">"Norman Levine"</a>. <i>Independent.co.uk</i>. 20 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Norman+Levine&rft.date=2005-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fnorman-levine-494715.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304025739/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC828178">"Small Presses in the 1960s and 1970s"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC828178">the original</a> on 2009-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Small+Presses+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.com%2Findex.cfm%3FPgNm%3DTCE%26Params%3DA1SEC828178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"For a long time Alice Munro has been compared with Chekhov; John Updike would add Tolstoy, and AS Byatt would say Guy de Maupassant and Flaubert. Munro is often called the best living writer of short stories in English; the words "short story" are frequently dropped." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,,1055426,00.html"><i>Riches of a Double Life</i></a>, Ada Edemariam, Guardian Online, retrieved 11 October 2006.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-advocate-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-advocate_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/author-and-educator-clara-thomas-was-a-relentless-advocate-of-canlit/article15666600/">"Author and educator Clara Thomas was a relentless advocate of CanLit"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, November 28, 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cbc.ca-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/alice-munro-is-1st-canadian-woman-to-win-nobel-literature-prize-1.1958383">"Nobel-winner Alice Munro hailed as 'master' of short stories"</a>. <i>Cbc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cbc.ca&rft.atitle=Nobel-winner+Alice+Munro+hailed+as+%27master%27+of+short+stories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Falice-munro-is-1st-canadian-woman-to-win-nobel-literature-prize-1.1958383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140425003744/http://canadianauthors.org/national/caa-literary-awards/">"Canadian Authors Association Literary Awards"</a>. <i>Canadian Authors</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadianauthors.org/national/caa-literary-awards/">the original</a> on 2014-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Authors&rft.atitle=Canadian+Authors+Association+Literary+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadianauthors.org%2Fnational%2Fcaa-literary-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103231604/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/writers/index-e.html">Introduction - Canadian Writers</a> - Library and Archives Canada</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canlit.ca/"><i>Canadian Literature</i></a> - CanLit</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-literature"><i>Canadian Literature</i></a> - Historica - The Canadian Encyclopedia Library</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadian-writers.athabascau.ca">Canadian Writers</a> - Resource for Canadian authors publishing in English or French - Athabasca University, Alberta</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/SCL"><i>Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littérature canadienne</i></a> - University of New Brunswick</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omeka.vicu.utoronto.ca/dominion/">Dominion of the North: Literary & Print Culture in Canada</a> - An online exhibition celebrating prominent poets, authors, and historians. It comprises one hundred monographs, organized topically into eight collections.</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-canada hlist hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Canada_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20x20px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r921345514">.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada th,.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-subgroup,.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-odd,.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-even{background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-list .collapsible .navbox-title{box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 0 #ed2e38,inset -1px -1px 0 #ed2e38}.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada-a{box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 0 #ed2e38,inset -1px -1px 0 #ed2e38}.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada-t{box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 0 #ed2e38}.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada-b{box-shadow:inset 0 -1px 0 0 #ed2e38}.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada-tb{box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 0 #ed2e38,inset 0 -1px 0 0 #ed2e38}</style><span style="vertical-align: 1px; padding-right:0.2em"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/18px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/27px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/36px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r921345514"/></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-canada hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> <br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-canada-t" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Pre-colonization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada under British rule">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post-Confederation_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Confederation era">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada_in_the_World_Wars_and_Interwar_Years" title="Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years">World Wars and Interwar Years (1914–1945)</a></li>
<li>Modern times: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Canada (1982–1992)">1982–1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1992–present)">since 1992</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Nations" title="First Nations">First Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canadian_women" title="History of Canadian women">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r921345514"/></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-canada hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-canada-t" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBT rights in Canada">LGBT rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r921345514"/></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-canada hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-canada-t" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fauna_of_Canada" title="Fauna of Canada">Animals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Parks_of_Canada" title="National Parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flora_of_Canada" title="Flora of Canada">Plants</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Canada" title="List of volcanoes in Canada">Volcanoes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r921345514"/></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-canada hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Demography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-canada-t" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_Canadian_Census" title="2016 Canadian Census">2016 Census</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Top 100s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_the_100_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the 100 largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_the_100_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Canada" title="List of festivals in Canada">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadians">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nationalisms_in_Canada" title="Nationalisms in Canada">Nationalisms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_online_media" title="Canadian online media">Online media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" title="Arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">Flags</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%">Article overviews</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group navbox-canada-a" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-canada-b" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Canada.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/32px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/48px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/64px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:white;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:English_literature" title="Template:English literature"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:white;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:English_literature" title="Template talk:English literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:white;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:English_literature&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:white;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_English_literature" title="Middle English literature">Middle English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">Early English Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restoration_literature" title="Restoration literature">Restoration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustan_literature" title="Augustan literature">Augustan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African American</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_literature" title="Chicago literature">Chicago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">Jewish American</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Literature_of_New_England" title="Literature of New England">New England</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_books_set_in_New_York_City" title="List of books set in New York City">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_United_States_literature" title="Southern United States literature">Southern</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladeshi_English_literature" title="Bangladeshi English literature">Bangladeshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_English" title="Philippine literature in English">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_English_literature" title="Indian English literature">Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Oceanic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistani_English_literature" title="Pakistani English literature">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Celtic literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_drama" title="English drama">English drama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_poetry" title="English poetry">English poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">European literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">Postcolonial literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Women's writing in English</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_American_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:North_American_topic" title="Template:North American topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_topic" title="Template talk:North American topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:North_American_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_American_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North American literature</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antigua and Barbuda literature (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahamian_literature" title="Bahamian literature">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Barbadian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbadian literature (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Belizean_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belizean literature (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Rican_literature" title="Costa Rican literature">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dominica_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominica literature (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominican_Republic_literature" title="Dominican Republic literature">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvadoran_literature" title="Salvadoran literature">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Grenadian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grenadian literature (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guatemalan_literature" title="Guatemalan literature">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haitian_literature" title="Haitian literature">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honduran_literature" title="Honduran literature">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaican_literature" title="Jamaican literature">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicaraguan_literature" title="Nicaraguan literature">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panamanian_literature" title="Panamanian literature">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis literature (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saint_Lucian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Lucian literature (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines literature (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_literature" title="Trinidad and Tobago literature">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Anguillan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anguillan literature (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aruban_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aruban literature (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bermudian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bermudian literature (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bonairean_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonairean literature (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=British_Virgin_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Virgin Island literature (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Caymanian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caymanian literature (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cura%C3%A7aoan_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçaoan literature">Curaçao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Greenlandic_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenlandic literature (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Guadeloupean_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadeloupean literature (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Martinican_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinican literature (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Montserratian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montserratian literature (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puerto_Rican_literature" title="Puerto Rican literature">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Barthélemy literature (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saint_Martiner_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Martiner literature (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon literature (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saban_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saban literature (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sint Eustatius literature (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sint_Maartener_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sint Maartener literature (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Turks_and_Caicos_Islander_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turks and Caicos Islander literature (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=United_States_Virgin_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Virgin Island literature (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1723523&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1723523&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1723523" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119779474">cb119779474</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119779474">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85019388">sh85019388</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564834">00564834</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1585340892 |