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'Battle of Sobraon'
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'{{Refimprove|date=February 2009}} {{Infobox military conflict |conflict=Battle of Sobraon |partof=the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] |image=Shaam_Singh_Attari_leading_his_last_charge_at_the_Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg |image_size=300px |caption= [[Sardar]] [[Sham Singh Attariwala]] rallying [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Sikh cavalry]] for the last stand |date=10 February 1846 |place=[[Sobraon]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] |coordinates={{coord|31|11|N|74|51|E|display=title,inline}} |result=Decisive British victory |combatant1= [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sikh Empire]] |combatant2= [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[East India Company]] |commander1=[[Tej Singh|Sardar Tej Singh]]<br>[[Lal Singh|Sardar Lal Singh]]<br>[[Sham Singh Attariwala|Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala]] {{KIA}}<br>[[Ranjodh Singh Majithia|Sardar Ranjodh Singh Majithia]] {{WIA}} |commander2=[[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Sir Hugh Gough]]<br>[[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]] |strength1=26,000<br>70 guns<ref name=Hernon567>Hernon, p.567</ref> |strength2=20,000<br>35 siege guns<br>30 field or light guns<ref name=Hernon567/> |casualties1=Unknown |casualties2=230 killed<br>2,063 wounded<ref name=Hernon572>Hernon, p.572</ref> |}} {{Campaignbox First Anglo-Sikh War}} The '''Battle of Sobraon''' was fought on 10 February 1846, between the forces of the [[East India Company]] and the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]], the army of the [[Sikh Empire]] of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The Sikhs were completely defeated, making this the decisive battle of the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]. ==Background== [[File:Raja Lal Singh, of First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846.jpg|left|thumb|Raja Lal Singh, who led Sikh forces against the British during the First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846]] The First Anglo-Sikh war began in late 1845, after a combination of increasing disorder in the Sikh empire following the death of [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1839 and provocations by the British East India Company led to the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] invading British territory. The British had won the first two major battles of the war through a combination of luck, the steadfastness of British and Bengal units and equivocal conduct bordering on deliberate treachery by Tej Singh and Lal Singh, the commanders of the Sikh Army. On the British side, the Governor General, Sir [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Henry Hardinge]], had been dismayed by the head-on tactics of the Bengal Army's commander-in-chief, Sir [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Hugh Gough]], and was seeking to have him removed from command. However, no commander senior enough to supersede Gough could arrive from England for several months. Then the army's spirits were revived by the victory gained by Sir [[Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet|Harry Smith]] at the [[Battle of Aliwal]], in which he eliminated a threat to the army's lines of communication, and the arrival of reinforcements including much-needed heavy artillery and two battalions of [[Gurkha]]s. The Sikhs had been temporarily dismayed by their defeat at the [[Battle of Ferozeshah]], and had withdrawn most of their forces across the [[Sutlej River]]. The Regent [[Jind Kaur]] who was ruling in the name of her son, the infant Maharaja [[Duleep Singh]], had accused 500 of her officers of cowardice, even flinging one of her garments in their faces. The Khalsa had been reinforced from districts west of [[Lahore]], and now moved in strength into a bridgehead across the Sutlej at Sobraon, entrenching and fortifying their encampment. Any wavering after their earlier defeats was dispelled by the presence of the respected veteran leader, [[Sham Singh Attariwala]]. Unfortunately for the Khalsa, Tej Singh and Lal Singh retained the overall direction of the Sikh armies. Also, their position at Sobraon was linked to the west, Punjabi, bank of the river by a single vulnerable pontoon bridge. Three days' continuous rain before the battle had swollen the river and threatened to carry away this bridge. ==The battle== Gough had intended to attack the Sikh army as soon as Smith's division rejoined from [[Ludhiana]], but Hardinge forced him to wait until a heavy artillery train had arrived. At last, he moved forward early on 10 February. The start of the battle was delayed by heavy fog, but as it lifted, 35 British heavy guns and howitzers opened fire. The Sikh cannon replied. The bombardment went on for two hours without much effect on the Sikh defences. Gough was told that his heavy guns were running short of ammunition and is alleged to have replied, "Thank God! Then I'll be at them with the bayonet." [[File:Charge of cavalry at Sobraon.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The British cavalry charges the breach (illustration from a British book)]] Two British divisions under Harry Smith<ref>Smith, Sir Harry. ‘’The Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith Baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej.’’ Publisher: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1903 [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/57094/57094-h/57094-h.htm] </ref> and Major General [[Sir Walter Gilbert]] made feint attacks on the Sikh left, while another division under Major General [[Robert Henry Dick]] made the main attack on the Sikh right, where the defences were of soft sand and were lower and weaker than the rest of the line. (It is believed that Lal Singh had supplied this information to Major [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]], the Political Agent at Gough's headquarters.) Nevertheless, Dick's division was driven back by Sikh counter-attacks after initially gaining footholds within the Sikh lines. Dick himself was killed. As the British fell back, some frenzied Sikh soldiers attacked British wounded left in the ditch in front of the entrenchments, enraging the British soldiers. The British, Gurkhas and Bengal regiments renewed their attacks along the entire front of the entrenchment, and broke through at several points. On the vulnerable Sikh right, engineers blew a breach in the fortifications and British cavalry and horse artillery pushed through it to engage the Sikhs in the centre of their position. Tej Singh had left the battlefield early. It is alleged in many Sikh accounts that he deliberately weakened the pontoon bridge, casting loose the boat at its centre, or that he ordered his own artillery on the west bank to fire on the bridge on the pretext of preventing British pursuit. British accounts claim that the bridge simply broke under the weight of the numbers of soldiers trying to retreat across it, having been weakened by the swollen river. Whichever account is correct, the bridge broke, trapping nearly 20,000 of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] on the east bank. [[File:Sikh retreat at Sobraon.jpg|thumb|left|The bridge collapses (illustration from a British book)]] None of the trapped Sikh soldiers attempted to surrender. Many detachments, including one led by Sham Singh, fought to the death. Some Sikhs rushed forward to attack the British regiments sword in hand; others tried to ford or swim the river. British horse artillery lined the bank of the river and continued to fire into the crowds in the water. By the time the firing ceased, the Sikhs had lost about 10,000 men. The British had also captured 67 guns. ==Aftermath== [[File:Battle of Sobraon.jpg|thumb|Map of the battle]] The destruction of the bridge did not delay Gough at all, if this had indeed been Tej Singh's intention. The first British units began to cross the river on the evening of the day of battle, and on 13 February, Gough's army was only {{convert|30|mi|km}} from Lahore, the capital. Although detachments of the Khalsa remained intact in outlying frontier districts of the Punjab, they could not be concentrated quickly enough to defend Lahore. The central [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] of the Punjab nominated [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]], the effective ruler of [[Jammu]], to negotiate terms for surrender. By the [[Treaty of Lahore]], the Sikhs ceded the valuable agricultural lands of the [[Doaba|Bist Doab(Jullundur Doab)]] (between the [[Beas River|Beas]] and [[Sutlej River]]s) to the East India Company, and allowed a British Resident at Lahore with subordinates in other principal cities. These Residents and Agents would indirectly govern the Punjab, through Sikh [[Sardar]]s. In addition, the Sikhs were to pay an indemnity of 1.2 million pounds. Since they could not readily find this sum, Gulab Singh was allowed to acquire [[Kashmir]] from the Punjab by paying 750,000 pounds to the East India Company. ==Order of battle== ===British regiments=== [[File:Memorial to Sir Robert Henry Dick, Dunkeld Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Memorial to [[Robert Henry Dick|Sir Robert Henry Dick]], [[Dunkeld Cathedral|Dunkeld Cathedral, Scotland]]]] [[File:Memorial to Sir Robert Henry Dick, St. George's Cathedral, Madras.jpg|thumb|Memorial to [[Robert Henry Dick|Sir Robert Henry Dick]], [[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai|St. George's Cathedral, Madras]], depicting a [[42nd Regiment of Foot|42nd Highlander]] in full uniform<ref name="Cotton">{{cite book|last1=Cotton|first1=Julian James|title=List Of Inscriptions On Tombs & Monuments in Madras Vol 1|date=1945|publisher=Government Press|location=Madras, British India|page=488|url=https://archive.org/stream/ListOfInscriptionsOnTombsMonumentsMadrasVol1Cotton/List%20Of%20Inscriptions%20On%20Tombs%20&%20Monuments%20Madras%20Vol%201%20%28Cotton%29_djvu.txt|accessdate=2 June 2016}}</ref>]] *[[3rd The King's Own Hussars|3rd King’s Own Light Dragoons]] *[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers|9th Queen’s Royal Light Dragoons (Lancers)]] *[[16th The Queen's Lancers]] *[[9th Foot]] *[[10th Foot]] *[[29th Foot]] *[[31st Foot]] *[[50th Foot]] *[[53rd Foot]] *[[80th Foot]] ===British Indian Army regiments=== *[[Governor General’s Bodyguard]] *[[3rd Bengal Native Cavalry]] *[[4th Bengal Native Cavalry]] *[[5th Bengal Native Cavalry]] *[[2nd Bengal Irregular Cavalry]] *[[4th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]] *[[8th Irregular Cavalry|8th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]] *[[9th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]] *[[1st Bengal European Regiment]] *[[4th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[5th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[16th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[26th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[31st Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[4th Prince Albert Victor's Rajputs|33rd Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[41st Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[42nd Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[43rd Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[47th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[59th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[62nd Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[63rd Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[68th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[73rd Bengal Native Infantry]] *Nasiri Battalion ([[1st Gurkha Rifles]]) *Sirmoor Battalion ([[2nd Gurkha Rifles]]) ==Folklore and personal accounts== Several years after the battle, Gough wrote, <blockquote>"The awful slaughter, confusion and dismay were such as would have excited compassion in the hearts of their generous conquerors, if the Khalsa troops had not, in the early part of the action, sullied their gallantry by slaughtering and barbarously mangling every wounded soldier whom, in the vicissitudes of attack, the fortune of war left at their mercy."</blockquote> After hearing of the battle, the wife of Sham Singh Attariwala [[Sati_(practice)|immolated]] herself on a funeral pyre without waiting for news of her husband, convinced (correctly) that he would never return alive from such a defeat. Some accounts state that [[Lal Singh]] was present on the battlefield, and accompanied [[Tej Singh]] on his retreat. Other sources maintain that he commanded a large body of ''gorchurras'' (irregular cavalry) which was some miles away, and took no action against Gough's army although he might have attacked Gough's communications. The friendship between the [[10th Regiment of Foot]] and the [[29th Regiment of Foot]] was cemented here at the battle as the two regiments met in the captured trenches that had cost so many lives to take. To this day [[Officer (armed forces)|Officers]] and [[Sergeants]] of both regiments address each other as “My Dear Cousin”. ==Popular culture== The battle provides the climax for [[George MacDonald Fraser]]'s novel, ''[[Flashman and the Mountain of Light]].'' It is mentioned in [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s [[Stalky & Co]] ==See also== *[[9th Regiment of Foot]] *[[53rd Regiment of Foot]] *[[1st King George V's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)]] *[[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)]] *[[101st Grenadiers]] *[[Jat Regiment]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Sources== *{{cite book|last=Hernon|first=Ian|authorlink=Ian Hernon|title=Britain's forgotten wars|publisher=Sutton|year=2003|isbn=0-7509-3162-0}} ==External links== {{EB1911 Poster|Sobraon}} *[http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-History/Historical-Sikh-Events-The-First-Anglo-Sikh-War-6.html allaboutsikhs.com]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225063633/http://www.britishbattles.com/first-sikh-war/sobraon.htm BritishBattles.com] {{Sikh Empire}} [[Category:Battles of the Anglo-Sikh wars|Sobraon]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1846|Sobraon]] [[Category:1846 in India]] [[Category:February 1846 events]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{Refimprove|date=February 2009}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Battle of Sobraon | partof = the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] | image = Shaam_Singh_Attari_leading_his_last_charge_at_the_Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = [[Sardar]] [[Sham Singh Attariwala]] rallying [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Sikh cavalry]] for the last stand | date = 10 February 1846 | place = [[Sobraon]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] | coordinates = {{coord|31|11|N|74|51|E|display=title,inline}} | result = Decisive British victory | combatant1 = [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sikh Empire]] | combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[East India Company]] | commander1 = [[Tej Singh|Sardar Tej Singh]]<br>[[Lal Singh|Sardar Lal Singh]]<br>[[Sham Singh Attariwala|Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala]] {{KIA}}<br>[[Ranjodh Singh Majithia|Sardar Ranjodh Singh Majithia]] {{WIA}} | commander2 = [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Sir Hugh Gough]]<br>[[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]] | strength1 = 26,000<br>70 guns<ref name=Hernon567>Hernon, p.567</ref> | strength2 = 20,000<br>35 siege guns<br>30 field or light guns<ref name=Hernon567/> | casualties1 = 10,000 killed | casualties2 = 230 killed<br>2,063 wounded<ref name=Hernon572>Hernon, p.572</ref>| }} {{Campaignbox First Anglo-Sikh War}} The '''Battle of Sobraon''' was fought on 10 February 1846, between the forces of the [[East India Company]] and the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]], the army of the [[Sikh Empire]] of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The Sikhs were completely defeated, making this the decisive battle of the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]. ==Background== [[File:Raja Lal Singh, of First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846.jpg|left|thumb|Raja Lal Singh, who led Sikh forces against the British during the First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846]] The First Anglo-Sikh war began in late 1845, after a combination of increasing disorder in the Sikh empire following the death of [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1839 and provocations by the British East India Company led to the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] invading British territory. The British had won the first two major battles of the war through a combination of luck, the steadfastness of British and Bengal units and equivocal conduct bordering on deliberate treachery by Tej Singh and Lal Singh, the commanders of the Sikh Army. On the British side, the Governor General, Sir [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Henry Hardinge]], had been dismayed by the head-on tactics of the Bengal Army's commander-in-chief, Sir [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Hugh Gough]], and was seeking to have him removed from command. However, no commander senior enough to supersede Gough could arrive from England for several months. Then the army's spirits were revived by the victory gained by Sir [[Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet|Harry Smith]] at the [[Battle of Aliwal]], in which he eliminated a threat to the army's lines of communication, and the arrival of reinforcements including much-needed heavy artillery and two battalions of [[Gurkha]]s. The Sikhs had been temporarily dismayed by their defeat at the [[Battle of Ferozeshah]], and had withdrawn most of their forces across the [[Sutlej River]]. The Regent [[Jind Kaur]] who was ruling in the name of her son, the infant Maharaja [[Duleep Singh]], had accused 500 of her officers of cowardice, even flinging one of her garments in their faces. The Khalsa had been reinforced from districts west of [[Lahore]], and now moved in strength into a bridgehead across the Sutlej at Sobraon, entrenching and fortifying their encampment. Any wavering after their earlier defeats was dispelled by the presence of the respected veteran leader, [[Sham Singh Attariwala]]. Unfortunately for the Khalsa, Tej Singh and Lal Singh retained the overall direction of the Sikh armies. Also, their position at Sobraon was linked to the west, Punjabi, bank of the river by a single vulnerable pontoon bridge. Three days' continuous rain before the battle had swollen the river and threatened to carry away this bridge. ==The battle== Gough had intended to attack the Sikh army as soon as Smith's division rejoined from [[Ludhiana]], but Hardinge forced him to wait until a heavy artillery train had arrived. At last, he moved forward early on 10 February. The start of the battle was delayed by heavy fog, but as it lifted, 35 British heavy guns and howitzers opened fire. The Sikh cannon replied. The bombardment went on for two hours without much effect on the Sikh defences. Gough was told that his heavy guns were running short of ammunition and is alleged to have replied, "Thank God! Then I'll be at them with the bayonet." [[File:Charge of cavalry at Sobraon.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The British cavalry charges the breach (illustration from a British book)]] Two British divisions under Harry Smith<ref>Smith, Sir Harry. ‘’The Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith Baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej.’’ Publisher: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1903 [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/57094/57094-h/57094-h.htm] </ref> and Major General [[Sir Walter Gilbert]] made feint attacks on the Sikh left, while another division under Major General [[Robert Henry Dick]] made the main attack on the Sikh right, where the defences were of soft sand and were lower and weaker than the rest of the line. (It is believed that Lal Singh had supplied this information to Major [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]], the Political Agent at Gough's headquarters.) Nevertheless, Dick's division was driven back by Sikh counter-attacks after initially gaining footholds within the Sikh lines. Dick himself was killed. As the British fell back, some frenzied Sikh soldiers attacked British wounded left in the ditch in front of the entrenchments, enraging the British soldiers. The British, Gurkhas and Bengal regiments renewed their attacks along the entire front of the entrenchment, and broke through at several points. On the vulnerable Sikh right, engineers blew a breach in the fortifications and British cavalry and horse artillery pushed through it to engage the Sikhs in the centre of their position. Tej Singh had left the battlefield early. It is alleged in many Sikh accounts that he deliberately weakened the pontoon bridge, casting loose the boat at its centre, or that he ordered his own artillery on the west bank to fire on the bridge on the pretext of preventing British pursuit. British accounts claim that the bridge simply broke under the weight of the numbers of soldiers trying to retreat across it, having been weakened by the swollen river. Whichever account is correct, the bridge broke, trapping nearly 20,000 of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] on the east bank. [[File:Sikh retreat at Sobraon.jpg|thumb|left|The bridge collapses (illustration from a British book)]] None of the trapped Sikh soldiers attempted to surrender. Many detachments, including one led by Sham Singh, fought to the death. Some Sikhs rushed forward to attack the British regiments sword in hand; others tried to ford or swim the river. British horse artillery lined the bank of the river and continued to fire into the crowds in the water. By the time the firing ceased, the Sikhs had lost about 10,000 men. The British had also captured 67 guns. ==Aftermath== [[File:Battle of Sobraon.jpg|thumb|Map of the battle]] The destruction of the bridge did not delay Gough at all, if this had indeed been Tej Singh's intention. The first British units began to cross the river on the evening of the day of battle, and on 13 February, Gough's army was only {{convert|30|mi|km}} from Lahore, the capital. Although detachments of the Khalsa remained intact in outlying frontier districts of the Punjab, they could not be concentrated quickly enough to defend Lahore. The central [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] of the Punjab nominated [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]], the effective ruler of [[Jammu]], to negotiate terms for surrender. By the [[Treaty of Lahore]], the Sikhs ceded the valuable agricultural lands of the [[Doaba|Bist Doab(Jullundur Doab)]] (between the [[Beas River|Beas]] and [[Sutlej River]]s) to the East India Company, and allowed a British Resident at Lahore with subordinates in other principal cities. These Residents and Agents would indirectly govern the Punjab, through Sikh [[Sardar]]s. In addition, the Sikhs were to pay an indemnity of 1.2 million pounds. Since they could not readily find this sum, Gulab Singh was allowed to acquire [[Kashmir]] from the Punjab by paying 750,000 pounds to the East India Company. ==Order of battle== ===British regiments=== [[File:Memorial to Sir Robert Henry Dick, Dunkeld Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Memorial to [[Robert Henry Dick|Sir Robert Henry Dick]], [[Dunkeld Cathedral|Dunkeld Cathedral, Scotland]]]] [[File:Memorial to Sir Robert Henry Dick, St. George's Cathedral, Madras.jpg|thumb|Memorial to [[Robert Henry Dick|Sir Robert Henry Dick]], [[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai|St. George's Cathedral, Madras]], depicting a [[42nd Regiment of Foot|42nd Highlander]] in full uniform<ref name="Cotton">{{cite book|last1=Cotton|first1=Julian James|title=List Of Inscriptions On Tombs & Monuments in Madras Vol 1|date=1945|publisher=Government Press|location=Madras, British India|page=488|url=https://archive.org/stream/ListOfInscriptionsOnTombsMonumentsMadrasVol1Cotton/List%20Of%20Inscriptions%20On%20Tombs%20&%20Monuments%20Madras%20Vol%201%20%28Cotton%29_djvu.txt|accessdate=2 June 2016}}</ref>]] *[[3rd The King's Own Hussars|3rd King’s Own Light Dragoons]] *[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers|9th Queen’s Royal Light Dragoons (Lancers)]] *[[16th The Queen's Lancers]] *[[9th Foot]] *[[10th Foot]] *[[29th Foot]] *[[31st Foot]] *[[50th Foot]] *[[53rd Foot]] *[[80th Foot]] ===British Indian Army regiments=== *[[Governor General’s Bodyguard]] *[[3rd Bengal Native Cavalry]] *[[4th Bengal Native Cavalry]] *[[5th Bengal Native Cavalry]] *[[2nd Bengal Irregular Cavalry]] *[[4th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]] *[[8th Irregular Cavalry|8th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]] *[[9th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]] *[[1st Bengal European Regiment]] *[[4th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[5th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[16th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[26th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[31st Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[4th Prince Albert Victor's Rajputs|33rd Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[41st Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[42nd Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[43rd Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[47th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[59th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[62nd Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[63rd Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[68th Bengal Native Infantry]] *[[73rd Bengal Native Infantry]] *Nasiri Battalion ([[1st Gurkha Rifles]]) *Sirmoor Battalion ([[2nd Gurkha Rifles]]) ==Folklore and personal accounts== Several years after the battle, Gough wrote, <blockquote>"The awful slaughter, confusion and dismay were such as would have excited compassion in the hearts of their generous conquerors, if the Khalsa troops had not, in the early part of the action, sullied their gallantry by slaughtering and barbarously mangling every wounded soldier whom, in the vicissitudes of attack, the fortune of war left at their mercy."</blockquote> After hearing of the battle, the wife of Sham Singh Attariwala [[Sati_(practice)|immolated]] herself on a funeral pyre without waiting for news of her husband, convinced (correctly) that he would never return alive from such a defeat. Some accounts state that [[Lal Singh]] was present on the battlefield, and accompanied [[Tej Singh]] on his retreat. Other sources maintain that he commanded a large body of ''gorchurras'' (irregular cavalry) which was some miles away, and took no action against Gough's army although he might have attacked Gough's communications. The friendship between the [[10th Regiment of Foot]] and the [[29th Regiment of Foot]] was cemented here at the battle as the two regiments met in the captured trenches that had cost so many lives to take. To this day [[Officer (armed forces)|Officers]] and [[Sergeants]] of both regiments address each other as “My Dear Cousin”. ==Popular culture== The battle provides the climax for [[George MacDonald Fraser]]'s novel, ''[[Flashman and the Mountain of Light]].'' It is mentioned in [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s [[Stalky & Co]] ==See also== *[[9th Regiment of Foot]] *[[53rd Regiment of Foot]] *[[1st King George V's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)]] *[[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)]] *[[101st Grenadiers]] *[[Jat Regiment]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Sources== *{{cite book|last=Hernon|first=Ian|authorlink=Ian Hernon|title=Britain's forgotten wars|publisher=Sutton|year=2003|isbn=0-7509-3162-0}} ==External links== {{EB1911 Poster|Sobraon}} *[http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-History/Historical-Sikh-Events-The-First-Anglo-Sikh-War-6.html allaboutsikhs.com]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225063633/http://www.britishbattles.com/first-sikh-war/sobraon.htm BritishBattles.com] {{Sikh Empire}} [[Category:Battles of the Anglo-Sikh wars|Sobraon]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1846|Sobraon]] [[Category:1846 in India]] [[Category:February 1846 events]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ {{Refimprove|date=February 2009}} {{Infobox military conflict -|conflict=Battle of Sobraon -|partof=the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] -|image=Shaam_Singh_Attari_leading_his_last_charge_at_the_Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg -|image_size=300px -|caption= [[Sardar]] [[Sham Singh Attariwala]] rallying [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Sikh cavalry]] for the last stand -|date=10 February 1846 -|place=[[Sobraon]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] -|coordinates={{coord|31|11|N|74|51|E|display=title,inline}} -|result=Decisive British victory -|combatant1= [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sikh Empire]] -|combatant2= [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[East India Company]] -|commander1=[[Tej Singh|Sardar Tej Singh]]<br>[[Lal Singh|Sardar Lal Singh]]<br>[[Sham Singh Attariwala|Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala]] {{KIA}}<br>[[Ranjodh Singh Majithia|Sardar Ranjodh Singh Majithia]] {{WIA}} -|commander2=[[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Sir Hugh Gough]]<br>[[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]] -|strength1=26,000<br>70 guns<ref name=Hernon567>Hernon, p.567</ref> -|strength2=20,000<br>35 siege guns<br>30 field or light guns<ref name=Hernon567/> -|casualties1=Unknown -|casualties2=230 killed<br>2,063 wounded<ref name=Hernon572>Hernon, p.572</ref> -|}} +| conflict = Battle of Sobraon +| partof = the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] +| image = Shaam_Singh_Attari_leading_his_last_charge_at_the_Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg +| image_size = 300px +| caption = [[Sardar]] [[Sham Singh Attariwala]] rallying [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Sikh cavalry]] for the last stand +| date = 10 February 1846 +| place = [[Sobraon]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] +| coordinates = {{coord|31|11|N|74|51|E|display=title,inline}} +| result = Decisive British victory +| combatant1 = [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sikh Empire]] +| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[East India Company]] +| commander1 = [[Tej Singh|Sardar Tej Singh]]<br>[[Lal Singh|Sardar Lal Singh]]<br>[[Sham Singh Attariwala|Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala]] {{KIA}}<br>[[Ranjodh Singh Majithia|Sardar Ranjodh Singh Majithia]] {{WIA}} +| commander2 = [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Sir Hugh Gough]]<br>[[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]] +| strength1 = 26,000<br>70 guns<ref name=Hernon567>Hernon, p.567</ref> +| strength2 = 20,000<br>35 siege guns<br>30 field or light guns<ref name=Hernon567/> +| casualties1 = 10,000 killed +| casualties2 = 230 killed<br>2,063 wounded<ref name=Hernon572>Hernon, p.572</ref>| +}} {{Campaignbox First Anglo-Sikh War}} '
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[ 0 => '| conflict = Battle of Sobraon', 1 => '| partof = the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]', 2 => '| image = Shaam_Singh_Attari_leading_his_last_charge_at_the_Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg', 3 => '| image_size = 300px', 4 => '| caption = [[Sardar]] [[Sham Singh Attariwala]] rallying [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Sikh cavalry]] for the last stand', 5 => '| date = 10 February 1846', 6 => '| place = [[Sobraon]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]]', 7 => '| coordinates = {{coord|31|11|N|74|51|E|display=title,inline}}', 8 => '| result = Decisive British victory', 9 => '| combatant1 = [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sikh Empire]]', 10 => '| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[East India Company]]', 11 => '| commander1 = [[Tej Singh|Sardar Tej Singh]]<br>[[Lal Singh|Sardar Lal Singh]]<br>[[Sham Singh Attariwala|Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala]] {{KIA}}<br>[[Ranjodh Singh Majithia|Sardar Ranjodh Singh Majithia]] {{WIA}}', 12 => '| commander2 = [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Sir Hugh Gough]]<br>[[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]]', 13 => '| strength1 = 26,000<br>70 guns<ref name=Hernon567>Hernon, p.567</ref>', 14 => '| strength2 = 20,000<br>35 siege guns<br>30 field or light guns<ref name=Hernon567/>', 15 => '| casualties1 = 10,000 killed', 16 => '| casualties2 = 230 killed<br>2,063 wounded<ref name=Hernon572>Hernon, p.572</ref>|', 17 => '}}' ]
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[ 0 => '|conflict=Battle of Sobraon', 1 => '|partof=the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]', 2 => '|image=Shaam_Singh_Attari_leading_his_last_charge_at_the_Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg', 3 => '|image_size=300px', 4 => '|caption= [[Sardar]] [[Sham Singh Attariwala]] rallying [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Sikh cavalry]] for the last stand', 5 => '|date=10 February 1846', 6 => '|place=[[Sobraon]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]]', 7 => '|coordinates={{coord|31|11|N|74|51|E|display=title,inline}}', 8 => '|result=Decisive British victory', 9 => '|combatant1= [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sikh Empire]]', 10 => '|combatant2= [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[East India Company]]', 11 => '|commander1=[[Tej Singh|Sardar Tej Singh]]<br>[[Lal Singh|Sardar Lal Singh]]<br>[[Sham Singh Attariwala|Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala]] {{KIA}}<br>[[Ranjodh Singh Majithia|Sardar Ranjodh Singh Majithia]] {{WIA}}', 12 => '|commander2=[[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Sir Hugh Gough]]<br>[[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]]', 13 => '|strength1=26,000<br>70 guns<ref name=Hernon567>Hernon, p.567</ref>', 14 => '|strength2=20,000<br>35 siege guns<br>30 field or light guns<ref name=Hernon567/>', 15 => '|casualties1=Unknown', 16 => '|casualties2=230 killed<br>2,063 wounded<ref name=Hernon572>Hernon, p.572</ref>', 17 => '|}}' ]
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'<div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sobraon&amp;action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Battle+of+Sobraon%22">"Battle of Sobraon"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Battle+of+Sobraon%22+-wikipedia">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Battle+of+Sobraon%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&amp;source=newspapers">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Battle+of+Sobraon%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Sobraon%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Sobraon%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2009</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r904532608">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Sobraon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shaam_Singh_Attari_leading_his_last_charge_at_the_Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Shaam Singh Attari leading his last charge at the Battle of Sobraon.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Shaam_Singh_Attari_leading_his_last_charge_at_the_Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg/300px-Shaam_Singh_Attari_leading_his_last_charge_at_the_Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="399" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwala">Sham Singh Attariwala</a> rallying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh cavalry</a> for the last stand</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>10 February 1846</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobraon" title="Sobraon">Sobraon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a></div><br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Sobraon&amp;params=31_11_N_74_51_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">74°51′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.183°N 74.850°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">31.183; 74.850</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Sobraon&amp;params=31_11_N_74_51_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">74°51′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.183°N 74.850°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">31.183; 74.850</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td> Decisive British victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Sikh Empire flag.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Sardar Tej Singh</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Sardar Lal Singh</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwala">Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala</a> &#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;Old English Text MT&#39;,serif"><b>&#8224;</b></span></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Sardar Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a> &#160;(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_Gough,_1st_Viscount_Gough" title="Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough">Sir Hugh Gough</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">Sir Henry Hardinge</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 26,000<br />70 guns<sup id="cite_ref-Hernon567_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernon567-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 20,000<br />35 siege guns<br />30 field or light guns<sup id="cite_ref-Hernon567_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernon567-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10,000 killed</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 230 killed<br />2,063 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Hernon572_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernon572-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Anglo-Sikh_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_First_Anglo%E2%80%93Sikh_War" title="Template:Campaignbox First Anglo–Sikh War"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_First_Anglo%E2%80%93Sikh_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox First Anglo–Sikh War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_First_Anglo%E2%80%93Sikh_War&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Anglo-Sikh_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War"><span class="wrap">First Anglo-Sikh War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Baddowal" title="Battle of Baddowal">Baddowal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Aliwal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Sobraon</b> was fought on 10 February 1846, between the forces of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a>, the army of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>. The Sikhs were completely defeated, making this the decisive battle of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_battle"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The battle</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Order_of_battle"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Order of battle</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#British_regiments"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">British regiments</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#British_Indian_Army_regiments"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">British Indian Army regiments</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Folklore_and_personal_accounts"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Folklore and personal accounts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Popular culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Raja_Lal_Singh,_of_First_Anglo-Sikh_War,_1846.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Raja_Lal_Singh%2C_of_First_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_1846.jpg/220px-Raja_Lal_Singh%2C_of_First_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3235" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Raja_Lal_Singh,_of_First_Anglo-Sikh_War,_1846.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Raja Lal Singh, who led Sikh forces against the British during the First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846</div></div></div> <p>The First Anglo-Sikh war began in late 1845, after a combination of increasing disorder in the Sikh empire following the death of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> in 1839 and provocations by the British East India Company led to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> invading British territory. The British had won the first two major battles of the war through a combination of luck, the steadfastness of British and Bengal units and equivocal conduct bordering on deliberate treachery by Tej Singh and Lal Singh, the commanders of the Sikh Army. </p><p>On the British side, the Governor General, Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">Henry Hardinge</a>, had been dismayed by the head-on tactics of the Bengal Army's commander-in-chief, Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_Gough,_1st_Viscount_Gough" title="Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough">Hugh Gough</a>, and was seeking to have him removed from command. However, no commander senior enough to supersede Gough could arrive from England for several months. Then the army's spirits were revived by the victory gained by Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_Harry_Smith,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet">Harry Smith</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a>, in which he eliminated a threat to the army's lines of communication, and the arrival of reinforcements including much-needed heavy artillery and two battalions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a>. </p><p>The Sikhs had been temporarily dismayed by their defeat at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a>, and had withdrawn most of their forces across the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sutlej_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej River">Sutlej River</a>. The Regent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a> who was ruling in the name of her son, the infant Maharaja <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a>, had accused 500 of her officers of cowardice, even flinging one of her garments in their faces. </p><p>The Khalsa had been reinforced from districts west of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, and now moved in strength into a bridgehead across the Sutlej at Sobraon, entrenching and fortifying their encampment. Any wavering after their earlier defeats was dispelled by the presence of the respected veteran leader, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwala">Sham Singh Attariwala</a>. Unfortunately for the Khalsa, Tej Singh and Lal Singh retained the overall direction of the Sikh armies. Also, their position at Sobraon was linked to the west, Punjabi, bank of the river by a single vulnerable pontoon bridge. Three days' continuous rain before the battle had swollen the river and threatened to carry away this bridge. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_battle">The battle</span></h2> <p>Gough had intended to attack the Sikh army as soon as Smith's division rejoined from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, but Hardinge forced him to wait until a heavy artillery train had arrived. At last, he moved forward early on 10 February. The start of the battle was delayed by heavy fog, but as it lifted, 35 British heavy guns and howitzers opened fire. The Sikh cannon replied. The bombardment went on for two hours without much effect on the Sikh defences. Gough was told that his heavy guns were running short of ammunition and is alleged to have replied, "Thank God! Then I'll be at them with the bayonet." </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Charge_of_cavalry_at_Sobraon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Charge_of_cavalry_at_Sobraon.jpg/170px-Charge_of_cavalry_at_Sobraon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="1425" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Charge_of_cavalry_at_Sobraon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The British cavalry charges the breach (illustration from a British book)</div></div></div> <p>Two British divisions under Harry Smith<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> and Major General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_Walter_Gilbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Gilbert">Sir Walter Gilbert</a> made feint attacks on the Sikh left, while another division under Major General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Henry_Dick" title="Robert Henry Dick">Robert Henry Dick</a> made the main attack on the Sikh right, where the defences were of soft sand and were lower and weaker than the rest of the line. (It is believed that Lal Singh had supplied this information to Major <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Montgomery_Lawrence" title="Henry Montgomery Lawrence">Henry Lawrence</a>, the Political Agent at Gough's headquarters.) Nevertheless, Dick's division was driven back by Sikh counter-attacks after initially gaining footholds within the Sikh lines. Dick himself was killed. As the British fell back, some frenzied Sikh soldiers attacked British wounded left in the ditch in front of the entrenchments, enraging the British soldiers. </p><p>The British, Gurkhas and Bengal regiments renewed their attacks along the entire front of the entrenchment, and broke through at several points. On the vulnerable Sikh right, engineers blew a breach in the fortifications and British cavalry and horse artillery pushed through it to engage the Sikhs in the centre of their position. Tej Singh had left the battlefield early. It is alleged in many Sikh accounts that he deliberately weakened the pontoon bridge, casting loose the boat at its centre, or that he ordered his own artillery on the west bank to fire on the bridge on the pretext of preventing British pursuit. British accounts claim that the bridge simply broke under the weight of the numbers of soldiers trying to retreat across it, having been weakened by the swollen river. Whichever account is correct, the bridge broke, trapping nearly 20,000 of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> on the east bank. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sikh_retreat_at_Sobraon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sikh_retreat_at_Sobraon.jpg/220px-Sikh_retreat_at_Sobraon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="1152" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sikh_retreat_at_Sobraon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The bridge collapses (illustration from a British book)</div></div></div> <p>None of the trapped Sikh soldiers attempted to surrender. Many detachments, including one led by Sham Singh, fought to the death. Some Sikhs rushed forward to attack the British regiments sword in hand; others tried to ford or swim the river. British horse artillery lined the bank of the river and continued to fire into the crowds in the water. By the time the firing ceased, the Sikhs had lost about 10,000 men. The British had also captured 67 guns. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2337" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sobraon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Map of the battle</div></div></div> <p>The destruction of the bridge did not delay Gough at all, if this had indeed been Tej Singh's intention. The first British units began to cross the river on the evening of the day of battle, and on 13 February, Gough's army was only 30 miles (48&#160;km) from Lahore, the capital. Although detachments of the Khalsa remained intact in outlying frontier districts of the Punjab, they could not be concentrated quickly enough to defend Lahore. </p><p>The central <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">durbar</a> of the Punjab nominated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulab_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir">Gulab Singh</a>, the effective ruler of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a>, to negotiate terms for surrender. By the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore</a>, the Sikhs ceded the valuable agricultural lands of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Bist Doab(Jullundur Doab)</a> (between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sutlej_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej River">Sutlej Rivers</a>) to the East India Company, and allowed a British Resident at Lahore with subordinates in other principal cities. These Residents and Agents would indirectly govern the Punjab, through Sikh <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardars</a>. In addition, the Sikhs were to pay an indemnity of 1.2 million pounds. Since they could not readily find this sum, Gulab Singh was allowed to acquire <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> from the Punjab by paying 750,000 pounds to the East India Company. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="British_regiments">British regiments</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Sir_Robert_Henry_Dick,_Dunkeld_Cathedral.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Memorial_to_Sir_Robert_Henry_Dick%2C_Dunkeld_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_Sir_Robert_Henry_Dick%2C_Dunkeld_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Sir_Robert_Henry_Dick,_Dunkeld_Cathedral.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Memorial to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Henry_Dick" title="Robert Henry Dick">Sir Robert Henry Dick</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dunkeld_Cathedral" title="Dunkeld Cathedral">Dunkeld Cathedral, Scotland</a></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Sir_Robert_Henry_Dick,_St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Madras.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Memorial_to_Sir_Robert_Henry_Dick%2C_St._George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Madras.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_Sir_Robert_Henry_Dick%2C_St._George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Madras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1565" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Sir_Robert_Henry_Dick,_St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Madras.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Memorial to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Henry_Dick" title="Robert Henry Dick">Sir Robert Henry Dick</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Chennai" title="St. George&#39;s Cathedral, Chennai">St. George's Cathedral, Madras</a>, depicting a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/42nd_Regiment_of_Foot" title="42nd Regiment of Foot">42nd Highlander</a> in full uniform<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/3rd_The_King%27s_Own_Hussars" title="3rd The King&#39;s Own Hussars">3rd King’s Own Light Dragoons</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/9th_Queen%27s_Royal_Lancers" title="9th Queen&#39;s Royal Lancers">9th Queen’s Royal Light Dragoons (Lancers)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/16th_The_Queen%27s_Lancers" title="16th The Queen&#39;s Lancers">16th The Queen's Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/9th_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Foot">9th Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/10th_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Foot">10th Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/29th_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Foot">29th Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/31st_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="31st Foot">31st Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/50th_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="50th Foot">50th Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/53rd_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="53rd Foot">53rd Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/80th_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="80th Foot">80th Foot</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="British_Indian_Army_regiments">British Indian Army regiments</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_General%E2%80%99s_Bodyguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General’s Bodyguard">Governor General’s Bodyguard</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/3rd_Bengal_Native_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Bengal Native Cavalry">3rd Bengal Native Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=4th_Bengal_Native_Cavalry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Bengal Native Cavalry (page does not exist)">4th Bengal Native Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=5th_Bengal_Native_Cavalry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Bengal Native Cavalry (page does not exist)">5th Bengal Native Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2nd_Bengal_Irregular_Cavalry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Bengal Irregular Cavalry (page does not exist)">2nd Bengal Irregular Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=4th_Bengal_Irregular_Cavalry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Bengal Irregular Cavalry (page does not exist)">4th Bengal Irregular Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/8th_Irregular_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Irregular Cavalry">8th Bengal Irregular Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=9th_Bengal_Irregular_Cavalry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Bengal Irregular Cavalry (page does not exist)">9th Bengal Irregular Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1st_Bengal_European_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Bengal European Regiment">1st Bengal European Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/4th_Bengal_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Bengal Native Infantry">4th Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=5th_Bengal_Native_Infantry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Bengal Native Infantry (page does not exist)">5th Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/16th_Bengal_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Bengal Native Infantry">16th Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/26th_Bengal_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Bengal Native Infantry">26th Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/31st_Bengal_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="31st Bengal Native Infantry">31st Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/4th_Prince_Albert_Victor%27s_Rajputs" title="4th Prince Albert Victor&#39;s Rajputs">33rd Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=41st_Bengal_Native_Infantry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="41st Bengal Native Infantry (page does not exist)">41st Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/42nd_Bengal_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd Bengal Native Infantry">42nd Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/43rd_Bengal_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd Bengal Native Infantry">43rd Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/47th_Bengal_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="47th Bengal Native Infantry">47th Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/59th_Bengal_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="59th Bengal Native Infantry">59th Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=62nd_Bengal_Native_Infantry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="62nd Bengal Native Infantry (page does not exist)">62nd Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=63rd_Bengal_Native_Infantry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="63rd Bengal Native Infantry (page does not exist)">63rd Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=68th_Bengal_Native_Infantry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="68th Bengal Native Infantry (page does not exist)">68th Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=73rd_Bengal_Native_Infantry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="73rd Bengal Native Infantry (page does not exist)">73rd Bengal Native Infantry</a></li> <li>Nasiri Battalion (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/1st_Gurkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Gurkha Rifles">1st Gurkha Rifles</a>)</li> <li>Sirmoor Battalion (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/2nd_Gurkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Gurkha Rifles">2nd Gurkha Rifles</a>)</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Folklore_and_personal_accounts">Folklore and personal accounts</span></h2> <p>Several years after the battle, Gough wrote, </p> <blockquote><p>"The awful slaughter, confusion and dismay were such as would have excited compassion in the hearts of their generous conquerors, if the Khalsa troops had not, in the early part of the action, sullied their gallantry by slaughtering and barbarously mangling every wounded soldier whom, in the vicissitudes of attack, the fortune of war left at their mercy."</p></blockquote> <p>After hearing of the battle, the wife of Sham Singh Attariwala <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">immolated</a> herself on a funeral pyre without waiting for news of her husband, convinced (correctly) that he would never return alive from such a defeat. </p><p>Some accounts state that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a> was present on the battlefield, and accompanied <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a> on his retreat. Other sources maintain that he commanded a large body of <i>gorchurras</i> (irregular cavalry) which was some miles away, and took no action against Gough's army although he might have attacked Gough's communications. </p><p>The friendship between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/10th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Regiment of Foot">10th Regiment of Foot</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/29th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Regiment of Foot">29th Regiment of Foot</a> was cemented here at the battle as the two regiments met in the captured trenches that had cost so many lives to take. To this day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">Officers</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergeants" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeants">Sergeants</a> of both regiments address each other as “My Dear Cousin”. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</span></h2> <p>The battle provides the climax for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_MacDonald_Fraser" title="George MacDonald Fraser">George MacDonald Fraser</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flashman_and_the_Mountain_of_Light" title="Flashman and the Mountain of Light">Flashman and the Mountain of Light</a>.</i> It is mentioned in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stalky_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalky &amp; Co">Stalky &amp; Co</a> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/9th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Regiment of Foot">9th Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/53rd_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="53rd Regiment of Foot">53rd Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1st_King_George_V%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles_(The_Malaun_Regiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st King George V&#39;s Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)">1st King George V's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2nd_King_Edward_VII%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles_(The_Sirmoor_Rifles)" title="2nd King Edward VII&#39;s Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)">2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/101st_Grenadiers" title="101st Grenadiers">101st Grenadiers</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jat_Regiment" title="Jat Regiment">Jat Regiment</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hernon567-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hernon567_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hernon567_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hernon, p.567</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hernon572-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hernon572_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hernon, p.572</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Sir Harry. ‘’The Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith Baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej.’’ Publisher: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1903 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/57094/57094-h/57094-h.htm">[1]</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotton-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCotton1945" class="citation book">Cotton, Julian James (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ListOfInscriptionsOnTombsMonumentsMadrasVol1Cotton/List%20Of%20Inscriptions%20On%20Tombs%20&amp;%20Monuments%20Madras%20Vol%201%20%28Cotton%29_djvu.txt"><i>List Of Inscriptions On Tombs &amp; Monuments in Madras Vol 1</i></a>. Madras, British India: Government Press. p.&#160;488<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=List+Of+Inscriptions+On+Tombs+%26+Monuments+in+Madras+Vol+1&amp;rft.place=Madras%2C+British+India&amp;rft.pages=488&amp;rft.pub=Government+Press&amp;rft.date=1945&amp;rft.aulast=Cotton&amp;rft.aufirst=Julian+James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FListOfInscriptionsOnTombsMonumentsMadrasVol1Cotton%2FList%2520Of%2520Inscriptions%2520On%2520Tombs%2520%26%2520Monuments%2520Madras%2520Vol%25201%2520%2528Cotton%2529_djvu.txt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sobraon" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span></h2> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHernon2003" class="citation book"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ian_Hernon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Hernon (page does not exist)">Hernon, Ian</a> (2003). <i>Britain's forgotten wars</i>. Sutton. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3162-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3162-0"><bdi>0-7509-3162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Britain%27s+forgotten+wars&amp;rft.pub=Sutton&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-7509-3162-0&amp;rft.aulast=Hernon&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sobraon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sobraon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sobraon">Sobraon</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-History/Historical-Sikh-Events-The-First-Anglo-Sikh-War-6.html">allaboutsikhs.com</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link since October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225063633/http://www.britishbattles.com/first-sikh-war/sobraon.htm">BritishBattles.com</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View 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navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Multan" title="Siege of Multan">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> '
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1591635548
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseFilter/examine/log/26952393"