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{{Infobox fossil
| catalog number = Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1
| common name = Luzia
| image = Esqueleto de Luzia 01.jpg
| caption = Remains as displayed at the [[National Museum of Brazil]] in Rio de Janeiro
| country = Brazil
| species = ''[[Homo sapiens]]''
| age = 11,243–11,710 cal BP
| place discovered = [[Pedro Leopoldo]], [[Brazil]]
| date discovered = {{start date|1974}}
| discovered by = [[Annette Laming-Emperaire]]
}}
'''Luzia Woman''' ({{IPA-pt|luˈzi.ɐ}}) is the name for an Upper Paleolithic period skeleton of a [[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indian]] woman who was found in a cave in [[Brazil]]. Some archaeologists believed the young woman may have been part of the first wave of immigrants to South America. The 11,500-year-old skeleton was found in a [[cave]] in the Lapa Vermelha archeological site in [[Pedro Leopoldo]], in the [[Greater Belo Horizonte]] region of Brazil, in 1974 by archaeologist [[Annette Laming-Emperaire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |title=Luzia Woman |publisher=[[Discovery Communications Inc.]] |first=C. |last=Smith |date=18 February 2000 |access-date=21 December 2007 |work=[[Cabrillo College]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224150030/http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |archive-date=24 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/gerais/2018/10/03/interna_gerais,993745/busca-pelo-cranio-de-luzia-continua-um-mes-apos-incendio-no-rio.shtml|title=Busca pelo crânio de Luzia continua um mês após incêndio no Museu Nacional|publisher=em.com.br|language=pt|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> The nickname ''Luzia'' was chosen in homage to the Australopithecus fossil [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://epoca.globo.com/o-cranio-de-luzia-mais-antiga-habitante-das-americas-pode-ter-desaparecido-no-incendio-do-museu-nacional-23045647|title=O crânio de Luzia, a mais antiga habitante das Américas, pode ter desaparecido no incêndio do Museu Nacional|publisher=O Globo|language=pt|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> The fossil was kept at the [[National Museum of Brazil]], where it was shown to the public until it was fragmented during a [[National Museum of Brazil fire|fire]] that destroyed the museum on September 2, 2018.<ref name="skull-found"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Solá-Santiago |first1=Frances |title=The Story of Luzia, the Oldest Human Skull Found in the Americas |url=http://remezcla.com/features/culture/the-story-of-luzia-the-oldest-human-skull-found-in-americas/ |accessdate=25 September 2018 |agency=Remezcla |date=September 24, 2018}}</ref> On October 19, 2018, it was announced that most of Luzia's remains were identified from the Museu Nacional debris, which allowed them to rebuild part of her [[skeleton]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45926733|title=Brazil museum fire: Prized 'Luzia' fossil skull recovered|work=BBC|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salviano |first1=Murilo |title=Crânio de Luzia é encontrado nos escombros do Museu Nacional, dizem pesquisadores |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/10/19/fossil-de-luzia-pode-ter-sido-encontrado-em-escombros-do-museu-nacional-dizem-pesquisadores.ghtml |accessdate=October 19, 2018 |agency=G1 |language=pt |date=October 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Museu Nacional resgata crânio de Luzia quebrado e identifica 80% das partes|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ciencia/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2018/10/19/equipe-resgata-cranio-da-luzia-no-museu-nacional.htm|accessdate=October 19, 2018|agency=UOL|language=pt|date=October 19, 2018}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Luzia skull 3D photogrammetry.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Photogrammetry of all [[skull]] sides by [[Cícero Moraes|Cicero Moraes]]]]
Luzia was originally discovered in 1974 in a [[rock shelter]] by a joint French-Brazilian expedition that was working not far from [[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil. The remains were not articulated. The skull, which was separated from the rest of the skeleton but was in surprisingly good condition, was buried under more than forty feet (12 meters) of mineral deposits and debris.
There were no other human remains at the site. In 2013, testing of the charcoal recovered from the stratum with Luzia's bones date the remains at an age of 10,030 ± 60 14C yr [[Before Present|BP]] (11,243–11,710 cal BP), Luzia is one of the most ancient American human skeletons ever discovered.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fontugne|first=MIchel|title=New Radiocarbon Ages of Luzia Woman, Lapa Vermelha IV Site, Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil|journal=Proceedings of the 21st International Radiocarbon Conference|year=2013|volume=55|issue=2–3|doi=10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Forensic]]s have determined that Luzia died in her early 20s. Although flint tools were found nearby, hers were the only human remains found in Vermelha Cave.
The fossil of Luzia was believed to have been destroyed when the [[National Museum of Brazil|National Museum]] burned, according to officials,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/brazils-first-human-luzia-destroyed-in-rio-de-janeiros-museum-fire-1910767|title=Brazil's First Human "Luzia" Destroyed In Rio De Janeiro's Museum Fire|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://noticias.r7.com/rio-de-janeiro/especialista-compara-perda-do-fossil-luzia-com-destruicao-da-mona-lisa-03092018|title=Especialista compara perda do fóssil Luzia com destruição da Mona Lisa
|work=R7|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/03/world/americas/brazil-museum-fire.html|title= Brazil Museum Fire Leaves Ashes, Recrimination and Little Else|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref> but firefighters later discovered a human skull within the burned museum.<ref name="skull-found">{{cite news |last1=Stargardter |first1=Gabriel |title=Skull of ancient human possibly found in burned Brazilian museum |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-fire-museum/skull-of-ancient-human-possibly-found-in-burned-brazilian-museum-idUSKCN1LK258 |accessdate=7 September 2018 |publisher=Reuters |date=September 4, 2018}}</ref> On October 19, 2018 it was announced that the Luzia skull was indeed found, but in a fragmented state. 80% of the fragments were identified as being part of the frontal (forehead and nose), side, bones that are more resistant and the fragment of her [[femur]] that also belonged to the fossil and was stored. A part of the box that contained Luzia's skull was also recovered. The reassembly of the bones has not yet been undertaken.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/10/19/fossil-de-luzia-pode-ter-sido-encontrado-em-escombros-do-museu-nacional-dizem-pesquisadores.ghtml|title=Crânio de Luzia é encontrado nos escombros do Museu Nacional, dizem pesquisadores|work=G1|access-date=2018-10-19|language=pt}}</ref>
== Phenotypical analysis ==
[[File:Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1-Homo Sapiens 11,500 Years Old.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A cast of Luzia's skull at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in Washington, DC]]
[[File:Reconstituição de Luzia MN 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Facial reconstruction at the [[National Museum of Brazil]] (2015 photograph)]]
Her facial features included a narrow, oval cranium, projecting face and pronounced chin, strikingly dissimilar to most Native Americans and their [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|indigenous Siberian forebears]]. Anthropologists variously described Luzia's features as resembling those of [[Negroid]]s, [[Indigenous Australians]], [[Melanesians]] and the [[Negrito]]s of [[Southeast Asia]]. [[Walter Neves]], an anthropologist at the University of São Paulo, suggested that Luzia's features most strongly resembled those of Australian Aboriginal peoples. [[Richard Neave]] of Manchester University, who undertook a [[forensic facial reconstruction]] of Luzia, described it as negroid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01EFDC1438F935A15753C1A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2|title=An Ancient Skull Challenges Long-Held Theories|author=Larry Rohter|work=New York Times|date=26 Oct 1999|accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref>
Neves and other Brazilian anthropologists theorized that Luzia's Paleo-Indian predecessors lived in South East Asia for tens of thousands of years after migrating from Africa and began arriving in the [[New World]] as early as 15,000 years ago. The oldest confirmed date for an archaeosite in the Americas is 18,500 and 14,500 cal BP for the [[Monte Verde]] site in southern Chile.<ref name="Dillehay 2015">{{cite journal|last1=Dillehay|first1=Tom D.|last2=Ocampo|first2=Carlos|title=New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile|journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|date=November 18, 2015|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141923|pmid=26580202|volume=10|issue=11|pages=e0141923|pmc=4651426}}</ref> Some anthropologists have hypothesized that a population from coastal [[East Asia]] migrated in boats along the Kuril island chain, the Beringian coast and down the west coast of the Americas during the decline of the [[Last Glacial Maximum]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/sites/default/files/mnch/Erlandson_and_Braje_2011.pdf |author1=Erlandson, Jon M. |author2=Braje, Todd J. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=From Asia to the Americas by boat? Paleogeography, paleoecology, and stemmed points of the northwest Pacific |access-date=2016-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919070842/http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/sites/default/files/mnch/Erlandson_and_Braje_2011.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation|author1=Adachi N. |author2=Shinoda K. |author3=Umetsu K. |author4=Matsumura H. |last-author-amp=yes |title= Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jomon skeletons from the Funadomari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the origins of Native American, Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010 Mar;141(3):504-5|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=255–65 |pmid=18951391 |year=2009 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20923 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b07fd57b5bcb23446b50da31091d5dcbfa858c0f }}</ref> In 1998, Neves and archaeologist André Prous studied and dated 11,400 years for the skull of Luzia after naming her.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2012/05/11/walter-neves-luzias-father/|title=Walter Neves: Luzia's father|work=Globo|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329113614/http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2012/05/11/walter-neves-luzias-father/|archive-date=2015-03-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Neves' conclusions have been challenged by research done by anthropologists Rolando González-José, Frank Williams and William Armelagos, who have shown in their studies that the cranio-facial variability could just be due to [[genetic drift]] and other factors affecting cranio-facial plasticity in Native Americans.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=van Vark GN, Kuizenga D, Williams FL |title=Kennewick and Luzia: lessons from the European Upper Paleolithic |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=181–4; discussion 185–8 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12740961 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10176}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stuart J. |last1=Fiedel |year=2004 |title=The Kennewick Follies: 'New' Theories about the Peopling of the Americas |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=75–110 |jstor=3631009|doi=10.1086/jar.60.1.3631009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=González-José R, Bortolini MC, Santos FR, Bonatto SL |title=The peopling of America: craniofacial shape variation on a continental scale and its interpretation from an interdisciplinary view |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=137 |issue=2 |pages=175–87 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18481303 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20854|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/548c11e06bf4064931b02c641819acc75777410b }}</ref>
A comparison in 2005 of [[Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais|Lagoa Santa]] specimens with modern [[Aimoré people]] of the same region also showed strong affinities, leading Neves to classify the Aimoré as Paleo-Indians.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/Detalhe.jsp?id=32121 |title=Os sobreviventes: Crânios de índios extintos do Brasil Central indicam elo com primeiros povoadores da América |trans-title=Survivors: skulls of extinct Indians of Central Brazil indicate link with the first settlers of America |language=Portuguese |first=Reinaldo José |last=Lopes |journal=Jornal da Ciência |date=10 Oct 2005 |accessdate=2008-02-15 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120804115311/http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/Detalhe.jsp?id=32121 |archive-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Researchers recreated the skull of Luzia with [[3D printing|3D printers]] by studies resumed in a laboratory of the National Institute of Technology (INT) by master's and doctoral students of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/09/21/pesquisadores-recriam-parte-do-acervo-do-museu-nacional-incluindo-o-cranio-de-luzia-com-impressoras-3d.ghtml|title=Pesquisadores recriam parte do acervo do Museu Nacional, incluindo o crânio de Luzia, com impressoras 3D|work=Globo|access-date=2018-09-22|language=pt}}</ref>
In November 2018, scientists of the [[University of São Paulo]] and [[Harvard University]] released a study that contradicts the alleged [[Australo-Melanesian]] origin of Luzia. The results showed that Luzia was entirely Amerindian, genetically.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2018/11/08/estudo-contradiz-teoria-de-povoamento-da-america-e-sugere-que-rosto-de-luzia-era-diferente-do-que-se-pensava.ghtml|title=Estudo contradiz teoria de povoamento da América e sugere que rosto de Luzia era diferente do que se pensava (Research contradicts the theory of the occupation of the Americas and suggests that the Luzia's face was different from what was previously thought)|author=César Menezes|publisher=G1|date=8 Nov 2018|accessdate=2018-11-09|language=pt-br}}</ref> It was published in the journal Cell article (November 8, 2018)<ref>''Cosimo Posth'' et al. [https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31380-1 Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America], 2018</ref>, a paper in the journal Science from an affiliated team also reported new findings on fossil DNA from the first migrants to the Americas.<ref>https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaav2621.abstract</ref> Using [[DNA sequencing]], the results showed that Lagoa Santa remains from a site nearby to the Luzia remains carry DNA regarded as Native American. Two of the Lagoa Santa individuals carry the same mtDNA haplogroup (D4h3a) also carried by older 12,000+ remains [[Anzick-1]] found in Montana, mtDNA haplogroup A2, B2, C1d1 and three of the Lagoa Santa individuals harbor the same Y chromosome haplogroup Q1b1a1a1-M848 as found in the [[Spirit Cave mummy|Spirit Cave]] genome of Nevada. The bust of Luzia displaying [[Australo-Melanesian]]/African features was created in 1999. André Strauss of the Max Planck Institute, one of the authors of the Journal Science article remarked "However, skull shape isn't a reliable marker of ancestrality or geographic origin. Genetics is the best basis for this type of inference," Strauss explained."The genetic results of the new study show categorically that there was no significant connection between the Lagoa Santa people and groups from Africa or Australia. So the hypothesis that Luzia's people derived from a migratory wave prior to the ancestors of today's Amerindians has been disproved. On the contrary, the DNA shows that Luzia's people were entirely Amerindian."<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/fda-tnf110918.php</ref>
== Anthropometry ==
Luzia stood just under five feet (1.5 m) tall; about one-third of her skeleton has been recovered. Her remains seem to indicate that she died when she was approximately 20 years old, either in an accident or as the result of an animal attack. She was a member of a group of [[hunter-gatherer]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: Implications for the settlement of the New World|volume = 102|issue = 51|pages = 18309–18314|work=NCBI|date=December 20, 2005|language=en|pmc = 1317934|last1 = Neves|first1 = W. A.|last2 = Hubbe|first2 = M.|pmid = 16344464|doi = 10.1073/pnas.0507185102}}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[Collection of fossils in the National Museum of Brazil]]
*[[Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
*[[Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia|Settlement of the Americas]]
;Human remains:
*[[Arlington Springs Man]]
*[[Peñon woman]]
*[[Buhl Woman]]
*[[Kennewick Man]]
*[[Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi]]
;Archeological sites:
*[[Mummy Cave]]
*[[Paisley Caves]]
*[[Xá:ytem]]
*[[Calico Early Man Site]]
*[[Cueva de las Manos]]—Cave paintings
*[[Fort Rock Cave]]
*[[Marmes Rockshelter]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline}}
{{Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
{{Pre-Columbian}}
{{National Museum of Brazil}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Luzia Woman}}
[[Category:Archaeology of Brazil]]
[[Category:Oldest human remains in the Americas]]
[[Category:Peopling of the Americas]]
[[Category:Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in Brazil]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]]
[[Category:1975 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:1975 in Brazil]]
[[Category:Upper Paleolithic]]
[[Category:National Museum of Brazil]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Negroid Indian woman}}
{{Infobox fossil
| catalog number = Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1
| common name = Luzia
| image = Esqueleto de Luzia 01.jpg
| caption = Remains as displayed at the [[National Museum of Brazil]] in Rio de Janeiro
| country = Brazil
| species = ''[[Negroid]]''
| age = 11,243–11,710 cal BP
| place discovered = [[Pedro Leopoldo]], [[Brazil]]
| date discovered = {{start date|1974}}
| discovered by = [[Annette Laming-Emperaire]]
}}
'''Luzia Woman''' Negroid skeleton of a [[Negroid-Indians|Negro-Indian]] woman who was found in a cave in [[Brazil]]. Some archaeologists believed the young woman was a indigenous aborigine to America. The 11,500-year-old skeleton was found in a [[cave]] in the Lapa Vermelha archeological site in [[Pedro Leopoldo]], in the [[Greater Belo Horizonte]] region of Brazil, in 1974 by archaeologist [[Annette Laming-Emperaire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |title=Luzia Woman |publisher=[[Discovery Communications Inc.]] |first=C. |last=Smith |date=18 February 2000 |access-date=21 December 2007 |work=[[Cabrillo College]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224150030/http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |archive-date=24 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/gerais/2018/10/03/interna_gerais,993745/busca-pelo-cranio-de-luzia-continua-um-mes-apos-incendio-no-rio.shtml|title=Busca pelo crânio de Luzia continua um mês após incêndio no Museu Nacional|publisher=em.com.br|language=pt|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> The nickname ''Luzia'' was chosen in homage to the Australopithecus fossil [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://epoca.globo.com/o-cranio-de-luzia-mais-antiga-habitante-das-americas-pode-ter-desaparecido-no-incendio-do-museu-nacional-23045647|title=O crânio de Luzia, a mais antiga habitante das Américas, pode ter desaparecido no incêndio do Museu Nacional|publisher=O Globo|language=pt|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> The fossil was kept at the [[National Museum of Brazil]], where it was shown to the public until it was fragmented during a [[National Museum of Brazil fire|fire]] that destroyed the museum on September 2, 2018.<ref name="skull-found"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Solá-Santiago |first1=Frances |title=The Story of Luzia, the Oldest Human Skull Found in the Americas |url=http://remezcla.com/features/culture/the-story-of-luzia-the-oldest-human-skull-found-in-americas/ |accessdate=25 September 2018 |agency=Remezcla |date=September 24, 2018}}</ref> On October 19, 2018, it was announced that most of Luzia's remains were identified from the Museu Nacional debris, which allowed them to rebuild part of her [[skeleton]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45926733|title=Brazil museum fire: Prized 'Luzia' fossil skull recovered|work=BBC|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salviano |first1=Murilo |title=Crânio de Luzia é encontrado nos escombros do Museu Nacional, dizem pesquisadores |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/10/19/fossil-de-luzia-pode-ter-sido-encontrado-em-escombros-do-museu-nacional-dizem-pesquisadores.ghtml |accessdate=October 19, 2018 |agency=G1 |language=pt |date=October 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Museu Nacional resgata crânio de Luzia quebrado e identifica 80% das partes|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ciencia/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2018/10/19/equipe-resgata-cranio-da-luzia-no-museu-nacional.htm|accessdate=October 19, 2018|agency=UOL|language=pt|date=October 19, 2018}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Luzia skull 3D photogrammetry.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Photogrammetry of all [[skull]] sides by [[Cícero Moraes|Cicero Moraes]]]]
Luzia was originally discovered in 1974 in a [[rock shelter]] by a joint French-Brazilian expedition that was working not far from [[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil. The remains were not articulated. The skull, which was separated from the rest of the skeleton but was in surprisingly good condition, was buried under more than forty feet (12 meters) of mineral deposits and debris.
There were no other human remains at the site. In 2013, testing of the charcoal recovered from the stratum with Luzia's bones date the remains at an age of 10,030 ± 60 14C yr [[Before Present|BP]] (11,243–11,710 cal BP), Luzia is one of the most ancient American human skeletons ever discovered.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fontugne|first=MIchel|title=New Radiocarbon Ages of Luzia Woman, Lapa Vermelha IV Site, Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil|journal=Proceedings of the 21st International Radiocarbon Conference|year=2013|volume=55|issue=2–3|doi=10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Forensic]]s have determined that Luzia died in her early 20s. Although flint tools were found nearby, hers were the only human remains found in Vermelha Cave.
The fossil of Luzia was believed to have been destroyed when the [[National Museum of Brazil|National Museum]] burned, according to officials,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/brazils-first-human-luzia-destroyed-in-rio-de-janeiros-museum-fire-1910767|title=Brazil's First Human "Luzia" Destroyed In Rio De Janeiro's Museum Fire|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://noticias.r7.com/rio-de-janeiro/especialista-compara-perda-do-fossil-luzia-com-destruicao-da-mona-lisa-03092018|title=Especialista compara perda do fóssil Luzia com destruição da Mona Lisa
|work=R7|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/03/world/americas/brazil-museum-fire.html|title= Brazil Museum Fire Leaves Ashes, Recrimination and Little Else|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref> but firefighters later discovered a human skull within the burned museum.<ref name="skull-found">{{cite news |last1=Stargardter |first1=Gabriel |title=Skull of ancient human possibly found in burned Brazilian museum |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-fire-museum/skull-of-ancient-human-possibly-found-in-burned-brazilian-museum-idUSKCN1LK258 |accessdate=7 September 2018 |publisher=Reuters |date=September 4, 2018}}</ref> On October 19, 2018 it was announced that the Luzia skull was indeed found, but in a fragmented state. 80% of the fragments were identified as being part of the frontal (forehead and nose), side, bones that are more resistant and the fragment of her [[femur]] that also belonged to the fossil and was stored. A part of the box that contained Luzia's skull was also recovered. The reassembly of the bones has not yet been undertaken.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/10/19/fossil-de-luzia-pode-ter-sido-encontrado-em-escombros-do-museu-nacional-dizem-pesquisadores.ghtml|title=Crânio de Luzia é encontrado nos escombros do Museu Nacional, dizem pesquisadores|work=G1|access-date=2018-10-19|language=pt}}</ref>
== Phenotypical analysis ==
[[Negroid woman of 11,500 Years Old.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A cast of Luzia's skull at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in Washington, DC]]
An anthropologist at the University of São Paulo, suggested that Luzia's features most strongly resembled those of Australian Aboriginal peoples. [[Richard Neave]] of Manchester University, who undertook a [[forensic facial reconstruction]] of Luzia, described it as negroid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01EFDC1438F935A15753C1A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2|title=An Ancient Skull Challenges Long-Held Theories|author=Larry Rohter|work=New York Times|date=26 Oct 1999|accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref>
Neves and other Brazilian anthropologists theorized that Luzia was a Negroid indigenous Indian whom have been in the americas for tens of thousands of years non African meaning belonging to the [[New World]. The oldest confirmed date for an archaeosite in the Americas is 18,500 and 14,500 cal BP for the [[Monte Verde]] site in southern Chile. Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile
Neves' conclusions have been challenged by research done by anthropologists Rolando González-José, Frank Williams and William Armelagos, who have shown in their studies that the cranio-facial variability could just be due to [[genetic drift]] and other factors affecting cranio-facial plasticity in Native Americans.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=van Vark GN, Kuizenga D, Williams FL |title=Kennewick and Luzia: lessons from the European Upper Paleolithic |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=181–4; discussion 185–8 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12740961 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10176}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stuart J. |last1=Fiedel |year=2004 |title=The Kennewick Follies: 'New' Theories about the Peopling of the Americas |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=75–110 |jstor=3631009|doi=10.1086/jar.60.1.3631009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=González-José R, Bortolini MC, Santos FR, Bonatto SL |title=The peopling of America: craniofacial shape variation on a continental scale and its interpretation from an interdisciplinary view |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=137 |issue=2 |pages=175–87 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18481303 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20854|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/548c11e06bf4064931b02c641819acc75777410b }}</ref>
A comparison in 2005 of [[Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais|Lagoa Santa]] specimens with modern [[Aimoré people]] of the same region also showed strong affinities, leading Neves to classify the Aimoré as Paleo-Indians.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/Detalhe.jsp?id=32121 |title=Os sobreviventes: Crânios de índios extintos do Brasil Central indicam elo com primeiros povoadores da América |trans-title=Survivors: skulls of extinct Indians of Central Brazil indicate link with the first settlers of America |language=Portuguese |first=Reinaldo José |last=Lopes |journal=Jornal da Ciência |date=10 Oct 2005 |accessdate=2008-02-15 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120804115311/http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/Detalhe.jsp?id=32121 |archive-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Researchers recreated the skull of Luzia with [[3D printing|3D printers]] by studies resumed in a laboratory of the National Institute of Technology (INT) by master's and doctoral students of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/09/21/pesquisadores-recriam-parte-do-acervo-do-museu-nacional-incluindo-o-cranio-de-luzia-com-impressoras-3d.ghtml|title=Pesquisadores recriam parte do acervo do Museu Nacional, incluindo o crânio de Luzia, com impressoras 3D|work=Globo|access-date=2018-09-22|language=pt}}</ref>
In November 2018, scientists of the [[University of São Paulo]] and [[Harvard University]] released a study that contradicts the alleged [[Australo-Melanesian]] origin of Luzia. The results showed that Luzia was entirely Amerindian, genetically.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2018/11/08/estudo-contradiz-teoria-de-povoamento-da-america-e-sugere-que-rosto-de-luzia-era-diferente-do-que-se-pensava.ghtml|title=Estudo contradiz teoria de povoamento da América e sugere que rosto de Luzia era diferente do que se pensava (Research contradicts the theory of the occupation of the Americas and suggests that the Luzia's face was different from what was previously thought)|author=César Menezes|publisher=G1|date=8 Nov 2018|accessdate=2018-11-09|language=pt-br}}</ref> It was published in the journal Cell article (November 8, 2018)<ref>''Cosimo Posth'' et al. [https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31380-1 Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America], 2018</ref>, a paper in the journal Science from an affiliated team also reported new findings on fossil DNA from the first migrants to the Americas.<ref>https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaav2621.abstract</ref> Using [[DNA sequencing]], the results showed that Lagoa Santa remains from a site nearby to the Luzia remains carry DNA regarded as Native American. Two of the Lagoa Santa individuals carry the same mtDNA haplogroup (D4h3a) also carried by older 12,000+ remains [[Anzick-1]] found in Montana, mtDNA haplogroup A2, B2, C1d1 and three of the Lagoa Santa individuals harbor the same Y chromosome haplogroup Q1b1a1a1-M848 as found in the [[Spirit Cave mummy|Spirit Cave]] genome of Nevada. The bust of Luzia displaying [[Australo-Melanesian]]/African features was created in 1999. André Strauss of the Max Planck Institute, one of the authors of the Journal Science article remarked "However, skull shape isn't a reliable marker of ancestrality or geographic origin. Genetics is the best basis for this type of inference," Strauss explained."The genetic results of the new study show categorically that there was no significant connection between the Lagoa Santa people and groups from Africa or Australia. So the hypothesis that Luzia's people derived from a migratory wave prior to the ancestors of today's Amerindians has been disproved. On the contrary, the DNA shows that Luzia's people were entirely Amerindian."<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/fda-tnf110918.php</ref>
== Anthropometry ==
Luzia stood just under five feet (1.5 m) tall; about one-third of her skeleton has been recovered. Her remains seem to indicate that she died when she was approximately 20 years old, either in an accident or as the result of an animal attack. She was a member of a group of [[hunter-gatherer]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: Implications for the settlement of the New World|volume = 102|issue = 51|pages = 18309–18314|work=NCBI|date=December 20, 2005|language=en|pmc = 1317934|last1 = Neves|first1 = W. A.|last2 = Hubbe|first2 = M.|pmid = 16344464|doi = 10.1073/pnas.0507185102}}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[Collection of fossils in the National Museum of Brazil]]
*[[Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
*[[Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia|Settlement of the Americas]]
;Human remains:
*[[Arlington Springs Man]]
*[[Peñon woman]]
*[[Buhl Woman]]
*[[Kennewick Man]]
*[[Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi]]
;Archeological sites:
*[[Mummy Cave]]
*[[Paisley Caves]]
*[[Xá:ytem]]
*[[Calico Early Man Site]]
*[[Cueva de las Manos]]—Cave paintings
*[[Fort Rock Cave]]
*[[Marmes Rockshelter]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline}}
{{Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
{{Pre-Columbian}}
{{National Museum of Brazil}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Luzia Woman}}
[[Category:Archaeology of Brazil]]
[[Category:Oldest human remains in the Americas]]
[[Category:Peopling of the Americas]]
[[Category:Negroid-Indian archaeological sites in Brazil]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]]
[[Category:1975 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:1975 in Brazil]]
[[Category:Upper Negroid]]
[[Category:National Museum of Brazil]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-{{short description|Upper Paleolithic period skeleton of a Paleo-Indian woman}}
+{{short description|Negroid Indian woman}}
{{Infobox fossil
| catalog number = Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@
| caption = Remains as displayed at the [[National Museum of Brazil]] in Rio de Janeiro
| country = Brazil
-| species = ''[[Homo sapiens]]''
+| species = ''[[Negroid]]''
| age = 11,243–11,710 cal BP
| place discovered = [[Pedro Leopoldo]], [[Brazil]]
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@
}}
-'''Luzia Woman''' ({{IPA-pt|luˈzi.ɐ}}) is the name for an Upper Paleolithic period skeleton of a [[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indian]] woman who was found in a cave in [[Brazil]]. Some archaeologists believed the young woman may have been part of the first wave of immigrants to South America. The 11,500-year-old skeleton was found in a [[cave]] in the Lapa Vermelha archeological site in [[Pedro Leopoldo]], in the [[Greater Belo Horizonte]] region of Brazil, in 1974 by archaeologist [[Annette Laming-Emperaire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |title=Luzia Woman |publisher=[[Discovery Communications Inc.]] |first=C. |last=Smith |date=18 February 2000 |access-date=21 December 2007 |work=[[Cabrillo College]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224150030/http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |archive-date=24 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/gerais/2018/10/03/interna_gerais,993745/busca-pelo-cranio-de-luzia-continua-um-mes-apos-incendio-no-rio.shtml|title=Busca pelo crânio de Luzia continua um mês após incêndio no Museu Nacional|publisher=em.com.br|language=pt|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> The nickname ''Luzia'' was chosen in homage to the Australopithecus fossil [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://epoca.globo.com/o-cranio-de-luzia-mais-antiga-habitante-das-americas-pode-ter-desaparecido-no-incendio-do-museu-nacional-23045647|title=O crânio de Luzia, a mais antiga habitante das Américas, pode ter desaparecido no incêndio do Museu Nacional|publisher=O Globo|language=pt|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> The fossil was kept at the [[National Museum of Brazil]], where it was shown to the public until it was fragmented during a [[National Museum of Brazil fire|fire]] that destroyed the museum on September 2, 2018.<ref name="skull-found"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Solá-Santiago |first1=Frances |title=The Story of Luzia, the Oldest Human Skull Found in the Americas |url=http://remezcla.com/features/culture/the-story-of-luzia-the-oldest-human-skull-found-in-americas/ |accessdate=25 September 2018 |agency=Remezcla |date=September 24, 2018}}</ref> On October 19, 2018, it was announced that most of Luzia's remains were identified from the Museu Nacional debris, which allowed them to rebuild part of her [[skeleton]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45926733|title=Brazil museum fire: Prized 'Luzia' fossil skull recovered|work=BBC|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salviano |first1=Murilo |title=Crânio de Luzia é encontrado nos escombros do Museu Nacional, dizem pesquisadores |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/10/19/fossil-de-luzia-pode-ter-sido-encontrado-em-escombros-do-museu-nacional-dizem-pesquisadores.ghtml |accessdate=October 19, 2018 |agency=G1 |language=pt |date=October 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Museu Nacional resgata crânio de Luzia quebrado e identifica 80% das partes|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ciencia/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2018/10/19/equipe-resgata-cranio-da-luzia-no-museu-nacional.htm|accessdate=October 19, 2018|agency=UOL|language=pt|date=October 19, 2018}}</ref>
+'''Luzia Woman''' Negroid skeleton of a [[Negroid-Indians|Negro-Indian]] woman who was found in a cave in [[Brazil]]. Some archaeologists believed the young woman was a indigenous aborigine to America. The 11,500-year-old skeleton was found in a [[cave]] in the Lapa Vermelha archeological site in [[Pedro Leopoldo]], in the [[Greater Belo Horizonte]] region of Brazil, in 1974 by archaeologist [[Annette Laming-Emperaire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |title=Luzia Woman |publisher=[[Discovery Communications Inc.]] |first=C. |last=Smith |date=18 February 2000 |access-date=21 December 2007 |work=[[Cabrillo College]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224150030/http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |archive-date=24 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/gerais/2018/10/03/interna_gerais,993745/busca-pelo-cranio-de-luzia-continua-um-mes-apos-incendio-no-rio.shtml|title=Busca pelo crânio de Luzia continua um mês após incêndio no Museu Nacional|publisher=em.com.br|language=pt|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> The nickname ''Luzia'' was chosen in homage to the Australopithecus fossil [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://epoca.globo.com/o-cranio-de-luzia-mais-antiga-habitante-das-americas-pode-ter-desaparecido-no-incendio-do-museu-nacional-23045647|title=O crânio de Luzia, a mais antiga habitante das Américas, pode ter desaparecido no incêndio do Museu Nacional|publisher=O Globo|language=pt|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> The fossil was kept at the [[National Museum of Brazil]], where it was shown to the public until it was fragmented during a [[National Museum of Brazil fire|fire]] that destroyed the museum on September 2, 2018.<ref name="skull-found"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Solá-Santiago |first1=Frances |title=The Story of Luzia, the Oldest Human Skull Found in the Americas |url=http://remezcla.com/features/culture/the-story-of-luzia-the-oldest-human-skull-found-in-americas/ |accessdate=25 September 2018 |agency=Remezcla |date=September 24, 2018}}</ref> On October 19, 2018, it was announced that most of Luzia's remains were identified from the Museu Nacional debris, which allowed them to rebuild part of her [[skeleton]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45926733|title=Brazil museum fire: Prized 'Luzia' fossil skull recovered|work=BBC|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salviano |first1=Murilo |title=Crânio de Luzia é encontrado nos escombros do Museu Nacional, dizem pesquisadores |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/10/19/fossil-de-luzia-pode-ter-sido-encontrado-em-escombros-do-museu-nacional-dizem-pesquisadores.ghtml |accessdate=October 19, 2018 |agency=G1 |language=pt |date=October 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Museu Nacional resgata crânio de Luzia quebrado e identifica 80% das partes|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ciencia/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2018/10/19/equipe-resgata-cranio-da-luzia-no-museu-nacional.htm|accessdate=October 19, 2018|agency=UOL|language=pt|date=October 19, 2018}}</ref>
== History ==
@@ -25,10 +25,8 @@
== Phenotypical analysis ==
-[[File:Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1-Homo Sapiens 11,500 Years Old.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A cast of Luzia's skull at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in Washington, DC]]
-[[File:Reconstituição de Luzia MN 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Facial reconstruction at the [[National Museum of Brazil]] (2015 photograph)]]
-Her facial features included a narrow, oval cranium, projecting face and pronounced chin, strikingly dissimilar to most Native Americans and their [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|indigenous Siberian forebears]]. Anthropologists variously described Luzia's features as resembling those of [[Negroid]]s, [[Indigenous Australians]], [[Melanesians]] and the [[Negrito]]s of [[Southeast Asia]]. [[Walter Neves]], an anthropologist at the University of São Paulo, suggested that Luzia's features most strongly resembled those of Australian Aboriginal peoples. [[Richard Neave]] of Manchester University, who undertook a [[forensic facial reconstruction]] of Luzia, described it as negroid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01EFDC1438F935A15753C1A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2|title=An Ancient Skull Challenges Long-Held Theories|author=Larry Rohter|work=New York Times|date=26 Oct 1999|accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref>
-
-Neves and other Brazilian anthropologists theorized that Luzia's Paleo-Indian predecessors lived in South East Asia for tens of thousands of years after migrating from Africa and began arriving in the [[New World]] as early as 15,000 years ago. The oldest confirmed date for an archaeosite in the Americas is 18,500 and 14,500 cal BP for the [[Monte Verde]] site in southern Chile.<ref name="Dillehay 2015">{{cite journal|last1=Dillehay|first1=Tom D.|last2=Ocampo|first2=Carlos|title=New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile|journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|date=November 18, 2015|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141923|pmid=26580202|volume=10|issue=11|pages=e0141923|pmc=4651426}}</ref> Some anthropologists have hypothesized that a population from coastal [[East Asia]] migrated in boats along the Kuril island chain, the Beringian coast and down the west coast of the Americas during the decline of the [[Last Glacial Maximum]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/sites/default/files/mnch/Erlandson_and_Braje_2011.pdf |author1=Erlandson, Jon M. |author2=Braje, Todd J. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=From Asia to the Americas by boat? Paleogeography, paleoecology, and stemmed points of the northwest Pacific |access-date=2016-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919070842/http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/sites/default/files/mnch/Erlandson_and_Braje_2011.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation|author1=Adachi N. |author2=Shinoda K. |author3=Umetsu K. |author4=Matsumura H. |last-author-amp=yes |title= Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jomon skeletons from the Funadomari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the origins of Native American, Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010 Mar;141(3):504-5|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=255–65 |pmid=18951391 |year=2009 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20923 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b07fd57b5bcb23446b50da31091d5dcbfa858c0f }}</ref> In 1998, Neves and archaeologist André Prous studied and dated 11,400 years for the skull of Luzia after naming her.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2012/05/11/walter-neves-luzias-father/|title=Walter Neves: Luzia's father|work=Globo|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329113614/http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2012/05/11/walter-neves-luzias-father/|archive-date=2015-03-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+[[Negroid woman of 11,500 Years Old.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A cast of Luzia's skull at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in Washington, DC]]
+An anthropologist at the University of São Paulo, suggested that Luzia's features most strongly resembled those of Australian Aboriginal peoples. [[Richard Neave]] of Manchester University, who undertook a [[forensic facial reconstruction]] of Luzia, described it as negroid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01EFDC1438F935A15753C1A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2|title=An Ancient Skull Challenges Long-Held Theories|author=Larry Rohter|work=New York Times|date=26 Oct 1999|accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref>
+Neves and other Brazilian anthropologists theorized that Luzia was a Negroid indigenous Indian whom have been in the americas for tens of thousands of years non African meaning belonging to the [[New World]. The oldest confirmed date for an archaeosite in the Americas is 18,500 and 14,500 cal BP for the [[Monte Verde]] site in southern Chile. Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile
Neves' conclusions have been challenged by research done by anthropologists Rolando González-José, Frank Williams and William Armelagos, who have shown in their studies that the cranio-facial variability could just be due to [[genetic drift]] and other factors affecting cranio-facial plasticity in Native Americans.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=van Vark GN, Kuizenga D, Williams FL |title=Kennewick and Luzia: lessons from the European Upper Paleolithic |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=181–4; discussion 185–8 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12740961 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10176}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stuart J. |last1=Fiedel |year=2004 |title=The Kennewick Follies: 'New' Theories about the Peopling of the Americas |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=75–110 |jstor=3631009|doi=10.1086/jar.60.1.3631009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=González-José R, Bortolini MC, Santos FR, Bonatto SL |title=The peopling of America: craniofacial shape variation on a continental scale and its interpretation from an interdisciplinary view |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=137 |issue=2 |pages=175–87 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18481303 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20854|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/548c11e06bf4064931b02c641819acc75777410b }}</ref>
@@ -75,8 +73,8 @@
[[Category:Oldest human remains in the Americas]]
[[Category:Peopling of the Americas]]
-[[Category:Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in Brazil]]
+[[Category:Negroid-Indian archaeological sites in Brazil]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]]
[[Category:1975 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:1975 in Brazil]]
-[[Category:Upper Paleolithic]]
+[[Category:Upper Negroid]]
[[Category:National Museum of Brazil]]
' |
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Old page size (old_size) | 18025 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -2758 |
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0 => '{{short description|Negroid Indian woman}}',
1 => '| species = ''[[Negroid]]''',
2 => ''''Luzia Woman''' Negroid skeleton of a [[Negroid-Indians|Negro-Indian]] woman who was found in a cave in [[Brazil]]. Some archaeologists believed the young woman was a indigenous aborigine to America. The 11,500-year-old skeleton was found in a [[cave]] in the Lapa Vermelha archeological site in [[Pedro Leopoldo]], in the [[Greater Belo Horizonte]] region of Brazil, in 1974 by archaeologist [[Annette Laming-Emperaire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |title=Luzia Woman |publisher=[[Discovery Communications Inc.]] |first=C. |last=Smith |date=18 February 2000 |access-date=21 December 2007 |work=[[Cabrillo College]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224150030/http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |archive-date=24 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/gerais/2018/10/03/interna_gerais,993745/busca-pelo-cranio-de-luzia-continua-um-mes-apos-incendio-no-rio.shtml|title=Busca pelo crânio de Luzia continua um mês após incêndio no Museu Nacional|publisher=em.com.br|language=pt|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> The nickname ''Luzia'' was chosen in homage to the Australopithecus fossil [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://epoca.globo.com/o-cranio-de-luzia-mais-antiga-habitante-das-americas-pode-ter-desaparecido-no-incendio-do-museu-nacional-23045647|title=O crânio de Luzia, a mais antiga habitante das Américas, pode ter desaparecido no incêndio do Museu Nacional|publisher=O Globo|language=pt|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> The fossil was kept at the [[National Museum of Brazil]], where it was shown to the public until it was fragmented during a [[National Museum of Brazil fire|fire]] that destroyed the museum on September 2, 2018.<ref name="skull-found"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Solá-Santiago |first1=Frances |title=The Story of Luzia, the Oldest Human Skull Found in the Americas |url=http://remezcla.com/features/culture/the-story-of-luzia-the-oldest-human-skull-found-in-americas/ |accessdate=25 September 2018 |agency=Remezcla |date=September 24, 2018}}</ref> On October 19, 2018, it was announced that most of Luzia's remains were identified from the Museu Nacional debris, which allowed them to rebuild part of her [[skeleton]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45926733|title=Brazil museum fire: Prized 'Luzia' fossil skull recovered|work=BBC|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salviano |first1=Murilo |title=Crânio de Luzia é encontrado nos escombros do Museu Nacional, dizem pesquisadores |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/10/19/fossil-de-luzia-pode-ter-sido-encontrado-em-escombros-do-museu-nacional-dizem-pesquisadores.ghtml |accessdate=October 19, 2018 |agency=G1 |language=pt |date=October 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Museu Nacional resgata crânio de Luzia quebrado e identifica 80% das partes|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ciencia/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2018/10/19/equipe-resgata-cranio-da-luzia-no-museu-nacional.htm|accessdate=October 19, 2018|agency=UOL|language=pt|date=October 19, 2018}}</ref>',
3 => '[[Negroid woman of 11,500 Years Old.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A cast of Luzia's skull at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in Washington, DC]]',
4 => 'An anthropologist at the University of São Paulo, suggested that Luzia's features most strongly resembled those of Australian Aboriginal peoples. [[Richard Neave]] of Manchester University, who undertook a [[forensic facial reconstruction]] of Luzia, described it as negroid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01EFDC1438F935A15753C1A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2|title=An Ancient Skull Challenges Long-Held Theories|author=Larry Rohter|work=New York Times|date=26 Oct 1999|accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref>',
5 => 'Neves and other Brazilian anthropologists theorized that Luzia was a Negroid indigenous Indian whom have been in the americas for tens of thousands of years non African meaning belonging to the [[New World]. The oldest confirmed date for an archaeosite in the Americas is 18,500 and 14,500 cal BP for the [[Monte Verde]] site in southern Chile. Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile',
6 => '[[Category:Negroid-Indian archaeological sites in Brazil]]',
7 => '[[Category:Upper Negroid]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{short description|Upper Paleolithic period skeleton of a Paleo-Indian woman}}',
1 => '| species = ''[[Homo sapiens]]''',
2 => ''''Luzia Woman''' ({{IPA-pt|luˈzi.ɐ}}) is the name for an Upper Paleolithic period skeleton of a [[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indian]] woman who was found in a cave in [[Brazil]]. Some archaeologists believed the young woman may have been part of the first wave of immigrants to South America. The 11,500-year-old skeleton was found in a [[cave]] in the Lapa Vermelha archeological site in [[Pedro Leopoldo]], in the [[Greater Belo Horizonte]] region of Brazil, in 1974 by archaeologist [[Annette Laming-Emperaire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |title=Luzia Woman |publisher=[[Discovery Communications Inc.]] |first=C. |last=Smith |date=18 February 2000 |access-date=21 December 2007 |work=[[Cabrillo College]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224150030/http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html |archive-date=24 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/gerais/2018/10/03/interna_gerais,993745/busca-pelo-cranio-de-luzia-continua-um-mes-apos-incendio-no-rio.shtml|title=Busca pelo crânio de Luzia continua um mês após incêndio no Museu Nacional|publisher=em.com.br|language=pt|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> The nickname ''Luzia'' was chosen in homage to the Australopithecus fossil [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://epoca.globo.com/o-cranio-de-luzia-mais-antiga-habitante-das-americas-pode-ter-desaparecido-no-incendio-do-museu-nacional-23045647|title=O crânio de Luzia, a mais antiga habitante das Américas, pode ter desaparecido no incêndio do Museu Nacional|publisher=O Globo|language=pt|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> The fossil was kept at the [[National Museum of Brazil]], where it was shown to the public until it was fragmented during a [[National Museum of Brazil fire|fire]] that destroyed the museum on September 2, 2018.<ref name="skull-found"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Solá-Santiago |first1=Frances |title=The Story of Luzia, the Oldest Human Skull Found in the Americas |url=http://remezcla.com/features/culture/the-story-of-luzia-the-oldest-human-skull-found-in-americas/ |accessdate=25 September 2018 |agency=Remezcla |date=September 24, 2018}}</ref> On October 19, 2018, it was announced that most of Luzia's remains were identified from the Museu Nacional debris, which allowed them to rebuild part of her [[skeleton]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45926733|title=Brazil museum fire: Prized 'Luzia' fossil skull recovered|work=BBC|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salviano |first1=Murilo |title=Crânio de Luzia é encontrado nos escombros do Museu Nacional, dizem pesquisadores |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/10/19/fossil-de-luzia-pode-ter-sido-encontrado-em-escombros-do-museu-nacional-dizem-pesquisadores.ghtml |accessdate=October 19, 2018 |agency=G1 |language=pt |date=October 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Museu Nacional resgata crânio de Luzia quebrado e identifica 80% das partes|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ciencia/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2018/10/19/equipe-resgata-cranio-da-luzia-no-museu-nacional.htm|accessdate=October 19, 2018|agency=UOL|language=pt|date=October 19, 2018}}</ref>',
3 => '[[File:Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1-Homo Sapiens 11,500 Years Old.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A cast of Luzia's skull at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in Washington, DC]]',
4 => '[[File:Reconstituição de Luzia MN 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Facial reconstruction at the [[National Museum of Brazil]] (2015 photograph)]]',
5 => 'Her facial features included a narrow, oval cranium, projecting face and pronounced chin, strikingly dissimilar to most Native Americans and their [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|indigenous Siberian forebears]]. Anthropologists variously described Luzia's features as resembling those of [[Negroid]]s, [[Indigenous Australians]], [[Melanesians]] and the [[Negrito]]s of [[Southeast Asia]]. [[Walter Neves]], an anthropologist at the University of São Paulo, suggested that Luzia's features most strongly resembled those of Australian Aboriginal peoples. [[Richard Neave]] of Manchester University, who undertook a [[forensic facial reconstruction]] of Luzia, described it as negroid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01EFDC1438F935A15753C1A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2|title=An Ancient Skull Challenges Long-Held Theories|author=Larry Rohter|work=New York Times|date=26 Oct 1999|accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref>',
6 => '',
7 => 'Neves and other Brazilian anthropologists theorized that Luzia's Paleo-Indian predecessors lived in South East Asia for tens of thousands of years after migrating from Africa and began arriving in the [[New World]] as early as 15,000 years ago. The oldest confirmed date for an archaeosite in the Americas is 18,500 and 14,500 cal BP for the [[Monte Verde]] site in southern Chile.<ref name="Dillehay 2015">{{cite journal|last1=Dillehay|first1=Tom D.|last2=Ocampo|first2=Carlos|title=New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile|journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|date=November 18, 2015|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141923|pmid=26580202|volume=10|issue=11|pages=e0141923|pmc=4651426}}</ref> Some anthropologists have hypothesized that a population from coastal [[East Asia]] migrated in boats along the Kuril island chain, the Beringian coast and down the west coast of the Americas during the decline of the [[Last Glacial Maximum]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/sites/default/files/mnch/Erlandson_and_Braje_2011.pdf |author1=Erlandson, Jon M. |author2=Braje, Todd J. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=From Asia to the Americas by boat? Paleogeography, paleoecology, and stemmed points of the northwest Pacific |access-date=2016-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919070842/http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/sites/default/files/mnch/Erlandson_and_Braje_2011.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation|author1=Adachi N. |author2=Shinoda K. |author3=Umetsu K. |author4=Matsumura H. |last-author-amp=yes |title= Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jomon skeletons from the Funadomari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the origins of Native American, Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010 Mar;141(3):504-5|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=255–65 |pmid=18951391 |year=2009 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20923 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b07fd57b5bcb23446b50da31091d5dcbfa858c0f }}</ref> In 1998, Neves and archaeologist André Prous studied and dated 11,400 years for the skull of Luzia after naming her.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2012/05/11/walter-neves-luzias-father/|title=Walter Neves: Luzia's father|work=Globo|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329113614/http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2012/05/11/walter-neves-luzias-father/|archive-date=2015-03-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
8 => '[[Category:Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in Brazil]]',
9 => '[[Category:Upper Paleolithic]]'
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] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Negroid Indian woman</div>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Luzia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Esqueleto_de_Luzia_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Esqueleto de Luzia 01.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Esqueleto_de_Luzia_01.jpg/220px-Esqueleto_de_Luzia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="497" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Esqueleto_de_Luzia_01.jpg/330px-Esqueleto_de_Luzia_01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Esqueleto_de_Luzia_01.jpg/440px-Esqueleto_de_Luzia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="2165" /></a><div>Remains as displayed at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="National Museum of Brazil">National Museum of Brazil</a> in Rio de Janeiro</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Catalog <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></th><td>Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Common name</th><td>Luzia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Species</th><td><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Age</th><td>11,243–11,710 cal BP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Place discovered</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Leopoldo" title="Pedro Leopoldo">Pedro Leopoldo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Date discovered</th><td>1974<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1974</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Discovered by</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annette_Laming-Emperaire" title="Annette Laming-Emperaire">Annette Laming-Emperaire</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Luzia Woman</b> Negroid skeleton of a <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Negroid-Indians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negroid-Indians (page does not exist)">Negro-Indian</a> woman who was found in a cave in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Some archaeologists believed the young woman was a indigenous aborigine to America. The 11,500-year-old skeleton was found in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">cave</a> in the Lapa Vermelha archeological site in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Leopoldo" title="Pedro Leopoldo">Pedro Leopoldo</a>, in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Belo_Horizonte" title="Greater Belo Horizonte">Greater Belo Horizonte</a> region of Brazil, in 1974 by archaeologist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annette_Laming-Emperaire" title="Annette Laming-Emperaire">Annette Laming-Emperaire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The nickname <i>Luzia</i> was chosen in homage to the Australopithecus fossil <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus)" title="Lucy (Australopithecus)">Lucy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The fossil was kept at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="National Museum of Brazil">National Museum of Brazil</a>, where it was shown to the public until it was fragmented during a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Brazil fire">fire</a> that destroyed the museum on September 2, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-skull-found_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skull-found-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> On October 19, 2018, it was announced that most of Luzia's remains were identified from the Museu Nacional debris, which allowed them to rebuild part of her <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Phenotypical_analysis"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Phenotypical analysis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Anthropometry"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Anthropometry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luzia_Woman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:312px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Luzia_skull_3D_photogrammetry.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Luzia_skull_3D_photogrammetry.jpg/310px-Luzia_skull_3D_photogrammetry.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Luzia_skull_3D_photogrammetry.jpg/465px-Luzia_skull_3D_photogrammetry.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Luzia_skull_3D_photogrammetry.jpg/620px-Luzia_skull_3D_photogrammetry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2387" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Luzia_skull_3D_photogrammetry.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Photogrammetry of all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> sides by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C%C3%ADcero_Moraes" title="Cícero Moraes">Cicero Moraes</a></div></div></div>
<p>Luzia was originally discovered in 1974 in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rock shelter</a> by a joint French-Brazilian expedition that was working not far from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, Brazil. The remains were not articulated. The skull, which was separated from the rest of the skeleton but was in surprisingly good condition, was buried under more than forty feet (12 meters) of mineral deposits and debris.
</p><p>There were no other human remains at the site. In 2013, testing of the charcoal recovered from the stratum with Luzia's bones date the remains at an age of 10,030 ± 60 14C yr <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> (11,243–11,710 cal BP), Luzia is one of the most ancient American human skeletons ever discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forensic" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic">Forensics</a> have determined that Luzia died in her early 20s. Although flint tools were found nearby, hers were the only human remains found in Vermelha Cave.
</p><p>The fossil of Luzia was believed to have been destroyed when the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="National Museum of Brazil">National Museum</a> burned, according to officials,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> but firefighters later discovered a human skull within the burned museum.<sup id="cite_ref-skull-found_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skull-found-4">[4]</a></sup> On October 19, 2018 it was announced that the Luzia skull was indeed found, but in a fragmented state. 80% of the fragments were identified as being part of the frontal (forehead and nose), side, bones that are more resistant and the fragment of her <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> that also belonged to the fossil and was stored. A part of the box that contained Luzia's skull was also recovered. The reassembly of the bones has not yet been undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Phenotypical_analysis">Phenotypical analysis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luzia_Woman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phenotypical analysis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>[[Negroid woman of 11,500 Years Old.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A cast of Luzia's skull at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> in Washington, DC]]
An anthropologist at the University of São Paulo, suggested that Luzia's features most strongly resembled those of Australian Aboriginal peoples. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Neave" title="Richard Neave">Richard Neave</a> of Manchester University, who undertook a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forensic_facial_reconstruction" title="Forensic facial reconstruction">forensic facial reconstruction</a> of Luzia, described it as negroid.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Neves and other Brazilian anthropologists theorized that Luzia was a Negroid indigenous Indian whom have been in the americas for tens of thousands of years non African meaning belonging to the [[New World]. The oldest confirmed date for an archaeosite in the Americas is 18,500 and 14,500 cal BP for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a> site in southern Chile. Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile
Neves' conclusions have been challenged by research done by anthropologists Rolando González-José, Frank Williams and William Armelagos, who have shown in their studies that the cranio-facial variability could just be due to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a> and other factors affecting cranio-facial plasticity in Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>A comparison in 2005 of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lagoa_Santa,_Minas_Gerais" title="Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais">Lagoa Santa</a> specimens with modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aimor%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimoré people">Aimoré people</a> of the same region also showed strong affinities, leading Neves to classify the Aimoré as Paleo-Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Researchers recreated the skull of Luzia with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printers</a> by studies resumed in a laboratory of the National Institute of Technology (INT) by master's and doctoral students of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2018, scientists of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> released a study that contradicts the alleged <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australo-Melanesian</a> origin of Luzia. The results showed that Luzia was entirely Amerindian, genetically.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> It was published in the journal Cell article (November 8, 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>, a paper in the journal Science from an affiliated team also reported new findings on fossil DNA from the first migrants to the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> Using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a>, the results showed that Lagoa Santa remains from a site nearby to the Luzia remains carry DNA regarded as Native American. Two of the Lagoa Santa individuals carry the same mtDNA haplogroup (D4h3a) also carried by older 12,000+ remains <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a> found in Montana, mtDNA haplogroup A2, B2, C1d1 and three of the Lagoa Santa individuals harbor the same Y chromosome haplogroup Q1b1a1a1-M848 as found in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave</a> genome of Nevada. The bust of Luzia displaying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australo-Melanesian</a>/African features was created in 1999. André Strauss of the Max Planck Institute, one of the authors of the Journal Science article remarked "However, skull shape isn't a reliable marker of ancestrality or geographic origin. Genetics is the best basis for this type of inference," Strauss explained."The genetic results of the new study show categorically that there was no significant connection between the Lagoa Santa people and groups from Africa or Australia. So the hypothesis that Luzia's people derived from a migratory wave prior to the ancestors of today's Amerindians has been disproved. On the contrary, the DNA shows that Luzia's people were entirely Amerindian."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Anthropometry">Anthropometry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luzia_Woman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anthropometry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Luzia stood just under five feet (1.5 m) tall; about one-third of her skeleton has been recovered. Her remains seem to indicate that she died when she was approximately 20 years old, either in an accident or as the result of an animal attack. She was a member of a group of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luzia_Woman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collection_of_fossils_in_the_National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Collection of fossils in the National Museum of Brazil">Collection of fossils in the National Museum of Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistoric_migration_and_settlement_of_the_Americas_from_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia">Settlement of the Americas</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Human remains</dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kw%C3%A4day_D%C3%A4n_Ts%27%C3%ACnchi" title="Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi">Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Archeological sites</dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paisley_Caves" title="Paisley Caves">Paisley Caves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/X%C3%A1:ytem" title="Xá:ytem">Xá:ytem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calico_Early_Man_Site" title="Calico Early Man Site">Calico Early Man Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cueva_de_las_Manos" title="Cueva de las Manos">Cueva de las Manos</a>—Cave paintings</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Rock_Cave" title="Fort Rock Cave">Fort Rock Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luzia_Woman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation web">Smith, C. (18 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224150030/http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html">"Luzia Woman"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabrillo_College" title="Cabrillo College">Cabrillo College</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discovery_Communications_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery Communications Inc.">Discovery Communications Inc.</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cabrillo+College&rft.atitle=Luzia+Woman&rft.date=2000-02-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabrillo.edu%2F~crsmith%2Fluzia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzia+Woman" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/gerais/2018/10/03/interna_gerais,993745/busca-pelo-cranio-de-luzia-continua-um-mes-apos-incendio-no-rio.shtml">"Busca pelo crânio de Luzia continua um mês após incêndio no Museu Nacional"</a> (in Portuguese). em.com.br<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Busca+pelo+cr%C3%A2nio+de+Luzia+continua+um+m%C3%AAs+ap%C3%B3s+inc%C3%AAndio+no+Museu+Nacional&rft.pub=em.com.br&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.com.br%2Fapp%2Fnoticia%2Fgerais%2F2018%2F10%2F03%2Finterna_gerais%2C993745%2Fbusca-pelo-cranio-de-luzia-continua-um-mes-apos-incendio-no-rio.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzia+Woman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález-JoséBortoliniSantosBonatto2008" class="citation journal">González-José R, Bortolini MC, Santos FR, Bonatto SL (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/548c11e06bf4064931b02c641819acc75777410b">"The peopling of America: craniofacial shape variation on a continental scale and its interpretation from an interdisciplinary view"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>137</b> (2): 175–87. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20854">10.1002/ajpa.20854</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18481303">18481303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+peopling+of+America%3A+craniofacial+shape+variation+on+a+continental+scale+and+its+interpretation+from+an+interdisciplinary+view&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-87&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20854&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18481303&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Jos%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Bortolini%2C+MC&rft.au=Santos%2C+FR&rft.au=Bonatto%2C+SL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F548c11e06bf4064931b02c641819acc75777410b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzia+Woman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLopes2005" class="citation journal">Lopes, Reinaldo José (10 Oct 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120804115311/http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/Detalhe.jsp?id=32121">"Os sobreviventes: Crânios de índios extintos do Brasil Central indicam elo com primeiros povoadores da América"</a> [Survivors: skulls of extinct Indians of Central Brazil indicate link with the first settlers of America]. <i>Jornal da Ciência</i> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/Detalhe.jsp?id=32121">the original</a> on 4 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jornal+da+Ci%C3%AAncia&rft.atitle=Os+sobreviventes%3A+Cr%C3%A2nios+de+%C3%ADndios+extintos+do+Brasil+Central+indicam+elo+com+primeiros+povoadores+da+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.date=2005-10-10&rft.aulast=Lopes&rft.aufirst=Reinaldo+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jornaldaciencia.org.br%2FDetalhe.jsp%3Fid%3D32121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzia+Woman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/09/21/pesquisadores-recriam-parte-do-acervo-do-museu-nacional-incluindo-o-cranio-de-luzia-com-impressoras-3d.ghtml">"Pesquisadores recriam parte do acervo do Museu Nacional, incluindo o crânio de Luzia, com impressoras 3D"</a>. <i>Globo</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globo&rft.atitle=Pesquisadores+recriam+parte+do+acervo+do+Museu+Nacional%2C+incluindo+o+cr%C3%A2nio+de+Luzia%2C+com+impressoras+3D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Frj%2Frio-de-janeiro%2Fnoticia%2F2018%2F09%2F21%2Fpesquisadores-recriam-parte-do-acervo-do-museu-nacional-incluindo-o-cranio-de-luzia-com-impressoras-3d.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzia+Woman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCésar_Menezes2018" class="citation news">César Menezes (8 Nov 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2018/11/08/estudo-contradiz-teoria-de-povoamento-da-america-e-sugere-que-rosto-de-luzia-era-diferente-do-que-se-pensava.ghtml">"Estudo contradiz teoria de povoamento da América e sugere que rosto de Luzia era diferente do que se pensava (Research contradicts the theory of the occupation of the Americas and suggests that the Luzia's face was different from what was previously thought)"</a> (in Portuguese). G1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Estudo+contradiz+teoria+de+povoamento+da+Am%C3%A9rica+e+sugere+que+rosto+de+Luzia+era+diferente+do+que+se+pensava+%28Research+contradicts+the+theory+of+the+occupation+of+the+Americas+and+suggests+that+the+Luzia%27s+face+was+different+from+what+was+previously+thought%29&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft.au=C%C3%A9sar+Menezes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fciencia-e-saude%2Fnoticia%2F2018%2F11%2F08%2Festudo-contradiz-teoria-de-povoamento-da-america-e-sugere-que-rosto-de-luzia-era-diferente-do-que-se-pensava.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzia+Woman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cosimo Posth</i> et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31380-1">Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America</a>, 2018</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaav2621.abstract">https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaav2621.abstract</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/fda-tnf110918.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/fda-tnf110918.php</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNevesHubbe2005" class="citation news">Neves, W. A.; Hubbe, M. (December 20, 2005). "Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: Implications for the settlement of the New World". <i>NCBI</i>. <b>102</b> (51). pp. 18309–18314. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0507185102">10.1073/pnas.0507185102</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1317934">1317934</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344464">16344464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Cranial+morphology+of+early+Americans+from+Lagoa+Santa%2C+Brazil%3A+Implications+for+the+settlement+of+the+New+World&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=18309-18314&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1317934&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16344464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0507185102&rft.aulast=Neves&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rft.au=Hubbe%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuzia+Woman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luzia_Woman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Luzia_(fossil)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Luzia (fossil)"><span style="">Luzia (fossil)</span></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template" style="background: #FFDD99;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background: #FFDD99;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background: #FFDD99;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Pre-history</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Classification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image"><img alt="Americas (orthographic projection).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Mythology/Religion</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Mythologies</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Native_American_deities" title="List of Native American deities">List of deities</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_American_religion" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Medicine man</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesoamerican_cosmovision" title="Mesoamerican cosmovision">Mesoamerican cosmovision</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesoamerica#Mythology_and_worldview" title="Mesoamerica">mythology</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">European<br />colonization</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Modern groups<br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Costa_Rica" title="Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Island_Caribs" title="Island Caribs">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama" title="Indigenous peoples of Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santa_Rosa_First_Peoples_Community" title="Santa Rosa First Peoples Community">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bolivia" title="Indigenous peoples in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Guyana" title="Indigenous peoples in Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples in Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Suriname" title="Indigenous peoples in Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Uruguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_American_studies" title="Native American studies">Indigenous American studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_movements_in_the_Americas" title="Indigenous movements in the Americas">Indigenous movements</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_North_American_Southwest" title="Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest">Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_indigenous_artists_of_the_Americas" title="List of indigenous artists of the Americas">Artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_writers_from_peoples_indigenous_to_the_Americas" title="List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas">Writers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Category</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;background: #FFDEAD"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="View this template" style="background: #FEEFD6;background: #FFDEAD;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background: #FEEFD6;background: #FFDEAD;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Pre-Columbian_era&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background: #FEEFD6;background: #FFDEAD;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology of the Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">North American pre-Columbian cultures</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">Plum Bayou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">Capacha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chalcatzingo" title="Chalcatzingo">Chalcatzingo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Coclé</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">Mezcala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">Quelepa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Shaft tomb tradition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teuchitlan_tradition" title="Teuchitlan tradition">Teuchitlan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">Tlatilco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Veracruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">Xochipala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em">South America</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">South American Indigenous people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">Chancay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chim%C3%BA_culture" title="Chimú culture">Chimú</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinchorro_culture" title="Chinchorro culture">Chinchorro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Cultural periods of Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydraulic_culture_of_mounds_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic culture of mounds (Bolivia)">Hydraulic culture of mounds (Bolivia)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Las_Vegas_culture_(archaeology)" title="Las Vegas culture (archaeology)">Las Vegas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Tolita" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tolita">La Tolita (Tumaco)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mante%C3%B1o_civilization" title="Manteño civilization">Manteño-Guancavilca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mollo_culture" title="Mollo culture">Mollo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_culture" title="Nariño culture">Nariño</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization" title="Norte Chico civilization">Norte Chico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quimbaya_civilization" title="Quimbaya civilization">Quimbaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn,_Huila" title="San Agustín, Huila">San Agustín</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shuar" title="Shuar">Shuar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sican_culture" title="Sican culture">Sican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiwanaku_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwanaku empire">Tiwanaku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valdivia_culture" title="Valdivia culture">Valdivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wankarani_culture" title="Wankarani culture">Wankarani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;padding:0; background:transparent;"><div><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;;background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Language</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysccubun</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Writing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aztec_writing" title="Aztec writing">Script</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Religion</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Religion</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Mythology</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Calendar</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Calendar</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Society</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aztec_society" title="Aztec society">Society</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Society</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampas</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">road system</a>) <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incan_agriculture" title="Incan agriculture">Agriculture</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> History</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Muisca" title="Template:History of the Muisca">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca history</a> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> People</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">Cuitláhuac</a> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a> <br /></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%27inich_Janaab%27_Pakal" class="mw-redirect" title="K'inich Janaab' Pakal">K'inich Janaab' Pakal</a> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%27aah_K%27awiil" class="mw-redirect" title="Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil">Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil</a> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jasaw_Chan_K%27awiil_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasaw Chan K'awiil I">Jasaw Chan K'awiil I</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Túpac Amaru</a> <br /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Conquest</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest</a> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a> <br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a>) <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a> <br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest</a><br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">List of conquistadors</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div id="See_also"><b>See also</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Portal:Mesoamerica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican writing systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_American_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">Native American cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceramics_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American pottery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre‑Columbian art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting in the Americas before European colonization</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Museum_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Template:National Museum of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:National Museum of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:National_Museum_of_Brazil&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Museum_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="National Museum of Brazil">National Museum of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balbino_de_Freitas%27s_Archaeological_Collection" title="Balbino de Freitas's Archaeological Collection">Balbino de Freitas (Brazilian archaeology)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collection_of_fossils_in_the_National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Collection of fossils in the National Museum of Brazil">Fossils</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collection_of_funerary_steles_in_the_National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Collection of funerary steles in the National Museum of Brazil">Funerary steles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collection_of_Mediterranean_antiquities_in_the_National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Collection of Mediterranean antiquities in the National Museum of Brazil">Mediterranean antiquities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collection_of_meteorites_in_the_National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Collection of meteorites in the National Museum of Brazil">Meteorites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collection_of_mummies_in_the_National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Collection of mummies in the National Museum of Brazil">Mummies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Werner_Collection_in_the_National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Werner Collection in the National Museum of Brazil">Werner (rare minerals)</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pal%C3%A1cio_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o.jpg/150px-Pal%C3%A1cio_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pal%C3%A1cio_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o.jpg/225px-Pal%C3%A1cio_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pal%C3%A1cio_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o.jpg/300px-Pal%C3%A1cio_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3536" data-file-height="1989" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avanhandava_(meteorite)" title="Avanhandava (meteorite)">Avanhandava meteorite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bendeg%C3%B3_meteorite" title="Bendegó meteorite">Bendegó meteorite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patos_de_Minas_(meteorite)" title="Patos de Minas (meteorite)">Patos de Minas meteorite</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maxakalisaurus" title="Maxakalisaurus">Maxakalisaurus</a></i></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luzia Woman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sha-Amun-en-su" title="Sha-Amun-en-su">Sha-Amun-en-su</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archivos_do_Museu_Nacional" title="Archivos do Museu Nacional">Archivos do Museu Nacional</a></i> (publication)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Museum_(Rio_de_Janeiro)#2018_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum (Rio de Janeiro)">National Museum of Brazil fire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o" title="Paço de São Cristóvão">Paço de São Cristóvão</a> (building)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bendeg%C3%B3_meteorite_(report)" title="Bendegó meteorite (report)">Bendegó meteorite (report)</a> (book)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1588846802 |