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{{Use Australian English|date= April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{About|Torres Strait Islander peoples|historical and contemporary information which relates to [[Aboriginal Australians]] as well as Torres Strait Islander people|Indigenous Australians}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = '''Torres Strait Islanders'''
<!-- | flag = [[:File:Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders.svg|Link to file]] --><!-- This image is non-free and cannot be used here. See linked discussions at file talk page fore more information -->
| flag_caption = The [[Torres Strait Islander Flag]]
| image = Queensland State Archives 5750 Villagers with Hon J C Peterson and party Poid Torres Strait Island June 1931.png
| population = Total: 38,700 (TSI only), plus 32,200 (TSI and [[Aboriginal Australian]]);<ref name=censusest>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001|title=3238.0.55.001 - Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016|date=31 August 2018|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> of these, 4,514 on the Islands.<ref name=2016census/>
| poptime =
| popplace =
| languages = [[Torres Strait Island languages]], [[Torres Strait Creole]], [[Torres Strait English]], [[Australian English]]
| religions = [[Christianity in Australia| Christianity]]
| related = [[Melanesians]]
| footnotes = Note difficulties with census counts.<ref name=censusest/>
}}
[[Image:TorresStraitIslandsMap.png|thumb|Map of Torres Strait Islands]]
'''Torres Strait Islanders''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|r|ɪ|s|-}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait|title= Torres Strait. Oxford Dictionary Online|author= |date= |publisher= Oxford University Press|accessdate= 23 August 2018|archiveurl= |archivedate=}}</ref>) are the [[Indigenous peoples]] of the [[Torres Strait Islands]], which are part of the state of [[Queensland]], Australia. Ethnically distinct from the [[Aboriginal Australians| Aboriginal]] people of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as [[Indigenous Australians]]. Today there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia (nearly 28,000) than on the Islands (about 4,500).
There are five distinct peoples within broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. There are two main Indigenous language groups, [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]] and [[Meriam Mir]], and [[Torres Strait Creole]] is also widely spoken, as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is [[New Guinea|Papuo]]-[[Austronesian]], and the people traditionally a seafaring nation. There is a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking and mask-making.
==Demographics==
[[File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population in Australia, {{CensusAU|2011}}]]
Of the 133 islands, only 38 are inhabited. The Islands are culturally unique, with much to distinguish them from neighbouring [[Papua New Guinea]], [[South-east Asia]] and the [[Pacific Islands]]. Today the society is multicultural, having attracted Asian and Pacific Island traders to the [[beche-de-mer]], [[mother-of-pearl]] and [[trochus]] shell industries over the years.<ref name=shire/>
In the [[2016 Australian Census]], there were 4,514 people living on the Islands, of whom 91.8% were Torres Strait Islander or Aboriginal Australian people. (64% of the population identified as Torres Strait Islander; 8.3% as Aboriginal Australian; 6.5% as [[Papua New Guinea]]n; 3.6% as other Australian and 2.6% as "Maritime South-East Asian", etc.).<ref name=2016census>{{cite web|url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA36960|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|title=2016 Census QuickStats: Torres Strait Island (R)|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> In 2006 [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT)]] had reported 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living in the [[Torres Strait]] area.<ref name=2006dfat>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|title=Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples|work=Australia Now|publisher=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|accessdate=10 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|archivedate=8 October 2006}}</ref>
People identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent in the whole of Australia in the 2016 census numbered 32,345, while those of both Torres Strait Islander and [[Australian Aboriginal|Aboriginal]] descent numbered a further 26,767 (compared with 29,515 and 17,811 respectively in 2006).<ref>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistices|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20islander%20Population%20Article~12|title=2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2016|date=31 October 2017|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
There are five Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal Australian communities living on the coast of the Queensland, mainly at [[Bamaga, Queensland|Bamaga]], [[Seisia, Queensland|Seisia]], [[Injinoo, Queensland|Injinoo]], [[Umagico, Queensland|Umagico]] and [[New Mapoon, Queensland|New Mapoon]] on the Northern Peninsula area of Cape York.<ref>{{cite web |title= About the Torres Strait |url= http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1 |website= Torres Strait Shire Council|accessdate= 21 October 2019 |ref= http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/home}}</ref>
==Administration==
{{see|Torres Strait Islands#Administration}}
Until the late 20th century, Torres Strait Islanders had been administered by a system of elected councils, a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.<ref name="Beckett1990">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Beckett|title=Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA17|accessdate=7 March 2016|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37862-8|pages=17–18}}</ref>
Today, the [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]], an [[Australian government]] body established in 1994 and consisting of 20 elected representatives, oversees the islands, with its primary function being to strengthen the economic, social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area.<ref name="etsra">{{cite document|date=22 June 2001|first=John|last=Kelly |title=Evaluation of the Torres Strait Regional Authority |publisher=Office of Evaluation and Audit|url=http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114335/http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
Further to the TSRA, there are several [[Local government in Queensland|Queensland LGAs]] which administer areas occupied by Torres Strait Islander communities:
*the [[Torres Strait Island Region]], covering a large proportion of the Island;
*the [[Northern Peninsula Area Region]], administered from [[Bamaga]], on the northern tip of Cape York; and
*the [[Shire of Torres]], which governs several islands as well as portions of [[Cape York Peninsula]], is effectively colocated with the Northern Peninsula Area Region, which covers a number of Deed of Grant in Trust (DOGIT) areas on the peninsula, and the Torres Strait Island Region and administers those sections of its area which are not autonomous.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Local Government Reform Commission|date=July 2007|isbn=1-921057-10-6|publisher=State of Queensland|chapterurl=http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf|chapter=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island local government|pages=59–65|accessdate=31 March 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725052557/http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf|archivedate=25 July 2008}}</ref>
==Indigenous peoples==
{{further|History of Indigenous Australians}}
Torres Strait Islander people are of predominantly [[Melanesian]] descent, distinct from [[Aboriginal Australians]] on the mainland and some other Australian islands,<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-34037235|title=The people and history of the Torres Strait Islands|date=24 August 2015|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://aiatsis.gov.au/about-us|title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|author= |date= |publisher= |accessdate= 14 November 2019|archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref> and share some genetic and cultural traits with the people of [[New Guinea]].<ref name=eb/>
The five-pointed star on the national flag represents the five cultural groups;<ref name=eb>{{cite web|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Torres-Strait-Islander-people|title=Torres Strait Islander peoples|access-date=26 December 2019}}
</ref> another source says that it originally represented the five groups of islands, but today (as of 2001) it represents the five major political divisions.<ref name=shnukal>{{cite document|url=http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/shnukal_torres_strait.pdf|title=Torres Strait Islanders|first= Anna |last=Shnukal|others=From: Brandle, Maximilian (ed.) Multicultural Queensland 2001: 100 years, 100 communities, A century of contributions, Brisbane, The State of Queensland (Department of Premier and Cabinet), 2001.}}</ref>
Pre-colonial Island people were not an homogeneous group and until then did not regard themselves as a single people. They have links with the people of [[Papua New Guinea]], several islands being much closer to PNG than Australia, as well as the northern tip of [[Cape York Peninsula|Cape York]] on the Australian continent.<ref name=shnukal/>
Sources are generally agreed that there are five distinct geographical and/or cultural divisions, but descriptions and naming of the groups differ widely.
*''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'': the Eastern ([[Murray Island, Queensland|Meriam]], or Murray Island), Top Western (Guda Maluilgal), Near Western (Maluilgal), Central (Kulkalgal), and Inner Islands (Kaiwalagal).<ref name=eb/>
*''Multicultural Queensland 2001'' (a [[Queensland Government]] publication), says that five groups may be distinguished, based on linguistic and cultural differences, and also related to their places of origin, type of area of settlement, and long-standing relationships with other peoples. these nations are: Saibailgal (Top Western Islanders), Maluilgal (Mid-Western Islanders), Kaurareg (Lower Western Islanders), Kulkalgal (Central Islanders) and Meriam Le (Eastern Islanders).<ref name=shnukal/>
*Torres Shire Council official website (Queensland Government): Five major island clusters – the Top Western Group ([[Boigu]], [[Dauan Island|Dauan]] and [[Saibai Island|Saibai]]), the Near Western Group ([[Badu Island|Badu]], [[Mabuiag Island|Mabuiag]] and [[Moa Island, Queensland|Moa]]), the Central Group (Yam, Warraber, Coconut and Masig), the Eastern Group ([[Murray Island, Queensland|Murray]], Darnley and Stephen), and the TI Group ([[Thursday Island]], [[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn]], [[Hammond Island, Queensland|Hammond]], [[Prince of Wales Island, Queensland|Prince of Wales]] and [[Friday Island (Queensland)|Friday]]).<ref name=shire>{{cite web|publisher=Queensland Government|website=Torres Shire Council|url=http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1|title=About the Torres Strait|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>
Ethno-linguistic groups found on Wikipedia:
*[[Badu people]], based on the central-west [[Badu island]]
*[[Kaurareg people]], lower Western Islanders, based on the [[Muralag]] (Prince of Wales Island) group.
*[[Mabuiag]] (or Mabuygiwgal) people, across a number of the islands.
*[[Meriam people]], who living on a number of inner eastern islands, including [[Murray Island, Queensland|Mer (also known as Murray Island)]].
==Languages==
{{main|Torres Strait Island languages}}
There are two distinct Indigenous languages spoken on the Islands, as well as a [[creole language|creole]] language.<ref name=bbc/>
The [[Western-central Torres Strait Language]], or [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]], is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands;<ref name=atsia/> a further dialect, Kala Kawa Ya (Top Western and Western) may be distinguished.<ref name=shire/> It is a member of the [[Pama-Nyungan]] family of languages of Australia. [[Meriam Mir]] is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages]], the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.<ref name=atsia>{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|title=Indigenous Fact Sheet: Torres Strait Islanders|work=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)|Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs]]|accessdate=10 December 2006|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518061701/http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|archivedate=18 May 2006}}</ref>
[[Torres Strait Creole]], an English-based [[creole language]], is also spoken.<ref name=shire/>
==Culture==
[[Image:Face mask torres strait.JPG|thumb|upright|Ritual face [[mask]] from a Torres Strait Island (19th century).]]
Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is [[Papuans|Papuo]]-[[Austronesia]]n. The people are agriculturalists as well as engaging in [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]]. [[Dugong]], [[turtle]]s, [[crayfish]], crabs, shellfish, reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their [[Artisan fishing|subsistence lifestyle]]. Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. [[Dugong]] and [[turtle]] hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea.<ref name="vafi">{{cite book|title=Valuing Fisheries|last=Smyth|first=Dermot|editor1-first=Tor|editor1-last=Hundloe|chapter=Appendix B: The Indigenous Sector: An Anthropological Perspective|year=2002|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=0702233293|pages=230–231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8iprCUC-BQC|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> The islands have long history of trade and interactions with explorers from other parts of the globe, both east and west, which has influenced their lifestyle and culture.<ref name=japingka>{{cite web|url=https://japingkaaboriginalart.com/articles/art-in-the-torres-strait-islands/|title=Art in the Torres Strait Islands|website=Japingka Aboriginal Art|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
The Indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. Cultural practices share similarities with [[Australian Aboriginal culture|Australian Aboriginal]] and [[Western New Guinea|Papuan]] culture. Historically, they have an [[oral lore|oral culture]], with stories handed down and communicated through song, dance and ceremonial performance. As a seafaring people, sea, sky and land feature strongly in their stories and art.<ref name=nswart>{{cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/artsets/hav5uo|website=New South Wales Art Gallery|title=Art Sets. Art of the Torres Strait Islands|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
Post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences on the people, most notably the place of [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]]. After the "Coming of Light" (see [[Torres Strait Islanders#Religion and beliefs|Religion section]]), [[Artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] previously important to their ceremonies lost their relevance, instead replaced by [[crucifix]]es and other symbols of Christianity. In some cases the missionaries prohibited the use of traditional sacred objects, and eventually production ceased. [[Missionaries]], [[anthropologist]]s and museums "collected" a huge amount of material: all of the pieces collected by missionary Samuel McFarlane, were in [[London]] and then split between three European museums and a number of mainland Australian museums.<ref name=artnetwork>{{cite web|url=https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/ |website=Australian Art Network|title= Torres Strait Islands|accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
In 1898–9, British anthropologist [[Alfred Cort Haddon]] collected about 2000 objects, convinced that hundreds of art objects collected had to be saved from destruction by the zealous Christian [[missionaries]] intent on obliterating the religious traditions and ceremonies of the native islanders. Film footage of [[ceremonial dance]]s was also collected.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00z50ml|title=BBC Two - Hidden Treasures of...|work=BBC|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> The collection at [[Cambridge University]] is known as the Haddon Collection and is the most comprehensive collection of Torres Strait Islander artefacts in the world.<ref name=nswart/>
During the first half of the 20th century, Torres Strait Islander culture was largely restricted to dance and song, [[weaving]] and producing a few items for particular festive occasions.<ref name=artnetwork/> In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers trying to salvage what was left of traditional knowledge from surviving elders influenced the revival of interest in the old ways of life. An Australian historian, [[Margaret Lawrie]], employed by the [[Queensland State Library]], spent much time travelling the Islands, speaking to local people and recording their stories, which have since influenced [[visual art]] on the Islands.<ref name=print>{{cite web|url=http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/references/5070/|title=Torres Strait Islander printmaking |via=Centre for Australian Art: Australian Prints + Printmaking |last=Robinson|first= Brian|date=2001|quote=Conference paper, [from] Australian Print Symposium. Canberra: National Gallery of Australia, 1987 - ongoing|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
===Art===
{{also|Indigenous Australian art}}
Mythology and culture, deeply influenced by the ocean and the natural life around the islands, have always informed traditional artforms. Featured strongly are [[turtle]]s, fish, [[dugong]]s, sharks, seabirds and [[saltwater crocodile]]s, which are considered [[totemic]] beings.<ref name=japingka/>
Torres Strait Islander people are the only culture in the world to make [[turtleshell]] masks, known as ''krar'' (turtleshell) in the Western Islands and ''le-op'' (human face) in the Eastern Islands.<ref name=nswart/>
Prominent among the artforms is ''wame'' (alt. ''wameya''), many different [[string figure]]s.<ref name="LalFortune2000">{{cite book|editor1=Brij V. Lal|editor2=Kate Fortune|title=The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA456|accessdate=7 March 2016|year=2000|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1|page=456}}</ref><ref>[[Alfred Cort Haddon]], along with one of his daughters, the pioneers in the modern study of Torres Strait string figures</ref><ref>[http://www.isfa.org/biblio.htm A string figure bibliography] including examples from Torres Strait.</ref>
Elaborate [[headdresses]] or ''dhari'' (also spelt ''dari''<ref>{{cite web | last=Whitford | first=Maddie | title=Producers reflect on profound experience walking with Indigenous artists on country | website=ABC News | date=13 April 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/about/backstory/regional/2020-04-13/making-abc-this-place-indigenous-artist-series/12017770 | access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>), as featured on the [[Torres Strait Islander Flag]], are created for the purposes of ceremonial dances.<ref name=dance>{{cite web|url=https://awakening.qm.qld.gov.au/The+Exhibition/Purpose/Dance+machines+and+headdresses |publisher=Queensland Government|website= Awakening: Stories from the Torres Strait|title=Dance machines & headdresses|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. From the 1970s, young artists were beginning their studies at around the same time that a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends was happening. Margaret Lawrie's publications, ''Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait'' (1970) and ''Tales from the Torres Strait'' (1972), reviving stories which had all but been forgotten, influenced the artists greatly.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait/collected and translated by Margaret Lawrie|date=1970|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=Brisbane}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Tales from Torres Strait|date=1972|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=St Lucia Qld}}</ref> While some of these stories had been written down by Haddon after his 1898 expedition to the Torres Strait,<ref>{{Citation
| title=Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
| author1=Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits (1898)
| author2=Hodes, Jeremy. Index to the Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
| author3=Haddon, Alfred C. (Alfred Cort), 1855–1940
| author4=Ray, Sidney Herbert, 1858–1939. Linguistics
| year=1901
| publisher=University Press
| language=English
}}</ref> many had subsequently fallen out of use or been forgotten.
In the 1990s a group of younger artists, including the award-winning [[Dennis Nona]] (b.1973), started translating these skills into the more portable forms of [[printmaking]], [[linocut]] and [[etching]], as well as larger scale [[bronze sculpture]]s. Other outstanding artists include [[Billy Missi]] (1970-2012), known for his decorated black and white linocuts of the local vegetation and eco-systems, and [[Alick Tipoti]] (b.1975). These and other Torres Strait artists have greatly expanded the forms of Indigenous art within Australia, bringing superb Melanesian carving skills as well as new stories and subject matter.<ref name=nswart/> The College of Technical and Further Education on [[Thursday Island]] was a starting point for young Islanders to pursue studies in art. Many went on to further art studies, especially in printmaking, initially in [[Cairns, Queensland]] and later at the [[Australian National University]] in what is now the School of Art and Design. Other artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, David Bosun, Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau are known for their printmaking work.<ref name=print/>
An exhibition of Alick Tipoti's work, titled ''Zugubal'', was mounted at the [[Cairns Regional Gallery]] in July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cairnsartgallery.com.au/whats-on/exhibitions/zugubal|website=Cairns Art Gallery|title=Alick Tipoti: Zugubal|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last=Tipoti|first= Alick | editor-last=Butler|editor-first=Sally | title=Alick Tipoti : Zugubal : ancestral spirits | publication-date=2015 | publisher=Cairns Regional Gallery | isbn=978-0-9757635-6-8 }}</ref>
===Music and dance===
{{Main|Indigenous music of Australia|Indigenous dance of Australia}}
For Torres Strait Islander people, singing and dancing is their "literature" – "the most important aspect of Torres Strait lifestyle. The Torres Strait Islanders preserve and present their oral history through songs and dances;...the dances act as illustrative material and, of course, the dancer himself is the storyteller” (Ephraim Bani, 1979). There are many songs about the weather; others about the myths and legends; life in the sea and [[totem]]ic gods; and about important events. "The dancing and its movements express the songs and acts as the illustrative material".<ref>{{cite web|website=AIATSIS|url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/news-and-events/blog/audiovisual-heritage-torres-strait-singing-and-dancing|title=Audiovisual Heritage of Torres Strait Singing and Dancing|first=Kelly|last=Wiltshire|date=27 October 2017|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
Dance is also major form of creative and competitive expression. "Dance machines" (hand held mechanical moving objects), [[Clapper (musical instrument)|clappers]] and headdresses (dhari/dari) enhance the dance performances.<ref name=dance/> Dance artefacts used in the ceremonial performances relate to Islander traditions and clan identity, and each island group has its own performances.<ref name=thaiday/>
Artist [[Ken Thaiday Snr]] is renowned for his elaborately sculptured dari, often with moving parts and incorporating the [[hammerhead shark]], a powerful totem.<ref name=thaiday>{{cite web | title=Ken Thaiday | website= Art Gallery NSW| url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/artists/thaiday-ken/ | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Dr Ken Thaiday Senior | website=Australia Council | date=15 May 2019 | url=https://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/arts-in-daily-life/artist-stories/dr-ken-thaiday-senior/ | access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>
[[Christine Anu]] is an [[ARIA Award]]-winning singer-songwriter of Torres Strait Islander heritage, who first became popular with her [[cover version]] of the song "[[My Island Home]]" (first performed by the [[Warumpi Band]]).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Keenan|first1=Catherine|title=Frog princess|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/17/1042520770021.html|accessdate=8 January 2020|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=18 January 2003}}</ref>
=={{anchor|religion}}Religion and beliefs==
The people still have their own traditional belief systems. Stories of the Tagai represent Torres Strait Islanders as sea people, with a connection to the stars, as well as a system of order in which everything has its place in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldvision.com.au/global-issues/work-we-do/supporting-indigenous-australia/8-interesting-facts-about-indigenous-australia|website=World Vision|title=8 interesting facts about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> They follow the instructions of the Tagai.{{quote|One Tagai story depicts the Tagai as a man standing in a canoe. In his left hand, he holds a fishing spear, representing the [[Southern Cross]]. In his right hand, he holds a sorbi (a red fruit). In this story, the Tagai and his crew of 12 were preparing for a journey, but before the journey began, the crew consumed all the food and drink they planned to take. So the Tagai strung the crew together in two groups of six and cast them into the sea, where their images became star patterns in the sky. These patterns can be seen in the star constellations of Pleiades and Orion.<ref>{{cite web|website=Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority|url=https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/about/k-12-policies/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-perspectives/resources/spirituality-religion|title=Spirituality and religion among Torres Strait Islanders|access-date=5 January 2020|date=25 July 2018}}</ref>}}
Some Torres Strait Islander people share beliefs similar to the Aboriginal peoples' [[Dreamtime|Dreaming]] and "Everywhen" concepts, passed down in [[oral history]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/the-dreaming|website=Common Ground|title='The Dreaming'|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
From the 1870s, [[Christianity]] spread throughout the islands, and it remains strong today among Torres Strait Islander people everywhere. The [[London Missionary Society]] mission led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane arrived on [[Darnley Island, Torres Strait|Erub (Darnley Island)]] on 1 July 1871, establishing its first base in the region there. The Islanders refer to this as "The Coming of the Light", or "Coming of Light"<ref name=creative>{{cite web|url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/spirituality/aboriginal-christians-christianity|website=Creative Spirits|title=Aboriginal Christians & Christianity|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July.<ref name=burton>{{cite web |url= http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090515015550/http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 May 2009 |title= History of Torres Strait to 1879 – a regional view |first= John |last=Burton |publisher= Torres Strait Regional Authority |accessdate= 3 July 2011 }}</ref> However the coming of Christianity did not spell the end of the people's traditional beliefs; their culture informed their understanding of the new religion, as the [[Christian God]] was welcomed and the new religion was integrated into every aspect of their everyday lives.<ref name=creative/>
In the 2016 Census, Australia's Indigenous and non-Indigenous population were broadly similar with 54% (vs 55%) reporting a Christian affiliation, while less than 2% reported traditional beliefs as their religion, and 36% reported no religion. A total of 20,658 Torres Strait Islander (out of a total of 32,345 population in Australia) and 15,586 of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal identity (out of 26,767) reported adherence to some form of Christianity.<ref>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistices|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80|title=2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016: Religion in Australia, 2016 |date=28 June 2017|access-date=5 January 2020|quote=[Include "Religion" table download from this page, "Table 8 Religious Affiliation by Indigenous Status, Count of persons(a)"]}}</ref>
==Notable Torres Strait Islanders==
* [[Eddie Mabo]] - [[Indigenous land rights|land rights]] campaigner who played a major role in a landmark decision which now characterises Australian law on land and title
* [[Patty Mills]] - [[NBA]] player for the [[San Antonio Spurs]]
* [[Sam Powell-Pepper]] – [[Australian Football League]] player for [[Port Adelaide Football Club|Port Adelaide]]<ref>[http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/resilience-the-driving-force-behind-sam-powellpeppers-draft-bid/news-story/d71dd6190727eb9efdff1290b9335fbe Resilience the driving force behind Sam Powell-Pepper's draft bid]</ref>
* [[Albert Proud]] – [[Australian Football League]] player for [[Brisbane Lions]]<ref>AFL Record. Round 9,2009. Slattery Publishing. pg 75.</ref>
* [[Cynthia Lui]] – the first Torres Strait Islander elected to the [[Parliament of Queensland]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Tony|title=Labor one seat closer as first Torres Strait Islander woman elected to Parliament|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland-election-2017/first-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=Brisbane Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
*[[Ken Thaiday Snr]], world-renowned artist based in [[Cairns]].
* [[Sam Thaiday]] - an Australian [[National Rugby League]] player for the [[Brisbane Broncos]].
* [[Dane Gagai]] - an Australian [[National Rugby League]] player for the [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]].
* [[Christine Anu]] - an Australian [[pop music|pop]] singer and actress. She gained popularity with the release of her song "[[My Island Home]]". Anu has been nominated for 17 [[ARIA Awards]].<ref name="ARIA Award History">{{cite web|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519020402/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2011 |title=History: Winners by Artist: Christine Anu |work=[[ARIA Award]]s |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) |accessdate=18 May 2009 }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Queensland|Australia}}
* [[Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA)]]
* [[Australian frontier wars]]
* [[Indigenous Australians]]
* [[Indigenous health in Australia]]
* [[List of Indigenous Australian firsts]]
* [[Papuan people]]
* [[Pearl hunting#Australia]]
* [[Torres Strait Islander Flag]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading ==
*[https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/ Australian Art Network: Torres Strait Islands]
*[https://iview.abc.net.au/show/blue-water-empire Blue Water Empire] - ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about Torres Strait Islands, its history and people
*[http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/atsi/contemporary-stories Contemporary stories] by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
*{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/25/asia/aboriginal-massacre-australia-intl/index.html|title=The 'forgotten people': When death came to the Torres Strait|first=Aaron|last=Smith|website=CNN|date=26 May 2018}}
==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=Torres Strait Islanders}}
*[http://www.tsra.gov.au/ Torres Strait Regional Authority]
{{Indigenous Australians}}
{{Indigenous peoples by continent}}
{{Ethnic groups in Australia}}
[[Category:Torres Strait Islanders| ]]
[[Category:Torres Strait Islands culture]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Australia]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description |Ethnic group}}
{{Use Australian English|date= April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{About|Torres Strait Islander peoples|historical and contemporary information which relates to [[Aboriginal Australians]] as well as Torres Strait Islander people|Indigenous Australians}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = '''Torres Strait Islanders'''
<!-- | flag = [[:File:Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders.svg|Link to file]] --><!-- This image is non-free and cannot be used here. See linked discussions at file talk page fore more information -->
| flag_caption = The [[Torres Strait Islander Flag]]
| image = Queensland State Archives 5750 Villagers with Hon J C Peterson and party Poid Torres Strait Island June 1931.png
| population = Total: 38,700 (TSI only), plus 32,200 (TSI and [[Aboriginal Australian]]);<ref name=censusest>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001|title=3238.0.55.001 - Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016|date=31 August 2018|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> of these, 4,514 on the Islands.<ref name=2016census/>
| poptime =
| popplace =
| languages = [[Torres Strait Island languages]], [[Torres Strait Creole]], [[Torres Strait English]], [[Australian English]]
| religions = [[Christianity in Australia| Christianity]]
| related = [[Melanesians]]
| footnotes = Note difficulties with census counts.<ref name=censusest/>
}}
[[Image:TorresStraitIslandsMap.png|thumb|Map of Torres Strait Islands]]
'''Torres Strait Islanders''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|r|ɪ|s|-}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait|title= Torres Strait. Oxford Dictionary Online|author= |date= |publisher= Oxford University Press|accessdate= 23 August 2018|archiveurl= |archivedate=}}</ref>) are the [[Indigenous peoples]] of the [[Torres Strait Islands]], which are part of the state of [[Queensland]], Australia. Ethnically distinct from the [[Aboriginal Australians| Aboriginal]] people of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as [[Indigenous Australians]]. Today there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia (nearly 28,000) than on the Islands (about 4,500).
There are five distinct peoples within broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. There are two main Indigenous language groups, [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]] and [[Meriam Mir]], and [[Torres Strait Creole]] is also widely spoken, as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is [[New Guinea|Papuo]]-[[Austronesian]], and the people traditionally a seafaring nation. There is a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking and mask-making.
==Demographics==
[[File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - AuBro they dontstralia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population in Australia, {{CensusAU|2011}}]]
Of the 133 islands, only 38 are inhabited. The Islands are culturally unique, with much to distinguish them from neighbouring [[Papua New Guinea]], [[South-east Asia]] and the [[Pacific Islands]]. Today the society is multicultural, having attracted Asian and Pacific Island traders to the [[beche-de-mer]], [[mother-of-pearl]] and [[trochus]] shell industries over the years.<ref name=shire/>
In the [[2016 Australian Census]], there were 4,514 people living on the Islands, of whom 91.8% were Torres Strait Islander or Aboriginal Australian people. (64% of the population identified as Torres Strait Islander; 8.3% as Aboriginal Australian; 6.5% as [[Papua New Guinea]]n; 3.6% as other Australian and 2.6% as "Maritime South-East Asian", etc.).<ref name=2016census>{{cite web|url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA36960|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|title=2016 Census QuickStats: Torres Strait Island (R)|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> In 2006 [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT)]] had reported 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living in the [[Torres Strait]] area.<ref name=2006dfat>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|title=Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples|work=Australia Now|publisher=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|accessdate=10 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|archivedate=8 October 2006}}</ref>
People identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent in the whole of Australia in the 2016 census numbered 32,345, while those of both Torres Strait Islander and [[Australian Aboriginal|Aboriginal]] descent numbered a further 26,767 (compared with 29,515 and 17,811 respectively in 2006).<ref>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistices|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20islander%20Population%20Article~12|title=2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2016|date=31 October 2017|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
There are five Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal Australian communities living on the coast of the Queensland, mainly at [[Bamaga, Queensland|Bamaga]], [[Seisia, Queensland|Seisia]], [[Injinoo, Queensland|Injinoo]], [[Umagico, Queensland|Umagico]] and [[New Mapoon, Queensland|New Mapoon]] on the Northern Peninsula area of Cape York.<ref>{{cite web |title= About the Torres Strait |url= http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1 |website= Torres Strait Shire Council|accessdate= 21 October 2019 |ref= http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/home}}</ref>
==Administration==
{{see|Torres Strait Islands#Administration}}
Until the late 20th century, Torres Strait Islanders had been administered by a system of elected councils, a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.<ref name="Beckett1990">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Beckett|title=Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA17|accessdate=7 March 2016|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37862-8|pages=17–18}}</ref>
Today, the [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]], an [[Australian government]] body established in 1994 and consisting of 20 elected representatives, oversees the islands, with its primary function being to strengthen the economic, social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area.<ref name="etsra">{{cite document|date=22 June 2001|first=John|last=Kelly |title=Evaluation of the Torres Strait Regional Authority |publisher=Office of Evaluation and Audit|url=http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114335/http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
Further to the TSRA, there are several [[Local government in Queensland|Queensland LGAs]] which administer areas occupied by Torres Strait Islander communities:
*the [[Torres Strait Island Region]], covering a large proportion of the Island;
*the [[Northern Peninsula Area Region]], administered from [[Bamaga]], on the northern tip of Cape York; and
*the [[Shire of Torres]], which governs several islands as well as portions of [[Cape York Peninsula]], is effectively colocated with the Northern Peninsula Area Region, which covers a number of Deed of Grant in Trust (DOGIT) areas on the peninsula, and the Torres Strait Island Region and administers those sections of its area which are not autonomous.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Local Government Reform Commission|date=July 2007|isbn=1-921057-10-6|publisher=State of Queensland|chapterurl=http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf|chapter=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island local government|pages=59–65|accessdate=31 March 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725052557/http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf|archivedate=25 July 2008}}</ref>
==Indigenous peoples==
{{further|History of Indigenous Australians}}
Torres Strait Islander people are of predominantly [[Melanesian]] descent, distinct from [[Aboriginal Australians]] on the mainland and some other Australian islands,<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-34037235|title=The people and history of the Torres Strait Islands|date=24 August 2015|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://aiatsis.gov.au/about-us|title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|author= |date= |publisher= |accessdate= 14 November 2019|archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref> and share some genetic and cultural traits with the people of [[New Guinea]].<ref name=eb/>
The five-pointed star on the national flag represents the five cultural groups;<ref name=eb>{{cite web|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Torres-Strait-Islander-people|title=Torres Strait Islander peoples|access-date=26 December 2019}}
</ref> another source says that it originally represented the five groups of islands, but today (as of 2001) it represents the five major political divisions.<ref name=shnukal>{{cite document|url=http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/shnukal_torres_strait.pdf|title=Torres Strait Islanders|first= Anna |last=Shnukal|others=From: Brandle, Maximilian (ed.) Multicultural Queensland 2001: 100 years, 100 communities, A century of contributions, Brisbane, The State of Queensland (Department of Premier and Cabinet), 2001.}}</ref>
Pre-colonial Island people were not an homogeneous group and until then did not regard themselves as a single people. They have links with the people of [[Papua New Guinea]], several islands being much closer to PNG than Australia, as well as the northern tip of [[Cape York Peninsula|Cape York]] on the Australian continent.<ref name=shnukal/>
Sources are generally agreed that there are five distinct geographical and/or cultural divisions, but descriptions and naming of the groups differ widely.
*''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'': the Eastern ([[Murray Island, Queensland|Meriam]], or Murray Island), Top Western (Guda Maluilgal), Near Western (Maluilgal), Central (Kulkalgal), and Inner Islands (Kaiwalagal).<ref name=eb/>
*''Multicultural Queensland 2001'' (a [[Queensland Government]] publication), says that five groups may be distinguished, based on linguistic and cultural differences, and also related to their places of origin, type of area of settlement, and long-standing relationships with other peoples. these nations are: Saibailgal (Top Western Islanders), Maluilgal (Mid-Western Islanders), Kaurareg (Lower Western Islanders), Kulkalgal (Central Islanders) and Meriam Le (Eastern Islanders).<ref name=shnukal/>
*Torres Shire Council official website (Queensland Government): Five major island clusters – the Top Western Group ([[Boigu]], [[Dauan Island|Dauan]] and [[Saibai Island|Saibai]]), the Near Western Group ([[Badu Island|Badu]], [[Mabuiag Island|Mabuiag]] and [[Moa Island, Queensland|Moa]]), the Central Group (Yam, Warraber, Coconut and Masig), the Eastern Group ([[Murray Island, Queensland|Murray]], Darnley and Stephen), and the TI Group ([[Thursday Island]], [[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn]], [[Hammond Island, Queensland|Hammond]], [[Prince of Wales Island, Queensland|Prince of Wales]] and [[Friday Island (Queensland)|Friday]]).<ref name=shire>{{cite web|publisher=Queensland Government|website=Torres Shire Council|url=http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1|title=About the Torres Strait|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>
Ethno-linguistic groups found on Wikipedia:
*[[Badu people]], based on the central-west [[Badu island]]
*[[Kaurareg people]], lower Western Islanders, based on the [[Muralag]] (Prince of Wales Island) group.
*[[Mabuiag]] (or Mabuygiwgal) people, across a number of the islands.
*[[Meriam people]], who living on a number of inner eastern islands, including [[Murray Island, Queensland|Mer (also known as Murray Island)]].
==Languages==
{{main|Torres Strait Island languages}}
There are two distinct Indigenous languages spoken on the Islands, as well as a [[creole language|creole]] language.<ref name=bbc/>
The [[Western-central Torres Strait Language]], or [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]], is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands;<ref name=atsia/> a further dialect, Kala Kawa Ya (Top Western and Western) may be distinguished.<ref name=shire/> It is a member of the [[Pama-Nyungan]] family of languages of Australia. [[Meriam Mir]] is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages]], the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.<ref name=atsia>{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|title=Indigenous Fact Sheet: Torres Strait Islanders|work=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)|Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs]]|accessdate=10 December 2006|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518061701/http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|archivedate=18 May 2006}}</ref>
[[Torres Strait Creole]], an English-based [[creole language]], is also spoken.<ref name=shire/>
==Culture==
[[Image:Face mask torres strait.JPG|thumb|upright|Ritual face [[mask]] from a Torres Strait Island (19th century).]]
Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is [[Papuans|Papuo]]-[[Austronesia]]n. The people are agriculturalists as well as engaging in [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]]. [[Dugong]], [[turtle]]s, [[crayfish]], crabs, shellfish, reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their [[Artisan fishing|subsistence lifestyle]]. Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. [[Dugong]] and [[turtle]] hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea.<ref name="vafi">{{cite book|title=Valuing Fisheries|last=Smyth|first=Dermot|editor1-first=Tor|editor1-last=Hundloe|chapter=Appendix B: The Indigenous Sector: An Anthropological Perspective|year=2002|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=0702233293|pages=230–231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8iprCUC-BQC|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> The islands have long history of trade and interactions with explorers from other parts of the globe, both east and west, which has influenced their lifestyle and culture.<ref name=japingka>{{cite web|url=https://japingkaaboriginalart.com/articles/art-in-the-torres-strait-islands/|title=Art in the Torres Strait Islands|website=Japingka Aboriginal Art|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
The Indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. Cultural practices share similarities with [[Australian Aboriginal culture|Australian Aboriginal]] and [[Western New Guinea|Papuan]] culture. Historically, they have an [[oral lore|oral culture]], with stories handed down and communicated through song, dance and ceremonial performance. As a seafaring people, sea, sky and land feature strongly in their stories and art.<ref name=nswart>{{cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/artsets/hav5uo|website=New South Wales Art Gallery|title=Art Sets. Art of the Torres Strait Islands|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
Post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences on the people, most notably the place of [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]]. After the "Coming of Light" (see [[Torres Strait Islanders#Religion and beliefs|Religion section]]), [[Artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] previously important to their ceremonies lost their relevance, instead replaced by [[crucifix]]es and other symbols of Christianity. In some cases the missionaries prohibited the use of traditional sacred objects, and eventually production ceased. [[Missionaries]], [[anthropologist]]s and museums "collected" a huge amount of material: all of the pieces collected by missionary Samuel McFarlane, were in [[London]] and then split between three European museums and a number of mainland Australian museums.<ref name=artnetwork>{{cite web|url=https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/ |website=Australian Art Network|title= Torres Strait Islands|accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
In 1898–9, British anthropologist [[Alfred Cort Haddon]] collected about 2000 objects, convinced that hundreds of art objects collected had to be saved from destruction by the zealous Christian [[missionaries]] intent on obliterating the religious traditions and ceremonies of the native islanders. Film footage of [[ceremonial dance]]s was also collected.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00z50ml|title=BBC Two - Hidden Treasures of...|work=BBC|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> The collection at [[Cambridge University]] is known as the Haddon Collection and is the most comprehensive collection of Torres Strait Islander artefacts in the world.<ref name=nswart/>
During the first half of the 20th century, Torres Strait Islander culture was largely restricted to dance and song, [[weaving]] and producing a few items for particular festive occasions.<ref name=artnetwork/> In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers trying to salvage what was left of traditional knowledge from surviving elders influenced the revival of interest in the old ways of life. An Australian historian, [[Margaret Lawrie]], employed by the [[Queensland State Library]], spent much time travelling the Islands, speaking to local people and recording their stories, which have since influenced [[visual art]] on the Islands.<ref name=print>{{cite web|url=http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/references/5070/|title=Torres Strait Islander printmaking |via=Centre for Australian Art: Australian Prints + Printmaking |last=Robinson|first= Brian|date=2001|quote=Conference paper, [from] Australian Print Symposium. Canberra: National Gallery of Australia, 1987 - ongoing|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
===Art===
{{also|Indigenous Australian art}}
Mythology and culture, deeply influenced by the ocean and the natural life around the islands, have always informed traditional artforms. Featured strongly are [[turtle]]s, fish, [[dugong]]s, sharks, seabirds and [[saltwater crocodile]]s, which are considered [[totemic]] beings.<ref name=japingka/>
Torres Strait Islander people are the only culture in the world to make [[turtleshell]] masks, known as ''krar'' (turtleshell) in the Western Islands and ''le-op'' (human face) in the Eastern Islands.<ref name=nswart/>
Prominent among the artforms is ''wame'' (alt. ''wameya''), many different [[string figure]]s.<ref name="LalFortune2000">{{cite book|editor1=Brij V. Lal|editor2=Kate Fortune|title=The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA456|accessdate=7 March 2016|year=2000|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1|page=456}}</ref><ref>[[Alfred Cort Haddon]], along with one of his daughters, the pioneers in the modern study of Torres Strait string figures</ref><ref>[http://www.isfa.org/biblio.htm A string figure bibliography] including examples from Torres Strait.</ref>
Elaborate [[headdresses]] or ''dhari'' (also spelt ''dari''<ref>{{cite web | last=Whitford | first=Maddie | title=Producers reflect on profound experience walking with Indigenous artists on country | website=ABC News | date=13 April 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/about/backstory/regional/2020-04-13/making-abc-this-place-indigenous-artist-series/12017770 | access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>), as featured on the [[Torres Strait Islander Flag]], are created for the purposes of ceremonial dances.<ref name=dance>{{cite web|url=https://awakening.qm.qld.gov.au/The+Exhibition/Purpose/Dance+machines+and+headdresses |publisher=Queensland Government|website= Awakening: Stories from the Torres Strait|title=Dance machines & headdresses|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. From the 1970s, young artists were beginning their studies at around the same time that a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends was happening. Margaret Lawrie's publications, ''Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait'' (1970) and ''Tales from the Torres Strait'' (1972), reviving stories which had all but been forgotten, influenced the artists greatly.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait/collected and translated by Margaret Lawrie|date=1970|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=Brisbane}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Tales from Torres Strait|date=1972|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=St Lucia Qld}}</ref> While some of these stories had been written down by Haddon after his 1898 expedition to the Torres Strait,<ref>{{Citation
| title=Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
| author1=Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits (1898)
| author2=Hodes, Jeremy. Index to the Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
| author3=Haddon, Alfred C. (Alfred Cort), 1855–1940
| author4=Ray, Sidney Herbert, 1858–1939. Linguistics
| year=1901
| publisher=University Press
| language=English
}}</ref> many had subsequently fallen out of use or been forgotten.
In the 1990s a group of younger artists, including the award-winning [[Dennis Nona]] (b.1973), started translating these skills into the more portable forms of [[printmaking]], [[linocut]] and [[etching]], as well as larger scale [[bronze sculpture]]s. Other outstanding artists include [[Billy Missi]] (1970-2012), known for his decorated black and white linocuts of the local vegetation and eco-systems, and [[Alick Tipoti]] (b.1975). These and other Torres Strait artists have greatly expanded the forms of Indigenous art within Australia, bringing superb Melanesian carving skills as well as new stories and subject matter.<ref name=nswart/> The College of Technical and Further Education on [[Thursday Island]] was a starting point for young Islanders to pursue studies in art. Many went on to further art studies, especially in printmaking, initially in [[Cairns, Queensland]] and later at the [[Australian National University]] in what is now the School of Art and Design. Other artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, David Bosun, Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau are known for their printmaking work.<ref name=print/>
An exhibition of Alick Tipoti's work, titled ''Zugubal'', was mounted at the [[Cairns Regional Gallery]] in July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cairnsartgallery.com.au/whats-on/exhibitions/zugubal|website=Cairns Art Gallery|title=Alick Tipoti: Zugubal|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last=Tipoti|first= Alick | editor-last=Butler|editor-first=Sally | title=Alick Tipoti : Zugubal : ancestral spirits | publication-date=2015 | publisher=Cairns Regional Gallery | isbn=978-0-9757635-6-8 }}</ref>
===Music and dance===
{{Main|Indigenous music of Australia|Indigenous dance of Australia}}
For Torres Strait Islander people, singing and dancing is their "literature" – "the most important aspect of Torres Strait lifestyle. The Torres Strait Islanders preserve and present their oral history through songs and dances;...the dances act as illustrative material and, of course, the dancer himself is the storyteller” (Ephraim Bani, 1979). There are many songs about the weather; others about the myths and legends; life in the sea and [[totem]]ic gods; and about important events. "The dancing and its movements express the songs and acts as the illustrative material".<ref>{{cite web|website=AIATSIS|url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/news-and-events/blog/audiovisual-heritage-torres-strait-singing-and-dancing|title=Audiovisual Heritage of Torres Strait Singing and Dancing|first=Kelly|last=Wiltshire|date=27 October 2017|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
Dance is also major form of creative and competitive expression. "Dance machines" (hand held mechanical moving objects), [[Clapper (musical instrument)|clappers]] and headdresses (dhari/dari) enhance the dance performances.<ref name=dance/> Dance artefacts used in the ceremonial performances relate to Islander traditions and clan identity, and each island group has its own performances.<ref name=thaiday/>
Artist [[Ken Thaiday Snr]] is renowned for his elaborately sculptured dari, often with moving parts and incorporating the [[hammerhead shark]], a powerful totem.<ref name=thaiday>{{cite web | title=Ken Thaiday | website= Art Gallery NSW| url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/artists/thaiday-ken/ | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Dr Ken Thaiday Senior | website=Australia Council | date=15 May 2019 | url=https://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/arts-in-daily-life/artist-stories/dr-ken-thaiday-senior/ | access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>
[[Christine Anu]] is an [[ARIA Award]]-winning singer-songwriter of Torres Strait Islander heritage, who first became popular with her [[cover version]] of the song "[[My Island Home]]" (first performed by the [[Warumpi Band]]).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Keenan|first1=Catherine|title=Frog princess|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/17/1042520770021.html|accessdate=8 January 2020|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=18 January 2003}}</ref>
=={{anchor|religion}}Religion and beliefs==
The people still have their own traditional belief systems. Stories of the Tagai represent Torres Strait Islanders as sea people, with a connection to the stars, as well as a system of order in which everything has its place in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldvision.com.au/global-issues/work-we-do/supporting-indigenous-australia/8-interesting-facts-about-indigenous-australia|website=World Vision|title=8 interesting facts about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> They follow the instructions of the Tagai.{{quote|One Tagai story depicts the Tagai as a man standing in a canoe. In his left hand, he holds a fishing spear, representing the [[Southern Cross]]. In his right hand, he holds a sorbi (a red fruit). In this story, the Tagai and his crew of 12 were preparing for a journey, but before the journey began, the crew consumed all the food and drink they planned to take. So the Tagai strung the crew together in two groups of six and cast them into the sea, where their images became star patterns in the sky. These patterns can be seen in the star constellations of Pleiades and Orion.<ref>{{cite web|website=Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority|url=https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/about/k-12-policies/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-perspectives/resources/spirituality-religion|title=Spirituality and religion among Torres Strait Islanders|access-date=5 January 2020|date=25 July 2018}}</ref>}}
Some Torres Strait Islander people share beliefs similar to the Aboriginal peoples' [[Dreamtime|Dreaming]] and "Everywhen" concepts, passed down in [[oral history]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/the-dreaming|website=Common Ground|title='The Dreaming'|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
From the 1870s, [[Christianity]] spread throughout the islands, and it remains strong today among Torres Strait Islander people everywhere. The [[London Missionary Society]] mission led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane arrived on [[Darnley Island, Torres Strait|Erub (Darnley Island)]] on 1 July 1871, establishing its first base in the region there. The Islanders refer to this as "The Coming of the Light", or "Coming of Light"<ref name=creative>{{cite web|url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/spirituality/aboriginal-christians-christianity|website=Creative Spirits|title=Aboriginal Christians & Christianity|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July.<ref name=burton>{{cite web |url= http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090515015550/http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 May 2009 |title= History of Torres Strait to 1879 – a regional view |first= John |last=Burton |publisher= Torres Strait Regional Authority |accessdate= 3 July 2011 }}</ref> However the coming of Christianity did not spell the end of the people's traditional beliefs; their culture informed their understanding of the new religion, as the [[Christian God]] was welcomed and the new religion was integrated into every aspect of their everyday lives.<ref name=creative/>
In the 2016 Census, Australia's Indigenous and non-Indigenous population were broadly similar with 54% (vs 55%) reporting a Christian affiliation, while less than 2% reported traditional beliefs as their religion, and 36% reported no religion. A total of 20,658 Torres Strait Islander (out of a total of 32,345 population in Australia) and 15,586 of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal identity (out of 26,767) reported adherence to some form of Christianity.<ref>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistices|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80|title=2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016: Religion in Australia, 2016 |date=28 June 2017|access-date=5 January 2020|quote=[Include "Religion" table download from this page, "Table 8 Religious Affiliation by Indigenous Status, Count of persons(a)"]}}</ref>
==Notable Torres Strait Islanders==
* [[Eddie Mabo]] - [[Indigenous land rights|land rights]] campaigner who played a major role in a landmark decision which now characterises Australian law on land and title
* [[Patty Mills]] - [[NBA]] player for the [[San Antonio Spurs]]
* [[Sam Powell-Pepper]] – [[Australian Football League]] player for [[Port Adelaide Football Club|Port Adelaide]]<ref>[http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/resilience-the-driving-force-behind-sam-powellpeppers-draft-bid/news-story/d71dd6190727eb9efdff1290b9335fbe Resilience the driving force behind Sam Powell-Pepper's draft bid]</ref>
* [[Albert Proud]] – [[Australian Football League]] player for [[Brisbane Lions]]<ref>AFL Record. Round 9,2009. Slattery Publishing. pg 75.</ref>
* [[Cynthia Lui]] – the first Torres Strait Islander elected to the [[Parliament of Queensland]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Tony|title=Labor one seat closer as first Torres Strait Islander woman elected to Parliament|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland-election-2017/first-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=Brisbane Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
*[[Ken Thaiday Snr]], world-renowned artist based in [[Cairns]].
* [[Sam Thaiday]] - an Australian [[National Rugby League]] player for the [[Brisbane Broncos]].
* [[Dane Gagai]] - an Australian [[National Rugby League]] player for the [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]].
* [[Christine Anu]] - an Australian [[pop music|pop]] singer and actress. She gained popularity with the release of her song "[[My Island Home]]". Anu has been nominated for 17 [[ARIA Awards]].<ref name="ARIA Award History">{{cite web|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519020402/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2011 |title=History: Winners by Artist: Christine Anu |work=[[ARIA Award]]s |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) |accessdate=18 May 2009 }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Queensland|Australia}}
* [[Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA)]]
* [[Australian frontier wars]]
* [[Indigenous Australians]]
* [[Indigenous health in Australia]]
* [[List of Indigenous Australian firsts]]
* [[Papuan people]]
* [[Pearl hunting#Australia]]
* [[Torres Strait Islander Flag]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading ==
*[https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/ Australian Art Network: Torres Strait Islands]
*[https://iview.abc.net.au/show/blue-water-empire Blue Water Empire] - ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about Torres Strait Islands, its history and people
*[http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/atsi/contemporary-stories Contemporary stories] by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
*{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/25/asia/aboriginal-massacre-australia-intl/index.html|title=The 'forgotten people': When death came to the Torres Strait|first=Aaron|last=Smith|website=CNN|date=26 May 2018}}
==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=Torres Strait Islanders}}
*[http://www.tsra.gov.au/ Torres Strait Regional Authority]
{{Indigenous Australians}}
{{Indigenous peoples by continent}}
{{Ethnic groups in Australia}}
[[Category:Torres Strait Islanders| ]]
[[Category:Torres Strait Islands culture]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Australia]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@
==Demographics==
-[[File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population in Australia, {{CensusAU|2011}}]]
+[[File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - AuBro they dontstralia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population in Australia, {{CensusAU|2011}}]]
Of the 133 islands, only 38 are inhabited. The Islands are culturally unique, with much to distinguish them from neighbouring [[Papua New Guinea]], [[South-east Asia]] and the [[Pacific Islands]]. Today the society is multicultural, having attracted Asian and Pacific Island traders to the [[beche-de-mer]], [[mother-of-pearl]] and [[trochus]] shell industries over the years.<ref name=shire/>
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39 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/about/backstory/regional/2020-04-13/making-abc-this-place-indigenous-artist-series/12017770',
40 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001',
41 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20islander%20Population%20Article~12',
42 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80',
43 => 'https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/artsets/hav5uo',
44 => 'https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/artists/thaiday-ken/',
45 => 'https://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/arts-in-daily-life/artist-stories/dr-ken-thaiday-senior/',
46 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-34037235',
47 => 'https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland-election-2017/first-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html',
48 => 'https://www.britannica.com/topic/Torres-Strait-Islander-people',
49 => 'https://www.cairnsartgallery.com.au/whats-on/exhibitions/zugubal',
50 => 'https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/the-dreaming',
51 => 'https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/spirituality/aboriginal-christians-christianity',
52 => 'https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/about/k-12-policies/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-perspectives/resources/spirituality-religion',
53 => 'https://www.worldvision.com.au/global-issues/work-we-do/supporting-indigenous-australia/8-interesting-facts-about-indigenous-australia'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Torres Strait Islander peoples. For historical and contemporary information which relates to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> as well as Torres Strait Islander people, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><caption class="fn org"><b>Torres Strait Islanders</b></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png" class="image"><img alt="Queensland State Archives 5750 Villagers with Hon J C Peterson and party Poid Torres Strait Island June 1931.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png/220px-Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png/330px-Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png/440px-Queensland_State_Archives_5750_Villagers_with_Hon_J_C_Peterson_and_party_Poid_Torres_Strait_Island_June_1931.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="485" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Total: 38,700 (TSI only), plus 32,200 (TSI and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal Australian</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-censusest_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusest-1">[1]</a></sup> of these, 4,514 on the Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait English</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia"> Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:left;"><hr />Note difficulties with census counts.<sup id="cite_ref-censusest_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusest-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/220px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/330px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/440px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="922" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Map of Torres Strait Islands</div></div></div>
<p><b>Torres Strait Islanders</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>-/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>) are the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>, which are part of the state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia. Ethnically distinct from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians"> Aboriginal</a> people of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>. Today there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia (nearly 28,000) than on the Islands (about 4,500).
</p><p>There are five distinct peoples within broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. There are two main Indigenous language groups, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriam_Mir" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriam Mir">Meriam Mir</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a> is also widely spoken, as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papuo</a>-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian">Austronesian</a>, and the people traditionally a seafaring nation. There is a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking and mask-making.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Administration"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Administration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Indigenous_peoples"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Indigenous peoples</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Art"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Art</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Music_and_dance"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Music and dance</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Religion_and_beliefs"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Religion and beliefs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notable_Torres_Strait_Islanders"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notable Torres Strait Islanders</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:132px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_AuBro_they_dontstralia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_0048_Indigenous_Persons_Torres_Strait_Islander_Persons.svg" class="new" title="File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - AuBro they dontstralia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg">File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - AuBro they dontstralia by SLA - BCP field 0048 Indigenous Persons Torres Strait Islander Persons.svg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Torres Strait Islanders as a percentage of the population in Australia, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Census_in_Australia#2011" title="Census in Australia">2011 census</a></div></div></div>
<p>Of the 133 islands, only 38 are inhabited. The Islands are culturally unique, with much to distinguish them from neighbouring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South-east_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South-east Asia">South-east Asia</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>. Today the society is multicultural, having attracted Asian and Pacific Island traders to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beche-de-mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Beche-de-mer">beche-de-mer</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mother-of-pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-of-pearl">mother-of-pearl</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trochus" title="Trochus">trochus</a> shell industries over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-shire_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shire-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_Australian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Australian Census">2016 Australian Census</a>, there were 4,514 people living on the Islands, of whom 91.8% were Torres Strait Islander or Aboriginal Australian people. (64% of the population identified as Torres Strait Islander; 8.3% as Aboriginal Australian; 6.5% as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinean</a>; 3.6% as other Australian and 2.6% as "Maritime South-East Asian", etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-2">[2]</a></sup> In 2006 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT)</a> had reported 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-2006dfat_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006dfat-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>People identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent in the whole of Australia in the 2016 census numbered 32,345, while those of both Torres Strait Islander and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal">Aboriginal</a> descent numbered a further 26,767 (compared with 29,515 and 17,811 respectively in 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are five Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal Australian communities living on the coast of the Queensland, mainly at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamaga,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamaga, Queensland">Bamaga</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seisia,_Queensland" title="Seisia, Queensland">Seisia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Injinoo,_Queensland" title="Injinoo, Queensland">Injinoo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umagico,_Queensland" title="Umagico, Queensland">Umagico</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Mapoon,_Queensland" title="New Mapoon, Queensland">New Mapoon</a> on the Northern Peninsula area of Cape York.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Administration">Administration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands#Administration" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands § Administration</a></div>
<p>Until the late 20th century, Torres Strait Islanders had been administered by a system of elected councils, a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckett1990_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckett1990-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Today, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a>, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian government">Australian government</a> body established in 1994 and consisting of 20 elected representatives, oversees the islands, with its primary function being to strengthen the economic, social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area.<sup id="cite_ref-etsra_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etsra-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Further to the TSRA, there are several <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Queensland LGAs</a> which administer areas occupied by Torres Strait Islander communities:
</p>
<ul><li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Region" title="Torres Strait Island Region">Torres Strait Island Region</a>, covering a large proportion of the Island;</li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Peninsula_Area_Region" title="Northern Peninsula Area Region">Northern Peninsula Area Region</a>, administered from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamaga" title="Bamaga">Bamaga</a>, on the northern tip of Cape York; and</li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Torres" title="Shire of Torres">Shire of Torres</a>, which governs several islands as well as portions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a>, is effectively colocated with the Northern Peninsula Area Region, which covers a number of Deed of Grant in Trust (DOGIT) areas on the peninsula, and the Torres Strait Island Region and administers those sections of its area which are not autonomous.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">History of Indigenous Australians</a></div>
<p>Torres Strait Islander people are of predominantly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanesian">Melanesian</a> descent, distinct from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> on the mainland and some other Australian islands,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> and share some genetic and cultural traits with the people of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The five-pointed star on the national flag represents the five cultural groups;<sup id="cite_ref-eb_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-13">[13]</a></sup> another source says that it originally represented the five groups of islands, but today (as of 2001) it represents the five major political divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-shnukal_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shnukal-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Pre-colonial Island people were not an homogeneous group and until then did not regard themselves as a single people. They have links with the people of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, several islands being much closer to PNG than Australia, as well as the northern tip of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York</a> on the Australian continent.<sup id="cite_ref-shnukal_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shnukal-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sources are generally agreed that there are five distinct geographical and/or cultural divisions, but descriptions and naming of the groups differ widely.
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i>: the Eastern (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Meriam</a>, or Murray Island), Top Western (Guda Maluilgal), Near Western (Maluilgal), Central (Kulkalgal), and Inner Islands (Kaiwalagal).<sup id="cite_ref-eb_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-13">[13]</a></sup></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Multicultural Queensland 2001</i> (a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland Government</a> publication), says that five groups may be distinguished, based on linguistic and cultural differences, and also related to their places of origin, type of area of settlement, and long-standing relationships with other peoples. these nations are: Saibailgal (Top Western Islanders), Maluilgal (Mid-Western Islanders), Kaurareg (Lower Western Islanders), Kulkalgal (Central Islanders) and Meriam Le (Eastern Islanders).<sup id="cite_ref-shnukal_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shnukal-14">[14]</a></sup></li></ul>
<ul><li>Torres Shire Council official website (Queensland Government): Five major island clusters – the Top Western Group (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boigu" class="mw-redirect" title="Boigu">Boigu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dauan_Island" title="Dauan Island">Dauan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saibai_Island" title="Saibai Island">Saibai</a>), the Near Western Group (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badu_Island" title="Badu Island">Badu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabuiag_Island" title="Mabuiag Island">Mabuiag</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moa_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Moa Island, Queensland">Moa</a>), the Central Group (Yam, Warraber, Coconut and Masig), the Eastern Group (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Murray</a>, Darnley and Stephen), and the TI Group (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horn_Island,_Queensland" title="Horn Island, Queensland">Horn</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammond_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond Island, Queensland">Hammond</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wales Island, Queensland">Prince of Wales</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Friday_Island_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Island (Queensland)">Friday</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-shire_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shire-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Ethno-linguistic groups found on Wikipedia:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badu_people" title="Badu people">Badu people</a>, based on the central-west <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badu_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Badu island">Badu island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaurareg_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaurareg people">Kaurareg people</a>, lower Western Islanders, based on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muralag" class="mw-redirect" title="Muralag">Muralag</a> (Prince of Wales Island) group.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabuiag" title="Mabuiag">Mabuiag</a> (or Mabuygiwgal) people, across a number of the islands.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriam_people" title="Meriam people">Meriam people</a>, who living on a number of inner eastern islands, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Mer (also known as Murray Island)</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a></div>
<p>There are two distinct Indigenous languages spoken on the Islands, as well as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western-central_Torres_Strait_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western-central Torres Strait Language">Western-central Torres Strait Language</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a>, is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands;<sup id="cite_ref-atsia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atsia-15">[15]</a></sup> a further dialect, Kala Kawa Ya (Top Western and Western) may be distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-shire_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shire-4">[4]</a></sup> It is a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama-Nyungan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pama-Nyungan">Pama-Nyungan</a> family of languages of Australia. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriam_Mir" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriam Mir">Meriam Mir</a> is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly languages</a>, the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-atsia_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atsia-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a>, an English-based <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>, is also spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-shire_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shire-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG/170px-Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG/255px-Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG/340px-Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ritual face <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">mask</a> from a Torres Strait Island (19th century).</div></div></div>
<p>Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuans" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuans">Papuo</a>-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesian</a>. The people are agriculturalists as well as engaging in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugong</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>, crabs, shellfish, reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artisan_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisan fishing">subsistence lifestyle</a>. Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugong</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtle</a> hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-vafi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vafi-16">[16]</a></sup> The islands have long history of trade and interactions with explorers from other parts of the globe, both east and west, which has influenced their lifestyle and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-japingka_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japingka-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. Cultural practices share similarities with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture" title="Australian Aboriginal culture">Australian Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papuan</a> culture. Historically, they have an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oral_lore" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral lore">oral culture</a>, with stories handed down and communicated through song, dance and ceremonial performance. As a seafaring people, sea, sky and land feature strongly in their stories and art.<sup id="cite_ref-nswart_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswart-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences on the people, most notably the place of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Christianity</a>. After the "Coming of Light" (see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Religion_and_beliefs" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Religion section</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> previously important to their ceremonies lost their relevance, instead replaced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifixes</a> and other symbols of Christianity. In some cases the missionaries prohibited the use of traditional sacred objects, and eventually production ceased. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">Missionaries</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> and museums "collected" a huge amount of material: all of the pieces collected by missionary Samuel McFarlane, were in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and then split between three European museums and a number of mainland Australian museums.<sup id="cite_ref-artnetwork_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnetwork-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1898–9, British anthropologist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Alfred Cort Haddon</a> collected about 2000 objects, convinced that hundreds of art objects collected had to be saved from destruction by the zealous Christian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> intent on obliterating the religious traditions and ceremonies of the native islanders. Film footage of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">ceremonial dances</a> was also collected.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20">[20]</a></sup> The collection at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> is known as the Haddon Collection and is the most comprehensive collection of Torres Strait Islander artefacts in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-nswart_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswart-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the first half of the 20th century, Torres Strait Islander culture was largely restricted to dance and song, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> and producing a few items for particular festive occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-artnetwork_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnetwork-19">[19]</a></sup> In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers trying to salvage what was left of traditional knowledge from surviving elders influenced the revival of interest in the old ways of life. An Australian historian, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Lawrie" title="Margaret Lawrie">Margaret Lawrie</a>, employed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland_State_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland State Library">Queensland State Library</a>, spent much time travelling the Islands, speaking to local people and recording their stories, which have since influenced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual art</a> on the Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-print_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-print-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Art">Art</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Indigenous Australian art</a></div>
<p>Mythology and culture, deeply influenced by the ocean and the natural life around the islands, have always informed traditional artforms. Featured strongly are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, fish, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>, sharks, seabirds and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodiles</a>, which are considered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Totemic">totemic</a> beings.<sup id="cite_ref-japingka_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japingka-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Torres Strait Islander people are the only culture in the world to make <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtleshell" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtleshell">turtleshell</a> masks, known as <i>krar</i> (turtleshell) in the Western Islands and <i>le-op</i> (human face) in the Eastern Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-nswart_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswart-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Prominent among the artforms is <i>wame</i> (alt. <i>wameya</i>), many different <a href="/enwiki/wiki/String_figure" title="String figure">string figures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LalFortune2000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LalFortune2000-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Elaborate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Headdresses" class="mw-redirect" title="Headdresses">headdresses</a> or <i>dhari</i> (also spelt <i>dari</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>), as featured on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_Flag" title="Torres Strait Islander Flag">Torres Strait Islander Flag</a>, are created for the purposes of ceremonial dances.<sup id="cite_ref-dance_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dance-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. From the 1970s, young artists were beginning their studies at around the same time that a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends was happening. Margaret Lawrie's publications, <i>Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait</i> (1970) and <i>Tales from the Torres Strait</i> (1972), reviving stories which had all but been forgotten, influenced the artists greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> While some of these stories had been written down by Haddon after his 1898 expedition to the Torres Strait,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> many had subsequently fallen out of use or been forgotten.
</p><p>In the 1990s a group of younger artists, including the award-winning <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Nona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Nona (page does not exist)">Dennis Nona</a> (b.1973), started translating these skills into the more portable forms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linocut" title="Linocut">linocut</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>, as well as larger scale <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze sculptures</a>. Other outstanding artists include <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billy_Missi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Billy Missi (page does not exist)">Billy Missi</a> (1970-2012), known for his decorated black and white linocuts of the local vegetation and eco-systems, and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Alick_Tipoti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alick Tipoti (page does not exist)">Alick Tipoti</a> (b.1975). These and other Torres Strait artists have greatly expanded the forms of Indigenous art within Australia, bringing superb Melanesian carving skills as well as new stories and subject matter.<sup id="cite_ref-nswart_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswart-18">[18]</a></sup> The College of Technical and Further Education on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a> was a starting point for young Islanders to pursue studies in art. Many went on to further art studies, especially in printmaking, initially in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns, Queensland">Cairns, Queensland</a> and later at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> in what is now the School of Art and Design. Other artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, David Bosun, Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau are known for their printmaking work.<sup id="cite_ref-print_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-print-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>An exhibition of Alick Tipoti's work, titled <i>Zugubal</i>, was mounted at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns_Regional_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns Regional Gallery">Cairns Regional Gallery</a> in July 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music and dance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Indigenous music of Australia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_dance_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous dance of Australia">Indigenous dance of Australia</a></div>
<p>For Torres Strait Islander people, singing and dancing is their "literature" – "the most important aspect of Torres Strait lifestyle. The Torres Strait Islanders preserve and present their oral history through songs and dances;...the dances act as illustrative material and, of course, the dancer himself is the storyteller” (Ephraim Bani, 1979). There are many songs about the weather; others about the myths and legends; life in the sea and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemic</a> gods; and about important events. "The dancing and its movements express the songs and acts as the illustrative material".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Dance is also major form of creative and competitive expression. "Dance machines" (hand held mechanical moving objects), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clapper_(musical_instrument)" title="Clapper (musical instrument)">clappers</a> and headdresses (dhari/dari) enhance the dance performances.<sup id="cite_ref-dance_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dance-26">[26]</a></sup> Dance artefacts used in the ceremonial performances relate to Islander traditions and clan identity, and each island group has its own performances.<sup id="cite_ref-thaiday_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thaiday-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>Artist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ken_Thaiday_Snr" title="Ken Thaiday Snr">Ken Thaiday Snr</a> is renowned for his elaborately sculptured dari, often with moving parts and incorporating the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead shark</a>, a powerful totem.<sup id="cite_ref-thaiday_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thaiday-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christine_Anu" title="Christine Anu">Christine Anu</a> is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARIA_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="ARIA Award">ARIA Award</a>-winning singer-songwriter of Torres Strait Islander heritage, who first became popular with her <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">cover version</a> of the song "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/My_Island_Home" title="My Island Home">My Island Home</a>" (first performed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warumpi_Band" title="Warumpi Band">Warumpi Band</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion_and_beliefs"><span id="religion"></span>Religion and beliefs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion and beliefs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2><p>
The people still have their own traditional belief systems. Stories of the Tagai represent Torres Strait Islanders as sea people, with a connection to the stars, as well as a system of order in which everything has its place in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> They follow the instructions of the Tagai.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047036">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One Tagai story depicts the Tagai as a man standing in a canoe. In his left hand, he holds a fishing spear, representing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Cross">Southern Cross</a>. In his right hand, he holds a sorbi (a red fruit). In this story, the Tagai and his crew of 12 were preparing for a journey, but before the journey began, the crew consumed all the food and drink they planned to take. So the Tagai strung the crew together in two groups of six and cast them into the sea, where their images became star patterns in the sky. These patterns can be seen in the star constellations of Pleiades and Orion.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Some Torres Strait Islander people share beliefs similar to the Aboriginal peoples' <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dreamtime" title="Dreamtime">Dreaming</a> and "Everywhen" concepts, passed down in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>From the 1870s, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> spread throughout the islands, and it remains strong today among Torres Strait Islander people everywhere. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> mission led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane arrived on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darnley_Island,_Torres_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Darnley Island, Torres Strait">Erub (Darnley Island)</a> on 1 July 1871, establishing its first base in the region there. The Islanders refer to this as "The Coming of the Light", or "Coming of Light"<sup id="cite_ref-creative_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-39">[39]</a></sup> and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July.<sup id="cite_ref-burton_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton-40">[40]</a></sup> However the coming of Christianity did not spell the end of the people's traditional beliefs; their culture informed their understanding of the new religion, as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian God">Christian God</a> was welcomed and the new religion was integrated into every aspect of their everyday lives.<sup id="cite_ref-creative_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 2016 Census, Australia's Indigenous and non-Indigenous population were broadly similar with 54% (vs 55%) reporting a Christian affiliation, while less than 2% reported traditional beliefs as their religion, and 36% reported no religion. A total of 20,658 Torres Strait Islander (out of a total of 32,345 population in Australia) and 15,586 of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal identity (out of 26,767) reported adherence to some form of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_Torres_Strait_Islanders">Notable Torres Strait Islanders</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable Torres Strait Islanders">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eddie_Mabo" title="Eddie Mabo">Eddie Mabo</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">land rights</a> campaigner who played a major role in a landmark decision which now characterises Australian law on land and title</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a> player for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">San Antonio Spurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Powell-Pepper" title="Sam Powell-Pepper">Sam Powell-Pepper</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> player for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club" title="Port Adelaide Football Club">Port Adelaide</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Proud" title="Albert Proud">Albert Proud</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> player for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brisbane_Lions" title="Brisbane Lions">Brisbane Lions</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cynthia_Lui" title="Cynthia Lui">Cynthia Lui</a> – the first Torres Strait Islander elected to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Queensland" title="Parliament of Queensland">Parliament of Queensland</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ken_Thaiday_Snr" title="Ken Thaiday Snr">Ken Thaiday Snr</a>, world-renowned artist based in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Thaiday" title="Sam Thaiday">Sam Thaiday</a> - an Australian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> player for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos" title="Brisbane Broncos">Brisbane Broncos</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dane_Gagai" title="Dane Gagai">Dane Gagai</a> - an Australian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> player for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs" title="South Sydney Rabbitohs">South Sydney Rabbitohs</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christine_Anu" title="Christine Anu">Christine Anu</a> - an Australian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> singer and actress. She gained popularity with the release of her song "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/My_Island_Home" title="My Island Home">My Island Home</a>". Anu has been nominated for 17 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARIA_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="ARIA Awards">ARIA Awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ARIA_Award_History_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARIA_Award_History-45">[45]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Queensland" title="Portal:Queensland">Queensland portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts_(ACPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA)">Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_health_in_Australia" title="Indigenous health in Australia">Indigenous health in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_firsts" title="List of Indigenous Australian firsts">List of Indigenous Australian firsts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearl_hunting#Australia" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting#Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_Flag" title="Torres Strait Islander Flag">Torres Strait Islander Flag</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-censusest-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-censusest_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-censusest_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001">"3238.0.55.001 - Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistics</i>. 31 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=3238.0.55.001+-+Estimates+of+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Australians%2C+June+2016&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2Fmf%2F3238.0.55.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2016census-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016census_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016census_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA36960">"2016 Census QuickStats: Torres Strait Island (R)"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=2016+Census+QuickStats%3A+Torres+Strait+Island+%28R%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus_services%2Fgetproduct%2Fcensus%2F2016%2Fquickstat%2FLGA36960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait">"Torres Strait. Oxford Dictionary Online"</a>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torres+Strait.+Oxford+Dictionary+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Ftorres_strait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-shire-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shire_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shire_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shire_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shire_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1">"About the Torres Strait"</a>. <i>Torres Shire Council</i>. Queensland Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torres+Shire+Council&rft.atitle=About+the+Torres+Strait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torres.qld.gov.au%2Fabout-the-torres-strait1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2006dfat-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2006dfat_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html">"Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples"</a>. <i>Australia Now</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Australia" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia+Now&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+peoples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Ffacts%2Findg_overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20islander%20Population%20Article~12">"2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2016"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistices</i>. 31 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistices&rft.atitle=2071.0+-+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%3A+Reflecting+Australia+-+Stories+from+the+Census%2C+2016%3A+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Population%2C+2016&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2520Subject%2F2071.0~2016~Main%2520Features~Aboriginal%2520and%2520Torres%2520Strait%2520islander%2520Population%2520Article~12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/home" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1">"About the Torres Strait"</a>. <i>Torres Strait Shire Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torres+Strait+Shire+Council&rft.atitle=About+the+Torres+Strait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torres.qld.gov.au%2Fabout-the-torres-strait1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Beckett1990-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckett1990_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Beckett1990" class="citation book">Jeremy Beckett (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA17"><i>Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37862-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37862-8"><bdi>978-0-521-37862-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torres+Strait+Islanders%3A+Custom+and+Colonialism&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37862-8&rft.au=Jeremy+Beckett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7iO-blAUczcC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-etsra-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etsra_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2001" class="citation journal">Kelly, John (22 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114335/http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf">"Evaluation of the Torres Strait Regional Authority"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of Evaluation and Audit. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+Torres+Strait+Regional+Authority&rft.date=2001-06-22&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anao.gov.au%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2FEvaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725052557/http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf">"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island local government"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Report of the Local Government Reform Commission</i>. State of Queensland. July 2007. pp. 59–65. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-921057-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-921057-10-6"><bdi>1-921057-10-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Island+local+government&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Local+Government+Reform+Commission&rft.pages=59-65&rft.pub=State+of+Queensland&rft.date=2007-07&rft.isbn=1-921057-10-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localgovernment.qld.gov.au%2Fdocs%2Flocal_govt%2Fstronger-councils%2F13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-34037235">"The people and history of the Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+people+and+history+of+the+Torres+Strait+Islands&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-australia-34037235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/about-us">"Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Institute+of+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faiatsis.gov.au%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-eb-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Torres-Strait-Islander-people">"Torres Strait Islander peoples"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islander+peoples&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTorres-Strait-Islander-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-shnukal-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shnukal_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shnukal_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shnukal_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShnukal" class="citation journal">Shnukal, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/shnukal_torres_strait.pdf">"Torres Strait Islanders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. From: Brandle, Maximilian (ed.) Multicultural Queensland 2001: 100 years, 100 communities, A century of contributions, Brisbane, The State of Queensland (Department of Premier and Cabinet), 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islanders&rft.aulast=Shnukal&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au%2Fdoc%2Fshnukal_torres_strait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-atsia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atsia_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atsia_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518061701/http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf">"Indigenous Fact Sheet: Torres Strait Islanders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Australia" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Families,_Community_Services_and_Indigenous_Affairs_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)">Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Government%2C+Department+of+Families%2C+Community+Services+and+Indigenous+Affairs&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Fact+Sheet%3A+Torres+Strait+Islanders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsia.gov.au%2FFacts%2Fdocs%2FFS_series23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-vafi-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vafi_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth2002" class="citation book">Smyth, Dermot (2002). "Appendix B: The Indigenous Sector: An Anthropological Perspective". In Hundloe, Tor (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8iprCUC-BQC"><i>Valuing Fisheries</i></a>. University of Queensland Press. pp. 230–231. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0702233293" title="Special:BookSources/0702233293"><bdi>0702233293</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+B%3A+The+Indigenous+Sector%3A+An+Anthropological+Perspective&rft.btitle=Valuing+Fisheries&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0702233293&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Dermot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8iprCUC-BQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-japingka-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japingka_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japingka_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japingkaaboriginalart.com/articles/art-in-the-torres-strait-islands/">"Art in the Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>Japingka Aboriginal Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japingka+Aboriginal+Art&rft.atitle=Art+in+the+Torres+Strait+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapingkaaboriginalart.com%2Farticles%2Fart-in-the-torres-strait-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nswart-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nswart_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nswart_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nswart_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nswart_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/artsets/hav5uo">"Art Sets. Art of the Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>New South Wales Art Gallery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+South+Wales+Art+Gallery&rft.atitle=Art+Sets.+Art+of+the+Torres+Strait+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artgallery.nsw.gov.au%2Fartsets%2Fhav5uo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-artnetwork-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-artnetwork_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artnetwork_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/">"Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>Australian Art Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Art+Network&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralianartnetwork.com.au%2Fregions%2Ftorres-strait-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00z50ml">"BBC Two - Hidden Treasures of..."</a> <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Two+-+Hidden+Treasures+of...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00z50ml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-print-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-print_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-print_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2001" class="citation web">Robinson, Brian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/references/5070/">"Torres Strait Islander printmaking"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span> – via Centre for Australian Art: Australian Prints + Printmaking. <q>Conference paper, [from] Australian Print Symposium. Canberra: National Gallery of Australia, 1987 - ongoing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torres+Strait+Islander+printmaking&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.printsandprintmaking.gov.au%2Freferences%2F5070%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LalFortune2000-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LalFortune2000_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrij_V._LalKate_Fortune2000" class="citation book">Brij V. Lal; Kate Fortune, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA456"><i>The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 456. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2265-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2265-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-2265-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Islands%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5pPpJl8E5wC%26pg%3DPA456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Alfred Cort Haddon</a>, along with one of his daughters, the pioneers in the modern study of Torres Strait string figures</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfa.org/biblio.htm">A string figure bibliography</a> including examples from Torres Strait.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhitford2020" class="citation web">Whitford, Maddie (13 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/about/backstory/regional/2020-04-13/making-abc-this-place-indigenous-artist-series/12017770">"Producers reflect on profound experience walking with Indigenous artists on country"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Producers+reflect+on+profound+experience+walking+with+Indigenous+artists+on+country&rft.date=2020-04-13&rft.aulast=Whitford&rft.aufirst=Maddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fabout%2Fbackstory%2Fregional%2F2020-04-13%2Fmaking-abc-this-place-indigenous-artist-series%2F12017770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dance-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dance_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dance_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://awakening.qm.qld.gov.au/The+Exhibition/Purpose/Dance+machines+and+headdresses">"Dance machines & headdresses"</a>. <i>Awakening: Stories from the Torres Strait</i>. Queensland Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Awakening%3A+Stories+from+the+Torres+Strait&rft.atitle=Dance+machines+%26+headdresses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fawakening.qm.qld.gov.au%2FThe%2BExhibition%2FPurpose%2FDance%2Bmachines%2Band%2Bheaddresses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLawrie1970" class="citation book">Lawrie, Margaret Elizabeth (1970). <i>Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait/collected and translated by Margaret Lawrie</i>. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends+of+the+Torres+Strait%2Fcollected+and+translated+by+Margaret+Lawrie&rft.place=Brisbane&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLawrie1972" class="citation book">Lawrie, Margaret Elizabeth (1972). <i>Tales from Torres Strait</i>. St Lucia Qld: University of Queensland Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+from+Torres+Strait&rft.place=St+Lucia+Qld&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCambridge_Anthropological_Expedition_to_Torres_Straits_(1898)Hodes,_Jeremy._Index_to_the_Reports_of_the_Cambridge_Anthropological_Expedition_to_Torres_StraitsHaddon,_Alfred_C._(Alfred_Cort),_1855–1940Ray,_Sidney_Herbert,_1858–1939._Linguistics1901" class="citation">Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits (1898); Hodes, Jeremy. Index to the Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits; Haddon, Alfred C. (Alfred Cort), 1855–1940; Ray, Sidney Herbert, 1858–1939. Linguistics (1901), <i>Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits</i>, University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+of+the+Cambridge+Anthropological+Expedition+to+Torres+Straits&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Cambridge+Anthropological+Expedition+to+Torres+Straits+%281898%29&rft.au=Hodes%2C+Jeremy.+Index+to+the+Reports+of+the+Cambridge+Anthropological+Expedition+to+Torres+Straits&rft.au=Haddon%2C+Alfred+C.+%28Alfred+Cort%29%2C+1855%E2%80%931940&rft.au=Ray%2C+Sidney+Herbert%2C+1858%E2%80%931939.+Linguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairnsartgallery.com.au/whats-on/exhibitions/zugubal">"Alick Tipoti: Zugubal"</a>. <i>Cairns Art Gallery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cairns+Art+Gallery&rft.atitle=Alick+Tipoti%3A+Zugubal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairnsartgallery.com.au%2Fwhats-on%2Fexhibitions%2Fzugubal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTipoti2015" class="citation">Tipoti, Alick (2015), Butler, Sally (ed.), <i>Alick Tipoti : Zugubal : ancestral spirits</i>, Cairns Regional Gallery, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9757635-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9757635-6-8"><bdi>978-0-9757635-6-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alick+Tipoti+%3A+Zugubal+%3A+ancestral+spirits&rft.pub=Cairns+Regional+Gallery&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9757635-6-8&rft.aulast=Tipoti&rft.aufirst=Alick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWiltshire2017" class="citation web">Wiltshire, Kelly (27 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/news-and-events/blog/audiovisual-heritage-torres-strait-singing-and-dancing">"Audiovisual Heritage of Torres Strait Singing and Dancing"</a>. <i>AIATSIS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIATSIS&rft.atitle=Audiovisual+Heritage+of+Torres+Strait+Singing+and+Dancing&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.aulast=Wiltshire&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faiatsis.gov.au%2Fnews-and-events%2Fblog%2Faudiovisual-heritage-torres-strait-singing-and-dancing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-thaiday-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thaiday_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thaiday_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/artists/thaiday-ken/">"Ken Thaiday"</a>. <i>Art Gallery NSW</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+Gallery+NSW&rft.atitle=Ken+Thaiday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artgallery.nsw.gov.au%2Fcollection%2Fartists%2Fthaiday-ken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/arts-in-daily-life/artist-stories/dr-ken-thaiday-senior/">"Dr Ken Thaiday Senior"</a>. <i>Australia Council</i>. 15 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia+Council&rft.atitle=Dr+Ken+Thaiday+Senior&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiacouncil.gov.au%2Farts-in-daily-life%2Fartist-stories%2Fdr-ken-thaiday-senior%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan2003" class="citation news">Keenan, Catherine (18 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/17/1042520770021.html">"Frog princess"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Frog+princess&rft.date=2003-01-18&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F01%2F17%2F1042520770021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldvision.com.au/global-issues/work-we-do/supporting-indigenous-australia/8-interesting-facts-about-indigenous-australia">"8 interesting facts about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders"</a>. <i>World Vision</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Vision&rft.atitle=8+interesting+facts+about+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islanders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvision.com.au%2Fglobal-issues%2Fwork-we-do%2Fsupporting-indigenous-australia%2F8-interesting-facts-about-indigenous-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/about/k-12-policies/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-perspectives/resources/spirituality-religion">"Spirituality and religion among Torres Strait Islanders"</a>. <i>Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority</i>. 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Curriculum+%26+Assessment+Authority&rft.atitle=Spirituality+and+religion+among+Torres+Strait+Islanders&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qcaa.qld.edu.au%2Fabout%2Fk-12-policies%2Faboriginal-torres-strait-islander-perspectives%2Fresources%2Fspirituality-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/the-dreaming">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>The Dreaming<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>Common Ground</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Common+Ground&rft.atitle=%27The+Dreaming%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonground.org.au%2Flearn%2Fthe-dreaming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-creative-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creative_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creative_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/spirituality/aboriginal-christians-christianity">"Aboriginal Christians & Christianity"</a>. <i>Creative Spirits</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creative+Spirits&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Christians+%26+Christianity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativespirits.info%2Faboriginalculture%2Fspirituality%2Faboriginal-christians-christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-burton-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burton_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBurton" class="citation web">Burton, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090515015550/http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx">"History of Torres Strait to 1879 – a regional view"</a>. Torres Strait Regional Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx">the original</a> on 15 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Torres+Strait+to+1879+%E2%80%93+a+regional+view&rft.pub=Torres+Strait+Regional+Authority&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsra.gov.au%2Fthe-torres-strait%2Fgeneral-history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80">"2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016: Religion in Australia, 2016"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistices</i>. 28 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>[Include "Religion" table download from this page, "Table 8 Religious Affiliation by Indigenous Status, Count of persons(a)"]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistices&rft.atitle=2071.0+-+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%3A+Reflecting+Australia+-+Stories+from+the+Census%2C+2016%3A+Religion+in+Australia%2C+2016&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2520Subject%2F2071.0~2016~Main%2520Features~Religion%2520Article~80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/resilience-the-driving-force-behind-sam-powellpeppers-draft-bid/news-story/d71dd6190727eb9efdff1290b9335fbe">Resilience the driving force behind Sam Powell-Pepper's draft bid</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AFL Record. Round 9,2009. Slattery Publishing. pg 75.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2017" class="citation news">Moore, Tony (28 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland-election-2017/first-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html">"Labor one seat closer as first Torres Strait Islander woman elected to Parliament"</a>. <i>Brisbane Times</i>. Fairfax Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+Times&rft.atitle=Labor+one+seat+closer+as+first+Torres+Strait+Islander+woman+elected+to+Parliament&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Fqueensland-election-2017%2Ffirst-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ARIA_Award_History-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARIA_Award_History_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519020402/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu">"History: Winners by Artist: Christine Anu"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARIA_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="ARIA Award">ARIA Awards</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">Australian Recording Industry Association</a> (ARIA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu">the original</a> on 19 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARIA+Awards&rft.atitle=History%3A+Winners+by+Artist%3A+Christine+Anu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ariaawards.com.au%2Fhistory-by-artist.php%3Fletter%3DC%26artist%3DChristine%2520Anu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/">Australian Art Network: Torres Strait Islands</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iview.abc.net.au/show/blue-water-empire">Blue Water Empire</a> - ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about Torres Strait Islands, its history and people</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/atsi/contemporary-stories">Contemporary stories</a> by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation web">Smith, Aaron (26 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/25/asia/aboriginal-massacre-australia-intl/index.html">"The 'forgotten people': When death came to the Torres Strait"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+%27forgotten+people%27%3A+When+death+came+to+the+Torres+Strait&rft.date=2018-05-26&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F05%2F25%2Fasia%2Faboriginal-massacre-australia-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islanders&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Torres Strait Islanders</b> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Torres+Strait+Islanders">Resources in your library</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Torres+Strait+Islanders&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul></td>
</tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsra.gov.au/">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a></li></ul>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_communities" title="Category:Indigenous Australian communities">Communities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Tasmanians</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Victorians" title="Aboriginal Victorians">Victorians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australians_from_Western_Australia" title="Category:Indigenous Australians from Western Australia">Western Australians</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Lists of Indigenous Australians">Individuals</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_indigenous_rights_activists" title="Category:Australian indigenous rights activists">Activists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_musicians" title="List of Indigenous Australian musicians">Musicians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australians_in_politics_and_public_service" title="List of Indigenous Australians in politics and public service">People from politics and public service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_performing_artists" title="List of Indigenous Australian performing artists">Performing artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_sportspeople" title="List of Indigenous Australian sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_visual_artists" title="List of Indigenous Australian visual artists">Visual artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_writers" title="List of Indigenous Australian writers">Writers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture" title="Australian Aboriginal culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_avoidance_practices" title="Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices">Avoidance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corroboree" title="Corroboree">Corroboree</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deadly_Awards" title="Deadly Awards">Deadly Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_deities" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal deities">Deities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dreamtime" title="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_enumeration" title="Australian Aboriginal enumeration">Enumeration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_elder" title="Australian Aboriginal elder">Elders</a></li>
<li>Flags
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Flag" title="Australian Aboriginal Flag">Aboriginal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_Flag" title="Torres Strait Islander Flag">Torres Strait Islander</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Kinship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdaitcha" title="Kurdaitcha">Kurdaitcha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_literature" title="Indigenous Australian literature">Literature of Indigenous Australians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn Grook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Message_stick" title="Message stick">Message stick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NAIDOC_Week" title="NAIDOC Week">NAIDOC Week</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Indigenous_Human_Rights_Awards" title="National Indigenous Human Rights Awards">National Indigenous Human Rights Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outstation_movement" title="Outstation movement">Outstation movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riji" title="Riji">Riji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_seasons" title="Indigenous Australian seasons">Seasons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sacred_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal sacred sites">Sacred sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smoking_ceremony" title="Smoking ceremony">Smoking ceremony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songline" title="Songline">Songlines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tjurunga" title="Tjurunga">Tjurunga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Torres_Strait_Islands_culture" title="Category:Torres Strait Islands culture">Torres Strait Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woggabaliri" title="Woggabaliri">Woggabaliri</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Language(s)</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avoidance_speech" title="Avoidance speech">Avoidance speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Kriol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Kriol language">Australian Creole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_group_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indigenous Australian group names">Language groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Australian_Aboriginal_origin" title="List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin">Loanwords into English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Palawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_place_names_of_Aboriginal_origin" title="List of Australian place names of Aboriginal origin">Placenames</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Sign languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Organisations_serving_Indigenous_Australians" title="Category:Organisations serving Indigenous Australians">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Commission" title="Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission">ATSIC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Medical_Service" title="Aboriginal Medical Service">Aboriginal Medical Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aborigines_Advancement_League" title="Aborigines Advancement League">Aborigines Advancement League</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aborigines_Progressive_Association" title="Aborigines Progressive Association">Aborigines Progressive Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Progress_Association" title="Australian Aboriginal Progress Association">Australian Aboriginal Progress Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aborigines%27_League" title="Australian Aborigines' League">Australian Aborigines' League</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Land_Council" title="Central Land Council">Central Land Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_mass_media" title="Category:Indigenous Australian mass media">Mass media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Congress_of_Australia%27s_First_Peoples" title="National Congress of Australia's First Peoples">National Congress of Australia's First Peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Indigenous_Council" title="National Indigenous Council">National Indigenous Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Land_Council" title="Northern Land Council">Northern Land Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_the_Registrar_of_Indigenous_Corporations" title="Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations">Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_politics" title="Category:Indigenous Australian politics">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconciliation_Australia" title="Reconciliation Australia">Reconciliation Australia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Sorry_Day" title="National Sorry Day">Sorry Day</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">TSRA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_bushcraft" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft">Bushcraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buka_cloak" title="Buka cloak">Buka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bush_bread" title="Bush bread">Bush bread</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Bush tucker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coolamon_(vessel)" title="Coolamon (vessel)">Coolamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Dugout_Canoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Dugout Canoes">Dugout canoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft" title="Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft">Fibrecraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire-stick_farming" title="Fire-stick farming">Fire-stick farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_food_groups" title="Indigenous Australian food groups">Food groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humpy" title="Humpy">Humpy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Possum-skin_cloak" title="Possum-skin cloak">Possum-skin cloak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scarred_tree" title="Scarred tree">Scarred tree</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soakage_(source_of_water)" title="Soakage (source of water)">Soaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spinifex_resin" title="Spinifex resin">Spinifex resin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweet_foods" title="Australian Aboriginal sweet foods">Sweet foods</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waddy" title="Waddy">Waddy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">Woomera</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_art" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_artifacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal artifacts">Artifacts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bark_painting" title="Bark painting">Bark painting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary visual art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian dance">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Didgeridoo" title="Didgeridoo">Didgeridoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dreaming_(Australian_Aboriginal_art)" title="Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art)">Dreaming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Music</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_musical_groups" title="Category:Indigenous Australian musical groups">Music groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_rock" title="Indigenous rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Aboriginal_%26_Torres_Strait_Islander_Art_Award" title="National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award">NATSIA Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papunya_Tula" title="Papunya Tula">Papunya Tula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandpainting#Indigenous_Australian_sandpainting" title="Sandpainting">Sandpainting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vibe_Australia" title="Vibe Australia">Vibe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Visual art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yininmadyemi_-_Thou_didst_let_fall" title="Yininmadyemi - Thou didst let fall">Yininmadyemi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Category:History of Indigenous Australians">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Land_Rights_Act_1976" title="Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976">Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Frontier_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Frontier Wars">Australian Frontier Wars</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bathurst_War" title="Bathurst War">Bathurst War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars" title="Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars">Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caledon_Bay_crisis" title="Caledon Bay crisis">Caledon Bay crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cummeragunja_walk-off" title="Cummeragunja walk-off">Cummeragunja walk-off</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Day_of_Mourning_(Australia)" title="Day of Mourning (Australia)">Day of Mourning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_Hill_walk-off" title="Wave Hill walk-off">Gurindji Strike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_historical_figures" title="List of Indigenous Australian historical figures">Historical figures</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">History</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_wars" title="History wars">History wars</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_breastplate" title="Aboriginal breastplate">King plates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">Massacres</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_missions" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal missions">Missions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_native_police" title="Australian native police">Native police</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1946_Pilbara_strike" title="1946 Pilbara strike">Pilbara strike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pintupi_Nine" title="Pintupi Nine">Pintupi Nine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apology_to_Australia%27s_Indigenous_peoples" title="Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples">Apology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Tent_Embassy" title="Aboriginal Tent Embassy">Tent embassy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_history_of_Western_Australia" title="Aboriginal history of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians_and_crime" title="Indigenous Australians and crime">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_health_in_Australia" title="Indigenous health in Australia">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_land_rights_in_Australia" title="Aboriginal land rights in Australia">Land rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">Native title</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Indigenous Protected Area">Protected Area</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Media portrayals of Indigenous Australians">Media portrayal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Territory_National_Emergency_Response" title="Northern Territory National Emergency Response">Northern Territory National Emergency Response</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Half-Caste_Act" title="Half-Caste Act">Half-Caste Act</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">Treaties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Indigenous_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Indigenous Australians">Voting rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">1967 Referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Location of Africa"><img alt="Location of Africa" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">Africa</a>
</p>
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<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Asia" title="Location of Asia"><img alt="Location of Asia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Asia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples#Asia" title="List of indigenous peoples">Asia</a>
</p>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:17%;"><div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Europe" title="Location of Europe"><img alt="Location of Europe" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Europe_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a>
</p>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:17%;"><div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Location of North America"><img alt="Location of North America" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a>
</p>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:17%;"><div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Location of Oceania"><img alt="Location of Oceania" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Oceania</a>
</p>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:17%;"><div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Location of South America"><img alt="Location of South America" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a>
</p>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:khaki;"><div><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" title="List of indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples by geographic regions</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancestry_of_Australians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Ancestry_of_Australians" title="Template:Ancestry of Australians"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_of_Australians" title="Template talk:Ancestry of Australians"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Ancestry_of_Australians&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancestry_of_Australians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demography_of_Australia#Ancestry" title="Demography of Australia">Ancestry of Australians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Ancestral_background_of_Australian_citizens">Ancestral background of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian citizens</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Australia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Australia"><img alt="Flag of Australia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/80px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/160px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coptic_Australians" title="Coptic Australians">Coptic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egyptian_Australians" title="Egyptian Australians">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrean_Australians" title="Eritrean Australians">Eritrean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopian_Australians" title="Ethiopian Australians">Ethiopian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghanaian_Australians" title="Ghanaian Australians">Ghanaian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenyan_Australians" title="Kenyan Australians">Kenyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritian_Australians" title="Mauritian Australians">Mauritian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigerian_Australians" title="Nigerian Australians">Nigerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somali_Australians" title="Somali Australians">Somali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Australians" title="South African Australians">South African</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sudanese_Australians" title="South Sudanese Australians">South Sudanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudanese_Australians" title="Sudanese Australians">Sudanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ugandan_Australians" title="Ugandan Australians">Ugandan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zimbabwean_Australians" title="Zimbabwean Australians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Australians" title="American Australians">American</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentine_Australians" title="Argentine Australians">Argentine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazilian_Australians" title="Brazilian Australians">Brazilian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Australians" title="Canadian Australians">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chilean_Australians" title="Chilean Australians">Chilean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombian_Australians" title="Colombian Australians">Colombian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecuadorian_Australians" title="Ecuadorian Australians">Ecuadorian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaican_Australians" title="Jamaican Australians">Jamaican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_Australians" title="Peruvian Australians">Peruvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvadoran_Australians" title="Salvadoran Australians">Salvadoran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruguayan_Australians" title="Uruguayan Australians">Uruguayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venezuelan_Australians" title="Venezuelan Australians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghan_Australians" title="Afghan Australians">Afghan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazara_Australians" title="Hazara Australians">Hazara</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_Australians" title="Arab Australians">Arab</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emirati_Australians" title="Emirati Australians">Emirati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Australians" title="Iraqi Australians">Iraqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordanian_Australians" title="Jordanian Australians">Jordanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwaiti_Australians" title="Kuwaiti Australians">Kuwaiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanese_Australians" title="Lebanese Australians">Lebanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Australians" title="Palestinian Australians">Palestinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Australians" title="Saudi Australians">Saudi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Australians" title="Syrian Australians">Syrian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_Australians" title="Armenian Australians">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assyrian_Australians" title="Assyrian Australians">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladeshi_Australians" title="Bangladeshi Australians">Bangladeshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burmese_Australians" title="Burmese Australians">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodian_Australians" title="Cambodian Australians">Cambodian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timorese_Australians" title="East Timorese Australians">East Timorese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filipino_Australians" title="Filipino Australians">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hong_Kong_Australians" title="Hong Kong Australians">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Indian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayali_Australians" title="Malayali Australians">Malayali</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_Australians" title="Indonesian Australians">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_Australians" title="Iranian Australians">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli_Australians" title="Israeli Australians">Israeli</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Jews" title="Australian Jews">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_Australians" title="Japanese Australians">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_Australians" title="Korean Australians">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdish_Australians" title="Kurdish Australians">Kurdish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laotian_Australians" title="Laotian Australians">Laotian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Australians" title="Malaysian Australians">Malaysian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongolian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Australians">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepalese_Australians" title="Nepalese Australians">Nepali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistani_Australians" title="Pakistani Australians">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Australians" title="Russian Australians">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singaporean_Australians" title="Singaporean Australians">Singaporean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Australians" title="Sri Lankan Australians">Sri Lankan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiwanese_Australians" title="Taiwanese Australians">Taiwanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_Australians" title="Thai Australians">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Australians" title="Turkish Australians">Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_Australians" title="Vietnamese Australians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanian_Australians" title="Albanian Australians">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australians" title="Anglo-Celtic Australians">Anglo-Celtic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornish_Australians" title="Cornish Australians">Cornish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manx_Australians" title="Manx Australians">Manx</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Northern Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welsh_Australians" title="Welsh Australians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austrian_Australians" title="Austrian Australians">Austrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgian_Australians" title="Belgian Australians">Belgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_Australians" title="Belarusian Australians">Belarusian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnian_Australians" title="Bosnian Australians">Bosnian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarian_Australians" title="Bulgarian Australians">Bulgarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatian_Australians" title="Croatian Australians">Croatian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_Australians" title="Cypriot Australians">Cypriot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Australians" title="Czech Australians">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danish_Australians" title="Danish Australians">Danish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estonian_Australians" title="Estonian Australians">Estonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Australians" title="French Australians">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finnish_Australians" title="Finnish Australians">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_Australians" title="Hungarian Australians">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Icelandic_Australians" title="Icelandic Australians">Icelandic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Australian">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosovan_Australians" title="Kosovan Australians">Kosovan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latvian_Australians" title="Latvian Australians">Latvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuanian_Australians" title="Lithuanian Australians">Lithuanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macedonian_Australians" title="Macedonian Australians">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maltese_Australians" title="Maltese Australians">Maltese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montenegrin_Australians" title="Montenegrin Australians">Montenegrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norwegian_Australians" title="Norwegian Australians">Norwegian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_Australians" title="Polish Australians">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Australians" title="Portuguese Australians">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_Australians" title="Romanian Australians">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Australians" title="Russian Australians">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbian_Australians" title="Serbian Australians">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovak_Australians" title="Slovak Australians">Slovak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovene_Australians" title="Slovene Australians">Slovene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Australians" title="Spanish Australians">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_Australians" title="Swedish Australians">Swedish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swiss_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Australian">Swiss</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Australians" title="Ukrainian Australians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fijian_Australians" title="Fijian Australians">Fijian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians" title="Māori Australians">Māori</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_Australians" title="New Zealand Australians">New Zealander</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Australians" title="Papua New Guinean Australians">Papua New Guinean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samoan_Australians" title="Samoan Australians">Samoan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islander</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tongan_Australians" title="Tongan Australians">Tongan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013">Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20">Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1590024803 |