Examine individual changes

'@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [[File:Cerebral Cortex location - pt.jpg|thumb|299x299px|The cerebral cortex is responsible for analytical thinking in the human brain]] -'''Analytical skill''' is the ability to deconstruct [[information]] into smaller categories in order to draw conclusions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sasmitatias|first1=Frastika|last2=Kuswanto|first2=Heru|date=2018-07-06|title=The Development of Science Learning Device Based on Serukam Local Culture To Improve Students' Analytical Skill|journal=International Journal of Educational Research Review|volume=3|issue=3|pages=59–68|doi=10.24331/ijere.441348|issn=2458-9322}}</ref> Analytical skill consists of categories that include logical reasoning, critical thinking, communication, research, data analysis and creativity. Analytical skill is taught in contemporary [[education]] with the intention of fostering the appropriate practises for future [[Profession|professions]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Freed|first1=Craig|last2=Pena|first2=Robert|date=2000|title=Minority Education and Analytical Thinking Skills: Traditionalizing Disempowerment|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/high_school_journal/v085/85.2freed.html|journal=The High School Journal|language=en|volume=85|issue=2|pages=24–32|doi=10.1353/hsj.2001.0022|issn=1534-5157}}</ref> The professions that adopt analytical skill include [[Education|educational institutions]], [[Public sector|public institutions]], [[Community organization|community organisations]] and [[industry]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Persaud|first=Ajax|date=2020-02-28|title=Key competencies for big data analytics professions: a multimethod study|journal=Information Technology & People|language=en|volume=ahead-of-print|issue=ahead-of-print|doi=10.1108/ITP-06-2019-0290|hdl=10393/40272|issn=0959-3845}}</ref> +'''Analytical skill''' is the ability to deconstruct [[information]] into smaller categories in order to draw conclusions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sasmitatias|first1=Frastika|last2=Kuswanto|first2=Heru|date=2018-07-06|title=The Development of Science Learning Device Based on Serukam Local Culture To Improve Students' Analytical Skill|journal=International Journal of Educational Research Review|volume=3|issue=3|pages=59–68|doi=10.24331/ijere.441348|issn=2458-9322}}</ref> Analytical skill consists of categories that include logical reasoning, critical thinking, communication, research, data analysis and creativity. Analytical skill is taught in contemporary [[education]] with the intention of fostering the appropriate practises for future [[Profession|professions]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last1=Freed|first1=Craig|last2=Pena|first2=Robert|date=2000|title=Minority Education and Analytical Thinking Skills: Traditionalizing Disempowerment|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/high_school_journal/v085/85.2freed.html|journal=The High School Journal|language=en|volume=85|issue=2|pages=24–32|doi=10.1353/hsj.2001.0022|issn=1534-5157}}</ref> The professions that adopt analytical skill include [[Education|educational institutions]], [[Public sector|public institutions]], [[Community organization|community organisations]] and [[industry]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Persaud|first=Ajax|date=2020-02-28|title=Key competencies for big data analytics professions: a multimethod study|journal=Information Technology & People|language=en|volume=ahead-of-print|issue=ahead-of-print|doi=10.1108/ITP-06-2019-0290|hdl=10393/40272|issn=0959-3845}}</ref> -Richard J. Heuer Jr. explained that: “''Thinking analytically is a skill like carpentry or driving a car. It can be taught, it can be learned, and it can improve with practice. But like many other skills, such as riding a bike, it is not learned by sitting in a classroom and being told how to do it. Analysts learn by doing.''”.<ref>“Psychology of Intelligence Analysis”, Richard J. Heuer Jr, published by "Center for the Study of Intelligence", 1999, {{ISBN|1 929 667-00-0}}</ref> In the article by Freed,<ref name="Freed">{{cite journal|last1=Freed|first1=Craig|last2=Pena|first2=Robert|title=Minority Education and Analytical Thinking Skills: Traditionalizing Disempowerment|journal=The High School Journal|date=2000|volume=85|issue=2|pages=24–32|doi=10.1353/hsj.2001.0022}}</ref> the need for programs within the [[education]]al system to help students develop these skills is demonstrated. According to [[scholar]]s, workers ''<nowiki/>'will need more than elementary basic skills to maintain the [[standard of living]] of their parents. They will have to think for a living, analyse problems and solutions, and work cooperatively in teams'''.<ref name="Canhoto">{{cite journal|last1=Canhoto|first1=Ana Isabel|last2=Clark|first2=Moira|last3=Fennemore|first3=Paul|title=Emerging segmentation practices in the age of the social customer|journal=Journal of Strategic Marketing|date=August 2013|volume=21|issue=5|pages=413–428|doi=10.1080/0965254X.2013.801609}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal +Richard J. Heuer Jr. explained that '<nowiki/>''Thinking analytically is a skill like carpentry or driving a car. It can be taught, it can be learned, and it can improve with practice. But like many other skills, such as riding a bike, it is not learned by sitting in a classroom and being told how to do it. Analysts learn by doing.'<nowiki/>''.<ref>“Psychology of Intelligence Analysis”, Richard J. Heuer Jr, published by "Center for the Study of Intelligence", 1999, {{ISBN|1 929 667-00-0}}</ref> In the article by Freed,<ref name="Freed">{{cite journal|last1=Freed|first1=Craig|last2=Pena|first2=Robert|title=Minority Education and Analytical Thinking Skills: Traditionalizing Disempowerment|journal=The High School Journal|date=2000|volume=85|issue=2|pages=24–32|doi=10.1353/hsj.2001.0022}}</ref> the need for programs within the [[education]]al system to help students develop these skills is demonstrated.<ref name=":16" /> According to [[scholar]]s, workers ''<nowiki/>'will need more than elementary basic skills to maintain the [[standard of living]] of their parents. They will have to think for a living, analyse problems and solutions, and work cooperatively in teams'''.<ref name="Canhoto">{{cite journal|last1=Canhoto|first1=Ana Isabel|last2=Clark|first2=Moira|last3=Fennemore|first3=Paul|title=Emerging segmentation practices in the age of the social customer|journal=Journal of Strategic Marketing|date=August 2013|volume=21|issue=5|pages=413–428|doi=10.1080/0965254X.2013.801609}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Freed |first1=Craig @@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ A logical deductive reasoning sequence can be executed by establishing: an assumption, followed by another assumption and finally, conducting an inference. For example, ‘All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal.’<ref name=":5" /> -For deductive reasoning to be upheld, the hypothesis must be correct, therefore, reinforcing the notion that the conclusion is logical and true. It is possible for deductive reasoning conclusions to be inaccurate or incorrect entirely, but the reasoning and premise is logical. For example, ‘All bald men are grandfathers. Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is a grandfather.’ is a valid and logical conclusion but it is not true as the original assumption is incorrect.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning|url=https://www.livescience.com/21569-deduction-vs-induction.html|last=Bradford|first=A.|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Deductive reasoning is an analytical skill used in many professions such as [[management]] the management team where they delegate tasks for day-to-day [[business operations]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning|url=https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/inductive-vs-deductive-reasoning|last=|first=|date=2020|website=Indeed|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition and Examples of Deductive Reasoning|url=https://www.thebalancecareers.com/deductive-reasoning-definition-with-examples-2063749|last=|first=|date=2020|website=the balance careers|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> +For deductive reasoning to be upheld, the hypothesis must be correct, therefore, reinforcing the notion that the conclusion is logical and true. It is possible for deductive reasoning conclusions to be inaccurate or incorrect entirely, but the reasoning and premise is logical. For example, ‘All bald men are grandfathers. Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is a grandfather.’ is a valid and logical conclusion but it is not true as the original assumption is incorrect.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning|url=https://www.livescience.com/21569-deduction-vs-induction.html|last=Bradford|first=A.|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Deductive reasoning is an analytical skill used in many professions such as [[management]], as the management team delegates tasks for day-to-day [[business operations]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning|url=https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/inductive-vs-deductive-reasoning|last=|first=|date=2020|website=Indeed|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition and Examples of Deductive Reasoning|url=https://www.thebalancecareers.com/deductive-reasoning-definition-with-examples-2063749|last=|first=|date=2020|website=the balance careers|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> === Inductive Reasoning === @@ -53,5 +53,5 @@ == Critical Thinking == -'''Critical thinking''' is an analytical skill that involves clear, purposeful, and goal-directed thinking. It is used to interpret and explain the data given.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=43 Examples of Analytical Skills for Greater Success|url=https://mindmonia.com/analytical-skills/|date=2019-03-01|website=Mindmonia|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> It is the ability to think cautiously and rationally to resolve problems.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McPeck|first=J. E.|title=Critical thinking and education|publisher=St Martin's Press|year=1981|isbn=|location=New York, US|pages=}}</ref> This goal-directed thinking is achieved by supporting conclusions without biases, having reliable evidence and reasoning, and using appropriate data and information. <ref name=":1">https://secure.byui.edu/cas/login?service=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.byui.edu%2Fcas%2Fidp%2Fprofile%2FSAML2%2FCallback%3FentityId%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fbyui.idm.oclc.org%252FShibboleth%26SAMLRequest%3DPD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c2FtbHA6QXV0aG5SZXF1ZXN0IHhtbG5zOnNhbWxwPSJ1cm46b2FzaXM6bmFtZXM6dGM6U0FNTDoyLjA6cHJvdG9jb2wiIERlc3RpbmF0aW9uPSJodHRwczovL3NlY3VyZS5ieXVpLmVkdS9jYXMvaWRwL3Byb2ZpbGUvU0FNTDIvUmVkaXJlY3QvU1NPIiBJRD0iXzE1ODU4NDAwNDEzMzg0NjMiIElzc3VlSW5zdGFudD0iMjAyMC0wNC0wMlQxNTowNzoyMVoiIFZlcnNpb249IjIuMCI%252BPHNhbWw6SXNzdWVyIHhtbG5zOnNhbWw9InVybjpvYXNpczpuYW1lczp0YzpTQU1MOjIuMDphc3NlcnRpb24iPmh0dHBzOi8vYnl1aS5pZG0ub2NsYy5vcmcvU2hpYmJvbGV0aDwvc2FtbDpJc3N1ZXI%252BPHNhbWxwOk5hbWVJRFBvbGljeSBBbGxvd0NyZWF0ZT0iMSIvPjwvc2FtbHA6QXV0aG5SZXF1ZXN0Pg%253D%253D%26RelayState%3Dezp.2aHR0cHM6Ly9saW5rLmdhbGUuY29tL2FwcHMvZG9jL0NYNzQyMzUwMDE4NC9HVlJMP3U9Ynl1aWRhaG8mc2lkPUdWUkwmeGlkPWY1OWU1MWNh</ref> Critical thinking is an imperative analytical skill as it underpins [[Everyday life|contemporary living]] in areas such as education and professional careers, but it is not restricted to a specific area. +'''Critical thinking''' is an analytical skill that involves clear, purposeful, and goal-directed thinking. It is used to interpret and explain the data given.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=43 Examples of Analytical Skills for Greater Success|url=https://mindmonia.com/analytical-skills/|date=2019-03-01|website=Mindmonia|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> It is the ability to think cautiously and rationally to resolve problems.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McPeck|first=J. E.|title=Critical thinking and education|publisher=St Martin's Press|year=1981|isbn=|location=New York, US|pages=}}</ref> This goal-directed thinking is achieved by supporting conclusions without biases, having reliable evidence and reasoning, and using appropriate data and information. <ref name=":1">https://secure.byui.edu/cas/login?service=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.byui.edu%2Fcas%2Fidp%2Fprofile%2FSAML2%2FCallback%3FentityId%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fbyui.idm.oclc.org%252FShibboleth%26SAMLRequest%3DPD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c2FtbHA6QXV0aG5SZXF1ZXN0IHhtbG5zOnNhbWxwPSJ1cm46b2FzaXM6bmFtZXM6dGM6U0FNTDoyLjA6cHJvdG9jb2wiIERlc3RpbmF0aW9uPSJodHRwczovL3NlY3VyZS5ieXVpLmVkdS9jYXMvaWRwL3Byb2ZpbGUvU0FNTDIvUmVkaXJlY3QvU1NPIiBJRD0iXzE1ODU4NDAwNDEzMzg0NjMiIElzc3VlSW5zdGFudD0iMjAyMC0wNC0wMlQxNTowNzoyMVoiIFZlcnNpb249IjIuMCI%252BPHNhbWw6SXNzdWVyIHhtbG5zOnNhbWw9InVybjpvYXNpczpuYW1lczp0YzpTQU1MOjIuMDphc3NlcnRpb24iPmh0dHBzOi8vYnl1aS5pZG0ub2NsYy5vcmcvU2hpYmJvbGV0aDwvc2FtbDpJc3N1ZXI%252BPHNhbWxwOk5hbWVJRFBvbGljeSBBbGxvd0NyZWF0ZT0iMSIvPjwvc2FtbHA6QXV0aG5SZXF1ZXN0Pg%253D%253D%26RelayState%3Dezp.2aHR0cHM6Ly9saW5rLmdhbGUuY29tL2FwcHMvZG9jL0NYNzQyMzUwMDE4NC9HVlJMP3U9Ynl1aWRhaG8mc2lkPUdWUkwmeGlkPWY1OWU1MWNh</ref> Critical thinking is an imperative analytical skill as it underpins [[Everyday life|contemporary living]] in areas such as education and professional careers, but it is not restricted to a specific area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Critical Thinking in Everyday Life|url=https://www.globalcognition.org/critical-thinking-everyday-life/|last=Sieck|first=W.|date=2020|website=Global Cognition|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> Critical thinking is used to solve problems, calculate the likelihood, make decisions, and formulate [[Inference|inferences]]. Critical thinking requires examining information, reflective thinking, using appropriate skills, and confidence in the quality of the information given to come to a conclusion or plan. Critical thinking includes being willing to change if better information becomes available.<ref name=":1" /> As a critical thinker individuals do not accept assumptions without further questioning the reliability of it with further research and analysing the results found.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ziprecruiter.com/blog/what-are-analytical-skills-and-why-are-they-important-in-your-job/|title=Why Analytical Skills are The Important in Your Job|date=2019-05-15|website=ZipRecruiter|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> @@ -64,5 +64,5 @@ == Communication == -'''Communication''' is a process where individuals transfer information from one another.<ref name=":14" /> It is a complex system comprising of listener interpreting the information, understanding it and then transferring it.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=J. T.|date=2006|title=The SAGE Handbook of Gender and Communication|url=|journal=SAGE Publications|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Communication as an analytical skill includes communicating with confidence, clarity, and sticking with the point you are trying to communicate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skillsyouneed.com/rhubarb/communication-analytical-skills.html|title=The Demand for Communication Skills {{!}} SkillsYouNeed|website=www.skillsyouneed.com|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> It comprises of verbal and non-verbal communication. Communication is an imperative component of analytical skill as it allows the individual to develop relationships, contribute to group decisions, organisational communication, and influence media and culture.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Griffin, Emory A.|title=A first look at communication theory|date=2006|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-07-301018-9|edition=6th|location=Boston|oclc=60188524}}</ref> +'''Communication''' is a process where individuals transfer information from one another.<ref name=":14" /> It is a complex system comprising of a listener interpreting the information, understanding it and then transferring it.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=J. T.|date=2006|title=The SAGE Handbook of Gender and Communication|url=|journal=SAGE Publications|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Communication as an analytical skill includes communicating with confidence, clarity, and sticking with the point you are trying to communicate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skillsyouneed.com/rhubarb/communication-analytical-skills.html|title=The Demand for Communication Skills {{!}} SkillsYouNeed|website=www.skillsyouneed.com|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> It comprises of verbal and non-verbal communication. Communication is an imperative component of analytical skill as it allows the individual to develop relationships, contribute to group decisions, organisational communication, and influence media and culture.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Griffin, Emory A.|title=A first look at communication theory|date=2006|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-07-301018-9|edition=6th|location=Boston|oclc=60188524}}</ref> [[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mathew Ahmann in a crowd.) - NARA - 542015 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|289x289px|Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. providing a speech to 250,000 people during the Civil Rights March in Washington D.C. exemplifies verbal communication]] @@ -75,30 +75,30 @@ '''Non-verbal communication''' is commonly known as unspoken dialogue between individuals.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Burgoon, J. K. Floyd, K. Geurrero, L. K.|title=Nonverbal Communication|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> It is a significant analytical skill as it allows individuals to distinguish true feelings, opinions and behaviours, as individuals are more likely to believe nonverbal cues as opposed to verbal expressions.<ref name=":9" /> Non-verbal communication is able to transcend communicational barriers such as [[Race (human categorization)|race]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]] and [[sexual orientation]].<ref name=":9" /> This is a significant factor for international industries that require [[International communication|global communication]] or communication between other regions such as trade between [[China]] and [[United States|The United States of America]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Endgame for Beijing in the US-China Trade Negotiations|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/an-endgame-for-beijing-in-the-us-china-trade-negotiations/|last=|first=|date=2020|website=The Diplomat|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> [[File:Phenakistoscope 3g07690d.gif|thumb|288x288px|Dancing is a common expressionist form of human non-verbal communication]] -Statistical measures showcase that the true meaning behind all messages is 93% non-verbal and 7% verbal.<ref name=":9" /> This is a critical analytical skill as it allows individuals to delve deeper into the meaning of messages. It allows individuals to analyse another person’s [[Perception|perceptions]], expressions and social beliefs.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Depaulo, B. M. Friedman, H. S.|date=1998|title=Nonverbal communication|url=|journal=Routledge|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Individuals who excel in communicating and understanding non-verbal communication are able to analyse the interconnectedness of mutualism, social beliefs and expectations.<ref name=":10" /> +Statistical measures showcase that the true meaning behind all messages is 93% non-verbal and 7% verbal.<ref name=":9" /> Non-verbal communication is a critical analytical skill as it allows individuals to delve deeper into the meaning of messages. It allows individuals to analyse another person’s [[Perception|perceptions]], expressions and social beliefs.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Depaulo, B. M. Friedman, H. S.|date=1998|title=Nonverbal communication|url=|journal=Routledge|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Individuals who excel in communicating and understanding non-verbal communication are able to analyse the interconnectedness of mutualism, social beliefs and expectations.<ref name=":10" /> === Communication Theories === -A '''communication theory''' is an abstract understanding of how information is transferred from individuals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Foss, K. A. Littlejohn, S. W.|title=Encyclopedia of Communication Theory|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2009|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref> Many communication theories have been developed to foster and build upon the ongoing dynamic nature of how people communicate. Early models of communication were simple, such as [[Aristotle|Aristotle’s]] model of communication, comprising of a speaker communicating a [[speech]] to an [[audience]], leading to an effect.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aristotle's Model of Communication|url=https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/aristotles-model-communication|last=Bajracharya|first=S.|date=2018|website=Businesstopia|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> This is a basic form of communication is addresses communication as a linear concept where information is not being relayed back. +A '''communication theory''' is an abstract understanding of how information is transferred from individuals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Foss, K. A. Littlejohn, S. W.|title=Encyclopedia of Communication Theory|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2009|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref> Many communication theories have been developed to foster and build upon the ongoing dynamic nature of how people communicate. Early models of communication were simple, such as [[Aristotle|Aristotle’s]] model of communication, comprising of a speaker communicating a [[speech]] to an [[audience]], leading to an effect.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aristotle's Model of Communication|url=https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/aristotles-model-communication|last=Bajracharya|first=S.|date=2018|website=Businesstopia|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> This is a basic form of communication that addresses communication as a linear concept where information is not being relayed back. -Modern theories for communication include Schramm’s model where there are multiple individuals, each individual is encoding, interpreting and decoding the message, and messages are being transferred between one another.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=http://knowledge.sagepub.com/view/key-concepts-in-marketing/SAGE.xml|title=Key Concepts in Marketing|date=2009|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd|isbn=978-1-84787-499-3|location=1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom|doi=10.4135/9781446221617.n46}}</ref> Schramm has included another factor in his model in experience i.e. expressing that each individual’s experience influences their ability to interpret the message.<ref name=":11" /> Communication theories are constantly being developed to acclimatise to certain organisations or individuals. It is imperative for an individual to adopt a suitable communication theory for organisations to ensure that the organisation is able to function as desired.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Riddler|first=J. A. D.|date=2006|title=Organisational communication and supportive employees|url=|journal=Human Resource Management Journal|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> For example, traditional corporate hierarchy are commonly known to adopt a linear communicational model i.e. Aristotle’s model of communication. +Modern theories for communication include Schramm’s model where there are multiple individuals, each individual is encoding, interpreting and decoding the message, and messages are being transferred between one another.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=http://knowledge.sagepub.com/view/key-concepts-in-marketing/SAGE.xml|title=Key Concepts in Marketing|date=2009|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd|isbn=978-1-84787-499-3|location=1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom|doi=10.4135/9781446221617.n46}}</ref> Schramm has included another factor in his model in experience i.e. expressing that each individual’s experience influences their ability to interpret a message.<ref name=":11" /> Communication theories are constantly being developed to acclimatise to certain organisations or individuals. It is imperative for an individual to adopt a suitable communication theory for organisations to ensure that the organisation is able to function as desired.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Riddler|first=J. A. D.|date=2006|title=Organisational communication and supportive employees|url=|journal=Human Resource Management Journal|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> For example, [[Hierarchy|traditional corporate hierarchy]] are commonly known to adopt a linear communicational model i.e. Aristotle’s model of communication.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hierarchical Positions in a Typical Corporation|url=https://smallbusiness.chron.com/hierarchical-positions-typical-corporation-34491.html|last=Locsin|first=A.|date=2019|website=Small Business|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> == Research == -'''Research''' is the construct of utilising tools and techniques to deconstruct and solve problems.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Thomas, Alan (Alan Berkeley)|title=Research skills for management studies|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-26898-2|edition=1st|location=London|oclc=52251214}}</ref> While researching, it is important to distinguish what information is relevant to the data and avoiding excess, irrelevant data.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.mindvalley.com/analytical-skills/|title=5 Of The Best-Performing Analytical Skills For Your Resume|last=Terrell|first=Shannon|date=2019-01-04|website=Mindvalley Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> Research involves the collection and analysis of information and data with the intention of founding new knowledge and/or deciphering a new understanding of existing data.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jolley, Jeremy.|title=Research skills|isbn=978-1-317-90545-5|location=Harlow, England|oclc=881429711}}</ref> Research ability is an analytical skill as it allows individuals to comprehend social implications.<ref name=":12" /> Research ability is valuable as it fosters transferable employment related skills.<ref name=":12" /> Research is primarily employed in academia and higher education, it is a profession pursued by many graduates, individuals intending to supervise or teach research students or those in pursuit of a PhD.<ref name=":12" /> +'''Research''' is the construct of utilising tools and techniques to deconstruct and solve problems.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Thomas, Alan (Alan Berkeley)|title=Research skills for management studies|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-26898-2|edition=1st|location=London|oclc=52251214}}</ref> While researching, it is important to distinguish what information is relevant to the data and avoiding excess, irrelevant data.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.mindvalley.com/analytical-skills/|title=5 Of The Best-Performing Analytical Skills For Your Resume|last=Terrell|first=Shannon|date=2019-01-04|website=Mindvalley Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> Research involves the collection and analysis of information and data with the intention of founding new knowledge and/or deciphering a new understanding of existing data.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jolley, Jeremy.|title=Research skills|isbn=978-1-317-90545-5|location=Harlow, England|oclc=881429711}}</ref> Research ability is an analytical skill as it allows individuals to comprehend social implications.<ref name=":12" /> Research ability is valuable as it fosters transferable employment related skills.<ref name=":12" /> Research is primarily employed in academia and higher education, it is a profession pursued by many graduates, individuals intending to supervise or teach research students or those in pursuit of a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]].<ref name=":12" /> === Research in Academia === -In higher education, new research provides the most desired quality of evidence, if this is not available, then existing forms of evidence should be used.<ref name=":12" /> It is accepted that research provides the greatest form of knowledge, in the form of [[Quantitative research|quantitative]] or [[Qualitative research|qualitative]] data. +In [[higher education]], new research provides the most desired quality of evidence, if this is not available, then existing forms of evidence should be used.<ref name=":12" /> It is accepted that research provides the greatest form of knowledge, in the form of [[Quantitative research|quantitative]] or [[Qualitative research|qualitative]] data. Research [[Student|students]] are highly desired by various industries due to their dynamic [[Intelligence|mental capacity]]. Research students are commonly sought after due to their analysis and problem-solving ability, interpersonal and leadership skills, project management and organisation, research and information management and written and oral communication.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PhD transferable skills|url=https://careercenter.umich.edu/article/phd-transferable-skills|last=|first=|date=2020|website=University of Michigan|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> == Data Analysis == -'''Data analysis''' is a systematic method of cleaning, transforming and modelling statistical or logical techniques to describe and evaluate data.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Resnik|first=B. R.|date=2003|title=Responsible Conduct of Research|url=|journal=Oxford University Press|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Using data analysis as an analytical skill means being able to examine large volumes of data and then identifying trends within the data. It is critical to be able to look at the data and figure out what information is important and should be kept and what information is irrelevant and can be discarded.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Analytical Skills for Resumes, Cover Letters, and Interviews|url=https://www.thebalancecareers.com/analytical-skills-list-2063729|last1=Careers|first1=Full Bio Follow Linkedin Follow Twitter Alison Doyle is the job search expert for The Balance|last2=Search|first2=One of the Industry's Most Highly-Regarded Job|website=The Balance Careers|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02|last3=Doyle|first3=career experts Read The Balance's editorial policies Alison}}</ref> Data analysis includes finding different patterns within the information which allows you to narrow your research and come to a better conclusion.<ref name=":3" /> It is a tool to discover and decipher useful information for business decision-making. It is imperative in inferring information from data and adhering to a conclusion or decision from that data. Data analysis can stem from [[past]] or [[future]] data. Data analysis is an analytical skill, commonly adopted in [[business]], as it allows organisations to be come more efficient, internally and externally, solve complex problems and [[Innovation|innovate]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Reasons Why Data Analysis is Important for Every Business|url=https://businesspartnermagazine.com/5-reasons-why-data-analysis-is-important-for-every-business/|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Business Partner Magazine|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> +'''Data analysis''' is a systematic method of cleaning, transforming and modelling statistical or logical techniques to describe and evaluate data.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Resnik|first=B. R.|date=2003|title=Responsible Conduct of Research|url=|journal=Oxford University Press|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Using data analysis as an analytical skill means being able to examine large volumes of data and then identifying trends within the data. It is critical to be able to look at the data and determine what information is important and should be kept and what information is irrelevant and can be discarded.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Analytical Skills for Resumes, Cover Letters, and Interviews|url=https://www.thebalancecareers.com/analytical-skills-list-2063729|last1=Careers|first1=Full Bio Follow Linkedin Follow Twitter Alison Doyle is the job search expert for The Balance|last2=Search|first2=One of the Industry's Most Highly-Regarded Job|website=The Balance Careers|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02|last3=Doyle|first3=career experts Read The Balance's editorial policies Alison}}</ref> Data analysis includes finding different patterns within the information which allows you to narrow your research and come to a better conclusion.<ref name=":3" /> It is a tool to discover and decipher useful information for business decision-making. It is imperative in inferring information from data and adhering to a conclusion or decision from that data. Data analysis can stem from [[past]] or [[future]] data. Data analysis is an analytical skill, commonly adopted in [[business]], as it allows organisations to be come more efficient, internally and externally, solve complex problems and [[Innovation|innovate]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Reasons Why Data Analysis is Important for Every Business|url=https://businesspartnermagazine.com/5-reasons-why-data-analysis-is-important-for-every-business/|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Business Partner Magazine|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> === Text Analysis === -'''Text analysis''' is the discovery and understanding of valuable information in unstructured or large data.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hand|first=D. J.|date=2012|title=Principles of Data Mining|url=|journal=Drug Safety|volume=30|issue=7|pages=621–622|doi=10.2165/00002018-200730070-00010|pmid=17604416}}</ref> It is a method to transform raw data into business information, allowing for strategic business decisions by offering a method to extract and examine data, derive patterns and finally interpret the data. +'''Text analysis''' is the discovery and understanding of valuable information in unstructured or large data.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hand|first=D. J.|date=2012|title=Principles of Data Mining|url=|journal=Drug Safety|volume=30|issue=7|pages=621–622|doi=10.2165/00002018-200730070-00010|pmid=17604416}}</ref> It is a method to transform raw data into business information, allowing for strategic business decisions by offering a method to extract and examine data, derive patterns and finally interpret the data.<ref>{{Citation|last=Froelich|first=Josh|title=Decision Support via Text Mining|date=2008|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-48713-5_28|work=Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1|pages=609–635|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-48713-5_28|isbn=978-3-540-48712-8|access-date=2020-05-29|last2=Ananyan|first2=Sergei}}</ref> === Statistical Analysis === -'''Statistical analysis''' involves the collection, analyses and presentation of data to decipher trends and patterns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=G. A.|date=1959|title=Statistical analysis in psychology and education|url=|journal=|publisher=McGraw-Hill|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> It is common in research, industry and government to enhance the scientific aspects of the decision that needs to be made. It consists of descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. +'''Statistical analysis''' involves the collection, analyses and presentation of data to decipher trends and patterns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=G. A.|date=1959|title=Statistical analysis in psychology and education|url=|journal=|publisher=McGraw-Hill|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> It is common in research, industry and government to enhance the scientific aspects of the decision that needs to be made. It consists of descriptive analysis and inferential analysis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Careers Involving Probability & Statistics|url=https://study.com/articles/careers_involving_probability_statistics.html|last=|first=|date=2020|website=study.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Descriptive Analysis ==== -'''Descriptive analysis''' provides information about a sample set that reflects the population by summarising relevant aspects of the dataset i.e. uncovering patterns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Martin G.|date=2006-07-04|title=Descriptive Statistics and Graphical Displays|journal=Circulation|language=en|volume=114|issue=1|pages=76–81|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584474|pmid=16818830|issn=0009-7322}}</ref> It displays the measures of central tendency and measures of spread, such as mean, deviation, proportion, frequency etc. +'''Descriptive analysis''' provides information about a sample set that reflects the population by summarising relevant aspects of the dataset i.e. uncovering patterns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Martin G.|date=2006-07-04|title=Descriptive Statistics and Graphical Displays|journal=Circulation|language=en|volume=114|issue=1|pages=76–81|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584474|pmid=16818830|issn=0009-7322}}</ref> It displays the measures of central tendency and measures of spread, such as mean, deviation, proportion, frequency etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Descriptive Statistics|url=https://conjointly.com/kb/descriptive-statistics/|last=Trochim|first=W. M. K.|date=2020|website=Research Methods Knowledge Base|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Inferential Analysis ==== @@ -107,11 +107,11 @@ === Diagnostic Analysis === -'''Diagnostic analysis''' showcases the origin of the problem by finding the [[Causality|cause]] from the insight found in statistical analysis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comparing Descriptive, Predictive, Prescriptive, and Diagnostic Analytics.|url=https://www.logianalytics.com/predictive-analytics/comparing-descriptive-predictive-prescriptive-and-diagnostic-analytics/|last=Brinkmann|first=B.|date=2019|website=Logi Analytics|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> This form of analysis is useful to identify behavioural patterns of data. +'''Diagnostic analysis''' showcases the origin of the problem by finding the [[Causality|cause]] from the insight found in statistical analysis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comparing Descriptive, Predictive, Prescriptive, and Diagnostic Analytics.|url=https://www.logianalytics.com/predictive-analytics/comparing-descriptive-predictive-prescriptive-and-diagnostic-analytics/|last=Brinkmann|first=B.|date=2019|website=Logi Analytics|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> This form of analysis is useful to identify behavioural patterns of data.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Behavioural Data and Behavioural Analytics|url=https://www.indicative.com/indicative-blog/what-is-behavioral-data-and-behavioral-analytics/|last=Davidson|first=C.|date=2020|website=indicative|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> === Predictive Analysis === -'''Predictive analysis''' is an advanced form of analytics that forecasts future activity, behaviour, trends and patterns from new and historical data.<ref>{{Cite web|title=predictive analytics|url=https://searchbusinessanalytics.techtarget.com/definition/predictive-analytics|last=Rouse|first=M|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Its accuracy is based on how much faithful data is present and the degree of inference that can be exploited from it. +'''Predictive analysis''' is an advanced form of analytics that forecasts future activity, behaviour, trends and patterns from new and historical data.<ref>{{Cite web|title=predictive analytics|url=https://searchbusinessanalytics.techtarget.com/definition/predictive-analytics|last=Rouse|first=M|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Its accuracy is based on how much faithful data is present and the degree of inference that can be exploited from it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Han, B. Obradovic, Z. Peng, K. Vucetic, S. Xie, H.|first=|date=2003|title=Exploiting Unlabeled Data for Improving Accuracy of Predictive Data Mining|url=|journal=Center for Information Science and Technology|volume=|pages=|via=Temple University}}</ref> === Prescriptive Analysis === -'''Prescriptive analytics''' provide firms with optimal recommendations to solve complex decisions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Predictive Analytics|url=https://www.ibm.com/au-en/analytics/predictive-analytics|last=|first=|date=2018|website=IBM|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> It is used in many industries, such as aviation to optimise schedule selection for airline crew. +'''Prescriptive analytics''' provide firms with optimal recommendations to solve complex decisions.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=Predictive Analytics|url=https://www.ibm.com/au-en/analytics/predictive-analytics|last=|first=|date=2018|website=IBM|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> It is used in many industries, such as aviation to optimise schedule selection for airline crew.<ref name=":17" /> == Creativity == '