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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Organizations that ensure public safety and health by addressing different emergencies}}
[[File:Emergency Telephone in NYC.JPG|thumb|upright|Emergency telephone
in [[New York City]]]]
[[File:One of the LFB's New Appliances.png|thumb|right| Fire Engine in London]]
There are four primary emergency services that can be summoned directly by the public:
* [[Police]] — [[law enforcement]], [[criminal investigation]], and maintenance of public order.
* [[Fire department|Fire]] — [[firefighting]], [[Dangerous goods|hazardous materials response]], and [[technical rescue]].
* [[Emergency medical services|EMS]] — [[emergency medical services]] and [[technical rescue]]
* [[Coastguard]] — [[Search and Rescue]] and [[technical rescue]]
Emergency services have one or more dedicated [[emergency telephone number]]s reserved for critical emergency calls. In some countries, one number is used for all the emergency services (e.g. [[9-1-1|911]] in the Americas, [[999 (emergency telephone number)|999]] in the UK, [[112 (emergency telephone number)|112]] in continental Europe). In some countries, each emergency service has its own emergency number.
==Specialized emergency services==
These services can be provided by one of the core services or by a separate government or private body.
* [[Emergency management]] — incident management and coordination.
* [[SWAT|Tactical teams (e.g. SWAT)]] — hostage rescue and counter-terrorism operations and high-risk arrests.
* [[Bomb Squad|Hazardous Devices Team/Public Safety Bomb Disposal]]
* Public Safety Dive Teams/Maritime Units
* Canine Units — drug detection, explosive detection, cadaver detection, arson and accelerant detection, search and rescue, evidence search, suspect apprehension, and handler protection.
* Aviation Units — law enforcement, firefighting, emergency medical services and technical rescue, and emergency management functions.
* Fire fighting Units
* [[Dangerous goods|Hazardous Materials]] — hazardous materials mitigation
* [[Search and Rescue]]
* [[Mountain rescue]]
* [[Cave rescue]]
* [[Coastguard]] responds to emergencies on the ocean and in large bodies of water, also providing law enforcement
*[[Wildfire suppression|Wildland firefighting]]
*[[Military]]
*[[Incident response team]]
*[[Corrections]] Officers that work at prisons and jails enforcing prison rules, and working with prisoners.
*[[Community services]]
==Other emergency services==
[[File:Emergency vehicles on the scene of a severe multi car accident.jpg|thumb|Multiple emergency services work together on the scene of a severe multi-vehicle accident in [[Vaughan|Vaughan, Ontario]]]]
These groups and organizations respond to emergencies and provide other safety-related services either as a part of their on-the-job duties, as part of the main mission of their business or concern, or as part of their hobbies.
* [[Public utilities]] — safeguarding gas, electricity and water, which are all potentially hazardous if infrastructure fails
* [[Public Works]] — assessing and repairing damage to buildings, roads, and bridges; clearing, removing, and disposing of debris from public spaces; restoring utility services; and managing emergency traffic.
* [[Emergency road service]] — provide repair or recovery for disabled or crashed vehicles
* Civilian Traffic Officers — such as operated by the [[Highways Agency]] in the UK to facilitate clearup and [[traffic flow]] at road traffic collisions
* [[Emergency social services]]
* [[Community emergency response team]]s — help organize facilities such as rest centers during large emergencies
* [[Disaster relief]] — such as services provided by the [[Red Cross]] and [[Salvation Army]]
* [[Famine relief]] teams
* [[Tow truck]] Tows damaged vehicles away from scenes and responds to broken down vehicles and wrecks.
* [[Amateur radio]] communications groups — provide communications support during emergencies
* [[Poison control center|Poison Control]] — providing specialist support for poisoning
* [[Animal control officer|Animal control]] — can assist or lead response to emergencies involving animals
* Voluntary medical services — medical & [[first aid]] support. Providers of these services include: [[St. John Ambulance]] / [[Red Cross]] / [[Order of Malta Ambulance Corps]].
* Insurance damage: fixes flooded and fire damaged buildings.
* Tri- service: these units respond to police, medical and fire incidents.
* National Guard- Division of the military working with the homeland
* [[Coroner]] responds to incidents with death and investigates corpses
* [[Zookeepers]]
==Location-specific emergency services==
Some locations have emergency services dedicated to them, and whilst this does not necessarily preclude employees using their skills outside this area (or be used to support other emergency services outside their area), they are primarily focused on the safety or security of a given geographical place.
* [[Lifeguard]]s — charged with reacting to emergencies within their own given remit area, usually a pool, beach or open water area
* [[Park ranger]]s — looking after many emergencies within their given area, including fire, medical and security issues
* [[Ski patrol]] — provides emergency medical care and rescue services within their area, such as a [[ski resort]] or backcountry.
* [[Security guard]]s — protect assets (property, people, etc.) from hazards and enforce security procedures.
*First aid or medic — respond to medical issues and may be hired for businesses or events
==Cooperation==
[[File:May 14, 2014 – Casper, WY (14364932287).jpg|thumb|[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] staff coordinate with local agencies in 2014 environmental disaster simulation]]
Effective emergency service management requires agencies from many different services to work closely together and to have open lines of communication. Most services do, or should, have procedures and liaisons in place to ensure this, although absence of these can be severely detrimental to good working. There can sometimes be tension between services for a number of other reasons, including professional versus voluntary crew members, or simply based on area or division.
To aid effective communications, different services may share common practices and protocol for certain large-scale emergencies. In the UK, commonly used shared protocols include [[CHALET]] and [[ETHANE]] while in the US, the [[Department of Homeland Security]] has called for nationwide implementation of the [[National Incident Management System]] (NIMS),<ref>[http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/AboutNIMS.shtm Federal Emergency Management System: About NIMS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925083514/http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/AboutNIMS.shtm |date=2011-09-25 }}</ref> of which the [[Incident Command System]] (ICS) is a part.<ref>[http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/IncidentCommandSystem.shtm Federal Emergency Management System: Incident Command System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923180917/http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/IncidentCommandSystem.shtm |date=2011-09-23 }}</ref>
=== Disaster response technologies ===
Smart Emergency Response System (SERS)<ref>Smart Emergency Response System [http://smartamerica.org/teams/smart-emergency-response-system-sers/], team website.</ref> prototype was built in the SmartAmerica Challenge 2013-2014,<ref>SmartAmerica Challenge [http://smartamerica.org/], website.</ref> a United States government initiative. SERS was created by a team of nine organizations. The project was featured at the White House in June 2014 and called an exemplary achievement by Todd Park (U.S. Chief Technology Officer).
The SmartAmerica initiative challenges the participants to build cyber-physical systems as a glimpse of the future to save lives, create jobs, foster businesses, and improve the economy. SERS primarily saves lives. The system provides the survivors and the emergency personnel with information to locate and assist each other during a disaster. SERS allows organization to submit help requests to a MATLAB-based mission center connecting first responders, apps, search-and-rescue dogs, a 6-feet-tall humanoid, robots, drones, and autonomous aircraft and ground vehicles. The command and control center optimizes the available resources to serve every incoming requests and generates an action plan for the mission. The Wi-Fi network is created on the fly by the drones equipped with antennas. In addition, the autonomous rotorcrafts, planes, and ground vehicles are simulated with Simulink and visualized in a 3D environment (Google Earth) to unlock the ability to observe the operations on a mass scale.<ref>Video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oofHMaEWwP8] Smart Emergency Response System</ref>
==Response time==
[[File:Toronto Fire responding.webm|thumb|Response time is essential to emergency services. Here, a [[Toronto Fire]] truck speeds to a call]]
A common measurement in [[benchmarking]] the efficacy of emergency services is response time, the amount of time that it takes for emergency responders to arrive at the scene of an incident after the emergency response system was activated. Due to the nature of emergencies, fast response times are often a crucial component of the emergency service system.<ref name="6 minutes">{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Robert|title=The price of just a few seconds lost: People die|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/ems-day2-cover.htm|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=5 February 2013|date=20 May 2005}}</ref>
==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Civil Air Patrol]]
* [[Civil defense]]
* [[Common Alerting Protocol]]
* [[Emergency management]]
* [[Emergency service response codes]]
* [[Incident response team]]
* [[Public safety]]
* [[Rescue squad]]
{{colend}}
==Sources==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Emergency Service}}
[[Category:Emergency services| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Organizations that ensure public safety and health by addressing different emergencies}}
[[File:Emergency Telephone in NYC.JPG|thumb|upright|Emergency telephone
in [[New York City]]]]
[[File:One of the LFB's New Appliakjbgh vn s.png|thumb|right| Fire Engine in London]]
There are four primary emergency services that can be summoned directly by the public:
* [[Police]] — [[law enforcement]], [[criminal investigation]], and maintenance of public order.
* [[Fire department|Fire]] — [[firefighting]], [[Dangerous goods|hazardous materials response]], and [[technical rescue]].
* [[Emergency medical services|EMS]] — [[emergency medical services]] and [[technical rescue]]
* [[Coastguard]] — [[Search and Rescue]] and [[technical rescue]]
Emergency services have one or more dedicated [[emergency telephone number]]s reserved for critical emergency calls. In some countries, one number is used for all the emergency services (e.g. [[9-1-1|911]] in the Americas, [[999 (emergency telephone number)|999]] in the UK, [[112 (emergency telephone number)|112]] in continental Europe). In some countries, each emergency service has its own emergency number.
==Specialized emergency services==
These services can be provided by one of the core services or by a separate government or private body.
* [[Emergency management]] — incident management and coordination.
* [[SWAT|Tactical teams (e.g. SWAT)]] — hostage rescue and counter-terrorism operations and high-risk arrests.
* [[Bomb Squad|Hazardous Devices Team/Public Safety Bomb Disposal]]
* Public Safety Dive Teams/Maritime Units
* Canine Units — drug detection, explosive detection, cadaver detection, arson and accelerant detection, search and rescue, evidence search, suspect apprehension, and handler protection.
* Aviation Units — law enforcement, firefighting, emergency medical services and technical rescue, and emergency management functions.
* Fire fighting Units
* [[Dangerous goods|Hazardous Materials]] — hazardous materials mitigation
* [[Search and Rescue]]
* [[Mountain rescue]]
* [[Cave rescue]]
* [[Coastguard]] responds to emergencies on the ocean and in large bodies of water, also providing law enforcement
*[[Wildfire suppression|Wildland firefighting]]
*[[Military]]
*[[Incident response team]]
*[[Corrections]] Officers that work at prisons and jails enforcing prison rules, and working with prisoners.
*[[Community services]]
==Other emergency services==
[[File:Emergency vehicles on the scene of a severe multi car accident.jpg|thumb|Multiple emergency services work together on the scene of a severe multi-vehicle accident in [[Vaughan|Vaughan, Ontario]]]]
These groups and organizations respond to emergencies and provide other safety-related services either as a part of their on-the-job duties, as part of the main mission of their business or concern, or as part of their hobbies.
* [[Public utilities]] — safeguarding gas, electricity and water, which are all potentially hazardous if infrastructure fails
* [[Public Works]] — assessing and repairing damage to buildings, roads, and bridges; clearing, removing, and disposing of debris from public spaces; restoring utility services; and managing emergency traffic.
* [[Emergency road service]] — provide repair or recovery for disabled or crashed vehicles
* Civilian Traffic Officers — such as operated by the [[Highways Agency]] in the UK to facilitate clearup and [[traffic flow]] at road traffic collisions
* [[Emergency social services]]
* [[Community emergency response team]]s — help organize facilities such as rest centers during large emergencies
* [[Disaster relief]] — such as services provided by the [[Red Cross]] and [[Salvation Army]]
* [[Famine relief]] teams
* [[Tow truck]] Tows damaged vehicles away from scenes and responds to broken down vehicles and wrecks.
* [[Amateur radio]] communications groups — provide communications support during emergencies
* [[Poison control center|Poison Control]] — providing specialist support for poisoning
* [[Animal control officer|Animal control]] — can assist or lead response to emergencies involving animals
* Voluntary medical services — medical & [[first aid]] support. Providers of these services include: [[St. John Ambulance]] / [[Red Cross]] / [[Order of Malta Ambulance Corps]].
* Insurance damage: fixes flooded and fire damaged buildings.
* Tri- service: these units respond to police, medical and fire incidents.
* National Guard- Division of the military working with the homeland
* [[Coroner]] responds to incidents with death and investigates corpses
* [[Zookeepers]]
==Location-specific emergency services==
Some locations have emergency services dedicated to them, and whilst this does not necessarily preclude employees using their skills outside this area (or be used to support other emergency services outside their area), they are primarily focused on the safety or security of a given geographical place.
* [[Lifeguard]]s — charged with reacting to emergencies within their own given remit area, usually a pool, beach or open water area
* [[Park ranger]]s — looking after many emergencies within their given area, including fire, medical and security issues
* [[Ski patrol]] — provides emergency medical care and rescue services within their area, such as a [[ski resort]] or backcountry.
* [[Security guard]]s — protect assets (property, people, etc.) from hazards and enforce security procedures.
*First aid or medic — respond to medical issues and may be hired for businesses or events
==Cooperation==
[[File:May 14, 2014 – Casper, WY (14364932287).jpg|thumb|[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] staff coordinate with local agencies in 2014 environmental disaster simulation]]
Effective emergency service management requires agencies from many different services to work closely together and to have open lines of communication. Most services do, or should, have procedures and liaisons in place to ensure this, although absence of these can be severely detrimental to good working. There can sometimes be tension between services for a number of other reasons, including professional versus voluntary crew members, or simply based on area or division.
To aid effective communications, different services may share common practices and protocol for certain large-scale emergencies. In the UK, commonly used shared protocols include [[CHALET]] and [[ETHANE]] while in the US, the [[Department of Homeland Security]] has called for nationwide implementation of the [[National Incident Management System]] (NIMS),<ref>[http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/AboutNIMS.shtm Federal Emergency Management System: About NIMS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925083514/http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/AboutNIMS.shtm |date=2011-09-25 }}</ref> of which the [[Incident Command System]] (ICS) is a part.<ref>[http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/IncidentCommandSystem.shtm Federal Emergency Management System: Incident Command System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923180917/http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/IncidentCommandSystem.shtm |date=2011-09-23 }}</ref>
=== Disaster response technologies ===
Smart Emergency Response System (SERS)<ref>Smart Emergency Response System [http://smartamerica.org/teams/smart-emergency-response-system-sers/], team website.</ref> prototype was built in the SmartAmerica Challenge 2013-2014,<ref>SmartAmerica Challenge [http://smartamerica.org/], website.</ref> a United States government initiative. SERS was created by a team of nine organizations. The project was featured at the White House in June 2014 and called an exemplary achievement by Todd Park (U.S. Chief Technology Officer).
The SmartAmerica initiative challenges the participants to build cyber-physical systems as a glimpse of the future to save lives, create jobs, foster businesses, and improve the economy. SERS primarily saves lives. The system provides the survivors and the emergency personnel with information to locate and assist each other during a disaster. SERS allows organization to submit help requests to a MATLAB-based mission center connecting first responders, apps, search-and-rescue dogs, a 6-feet-tall humanoid, robots, drones, and autonomous aircraft and ground vehicles. The command and control center optimizes the available resources to serve every incoming requests and generates an action plan for the mission. The Wi-Fi network is created on the fly by the drones equipped with antennas. In addition, the autonomous rotorcrafts, planes, and ground vehicles are simulated with Simulink and visualized in a 3D environment (Google Earth) to unlock the ability to observe the operations on a mass scale.<ref>Video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oofHMaEWwP8] Smart Emergency Response System</ref>
==Response time==
[[File:Toronto Fire responding.webm|thumb|Response time is essential to emergency services. Here, a [[Toronto Fire]] truck speeds to a call]]
A common measurement in [[benchmarking]] the efficacy of emergency services is response time, the amount of time that it takes for emergency responders to arrive at the scene of an incident after the emergency response system was activated. Due to the nature of emergencies, fast response times are often a crucial component of the emergency service system.<ref name="6 minutes">{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Robert|title=The price of just a few seconds lost: People die|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/ems-day2-cover.htm|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=5 February 2013|date=20 May 2005}}</ref>
==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Civil Air Patrol]]
* [[Civil defense]]
* [[Common Alertmjnggvgbfb tnvhbvhbbbbb gvcbvnfbning Protocol]]
* [[Emergency management]]
* [[Emergency service response codes]]
* [[Incident response team]]
* [[Public safety]]
* [[Rescue squad]]
{{colend}}
==Sources==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Emergency Service}}
[[Category:Emergency services| ]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
[[File:Emergency Telephone in NYC.JPG|thumb|upright|Emergency telephone
in [[New York City]]]]
-[[File:One of the LFB's New Appliances.png|thumb|right| Fire Engine in London]]
+[[File:One of the LFB's New Appliakjbgh vn s.png|thumb|right| Fire Engine in London]]
There are four primary emergency services that can be summoned directly by the public:
* [[Police]] — [[law enforcement]], [[criminal investigation]], and maintenance of public order.
@@ -83,5 +83,5 @@
* [[Civil Air Patrol]]
* [[Civil defense]]
-* [[Common Alerting Protocol]]
+* [[Common Alertmjnggvgbfb tnvhbvhbbbbb gvcbvnfbning Protocol]]
* [[Emergency management]]
* [[Emergency service response codes]]
' |
New page size (new_size) | 10117 |
Old page size (old_size) | 10078 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 39 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '[[File:One of the LFB's New Appliakjbgh vn s.png|thumb|right| Fire Engine in London]]',
1 => '* [[Common Alertmjnggvgbfb tnvhbvhbbbbb gvcbvnfbning Protocol]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '[[File:One of the LFB's New Appliances.png|thumb|right| Fire Engine in London]]',
1 => '* [[Common Alerting Protocol]]'
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All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/AboutNIMS.shtm',
1 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110925083514/http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/AboutNIMS.shtm',
2 => 'http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/IncidentCommandSystem.shtm',
3 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110923180917/http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/IncidentCommandSystem.shtm',
4 => 'http://smartamerica.org/teams/smart-emergency-response-system-sers/',
5 => 'http://smartamerica.org/',
6 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oofHMaEWwP8',
7 => 'http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/ems-day2-cover.htm'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://smartamerica.org/',
1 => 'http://smartamerica.org/teams/smart-emergency-response-system-sers/',
2 => 'http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/ems-day2-cover.htm',
3 => 'http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/AboutNIMS.shtm',
4 => 'http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/IncidentCommandSystem.shtm',
5 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110923180917/http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/IncidentCommandSystem.shtm',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110925083514/http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/AboutNIMS.shtm',
7 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oofHMaEWwP8'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organizations that ensure public safety and health by addressing different emergencies</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Emergency_Telephone_in_NYC.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emergency_Telephone_in_NYC.JPG/170px-Emergency_Telephone_in_NYC.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emergency_Telephone_in_NYC.JPG/255px-Emergency_Telephone_in_NYC.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emergency_Telephone_in_NYC.JPG/340px-Emergency_Telephone_in_NYC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Emergency_Telephone_in_NYC.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Emergency telephone in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=One_of_the_LFB%27s_New_Appliakjbgh_vn_s.png" class="new" title="File:One of the LFB's New Appliakjbgh vn s.png">File:One of the LFB's New Appliakjbgh vn s.png</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Fire Engine in London</div></div></div>
<p>There are four primary emergency services that can be summoned directly by the public:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a> — <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">criminal investigation</a>, and maintenance of public order.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire</a> — <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">hazardous materials response</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technical_rescue" title="Technical rescue">technical rescue</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">EMS</a> — <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technical_rescue" title="Technical rescue">technical rescue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastguard">Coastguard</a> — <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Search_and_Rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Search and Rescue">Search and Rescue</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technical_rescue" title="Technical rescue">technical rescue</a></li></ul>
<p>Emergency services have one or more dedicated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency telephone numbers</a> reserved for critical emergency calls. In some countries, one number is used for all the emergency services (e.g. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/9-1-1" title="9-1-1">911</a> in the Americas, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/999_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="999 (emergency telephone number)">999</a> in the UK, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/112_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="112 (emergency telephone number)">112</a> in continental Europe). In some countries, each emergency service has its own emergency number.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Specialized_emergency_services"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Specialized emergency services</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Other_emergency_services"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Other emergency services</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Location-specific_emergency_services"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Location-specific emergency services</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Cooperation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cooperation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Disaster_response_technologies"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Disaster response technologies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Response_time"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Response time</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Specialized_emergency_services">Specialized emergency services</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emergency_service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Specialized emergency services">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>These services can be provided by one of the core services or by a separate government or private body.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">Emergency management</a> — incident management and coordination.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">Tactical teams (e.g. SWAT)</a> — hostage rescue and counter-terrorism operations and high-risk arrests.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bomb_Squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb Squad">Hazardous Devices Team/Public Safety Bomb Disposal</a></li>
<li>Public Safety Dive Teams/Maritime Units</li>
<li>Canine Units — drug detection, explosive detection, cadaver detection, arson and accelerant detection, search and rescue, evidence search, suspect apprehension, and handler protection.</li>
<li>Aviation Units — law enforcement, firefighting, emergency medical services and technical rescue, and emergency management functions.</li>
<li>Fire fighting Units</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">Hazardous Materials</a> — hazardous materials mitigation</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Search_and_Rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Search and Rescue">Search and Rescue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_rescue" title="Mountain rescue">Mountain rescue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cave_rescue" title="Cave rescue">Cave rescue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastguard">Coastguard</a> responds to emergencies on the ocean and in large bodies of water, also providing law enforcement</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">Wildland firefighting</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incident_response_team" title="Incident response team">Incident response team</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corrections" title="Corrections">Corrections</a> Officers that work at prisons and jails enforcing prison rules, and working with prisoners.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Community services">Community services</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_emergency_services">Other emergency services</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emergency_service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other emergency services">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Emergency_vehicles_on_the_scene_of_a_severe_multi_car_accident.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Emergency_vehicles_on_the_scene_of_a_severe_multi_car_accident.jpg/220px-Emergency_vehicles_on_the_scene_of_a_severe_multi_car_accident.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Emergency_vehicles_on_the_scene_of_a_severe_multi_car_accident.jpg/330px-Emergency_vehicles_on_the_scene_of_a_severe_multi_car_accident.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Emergency_vehicles_on_the_scene_of_a_severe_multi_car_accident.jpg/440px-Emergency_vehicles_on_the_scene_of_a_severe_multi_car_accident.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Emergency_vehicles_on_the_scene_of_a_severe_multi_car_accident.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Multiple emergency services work together on the scene of a severe multi-vehicle accident in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaughan" title="Vaughan">Vaughan, Ontario</a></div></div></div>
<p>These groups and organizations respond to emergencies and provide other safety-related services either as a part of their on-the-job duties, as part of the main mission of their business or concern, or as part of their hobbies.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Public utilities">Public utilities</a> — safeguarding gas, electricity and water, which are all potentially hazardous if infrastructure fails</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Works">Public Works</a> — assessing and repairing damage to buildings, roads, and bridges; clearing, removing, and disposing of debris from public spaces; restoring utility services; and managing emergency traffic.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_road_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency road service">Emergency road service</a> — provide repair or recovery for disabled or crashed vehicles</li>
<li>Civilian Traffic Officers — such as operated by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highways_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways Agency">Highways Agency</a> in the UK to facilitate clearup and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traffic_flow" title="Traffic flow">traffic flow</a> at road traffic collisions</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_social_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency social services">Emergency social services</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_emergency_response_team" title="Community emergency response team">Community emergency response teams</a> — help organize facilities such as rest centers during large emergencies</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disaster_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster relief">Disaster relief</a> — such as services provided by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Famine_relief" title="Famine relief">Famine relief</a> teams</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a> Tows damaged vehicles away from scenes and responds to broken down vehicles and wrecks.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a> communications groups — provide communications support during emergencies</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poison_control_center" title="Poison control center">Poison Control</a> — providing specialist support for poisoning</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_control_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal control officer">Animal control</a> — can assist or lead response to emergencies involving animals</li>
<li>Voluntary medical services — medical & <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a> support. Providers of these services include: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._John_Ambulance" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Ambulance">St. John Ambulance</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_Malta_Ambulance_Corps" title="Order of Malta Ambulance Corps">Order of Malta Ambulance Corps</a>.</li>
<li>Insurance damage: fixes flooded and fire damaged buildings.</li>
<li>Tri- service: these units respond to police, medical and fire incidents.</li>
<li>National Guard- Division of the military working with the homeland</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a> responds to incidents with death and investigates corpses</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zookeepers" class="mw-redirect" title="Zookeepers">Zookeepers</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Location-specific_emergency_services">Location-specific emergency services</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emergency_service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Location-specific emergency services">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Some locations have emergency services dedicated to them, and whilst this does not necessarily preclude employees using their skills outside this area (or be used to support other emergency services outside their area), they are primarily focused on the safety or security of a given geographical place.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lifeguard" title="Lifeguard">Lifeguards</a> — charged with reacting to emergencies within their own given remit area, usually a pool, beach or open water area</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Park rangers</a> — looking after many emergencies within their given area, including fire, medical and security issues</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ski_patrol" title="Ski patrol">Ski patrol</a> — provides emergency medical care and rescue services within their area, such as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">ski resort</a> or backcountry.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">Security guards</a> — protect assets (property, people, etc.) from hazards and enforce security procedures.</li>
<li>First aid or medic — respond to medical issues and may be hired for businesses or events</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cooperation">Cooperation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emergency_service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cooperation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:May_14,_2014_%E2%80%93_Casper,_WY_(14364932287).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/May_14%2C_2014_%E2%80%93_Casper%2C_WY_%2814364932287%29.jpg/220px-May_14%2C_2014_%E2%80%93_Casper%2C_WY_%2814364932287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/May_14%2C_2014_%E2%80%93_Casper%2C_WY_%2814364932287%29.jpg/330px-May_14%2C_2014_%E2%80%93_Casper%2C_WY_%2814364932287%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/May_14%2C_2014_%E2%80%93_Casper%2C_WY_%2814364932287%29.jpg/440px-May_14%2C_2014_%E2%80%93_Casper%2C_WY_%2814364932287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:May_14,_2014_%E2%80%93_Casper,_WY_(14364932287).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> staff coordinate with local agencies in 2014 environmental disaster simulation</div></div></div>
<p>Effective emergency service management requires agencies from many different services to work closely together and to have open lines of communication. Most services do, or should, have procedures and liaisons in place to ensure this, although absence of these can be severely detrimental to good working. There can sometimes be tension between services for a number of other reasons, including professional versus voluntary crew members, or simply based on area or division.
To aid effective communications, different services may share common practices and protocol for certain large-scale emergencies. In the UK, commonly used shared protocols include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CHALET" title="CHALET">CHALET</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ETHANE" title="ETHANE">ETHANE</a> while in the US, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> has called for nationwide implementation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Incident_Management_System" title="National Incident Management System">National Incident Management System</a> (NIMS),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> of which the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incident_Command_System" title="Incident Command System">Incident Command System</a> (ICS) is a part.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Disaster_response_technologies">Disaster response technologies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emergency_service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disaster response technologies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Smart Emergency Response System (SERS)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> prototype was built in the SmartAmerica Challenge 2013-2014,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> a United States government initiative. SERS was created by a team of nine organizations. The project was featured at the White House in June 2014 and called an exemplary achievement by Todd Park (U.S. Chief Technology Officer).
</p><p>The SmartAmerica initiative challenges the participants to build cyber-physical systems as a glimpse of the future to save lives, create jobs, foster businesses, and improve the economy. SERS primarily saves lives. The system provides the survivors and the emergency personnel with information to locate and assist each other during a disaster. SERS allows organization to submit help requests to a MATLAB-based mission center connecting first responders, apps, search-and-rescue dogs, a 6-feet-tall humanoid, robots, drones, and autonomous aircraft and ground vehicles. The command and control center optimizes the available resources to serve every incoming requests and generates an action plan for the mission. The Wi-Fi network is created on the fly by the drones equipped with antennas. In addition, the autonomous rotorcrafts, planes, and ground vehicles are simulated with Simulink and visualized in a 3D environment (Google Earth) to unlock the ability to observe the operations on a mass scale.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Response_time">Response time</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emergency_service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Response time">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/854px--Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="9.807" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Toronto_Fire_responding.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="944144" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1325432" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Original WebM file, 1,280 × 720 (1.58 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1583818" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1783920" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2570296" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="204432" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="220904" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="277312" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="323152" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="396120" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="559384" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="698728" data-framerate="29.97"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Toronto Fire responding.webm" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm/220px--Toronto_Fire_responding.webm.jpg" /><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Toronto_Fire_responding.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Toronto_Fire_responding.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Response time is essential to emergency services. Here, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toronto_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto Fire">Toronto Fire</a> truck speeds to a call</div></div></div>
<p>A common measurement in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benchmarking" title="Benchmarking">benchmarking</a> the efficacy of emergency services is response time, the amount of time that it takes for emergency responders to arrive at the scene of an incident after the emergency response system was activated. Due to the nature of emergencies, fast response times are often a crucial component of the emergency service system.<sup id="cite_ref-6_minutes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6_minutes-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emergency_service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Common_Alertmjnggvgbfb_tnvhbvhbbbbb_gvcbvnfbning_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Common Alertmjnggvgbfb tnvhbvhbbbbb gvcbvnfbning Protocol (page does not exist)">Common Alertmjnggvgbfb tnvhbvhbbbbb gvcbvnfbning Protocol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">Emergency management</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_service_response_codes" title="Emergency service response codes">Emergency service response codes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incident_response_team" title="Incident response team">Incident response team</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety">Public safety</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rescue_squad" title="Rescue squad">Rescue squad</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emergency_service&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/AboutNIMS.shtm">Federal Emergency Management System: About NIMS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925083514/http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/AboutNIMS.shtm">Archived</a> 2011-09-25 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/IncidentCommandSystem.shtm">Federal Emergency Management System: Incident Command System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110923180917/http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/IncidentCommandSystem.shtm">Archived</a> 2011-09-23 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smart Emergency Response System <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://smartamerica.org/teams/smart-emergency-response-system-sers/">[1]</a>, team website.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SmartAmerica Challenge <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://smartamerica.org/">[2]</a>, website.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Video <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oofHMaEWwP8">[3]</a> Smart Emergency Response System</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6_minutes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6_minutes_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2005" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Robert (20 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/ems-day2-cover.htm">"The price of just a few seconds lost: People die"</a>. USA Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+price+of+just+a+few+seconds+lost%3A+People+die&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft.date=2005-05-20&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fems-day2-cover.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+service" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1596685294 |