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| name = Invasion of the Body Snatchers
| image = invasion_of_the_body_snatchers_movie_poster_1978.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster by [[Bill Gold]]
| director = [[Philip Kaufman]]
| screenplay = [[W. D. Richter]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Body Snatchers]]''|[[Jack Finney]]}}
| producer = Robert H. Solo
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Donald Sutherland]]|[[Brooke Adams (actress)|Brooke Adams]]|[[Leonard Nimoy]]|[[Jeff Goldblum]]|[[Veronica Cartwright]]}}
| music = [[Denny Zeitlin]]
| cinematography = [[Michael Chapman (cinematographer)|Michael Chapman]]
| editing = [[Douglas Stewart (film editor)|Douglas Stewart]]
| studio = Solofilm
| distributor = [[United Artists]]
| released = {{Film date|1978|12|22}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = {{US$|3.5 million}}<ref>{{IMDB title |id=0077745 |title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) }}</ref>
| gross = {{US$|24.9 million}} <small>(North America)</small><ref name=bom/>
}}
'''''Invasion of the Body Snatchers''''' is a 1978 American [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[horror film]]<ref>{{AllMovie title|id=25289|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)|tab=}}</ref> directed by [[Philip Kaufman]] and starring [[Donald Sutherland]], [[Brooke Adams (actress)|Brooke Adams]], [[Veronica Cartwright]], [[Jeff Goldblum]] and [[Leonard Nimoy]]. Released on December 22, 1978, it is a [[remake]] of [[Invasion of the Body Snatchers|the 1956 film of the same name]], which is based on the 1955 novel ''[[The Body Snatchers]]'' by [[Jack Finney]]. The plot involves a San Francisco health inspector and his colleague who discover that humans are being replaced by alien duplicates; each is a perfect copy of the person replaced, only devoid of human emotion.
Released in the United States over the Christmas weekend 1978, ''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' grossed nearly $25 million at the American box office. It initially received varied reviews from critics, though its critical reception has significantly improved in subsequent years, receiving a 93% on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] and also being hailed as one of the greatest remakes ever as well as one of the best science-fiction horror films of all time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1010679_invasion_of_the_body_snatchers|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango (company)|Fandango]]|access-date=May 11, 2019}}</ref>
==Plot==
A race of [[gelatin]]ous [[Extraterrestrial life|creatures]], having abandoned their dying planet and traveled to Earth, land in San Francisco. They take the form of small pods with pink flowers. Elizabeth Driscoll, a laboratory scientist at the San Francisco Health Department, brings one of the flowers to her home. Leaving it at her bedside, she awakens the next morning to discover her boyfriend, Geoffrey Howell, acting cold and distant.
While at first disbelieving, Driscoll's colleague, Matthew Bennell, advises her to visit psychiatrist David Kibner, who is giving a presentation of his new book. As Elizabeth and Matthew drive to the presentation, a hysterical civilian warns them of danger before being killed in a [[hit and run]] accident, with his body being observed by emotionless onlookers. At the bookstore, Elizabeth asks Kibner for help regarding Geoffrey, but he theorizes that Elizabeth is using the belief that Geoffrey is behaving differently as an excuse to interrupt their relationship. Despite other people complaining of similar scenarios in the building, she takes his advice. Meanwhile, Jack Bellicec, an aspiring writer and friend of Matthew, calls Matthew to investigate when a deformed body resembling Jack is found in his wife Nancy's [[bathhouse|mud parlor]]. Sensing danger with these odd occurrences, Matthew goes to Elizabeth to warn her, and discovers a semi-formed duplicate of her in her bedroom after breaking into her house.
The following night, Matthew and his friends are nearly duplicated as they sleep. Matthew calls the police, but realizes that the department has been duplicated. They have also begun tracking him through the phone lines, alerting others to the group's location. Matthew destroys their semi-formed duplicates before escaping with the others. The "Pods" – extraterrestrials who take the forms of humans and kill the originals in their sleep – set off in close pursuit of Matthew's group. The Pods emit a shrill scream when they discover a human being among them, drawing a growing crowd. Cornered at a dead end road, Jack and Nancy break away and create a distraction, allowing Matthew and Elizabeth to hide and eventually escape back into the city. There, the pair takes refuge in the health department, where they each ingest a large dose of [[amphetamine|Speed]], keeping them awake for several more hours. Again tracked through the phone lines, they are soon captured by Jack and Kibner, who were previously duplicated. Matthew and Elizabeth are both injected with sedatives whilst being informed of the aliens' intentions for survivability, though their previous dose of Speed enables them to escape and kill Jack’s duplicate whilst locking Kibner in a refrigerated room.
Matthew and Elizabeth reunite with Nancy, who has learnt to evade the Pods by hiding her emotions. The two follow her example, but their cover is blown when Elizabeth screams at the sight of a [[mutant]] dog with a human head. They separate from Nancy amid the chaos and quickly board a truck delivering the plants to [[Pier 70, San Francisco|Pier 70]], where the Pods are growing them and intending to ship them overseas to other widely populated cities. While Matthew scouts the area in an attempt to flee aboard a vacant ship, Elizabeth falls asleep and is duplicated. Horrified as her body shrivels away in his arms, Matthew breaks into the docks' warehouse and burns down the building, destroying several plants and killing many Pods.
The next morning, Matthew returns to the health department and witnesses several schoolchildren being taken for duplication, while more plants are being prepared for the remaining West Coast cities.[[File:Donald Sutherland bodysnatchers scream.jpg|thumb|right|At the ''denoument'', Matthew ([[Donald Sutherland]]) demonstrates the characteristic pose by which pods identify unconverted humans.]] As he heads towards [[San Francisco City Hall|City Hall]], he encounters Nancy, who quietly approaches him and attempts a hushed conversation. To her horror, he extends out his finger towards her and emits an earsplitting shriek, having been replaced by the Pods.
==Cast==
* [[Donald Sutherland]] as Matthew Bennell
* [[Brooke Adams (actress)|Brooke Adams]] as Elizabeth Driscoll
* [[Leonard Nimoy]] as Dr. David Kibner
* [[Jeff Goldblum]] as Jack Bellicec
* [[Veronica Cartwright]] as Nancy Bellicec
* [[Art Hindle]] as Dr. Geoffrey Howell
* [[Lelia Goldoni]] as Katherine Hendley
* [[Kevin McCarthy (actor)|Kevin McCarthy]] as Running Man. McCarthy starred in the original 1956 version as Dr. Miles Bennell.
* [[Don Siegel]] as Taxi Driver. Siegel was director of the 1956 film version
* Tom Luddy as Ted Hendley
* Jerry Walter as Restaurant Owner, Henri
* [[Philip Kaufman]] (the film's director) as the man wearing a hat who bothers Dr. Matthew Bennell in a phone booth; also the voice of one of the officials whom Bennell contacts
* Rose Kaufman (wife of [[Philip Kaufman]]) as the woman who argues with Jack at the book party
* Joe Bellan as Harry, the busker
==Production==
Director [[Philip Kaufman]] had been a fan of the 1956 film, which he likened to "great radio", although he had not read the novel until after he agreed to direct the remake. "I thought, 'Well this doesn't have to be a remake as such. It can be a new envisioning that was a variation on a theme,' he said on the film's 40th anniversary. The first change he anticipated was filming in color; the second was changing the location to [[San Francisco]]. "Could it happen in the city I love the most? The city with the most advanced, progressive therapies, politics and so forth? What would happen in a place like that if the pods landed there and that element of 'poddiness' was spread?"<ref name="40th anniversary story">{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=David|title=Why 'Invasion of the Body Snatchers' Still Haunts Its Director|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/invasion-body-snatchers-ending-still-haunts-director-1170220|newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 20, 2018|accessdate=February 1, 2019}}</ref>
[[Cinematography|Cinematographer]] [[Michael Chapman (cinematographer)|Michael Chapman]] worked with Kaufman to try to capture the ''[[film noir]]'' feel of the original in color, reviewing some classics of that genre before production. Some of the things they borrowed were scenes with light giving way to shadow and shooting from unusual angles. They used certain color tinges to indicate that some characters were now pod people. "When they're running along the [[Embarcadero (San Francisco)|Embarcadero]] and the huge shadows appear first, those are sort of classic film noir images", the director said.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
Sound editor [[Ben Burtt]], who had helped create many of the signature sounds from ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' the year before, also added to the film's ambience. Natural sounds that mix with the city's more industrial noises give way to just the latter as the film progresses. Among them are the grinding noises of garbage trucks, a common urban sound that slowly becomes horrific as it becomes clear that most of what they are processing is the discarded husks that remain of pre-pod human bodies. Burtt also designed the iconic shriek when pod people see a surviving human, a sound Kaufman said was composed of many elements, including a pig's squeal.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
All the special effects were created live for the camera. The scene at the beginning where the pods travel through space from their dead homeworld to San Francisco was one of the simplest. "I found some viscous material in an art store, I think we paid $12 for a big vat of it, and then [we dropped it] into solutions and reversed the film", Kaufman recalled. The dog with the banjo player's face, another effective moment later in the film, included a mechanism whereby the creature appeared to lick itself.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
The film features a number of [[cameo appearance]]s. [[Kevin McCarthy (actor)|Kevin McCarthy]], who played Dr. Miles Bennell in the original ''[[Invasion of the Body Snatchers]]'', makes a brief appearance as an old man frantically screaming "They're coming!" to passing cars on the street.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aintitcool.com/node/1696|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers ...|work=aintitcool.com|last=Knowles|first=Harry|authorlink=Harry Knowles|date=March 26, 1998|accessdate=November 13, 2012}}</ref> Though not playing the same character, Kaufman meant McCarthy's cameo as a nod to the original movie, as if he had been "metaphorically" running around the country since the original film shouting out his warnings. While they were filming the scene, in the [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin]], Kaufman recalls that a naked man lying on the street awoke and recognized McCarthy. After learning that they were filming the remake of the original ''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'', he told McCarthy that that film was better. "We were in the middle of shooting the film and we got our first review!"<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
The original film's director, [[Don Siegel]], appears as a taxi driver who alerts the police to Matthew and Elizabeth's attempt to flee the city. [[Robert Duvall]] is also seen briefly as a silent priest sitting on a swing set in the opening scene.{{efn|In the director's commentary on the DVD release, Kaufman states that Duvall, who had worked with him in ''[[The Great Northfield, Minnesota Raid]]'', happened to be in San Francisco at the time of filming and did the scene for free. Kaufman states that Duvall's character is the first "pod person" to be seen in the film. He was reportedly paid with an [[Eddie Bauer]] coat.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />}} Kaufman appears in dual roles both as a man wearing a hat who bothers Sutherland's character in a phone booth, and the voice of one of the officials Sutherland's character speaks to on the phone. His wife, Rose Kaufman, has a small role at the book party as the woman who argues with Jeff Goldblum's character. Chapman appears twice as a janitor in the health department.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
McCarthy and Siegel played a role in shaping the film's [[twist ending]]. Before filming, Kaufman had sought out Siegel for advice, and while the two were talking in the latter's office, McCarthy happened to come in. The topic eventually came around to the original film's ending, which they regarded as "pat". After coming up with the ending he used, he kept it a secret from everyone involved in the filming except screenwriter [[W.D. Richter]] and producer [[Robert Solo]]. Sutherland was only informed of the scene the night before shooting; Kaufman is not sure Cartwright even knew until Sutherland turned around to point and shriek at her. The studio executives only learned of it when a cut was screened for them at [[George Lucas]]'s house.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
The [[film score]] by [[Denny Zeitlin]] was released on [[Perseverance Records]]; it is the only film score Zeitlin has composed.<ref name=music>{{cite interview|interviewer=Monk Rowe|publisher=[[Hamilton College (New York)|Hamilton College]] Jazz Archive Jazz Archive|year=2002|last=Zeitlin|first=Denny|title=Denny Zeitlin: Invasion of the Body Snatchers}}</ref> [[Jerry Garcia]] of the [[Grateful Dead]] recorded the banjo parts.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
Kaufman said of the casting of Nimoy, "Leonard had got typecast and this [film] was an attempt to break him out of that," referring to the similar quirks that Dr. Kibner and his pod double had in common with [[Spock]], the ''[[Star Trek]]'' character that Nimoy was most well known for. According to Kaufman, it was [[Mike Medavoy]], then head of production at [[United Artists]], who suggested the casting of Donald Sutherland. Sutherland's character had a similar curly hairstyle as that of another character he portrayed in ''[[Don't Look Now]]'' (1973). "They would have to set his hair with pink rollers every day", recalled co-star Veronica Cartwright.<ref>{{cite web|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers|url=http://www.thefancan.com/fancandy/features/moviefeatures/bodysnatchers.html|accessdate=April 19, 2015}}</ref> According to Zeitlin, Sutherland's character was originally written as an "avocational jazz player" early in development.<ref name=music/>
The director encouraged his actors to fill the spaces between dialogue with facial expressions. "Often people on the set or at the studio are so worried about just getting content, and content is not necessarily going to make the scene full of humanity or feel compassion and amusement and humor", Kaufman told ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''. He particularly singled out the way Adams rolls her eyes in opposite directions while she and Sutherland have dinner as something that a pod person could and would never do.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
==Release==
===Box office===
''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' premiered in the United States on December 22, 1978,<ref name=afi>{{cite web|work=[[American Film Institute]] Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56556?sid=dace5afc-3d77-45b1-8ab8-7d7e9e095fa3&sr=6.143774&cp=1&pos=0|accessdate=May 1, 2018|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)}}</ref> showing on 445 screens nationally.<ref name=bom/> Between its premiere and December 25, the film had earned a total of $1,298,129 in box office sales.<ref name=bom/> It would go on to gross a total of nearly $25 million in the United States.<ref name=bom>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=invasionofthebodysnatchers.htm|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers, Box Office Information|accessdate=May 1, 2018}}</ref>
On the film's 40th anniversary, Kaufman believes the film may have seemed timely when it came out since the [[Jonestown]] mass suicide had occurred a month earlier and still dominated the news: "That was a case of a lot of people from San Francisco were looking for a better world and suddenly found themselves in pod-dom, and it was fatal. It could not have been a more pointed reason for watching the movie."<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
===Critical reception===
====Contemporaneous====
''[[The New Yorker]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s [[Pauline Kael]] was a particular fan of the film, writing that it "may be the best film of its kind ever made".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1995/mar/23/finding-it-at-the-movies/?page=2|title=Finding It at the Movies|last=Menand|first=Louis|work=[[The New York Review of Books|nybooks.com]]|date=March 23, 1995|accessdate=September 26, 2012}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote that it "validates the entire concept of remakes. This new version of Don Siegel's 1956 cult classic not only matches the original in horrific tone and effect, but exceeds it in both conception and execution."<ref>{{cite journal|date=December 31, 1977|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|volume=332|page=147|url=https://variety.com/review/VE1117792013?refcatid=31|accessdate=September 26, 2012|bibcode=2011Sci...332U.147H|last1=Hurtley|first1=Stella}}</ref> [[Gene Siskel]] gave the film three stars out of four and said it was "one of the more entertaining films in what has turned out to be a dismal Christmas movie season."<ref>[[Gene Siskel|Siskel, Gene]] (December 22, 1978). "Sci-fi, romance, comedy fill the holiday bill". ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. Section 3, p. 1, 2.</ref> [[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Kevin Thomas]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called it "a thoroughly scary success in its own right. Not literally a remake—it's more of a sequel, actually—this handsome, highly imaginative film generates its own implications from Finney's sturdy allegory of dehumanization and manages even to have some fun in the process."<ref>[[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Thomas, Kevin]] (December 21, 1978). "A 'Body Snatchers' That Tells All". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Part IV, p. 1.</ref>
The film was not without negative criticism. ''[[The New York Times]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki> [[Janet Maslin]] wrote that the "creepiness [Kaufman] generates is so crazily ubiquitous it becomes funny."<ref>{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|authorlink=Janet Maslin|date=December 22, 1978|title=''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' (1978): Screen: 'Body Snatchers' Return in All Their Creepy Glory|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C0CE1DF1E38E732A25751C2A9649D946990D6CF&partner=Rotten%20Tomatoes|accessdate=September 26, 2012}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] wrote that it "was said to have something to do with [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] and keeping tabs on those who are not like you”, and called Kael's praise for the film "inexplicable",<ref>{{cite book|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|year=2009|title=Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2010|publisher=Andrews McMeel|page=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1aM7D_ymdAC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=roger+ebert+invasion+of+the+body+snatchers#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-0-740-79218-2}}</ref> while ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's [[Richard Schickel]] labeled its screenplay "laughably literal".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cinema: Twice-Told Tale|author=Schickel, Richard|authorlink=Richard Schickel|url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,948406,00.html|journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|publisher=Time Inc.|date=December 25, 1978}}</ref> [[Phil Hardy (journalist)|Phil Hardy's]] ''Aurum Film Encyclopedia'' called Kaufman's direction "less sure" than the screenplay.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Phil|title=The Aurum Film Encyclopedia – Science Fiction|publisher=Aurum Press|year=1991|title-link=The Aurum Film Encyclopedia, Volume 2: Science Fiction}}</ref>
The film received a nomination from the [[Writers Guild of America]] for [[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium]]. The film was also nominated for the [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation]]. It was also recognized by the [[Saturn Awards|Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films]]. Philip Kaufman won [[Saturn Award for Best Direction|Best Director]], and the film was nominated [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film|Best Science Fiction Film]]. Donald Sutherland, Brooke Adams, and Leonard Nimoy received additional nominations for their performances.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
====Subsequent assessment====
''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' (1978) has been named among the greatest film remakes ever made, by several publications, including ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/lists/50-best-sci-fi-movies-of-the-1970s-20150114/invasion-of-the-body-snatchers-1978-20150113|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)|accessdate=May 1, 2018|author=Murray, Noel|display-authors=etal|series=50 Best Sci-Fi Movies of the 1970s|date=January 14, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rottentomatoes.com/guides/best_remakes_50_years_50_movies|title=Best Remakes: 50 Years, 50 Movies|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=September 26, 2012}}</ref>
Film scholar M. Keith Booker posited that the film's "paranoid atmosphere" links it to other films outside the science fiction genre, and that it "bears a clear family resemblance to paranoid conspiracy thrillers like [[Alan J. Pakula]]'s ''[[The Parallax View]]'' (1974)."{{sfn|Booker|2006|pages=72–3}} Chris Barsanti, in ''The Sci-Fi Movie Guide'' (2014), praised the performances of Adams and Sutherland, but criticized some elements of the film, writing: "The subtlety of Donald Siegel's original gives way to gaudy f/x and self-consciously artsy camerawork ... the film is overindulgently long, too, though it certainly has its shocking moments."{{sfn|Barsanti|2014|p=197}}
On [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has received an [[approval rating]] of 93% based on 57 reviews, with an [[average rating]] of 8.2/10. The site's consensus reads, "Employing gritty camerawork and evocative sound effects, ''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' is a powerful remake that expands upon themes and ideas only lightly explored in the original."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1010679_invasion_of_the_body_snatchers|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango (company)|Fandango]]|accessdate=April 22, 2018}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted average]] score of 75 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metacritic.com/movie/invasion-of-the-body-snatchers|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|accessdate=April 22, 2018}}</ref>
In a 2018 review published by ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'', the film was ranked among the greatest science fiction films of all time: "''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' is doubly impressive; it both improves upon the '56 film and Jack Finney's literary source material with a scarier disposition and more layered character development."<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|title=The Best Sci-Fi Movies|author=Pimentel, Julia|display-authors=etal|url=http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/best-sci-fi-movies|date=January 7, 2018|accessdate=May 1, 2018}}</ref>
===Home video===
''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' was released on [[DVD]] in the United States, Australia and many European countries. The film was released on [[Blu-ray Disc]] in the United States in 2010 and in the United Kingdom in 2013 by MGM Home Entertainment. Then released once more on Blu-ray by Shout! Factory in the United States and Canada in 2016. This release contains a 2K scan of the interpositive.<ref>{{cite av media|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers|format=Blu-ray|publisher=[[Scream Factory]]|year=2016}}</ref>
==Legacy==
The [[Chicago Film Critics Association]] named it the 59th scariest film ever made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altfg.com/blog/hollywood/chicago-critics-scariest-films|title=Chicago Critics' Scariest Films|work=Alt Film Guide|date=October 26, 2006|accessdate=June 5, 2012}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of science fiction horror films]]
*[[List of science fiction films of the 1970s]]
*[[List of American films of 1978]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Works cited==
*{{cite book|last=Barsanti|first=Chris|year=2014|title=The Sci-Fi Movie Guide: The Universe of Film from Alien to Zardoz|publisher=Visible Ink Press|ref=harv|isbn=978-1-578-59533-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Booker|first=M. Keith|year=2006|title=Alternate Americas: Science Fiction Film and American Culture|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|ref=harv|isbn=978-0-275-98395-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/alternateamerica00book_0}}
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0077745|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers}}
* {{tcmdb title|5448|Invasion of the Body Snatchers}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|1010679-invasion_of_the_body_snatchers|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers}}
<!--Split film/book article intentional - Please do not remove this comment-->
{{The Body Snatchers}}
{{Philip Kaufman}}
{{Portal bar|Film|United States|Speculative fiction/Horror|San Francisco|Science Fiction}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Invasion Body Snatchers 1978}}
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 horror films]]
[[Category:1970s science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:1970s psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Alien invasions in films]]
[[Category:American psychological horror films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:Apocalyptic films]]
[[Category:Body Snatchers films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Philip Kaufman]]
[[Category:Films set in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Films shot in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by W. D. Richter]]
[[Category:United Artists films]]
[[Category:1970s science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:American film remakes]]
[[Category:Films about extraterrestrial life]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Infobox film
| name = Invasion of the Body Snatchers
| image = invasion_of_the_body_snatchers_movie_poster_1978.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster by [[Bill Gold]]
| director = [[Philip Kaufman]]
| screenplay = [[W. D. Richter]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Body Snatchers]]''|[[Jack Finney]]}}
| producer = Robert H. Solo
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Donald Sutherland]]|[[Brooke Adams (actress)|Brooke Adams]]|[[Leonard Nimoy]]|[[Jeff Goldblum]]|[[Veronica Cartwright]]}}
| music = [[Denny Zeitlin]]
| cinematography = [[Michael Chapman (cinematographer)|Michael Chapman]]
| editing = [[Douglas Stewart (film editor)|Douglas Stewart]]
| studio = Solofilm
| distributor = [[United Artists]]
| released = {{Film date|1978|12|22}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = {{US$|3.5 million}}<ref>{{IMDB title |id=0077745 |title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) }}</ref>
| gross = {{US$|24.9 million}} <small>(North America)</small><ref name=bom/>
}}
'''''Invasion of the Body Snatchers''''' is a 1978 American [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[horror film]]<ref>{{AllMovie title|id=25289|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)|tab=}}</ref> directed by [[Philip Kaufman]] and starring [[Donald Sutherland]], [[Brooke Adams (actress)|Brooke Adams]], [[Veronica Cartwright]], [[Jeff Goldblum]] and [[Leonard Nimoy]]. Released on December 22, 1978, it is a [[remake]] of [[Invasion of the Body Snatchers|the 1956 film of the same name]], which is based on the 1955 novel ''[[The Body Snatchers]]'' by [[Jack Finney]]. The plot involves a San Francisco health inspector and his colleague who discover that humans are being replaced by alien duplicates; each is a perfect copy of the person replaced, only devoid of human emotion.
Released in the United States over the Christmas weekend 1978, ''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' grossed nearly $25 million at the American box office. It initially received varied reviews from critics, though its critical reception has significantly improved in subsequent years, receiving a 93% on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] and also being hailed as one of the greatest remakes ever as well as one of the best science-fiction horror films of all time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1010679_invasion_of_the_body_snatchers|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango (company)|Fandango]]|access-date=May 11, 2019}}</ref>
==Plot==
A race of [[gelatin]]ous [[Extraterrestrial life|creatures]], having abandoned their dying planet and traveled to Earth, land in San Francisco. They infiltrate Earth's ecosystem, latching onto plantlife and taking the form of small pods with pink flowers. Elizabeth Driscoll, a laboratory scientist at the San Francisco Health Department, brings one of the flowers home, where she lives with her boyfriend Geoffrey. Leaving the flower on their bedside table, she awakens the next morning to discover Geoffrey now behaving strangely cold and distant.
While at first disbelieving, Elizabeth's colleague, Matthew Bennell, advises her to visit psychiatrist David Kibner, who is giving a presentation of his new book. As Elizabeth and Matthew drive to the bookstore, a hysterical man warns them of danger and shouts "They're coming! You'll be next!" before being hit by a car, his death being observed by emotionless onlookers. At the bookstore, Elizabeth asks Kibner for help regarding Geoffrey, but he theorizes that Elizabeth is simply using the belief that Geoffrey is behaving differently as an excuse to end their relationship. Despite other people complaining of similar scenarios, she takes his advice. Meanwhile, Matthew's friend Jack Bellicec calls Matthew to investigate when a grotesque body covered in fibres which resembles Jack is found in his wife Nancy's [[bathhouse|mud baths]]. Sensing danger with these odd occurrences, Matthew goes to Elizabeth to warn her. After breaking into her house, he finds Elizabeth in a deep sleep but also discovers a semi-formed duplicate of her in the bedroom. Suspecting Geoffrey's involvement, Matthew takes Elizabeth home with him, but when he returns later with the police, the duplicate body is gone.
The following night, Matthew and his friends are nearly duplicated as they sleep, by four pods in Matthew's garden. The aliens gestate inside the pods which grow to a metre or so in length before breaking open, spawning a human duplicate that grows rapidly. The pods duplicate any humans that are asleep in the immediate vicinity, copying not just their physical characteristics but their memories too. Once the duplication is complete, the original human dies and disintegrates into dust and the alien "pod person" takes their place. Matthew calls the police, but realizes that the department has been infiltrated. They have also begun tracking him through the phone lines, alerting others to the group's location. Matthew destroys their semi-formed duplicates before escaping with the others. The aliens set off in close pursuit of Matthew's group. The aliens emit a shrill scream when they discover a human being among them, drawing other aliens nearby. Cornered at a dead end road, Jack and Nancy break away and create a distraction, allowing Matthew and Elizabeth to hide and eventually escape back into the city. There, the pair takes refuge in the health department, where they each ingest a large dose of [[amphetamine|Speed]], keeping them awake for several more hours. Again tracked through the phone lines, they are soon captured by Jack and Kibner, who have been duplicated. Matthew and Elizabeth are both injected with sedatives whilst being informed of the aliens' intentions for survivability, though their previous dose of Speed enables them to escape and kill Jack’s duplicate whilst locking Kibner in a refrigerated room.
Matthew and Elizabeth reunite with Nancy, who has learnt to evade the aliens by hiding her emotions. The two follow her example, but their cover is blown when Elizabeth screams at the sight of a [[mutant]] dog with a human head. They separate from Nancy amid the chaos and quickly board a truck delivering plants to [[Pier 70, San Francisco|Pier 70]], where the aliens are growing more pods and intending to ship them to other widely populated cities. While Matthew scouts the area in an attempt to flee aboard a vacant ship, Elizabeth falls asleep and is duplicated. Horrified as her body disintegrates in his arms, Matthew breaks into the docks' warehouse and burns down the building, destroying hundreds of pods. He flees and hides under a bridge, but is relentlessly pursued by the aliens.
The next morning, Matthew returns to work at the health department and witnesses several schoolchildren being taken for duplication, while more pods are being prepared for the remaining West Coast cities.[[File:Donald Sutherland bodysnatchers scream.jpg|thumb|right|At the ''denoument'', Matthew ([[Donald Sutherland]]) demonstrates the characteristic pose by which the "pod people" identify unconverted humans.]] As he heads towards [[San Francisco City Hall|City Hall]], he encounters Nancy, who quietly approaches him and attempts a hushed conversation. To her horror, he points at her and emits an earsplitting shriek, having been replaced by the pods himself.
==Cast==
* [[Donald Sutherland]] as Matthew Bennell
* [[Brooke Adams (actress)|Brooke Adams]] as Elizabeth Driscoll
* [[Leonard Nimoy]] as Dr. David Kibner
* [[Jeff Goldblum]] as Jack Bellicec
* [[Veronica Cartwright]] as Nancy Bellicec
* [[Art Hindle]] as Dr. Geoffrey Howell
* [[Lelia Goldoni]] as Katherine Hendley
* [[Kevin McCarthy (actor)|Kevin McCarthy]] as Running Man. McCarthy starred in the original 1956 version as Dr. Miles Bennell.
* [[Don Siegel]] as Taxi Driver. Siegel was director of the 1956 film version
* Tom Luddy as Ted Hendley
* Jerry Walter as Restaurant Owner, Henri
* [[Philip Kaufman]] (the film's director) as the man wearing a hat who bothers Dr. Matthew Bennell in a phone booth; also the voice of one of the officials whom Bennell contacts
* Rose Kaufman (wife of [[Philip Kaufman]]) as the woman who argues with Jack at the book party
* Joe Bellan as Harry, the busker
==Production==
Director [[Philip Kaufman]] had been a fan of the 1956 film, which he likened to "great radio", although he had not read the novel until after he agreed to direct the remake. "I thought, 'Well this doesn't have to be a remake as such. It can be a new envisioning that was a variation on a theme,' he said on the film's 40th anniversary. The first change he anticipated was filming in color; the second was changing the location to [[San Francisco]]. "Could it happen in the city I love the most? The city with the most advanced, progressive therapies, politics and so forth? What would happen in a place like that if the pods landed there and that element of 'poddiness' was spread?"<ref name="40th anniversary story">{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=David|title=Why 'Invasion of the Body Snatchers' Still Haunts Its Director|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/invasion-body-snatchers-ending-still-haunts-director-1170220|newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 20, 2018|accessdate=February 1, 2019}}</ref>
[[Cinematography|Cinematographer]] [[Michael Chapman (cinematographer)|Michael Chapman]] worked with Kaufman to try to capture the ''[[film noir]]'' feel of the original in color, reviewing some classics of that genre before production. Some of the things they borrowed were scenes with light giving way to shadow and shooting from unusual angles. They used certain color tinges to indicate that some characters were now pod people. "When they're running along the [[Embarcadero (San Francisco)|Embarcadero]] and the huge shadows appear first, those are sort of classic film noir images", the director said.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
Sound editor [[Ben Burtt]], who had helped create many of the signature sounds from ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' the year before, also added to the film's ambience. Natural sounds that mix with the city's more industrial noises give way to just the latter as the film progresses. Among them are the grinding noises of garbage trucks, a common urban sound that slowly becomes horrific as it becomes clear that most of what they are processing is the discarded husks that remain of pre-pod human bodies. Burtt also designed the iconic shriek when pod people see a surviving human, a sound Kaufman said was composed of many elements, including a pig's squeal.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
All the special effects were created live for the camera. The scene at the beginning where the pods travel through space from their dead homeworld to San Francisco was one of the simplest. "I found some viscous material in an art store, I think we paid $12 for a big vat of it, and then [we dropped it] into solutions and reversed the film", Kaufman recalled. The dog with the banjo player's face, another effective moment later in the film, included a mechanism whereby the creature appeared to lick itself.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
The film features a number of [[cameo appearance]]s. [[Kevin McCarthy (actor)|Kevin McCarthy]], who played Dr. Miles Bennell in the original ''[[Invasion of the Body Snatchers]]'', makes a brief appearance as an old man frantically screaming "They're coming!" to passing cars on the street.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aintitcool.com/node/1696|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers ...|work=aintitcool.com|last=Knowles|first=Harry|authorlink=Harry Knowles|date=March 26, 1998|accessdate=November 13, 2012}}</ref> Though not playing the same character, Kaufman meant McCarthy's cameo as a nod to the original movie, as if he had been "metaphorically" running around the country since the original film shouting out his warnings. While they were filming the scene, in the [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin]], Kaufman recalls that a naked man lying on the street awoke and recognized McCarthy. After learning that they were filming the remake of the original ''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'', he told McCarthy that that film was better. "We were in the middle of shooting the film and we got our first review!"<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
The original film's director, [[Don Siegel]], appears as a taxi driver who alerts the police to Matthew and Elizabeth's attempt to flee the city. [[Robert Duvall]] is also seen briefly as a silent priest sitting on a swing set in the opening scene.{{efn|In the director's commentary on the DVD release, Kaufman states that Duvall, who had worked with him in ''[[The Great Northfield, Minnesota Raid]]'', happened to be in San Francisco at the time of filming and did the scene for free. Kaufman states that Duvall's character is the first "pod person" to be seen in the film. He was reportedly paid with an [[Eddie Bauer]] coat.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />}} Kaufman appears in dual roles both as a man wearing a hat who bothers Sutherland's character in a phone booth, and the voice of one of the officials Sutherland's character speaks to on the phone. His wife, Rose Kaufman, has a small role at the book party as the woman who argues with Jeff Goldblum's character. Chapman appears twice as a janitor in the health department.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
McCarthy and Siegel played a role in shaping the film's [[twist ending]]. Before filming, Kaufman had sought out Siegel for advice, and while the two were talking in the latter's office, McCarthy happened to come in. The topic eventually came around to the original film's ending, which they regarded as "pat". After coming up with the ending he used, he kept it a secret from everyone involved in the filming except screenwriter [[W.D. Richter]] and producer [[Robert Solo]]. Sutherland was only informed of the scene the night before shooting; Kaufman is not sure Cartwright even knew until Sutherland turned around to point and shriek at her. The studio executives only learned of it when a cut was screened for them at [[George Lucas]]'s house.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
The [[film score]] by [[Denny Zeitlin]] was released on [[Perseverance Records]]; it is the only film score Zeitlin has composed.<ref name=music>{{cite interview|interviewer=Monk Rowe|publisher=[[Hamilton College (New York)|Hamilton College]] Jazz Archive Jazz Archive|year=2002|last=Zeitlin|first=Denny|title=Denny Zeitlin: Invasion of the Body Snatchers}}</ref> [[Jerry Garcia]] of the [[Grateful Dead]] recorded the banjo parts.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
Kaufman said of the casting of Nimoy, "Leonard had got typecast and this [film] was an attempt to break him out of that," referring to the similar quirks that Dr. Kibner and his pod double had in common with [[Spock]], the ''[[Star Trek]]'' character that Nimoy was most well known for. According to Kaufman, it was [[Mike Medavoy]], then head of production at [[United Artists]], who suggested the casting of Donald Sutherland. Sutherland's character had a similar curly hairstyle as that of another character he portrayed in ''[[Don't Look Now]]'' (1973). "They would have to set his hair with pink rollers every day", recalled co-star Veronica Cartwright.<ref>{{cite web|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers|url=http://www.thefancan.com/fancandy/features/moviefeatures/bodysnatchers.html|accessdate=April 19, 2015}}</ref> According to Zeitlin, Sutherland's character was originally written as an "avocational jazz player" early in development.<ref name=music/>
The director encouraged his actors to fill the spaces between dialogue with facial expressions. "Often people on the set or at the studio are so worried about just getting content, and content is not necessarily going to make the scene full of humanity or feel compassion and amusement and humor", Kaufman told ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''. He particularly singled out the way Adams rolls her eyes in opposite directions while she and Sutherland have dinner as something that a pod person could and would never do.<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
==Release==
===Box office===
''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' premiered in the United States on December 22, 1978,<ref name=afi>{{cite web|work=[[American Film Institute]] Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56556?sid=dace5afc-3d77-45b1-8ab8-7d7e9e095fa3&sr=6.143774&cp=1&pos=0|accessdate=May 1, 2018|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)}}</ref> showing on 445 screens nationally.<ref name=bom/> Between its premiere and December 25, the film had earned a total of $1,298,129 in box office sales.<ref name=bom/> It would go on to gross a total of nearly $25 million in the United States.<ref name=bom>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=invasionofthebodysnatchers.htm|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers, Box Office Information|accessdate=May 1, 2018}}</ref>
On the film's 40th anniversary, Kaufman believes the film may have seemed timely when it came out since the [[Jonestown]] mass suicide had occurred a month earlier and still dominated the news: "That was a case of a lot of people from San Francisco were looking for a better world and suddenly found themselves in pod-dom, and it was fatal. It could not have been a more pointed reason for watching the movie."<ref name="40th anniversary story" />
===Critical reception===
====Contemporaneous====
''[[The New Yorker]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s [[Pauline Kael]] was a particular fan of the film, writing that it "may be the best film of its kind ever made".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1995/mar/23/finding-it-at-the-movies/?page=2|title=Finding It at the Movies|last=Menand|first=Louis|work=[[The New York Review of Books|nybooks.com]]|date=March 23, 1995|accessdate=September 26, 2012}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote that it "validates the entire concept of remakes. This new version of Don Siegel's 1956 cult classic not only matches the original in horrific tone and effect, but exceeds it in both conception and execution."<ref>{{cite journal|date=December 31, 1977|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|volume=332|page=147|url=https://variety.com/review/VE1117792013?refcatid=31|accessdate=September 26, 2012|bibcode=2011Sci...332U.147H|last1=Hurtley|first1=Stella}}</ref> [[Gene Siskel]] gave the film three stars out of four and said it was "one of the more entertaining films in what has turned out to be a dismal Christmas movie season."<ref>[[Gene Siskel|Siskel, Gene]] (December 22, 1978). "Sci-fi, romance, comedy fill the holiday bill". ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. Section 3, p. 1, 2.</ref> [[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Kevin Thomas]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called it "a thoroughly scary success in its own right. Not literally a remake—it's more of a sequel, actually—this handsome, highly imaginative film generates its own implications from Finney's sturdy allegory of dehumanization and manages even to have some fun in the process."<ref>[[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Thomas, Kevin]] (December 21, 1978). "A 'Body Snatchers' That Tells All". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Part IV, p. 1.</ref>
The film was not without negative criticism. ''[[The New York Times]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki> [[Janet Maslin]] wrote that the "creepiness [Kaufman] generates is so crazily ubiquitous it becomes funny."<ref>{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|authorlink=Janet Maslin|date=December 22, 1978|title=''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' (1978): Screen: 'Body Snatchers' Return in All Their Creepy Glory|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C0CE1DF1E38E732A25751C2A9649D946990D6CF&partner=Rotten%20Tomatoes|accessdate=September 26, 2012}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] wrote that it "was said to have something to do with [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] and keeping tabs on those who are not like you”, and called Kael's praise for the film "inexplicable",<ref>{{cite book|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|year=2009|title=Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2010|publisher=Andrews McMeel|page=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1aM7D_ymdAC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=roger+ebert+invasion+of+the+body+snatchers#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-0-740-79218-2}}</ref> while ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's [[Richard Schickel]] labeled its screenplay "laughably literal".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cinema: Twice-Told Tale|author=Schickel, Richard|authorlink=Richard Schickel|url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,948406,00.html|journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|publisher=Time Inc.|date=December 25, 1978}}</ref> [[Phil Hardy (journalist)|Phil Hardy's]] ''Aurum Film Encyclopedia'' called Kaufman's direction "less sure" than the screenplay.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Phil|title=The Aurum Film Encyclopedia – Science Fiction|publisher=Aurum Press|year=1991|title-link=The Aurum Film Encyclopedia, Volume 2: Science Fiction}}</ref>
The film received a nomination from the [[Writers Guild of America]] for [[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium]]. The film was also nominated for the [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation]]. It was also recognized by the [[Saturn Awards|Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films]]. Philip Kaufman won [[Saturn Award for Best Direction|Best Director]], and the film was nominated [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film|Best Science Fiction Film]]. Donald Sutherland, Brooke Adams, and Leonard Nimoy received additional nominations for their performances.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
====Subsequent assessment====
''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' (1978) has been named among the greatest film remakes ever made, by several publications, including ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/lists/50-best-sci-fi-movies-of-the-1970s-20150114/invasion-of-the-body-snatchers-1978-20150113|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)|accessdate=May 1, 2018|author=Murray, Noel|display-authors=etal|series=50 Best Sci-Fi Movies of the 1970s|date=January 14, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rottentomatoes.com/guides/best_remakes_50_years_50_movies|title=Best Remakes: 50 Years, 50 Movies|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=September 26, 2012}}</ref>
Film scholar M. Keith Booker posited that the film's "paranoid atmosphere" links it to other films outside the science fiction genre, and that it "bears a clear family resemblance to paranoid conspiracy thrillers like [[Alan J. Pakula]]'s ''[[The Parallax View]]'' (1974)."{{sfn|Booker|2006|pages=72–3}} Chris Barsanti, in ''The Sci-Fi Movie Guide'' (2014), praised the performances of Adams and Sutherland, but criticized some elements of the film, writing: "The subtlety of Donald Siegel's original gives way to gaudy f/x and self-consciously artsy camerawork ... the film is overindulgently long, too, though it certainly has its shocking moments."{{sfn|Barsanti|2014|p=197}}
On [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has received an [[approval rating]] of 93% based on 57 reviews, with an [[average rating]] of 8.2/10. The site's consensus reads, "Employing gritty camerawork and evocative sound effects, ''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' is a powerful remake that expands upon themes and ideas only lightly explored in the original."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1010679_invasion_of_the_body_snatchers|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango (company)|Fandango]]|accessdate=April 22, 2018}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted average]] score of 75 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metacritic.com/movie/invasion-of-the-body-snatchers|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|accessdate=April 22, 2018}}</ref>
In a 2018 review published by ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'', the film was ranked among the greatest science fiction films of all time: "''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' is doubly impressive; it both improves upon the '56 film and Jack Finney's literary source material with a scarier disposition and more layered character development."<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|title=The Best Sci-Fi Movies|author=Pimentel, Julia|display-authors=etal|url=http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/best-sci-fi-movies|date=January 7, 2018|accessdate=May 1, 2018}}</ref>
===Home video===
''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' was released on [[DVD]] in the United States, Australia and many European countries. The film was released on [[Blu-ray Disc]] in the United States in 2010 and in the United Kingdom in 2013 by MGM Home Entertainment. Then released once more on Blu-ray by Shout! Factory in the United States and Canada in 2016. This release contains a 2K scan of the interpositive.<ref>{{cite av media|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers|format=Blu-ray|publisher=[[Scream Factory]]|year=2016}}</ref>
==Legacy==
The [[Chicago Film Critics Association]] named it the 59th scariest film ever made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altfg.com/blog/hollywood/chicago-critics-scariest-films|title=Chicago Critics' Scariest Films|work=Alt Film Guide|date=October 26, 2006|accessdate=June 5, 2012}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of science fiction horror films]]
*[[List of science fiction films of the 1970s]]
*[[List of American films of 1978]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Works cited==
*{{cite book|last=Barsanti|first=Chris|year=2014|title=The Sci-Fi Movie Guide: The Universe of Film from Alien to Zardoz|publisher=Visible Ink Press|ref=harv|isbn=978-1-578-59533-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Booker|first=M. Keith|year=2006|title=Alternate Americas: Science Fiction Film and American Culture|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|ref=harv|isbn=978-0-275-98395-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/alternateamerica00book_0}}
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0077745|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers}}
* {{tcmdb title|5448|Invasion of the Body Snatchers}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|1010679-invasion_of_the_body_snatchers|title=Invasion of the Body Snatchers}}
<!--Split film/book article intentional - Please do not remove this comment-->
{{The Body Snatchers}}
{{Philip Kaufman}}
{{Portal bar|Film|United States|Speculative fiction/Horror|San Francisco|Science Fiction}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Invasion Body Snatchers 1978}}
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 horror films]]
[[Category:1970s science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:1970s psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Alien invasions in films]]
[[Category:American psychological horror films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:Apocalyptic films]]
[[Category:Body Snatchers films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Philip Kaufman]]
[[Category:Films set in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Films shot in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by W. D. Richter]]
[[Category:United Artists films]]
[[Category:1970s science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:American film remakes]]
[[Category:Films about extraterrestrial life]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@
==Plot==
-A race of [[gelatin]]ous [[Extraterrestrial life|creatures]], having abandoned their dying planet and traveled to Earth, land in San Francisco. They take the form of small pods with pink flowers. Elizabeth Driscoll, a laboratory scientist at the San Francisco Health Department, brings one of the flowers to her home. Leaving it at her bedside, she awakens the next morning to discover her boyfriend, Geoffrey Howell, acting cold and distant.
+A race of [[gelatin]]ous [[Extraterrestrial life|creatures]], having abandoned their dying planet and traveled to Earth, land in San Francisco. They infiltrate Earth's ecosystem, latching onto plantlife and taking the form of small pods with pink flowers. Elizabeth Driscoll, a laboratory scientist at the San Francisco Health Department, brings one of the flowers home, where she lives with her boyfriend Geoffrey. Leaving the flower on their bedside table, she awakens the next morning to discover Geoffrey now behaving strangely cold and distant.
-While at first disbelieving, Driscoll's colleague, Matthew Bennell, advises her to visit psychiatrist David Kibner, who is giving a presentation of his new book. As Elizabeth and Matthew drive to the presentation, a hysterical civilian warns them of danger before being killed in a [[hit and run]] accident, with his body being observed by emotionless onlookers. At the bookstore, Elizabeth asks Kibner for help regarding Geoffrey, but he theorizes that Elizabeth is using the belief that Geoffrey is behaving differently as an excuse to interrupt their relationship. Despite other people complaining of similar scenarios in the building, she takes his advice. Meanwhile, Jack Bellicec, an aspiring writer and friend of Matthew, calls Matthew to investigate when a deformed body resembling Jack is found in his wife Nancy's [[bathhouse|mud parlor]]. Sensing danger with these odd occurrences, Matthew goes to Elizabeth to warn her, and discovers a semi-formed duplicate of her in her bedroom after breaking into her house.
+While at first disbelieving, Elizabeth's colleague, Matthew Bennell, advises her to visit psychiatrist David Kibner, who is giving a presentation of his new book. As Elizabeth and Matthew drive to the bookstore, a hysterical man warns them of danger and shouts "They're coming! You'll be next!" before being hit by a car, his death being observed by emotionless onlookers. At the bookstore, Elizabeth asks Kibner for help regarding Geoffrey, but he theorizes that Elizabeth is simply using the belief that Geoffrey is behaving differently as an excuse to end their relationship. Despite other people complaining of similar scenarios, she takes his advice. Meanwhile, Matthew's friend Jack Bellicec calls Matthew to investigate when a grotesque body covered in fibres which resembles Jack is found in his wife Nancy's [[bathhouse|mud baths]]. Sensing danger with these odd occurrences, Matthew goes to Elizabeth to warn her. After breaking into her house, he finds Elizabeth in a deep sleep but also discovers a semi-formed duplicate of her in the bedroom. Suspecting Geoffrey's involvement, Matthew takes Elizabeth home with him, but when he returns later with the police, the duplicate body is gone.
-The following night, Matthew and his friends are nearly duplicated as they sleep. Matthew calls the police, but realizes that the department has been duplicated. They have also begun tracking him through the phone lines, alerting others to the group's location. Matthew destroys their semi-formed duplicates before escaping with the others. The "Pods" – extraterrestrials who take the forms of humans and kill the originals in their sleep – set off in close pursuit of Matthew's group. The Pods emit a shrill scream when they discover a human being among them, drawing a growing crowd. Cornered at a dead end road, Jack and Nancy break away and create a distraction, allowing Matthew and Elizabeth to hide and eventually escape back into the city. There, the pair takes refuge in the health department, where they each ingest a large dose of [[amphetamine|Speed]], keeping them awake for several more hours. Again tracked through the phone lines, they are soon captured by Jack and Kibner, who were previously duplicated. Matthew and Elizabeth are both injected with sedatives whilst being informed of the aliens' intentions for survivability, though their previous dose of Speed enables them to escape and kill Jack’s duplicate whilst locking Kibner in a refrigerated room.
+The following night, Matthew and his friends are nearly duplicated as they sleep, by four pods in Matthew's garden. The aliens gestate inside the pods which grow to a metre or so in length before breaking open, spawning a human duplicate that grows rapidly. The pods duplicate any humans that are asleep in the immediate vicinity, copying not just their physical characteristics but their memories too. Once the duplication is complete, the original human dies and disintegrates into dust and the alien "pod person" takes their place. Matthew calls the police, but realizes that the department has been infiltrated. They have also begun tracking him through the phone lines, alerting others to the group's location. Matthew destroys their semi-formed duplicates before escaping with the others. The aliens set off in close pursuit of Matthew's group. The aliens emit a shrill scream when they discover a human being among them, drawing other aliens nearby. Cornered at a dead end road, Jack and Nancy break away and create a distraction, allowing Matthew and Elizabeth to hide and eventually escape back into the city. There, the pair takes refuge in the health department, where they each ingest a large dose of [[amphetamine|Speed]], keeping them awake for several more hours. Again tracked through the phone lines, they are soon captured by Jack and Kibner, who have been duplicated. Matthew and Elizabeth are both injected with sedatives whilst being informed of the aliens' intentions for survivability, though their previous dose of Speed enables them to escape and kill Jack’s duplicate whilst locking Kibner in a refrigerated room.
-Matthew and Elizabeth reunite with Nancy, who has learnt to evade the Pods by hiding her emotions. The two follow her example, but their cover is blown when Elizabeth screams at the sight of a [[mutant]] dog with a human head. They separate from Nancy amid the chaos and quickly board a truck delivering the plants to [[Pier 70, San Francisco|Pier 70]], where the Pods are growing them and intending to ship them overseas to other widely populated cities. While Matthew scouts the area in an attempt to flee aboard a vacant ship, Elizabeth falls asleep and is duplicated. Horrified as her body shrivels away in his arms, Matthew breaks into the docks' warehouse and burns down the building, destroying several plants and killing many Pods.
+Matthew and Elizabeth reunite with Nancy, who has learnt to evade the aliens by hiding her emotions. The two follow her example, but their cover is blown when Elizabeth screams at the sight of a [[mutant]] dog with a human head. They separate from Nancy amid the chaos and quickly board a truck delivering plants to [[Pier 70, San Francisco|Pier 70]], where the aliens are growing more pods and intending to ship them to other widely populated cities. While Matthew scouts the area in an attempt to flee aboard a vacant ship, Elizabeth falls asleep and is duplicated. Horrified as her body disintegrates in his arms, Matthew breaks into the docks' warehouse and burns down the building, destroying hundreds of pods. He flees and hides under a bridge, but is relentlessly pursued by the aliens.
-The next morning, Matthew returns to the health department and witnesses several schoolchildren being taken for duplication, while more plants are being prepared for the remaining West Coast cities.[[File:Donald Sutherland bodysnatchers scream.jpg|thumb|right|At the ''denoument'', Matthew ([[Donald Sutherland]]) demonstrates the characteristic pose by which pods identify unconverted humans.]] As he heads towards [[San Francisco City Hall|City Hall]], he encounters Nancy, who quietly approaches him and attempts a hushed conversation. To her horror, he extends out his finger towards her and emits an earsplitting shriek, having been replaced by the Pods.
+The next morning, Matthew returns to work at the health department and witnesses several schoolchildren being taken for duplication, while more pods are being prepared for the remaining West Coast cities.[[File:Donald Sutherland bodysnatchers scream.jpg|thumb|right|At the ''denoument'', Matthew ([[Donald Sutherland]]) demonstrates the characteristic pose by which the "pod people" identify unconverted humans.]] As he heads towards [[San Francisco City Hall|City Hall]], he encounters Nancy, who quietly approaches him and attempts a hushed conversation. To her horror, he points at her and emits an earsplitting shriek, having been replaced by the pods himself.
==Cast==
' |
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Old page size (old_size) | 27068 |
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0 => 'A race of [[gelatin]]ous [[Extraterrestrial life|creatures]], having abandoned their dying planet and traveled to Earth, land in San Francisco. They infiltrate Earth's ecosystem, latching onto plantlife and taking the form of small pods with pink flowers. Elizabeth Driscoll, a laboratory scientist at the San Francisco Health Department, brings one of the flowers home, where she lives with her boyfriend Geoffrey. Leaving the flower on their bedside table, she awakens the next morning to discover Geoffrey now behaving strangely cold and distant.',
1 => 'While at first disbelieving, Elizabeth's colleague, Matthew Bennell, advises her to visit psychiatrist David Kibner, who is giving a presentation of his new book. As Elizabeth and Matthew drive to the bookstore, a hysterical man warns them of danger and shouts "They're coming! You'll be next!" before being hit by a car, his death being observed by emotionless onlookers. At the bookstore, Elizabeth asks Kibner for help regarding Geoffrey, but he theorizes that Elizabeth is simply using the belief that Geoffrey is behaving differently as an excuse to end their relationship. Despite other people complaining of similar scenarios, she takes his advice. Meanwhile, Matthew's friend Jack Bellicec calls Matthew to investigate when a grotesque body covered in fibres which resembles Jack is found in his wife Nancy's [[bathhouse|mud baths]]. Sensing danger with these odd occurrences, Matthew goes to Elizabeth to warn her. After breaking into her house, he finds Elizabeth in a deep sleep but also discovers a semi-formed duplicate of her in the bedroom. Suspecting Geoffrey's involvement, Matthew takes Elizabeth home with him, but when he returns later with the police, the duplicate body is gone.',
2 => 'The following night, Matthew and his friends are nearly duplicated as they sleep, by four pods in Matthew's garden. The aliens gestate inside the pods which grow to a metre or so in length before breaking open, spawning a human duplicate that grows rapidly. The pods duplicate any humans that are asleep in the immediate vicinity, copying not just their physical characteristics but their memories too. Once the duplication is complete, the original human dies and disintegrates into dust and the alien "pod person" takes their place. Matthew calls the police, but realizes that the department has been infiltrated. They have also begun tracking him through the phone lines, alerting others to the group's location. Matthew destroys their semi-formed duplicates before escaping with the others. The aliens set off in close pursuit of Matthew's group. The aliens emit a shrill scream when they discover a human being among them, drawing other aliens nearby. Cornered at a dead end road, Jack and Nancy break away and create a distraction, allowing Matthew and Elizabeth to hide and eventually escape back into the city. There, the pair takes refuge in the health department, where they each ingest a large dose of [[amphetamine|Speed]], keeping them awake for several more hours. Again tracked through the phone lines, they are soon captured by Jack and Kibner, who have been duplicated. Matthew and Elizabeth are both injected with sedatives whilst being informed of the aliens' intentions for survivability, though their previous dose of Speed enables them to escape and kill Jack’s duplicate whilst locking Kibner in a refrigerated room.',
3 => 'Matthew and Elizabeth reunite with Nancy, who has learnt to evade the aliens by hiding her emotions. The two follow her example, but their cover is blown when Elizabeth screams at the sight of a [[mutant]] dog with a human head. They separate from Nancy amid the chaos and quickly board a truck delivering plants to [[Pier 70, San Francisco|Pier 70]], where the aliens are growing more pods and intending to ship them to other widely populated cities. While Matthew scouts the area in an attempt to flee aboard a vacant ship, Elizabeth falls asleep and is duplicated. Horrified as her body disintegrates in his arms, Matthew breaks into the docks' warehouse and burns down the building, destroying hundreds of pods. He flees and hides under a bridge, but is relentlessly pursued by the aliens.',
4 => 'The next morning, Matthew returns to work at the health department and witnesses several schoolchildren being taken for duplication, while more pods are being prepared for the remaining West Coast cities.[[File:Donald Sutherland bodysnatchers scream.jpg|thumb|right|At the ''denoument'', Matthew ([[Donald Sutherland]]) demonstrates the characteristic pose by which the "pod people" identify unconverted humans.]] As he heads towards [[San Francisco City Hall|City Hall]], he encounters Nancy, who quietly approaches him and attempts a hushed conversation. To her horror, he points at her and emits an earsplitting shriek, having been replaced by the pods himself.'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'A race of [[gelatin]]ous [[Extraterrestrial life|creatures]], having abandoned their dying planet and traveled to Earth, land in San Francisco. They take the form of small pods with pink flowers. Elizabeth Driscoll, a laboratory scientist at the San Francisco Health Department, brings one of the flowers to her home. Leaving it at her bedside, she awakens the next morning to discover her boyfriend, Geoffrey Howell, acting cold and distant.',
1 => 'While at first disbelieving, Driscoll's colleague, Matthew Bennell, advises her to visit psychiatrist David Kibner, who is giving a presentation of his new book. As Elizabeth and Matthew drive to the presentation, a hysterical civilian warns them of danger before being killed in a [[hit and run]] accident, with his body being observed by emotionless onlookers. At the bookstore, Elizabeth asks Kibner for help regarding Geoffrey, but he theorizes that Elizabeth is using the belief that Geoffrey is behaving differently as an excuse to interrupt their relationship. Despite other people complaining of similar scenarios in the building, she takes his advice. Meanwhile, Jack Bellicec, an aspiring writer and friend of Matthew, calls Matthew to investigate when a deformed body resembling Jack is found in his wife Nancy's [[bathhouse|mud parlor]]. Sensing danger with these odd occurrences, Matthew goes to Elizabeth to warn her, and discovers a semi-formed duplicate of her in her bedroom after breaking into her house.',
2 => 'The following night, Matthew and his friends are nearly duplicated as they sleep. Matthew calls the police, but realizes that the department has been duplicated. They have also begun tracking him through the phone lines, alerting others to the group's location. Matthew destroys their semi-formed duplicates before escaping with the others. The "Pods" – extraterrestrials who take the forms of humans and kill the originals in their sleep – set off in close pursuit of Matthew's group. The Pods emit a shrill scream when they discover a human being among them, drawing a growing crowd. Cornered at a dead end road, Jack and Nancy break away and create a distraction, allowing Matthew and Elizabeth to hide and eventually escape back into the city. There, the pair takes refuge in the health department, where they each ingest a large dose of [[amphetamine|Speed]], keeping them awake for several more hours. Again tracked through the phone lines, they are soon captured by Jack and Kibner, who were previously duplicated. Matthew and Elizabeth are both injected with sedatives whilst being informed of the aliens' intentions for survivability, though their previous dose of Speed enables them to escape and kill Jack’s duplicate whilst locking Kibner in a refrigerated room.',
3 => 'Matthew and Elizabeth reunite with Nancy, who has learnt to evade the Pods by hiding her emotions. The two follow her example, but their cover is blown when Elizabeth screams at the sight of a [[mutant]] dog with a human head. They separate from Nancy amid the chaos and quickly board a truck delivering the plants to [[Pier 70, San Francisco|Pier 70]], where the Pods are growing them and intending to ship them overseas to other widely populated cities. While Matthew scouts the area in an attempt to flee aboard a vacant ship, Elizabeth falls asleep and is duplicated. Horrified as her body shrivels away in his arms, Matthew breaks into the docks' warehouse and burns down the building, destroying several plants and killing many Pods.',
4 => 'The next morning, Matthew returns to the health department and witnesses several schoolchildren being taken for duplication, while more plants are being prepared for the remaining West Coast cities.[[File:Donald Sutherland bodysnatchers scream.jpg|thumb|right|At the ''denoument'', Matthew ([[Donald Sutherland]]) demonstrates the characteristic pose by which pods identify unconverted humans.]] As he heads towards [[San Francisco City Hall|City Hall]], he encounters Nancy, who quietly approaches him and attempts a hushed conversation. To her horror, he extends out his finger towards her and emits an earsplitting shriek, having been replaced by the Pods.'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em;font-size:90%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:110%;font-style:italic;">Invasion of the Body Snatchers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Invasion_of_the_body_snatchers_movie_poster_1978.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Invasion of the body snatchers movie poster 1978.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Invasion_of_the_body_snatchers_movie_poster_1978.jpg/220px-Invasion_of_the_body_snatchers_movie_poster_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="thumbborder" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="391" /></a><div style="font-size:95%;padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Theatrical release poster by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Gold" title="Bill Gold">Bill Gold</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Directed by</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Kaufman" title="Philip Kaufman">Philip Kaufman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Produced by</th><td>Robert H. Solo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Screenplay by</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/W._D._Richter" title="W. D. Richter">W. D. Richter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Based on</th><td><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Body_Snatchers" title="The Body Snatchers">The Body Snatchers</a></i><br />by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Finney" title="Jack Finney">Jack Finney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Starring</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooke_Adams_(actress)" title="Brooke Adams (actress)">Brooke Adams</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy" title="Leonard Nimoy">Leonard Nimoy</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum" title="Jeff Goldblum">Jeff Goldblum</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veronica_Cartwright" title="Veronica Cartwright">Veronica Cartwright</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Music by</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denny_Zeitlin" title="Denny Zeitlin">Denny Zeitlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Chapman_(cinematographer)" title="Michael Chapman (cinematographer)">Michael Chapman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Edited by</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douglas_Stewart_(film_editor)" title="Douglas Stewart (film editor)">Douglas Stewart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Production<br />company </div></th><td><div style="vertical-align:middle;">Solofilm</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Distributed by</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;white-space:normal;">Release date</div></th><td><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li>December 22, 1978<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1978-12-22</span>)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;white-space:normal;">Running time</div></th><td>115 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Country</th><td>United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td>English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Budget</th><td><span style="white-space: nowrap">US$3.5 million</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Box office</th><td><span style="white-space: nowrap">US$24.9 million</span> <small>(North America)</small><sup id="cite_ref-bom_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bom-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><i><b>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</b></i> is a 1978 American <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Kaufman" title="Philip Kaufman">Philip Kaufman</a> and starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooke_Adams_(actress)" title="Brooke Adams (actress)">Brooke Adams</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veronica_Cartwright" title="Veronica Cartwright">Veronica Cartwright</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum" title="Jeff Goldblum">Jeff Goldblum</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy" title="Leonard Nimoy">Leonard Nimoy</a>. Released on December 22, 1978, it is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remake" title="Remake">remake</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers" title="Invasion of the Body Snatchers">the 1956 film of the same name</a>, which is based on the 1955 novel <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Body_Snatchers" title="The Body Snatchers">The Body Snatchers</a></i> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Finney" title="Jack Finney">Jack Finney</a>. The plot involves a San Francisco health inspector and his colleague who discover that humans are being replaced by alien duplicates; each is a perfect copy of the person replaced, only devoid of human emotion.
</p><p>Released in the United States over the Christmas weekend 1978, <i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i> grossed nearly $25 million at the American box office. It initially received varied reviews from critics, though its critical reception has significantly improved in subsequent years, receiving a 93% on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> and also being hailed as one of the greatest remakes ever as well as one of the best science-fiction horror films of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Plot"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Plot</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Cast"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cast</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Production"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Release"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Release</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Box_office"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Box office</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Critical_reception"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Critical reception</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Contemporaneous"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporaneous</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Subsequent_assessment"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Subsequent assessment</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Home_video"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Home video</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Works_cited"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Works cited</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Plot">Plot</span></h2>
<p>A race of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatinous</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">creatures</a>, having abandoned their dying planet and traveled to Earth, land in San Francisco. They infiltrate Earth's ecosystem, latching onto plantlife and taking the form of small pods with pink flowers. Elizabeth Driscoll, a laboratory scientist at the San Francisco Health Department, brings one of the flowers home, where she lives with her boyfriend Geoffrey. Leaving the flower on their bedside table, she awakens the next morning to discover Geoffrey now behaving strangely cold and distant.
</p><p>While at first disbelieving, Elizabeth's colleague, Matthew Bennell, advises her to visit psychiatrist David Kibner, who is giving a presentation of his new book. As Elizabeth and Matthew drive to the bookstore, a hysterical man warns them of danger and shouts "They're coming! You'll be next!" before being hit by a car, his death being observed by emotionless onlookers. At the bookstore, Elizabeth asks Kibner for help regarding Geoffrey, but he theorizes that Elizabeth is simply using the belief that Geoffrey is behaving differently as an excuse to end their relationship. Despite other people complaining of similar scenarios, she takes his advice. Meanwhile, Matthew's friend Jack Bellicec calls Matthew to investigate when a grotesque body covered in fibres which resembles Jack is found in his wife Nancy's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bathhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathhouse">mud baths</a>. Sensing danger with these odd occurrences, Matthew goes to Elizabeth to warn her. After breaking into her house, he finds Elizabeth in a deep sleep but also discovers a semi-formed duplicate of her in the bedroom. Suspecting Geoffrey's involvement, Matthew takes Elizabeth home with him, but when he returns later with the police, the duplicate body is gone.
</p><p>The following night, Matthew and his friends are nearly duplicated as they sleep, by four pods in Matthew's garden. The aliens gestate inside the pods which grow to a metre or so in length before breaking open, spawning a human duplicate that grows rapidly. The pods duplicate any humans that are asleep in the immediate vicinity, copying not just their physical characteristics but their memories too. Once the duplication is complete, the original human dies and disintegrates into dust and the alien "pod person" takes their place. Matthew calls the police, but realizes that the department has been infiltrated. They have also begun tracking him through the phone lines, alerting others to the group's location. Matthew destroys their semi-formed duplicates before escaping with the others. The aliens set off in close pursuit of Matthew's group. The aliens emit a shrill scream when they discover a human being among them, drawing other aliens nearby. Cornered at a dead end road, Jack and Nancy break away and create a distraction, allowing Matthew and Elizabeth to hide and eventually escape back into the city. There, the pair takes refuge in the health department, where they each ingest a large dose of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Speed</a>, keeping them awake for several more hours. Again tracked through the phone lines, they are soon captured by Jack and Kibner, who have been duplicated. Matthew and Elizabeth are both injected with sedatives whilst being informed of the aliens' intentions for survivability, though their previous dose of Speed enables them to escape and kill Jack’s duplicate whilst locking Kibner in a refrigerated room.
</p><p>Matthew and Elizabeth reunite with Nancy, who has learnt to evade the aliens by hiding her emotions. The two follow her example, but their cover is blown when Elizabeth screams at the sight of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mutant" title="Mutant">mutant</a> dog with a human head. They separate from Nancy amid the chaos and quickly board a truck delivering plants to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pier_70,_San_Francisco" title="Pier 70, San Francisco">Pier 70</a>, where the aliens are growing more pods and intending to ship them to other widely populated cities. While Matthew scouts the area in an attempt to flee aboard a vacant ship, Elizabeth falls asleep and is duplicated. Horrified as her body disintegrates in his arms, Matthew breaks into the docks' warehouse and burns down the building, destroying hundreds of pods. He flees and hides under a bridge, but is relentlessly pursued by the aliens.
</p><p>
The next morning, Matthew returns to work at the health department and witnesses several schoolchildren being taken for duplication, while more pods are being prepared for the remaining West Coast cities.</p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Donald_Sutherland_bodysnatchers_scream.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Donald_Sutherland_bodysnatchers_scream.jpg/220px-Donald_Sutherland_bodysnatchers_scream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="263" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Donald_Sutherland_bodysnatchers_scream.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>At the <i>denoument</i>, Matthew (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a>) demonstrates the characteristic pose by which the "pod people" identify unconverted humans.</div></div></div><p> As he heads towards <a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Francisco_City_Hall" title="San Francisco City Hall">City Hall</a>, he encounters Nancy, who quietly approaches him and attempts a hushed conversation. To her horror, he points at her and emits an earsplitting shriek, having been replaced by the pods himself.
</p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cast">Cast</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> as Matthew Bennell</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooke_Adams_(actress)" title="Brooke Adams (actress)">Brooke Adams</a> as Elizabeth Driscoll</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy" title="Leonard Nimoy">Leonard Nimoy</a> as Dr. David Kibner</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum" title="Jeff Goldblum">Jeff Goldblum</a> as Jack Bellicec</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veronica_Cartwright" title="Veronica Cartwright">Veronica Cartwright</a> as Nancy Bellicec</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art_Hindle" title="Art Hindle">Art Hindle</a> as Dr. Geoffrey Howell</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lelia_Goldoni" title="Lelia Goldoni">Lelia Goldoni</a> as Katherine Hendley</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy_(actor)" title="Kevin McCarthy (actor)">Kevin McCarthy</a> as Running Man. McCarthy starred in the original 1956 version as Dr. Miles Bennell.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_Siegel" title="Don Siegel">Don Siegel</a> as Taxi Driver. Siegel was director of the 1956 film version</li>
<li>Tom Luddy as Ted Hendley</li>
<li>Jerry Walter as Restaurant Owner, Henri</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Kaufman" title="Philip Kaufman">Philip Kaufman</a> (the film's director) as the man wearing a hat who bothers Dr. Matthew Bennell in a phone booth; also the voice of one of the officials whom Bennell contacts</li>
<li>Rose Kaufman (wife of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Kaufman" title="Philip Kaufman">Philip Kaufman</a>) as the woman who argues with Jack at the book party</li>
<li>Joe Bellan as Harry, the busker</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Production">Production</span></h2>
<p>Director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Kaufman" title="Philip Kaufman">Philip Kaufman</a> had been a fan of the 1956 film, which he likened to "great radio", although he had not read the novel until after he agreed to direct the remake. "I thought, 'Well this doesn't have to be a remake as such. It can be a new envisioning that was a variation on a theme,' he said on the film's 40th anniversary. The first change he anticipated was filming in color; the second was changing the location to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. "Could it happen in the city I love the most? The city with the most advanced, progressive therapies, politics and so forth? What would happen in a place like that if the pods landed there and that element of 'poddiness' was spread?"<sup id="cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40th_anniversary_story-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematographer</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Chapman_(cinematographer)" title="Michael Chapman (cinematographer)">Michael Chapman</a> worked with Kaufman to try to capture the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a></i> feel of the original in color, reviewing some classics of that genre before production. Some of the things they borrowed were scenes with light giving way to shadow and shooting from unusual angles. They used certain color tinges to indicate that some characters were now pod people. "When they're running along the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embarcadero_(San_Francisco)" title="Embarcadero (San Francisco)">Embarcadero</a> and the huge shadows appear first, those are sort of classic film noir images", the director said.<sup id="cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40th_anniversary_story-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sound editor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ben_Burtt" title="Ben Burtt">Ben Burtt</a>, who had helped create many of the signature sounds from <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></i> the year before, also added to the film's ambience. Natural sounds that mix with the city's more industrial noises give way to just the latter as the film progresses. Among them are the grinding noises of garbage trucks, a common urban sound that slowly becomes horrific as it becomes clear that most of what they are processing is the discarded husks that remain of pre-pod human bodies. Burtt also designed the iconic shriek when pod people see a surviving human, a sound Kaufman said was composed of many elements, including a pig's squeal.<sup id="cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40th_anniversary_story-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>All the special effects were created live for the camera. The scene at the beginning where the pods travel through space from their dead homeworld to San Francisco was one of the simplest. "I found some viscous material in an art store, I think we paid $12 for a big vat of it, and then [we dropped it] into solutions and reversed the film", Kaufman recalled. The dog with the banjo player's face, another effective moment later in the film, included a mechanism whereby the creature appeared to lick itself.<sup id="cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40th_anniversary_story-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The film features a number of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">cameo appearances</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy_(actor)" title="Kevin McCarthy (actor)">Kevin McCarthy</a>, who played Dr. Miles Bennell in the original <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers" title="Invasion of the Body Snatchers">Invasion of the Body Snatchers</a></i>, makes a brief appearance as an old man frantically screaming "They're coming!" to passing cars on the street.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Though not playing the same character, Kaufman meant McCarthy's cameo as a nod to the original movie, as if he had been "metaphorically" running around the country since the original film shouting out his warnings. While they were filming the scene, in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenderloin,_San_Francisco" title="Tenderloin, San Francisco">Tenderloin</a>, Kaufman recalls that a naked man lying on the street awoke and recognized McCarthy. After learning that they were filming the remake of the original <i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i>, he told McCarthy that that film was better. "We were in the middle of shooting the film and we got our first review!"<sup id="cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40th_anniversary_story-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The original film's director, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_Siegel" title="Don Siegel">Don Siegel</a>, appears as a taxi driver who alerts the police to Matthew and Elizabeth's attempt to flee the city. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Duvall" title="Robert Duvall">Robert Duvall</a> is also seen briefly as a silent priest sitting on a swing set in the opening scene.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a></sup> Kaufman appears in dual roles both as a man wearing a hat who bothers Sutherland's character in a phone booth, and the voice of one of the officials Sutherland's character speaks to on the phone. His wife, Rose Kaufman, has a small role at the book party as the woman who argues with Jeff Goldblum's character. Chapman appears twice as a janitor in the health department.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>McCarthy and Siegel played a role in shaping the film's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twist_ending" class="mw-redirect" title="Twist ending">twist ending</a>. Before filming, Kaufman had sought out Siegel for advice, and while the two were talking in the latter's office, McCarthy happened to come in. The topic eventually came around to the original film's ending, which they regarded as "pat". After coming up with the ending he used, he kept it a secret from everyone involved in the filming except screenwriter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/W.D._Richter" class="mw-redirect" title="W.D. Richter">W.D. Richter</a> and producer <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Robert_Solo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Solo (page does not exist)">Robert Solo</a>. Sutherland was only informed of the scene the night before shooting; Kaufman is not sure Cartwright even knew until Sutherland turned around to point and shriek at her. The studio executives only learned of it when a cut was screened for them at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a>'s house.<sup id="cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40th_anniversary_story-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film score</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denny_Zeitlin" title="Denny Zeitlin">Denny Zeitlin</a> was released on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perseverance_Records" title="Perseverance Records">Perseverance Records</a>; it is the only film score Zeitlin has composed.<sup id="cite_ref-music_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music-8">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerry_Garcia" title="Jerry Garcia">Jerry Garcia</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> recorded the banjo parts.<sup id="cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40th_anniversary_story-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kaufman said of the casting of Nimoy, "Leonard had got typecast and this [film] was an attempt to break him out of that," referring to the similar quirks that Dr. Kibner and his pod double had in common with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spock" title="Spock">Spock</a>, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> character that Nimoy was most well known for. According to Kaufman, it was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Medavoy" title="Mike Medavoy">Mike Medavoy</a>, then head of production at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a>, who suggested the casting of Donald Sutherland. Sutherland's character had a similar curly hairstyle as that of another character he portrayed in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Now" title="Don't Look Now">Don't Look Now</a></i> (1973). "They would have to set his hair with pink rollers every day", recalled co-star Veronica Cartwright.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> According to Zeitlin, Sutherland's character was originally written as an "avocational jazz player" early in development.<sup id="cite_ref-music_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The director encouraged his actors to fill the spaces between dialogue with facial expressions. "Often people on the set or at the studio are so worried about just getting content, and content is not necessarily going to make the scene full of humanity or feel compassion and amusement and humor", Kaufman told <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. He particularly singled out the way Adams rolls her eyes in opposite directions while she and Sutherland have dinner as something that a pod person could and would never do.<sup id="cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40th_anniversary_story-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Release">Release</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Box_office">Box office</span></h3>
<p><i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i> premiered in the United States on December 22, 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-afi_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afi-10">[9]</a></sup> showing on 445 screens nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-bom_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bom-2">[2]</a></sup> Between its premiere and December 25, the film had earned a total of $1,298,129 in box office sales.<sup id="cite_ref-bom_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bom-2">[2]</a></sup> It would go on to gross a total of nearly $25 million in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-bom_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bom-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the film's 40th anniversary, Kaufman believes the film may have seemed timely when it came out since the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> mass suicide had occurred a month earlier and still dominated the news: "That was a case of a lot of people from San Francisco were looking for a better world and suddenly found themselves in pod-dom, and it was fatal. It could not have been a more pointed reason for watching the movie."<sup id="cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40th_anniversary_story-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporaneous">Contemporaneous</span></h4>
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pauline_Kael" title="Pauline Kael">Pauline Kael</a> was a particular fan of the film, writing that it "may be the best film of its kind ever made".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i> wrote that it "validates the entire concept of remakes. This new version of Don Siegel's 1956 cult classic not only matches the original in horrific tone and effect, but exceeds it in both conception and execution."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gene_Siskel" title="Gene Siskel">Gene Siskel</a> gave the film three stars out of four and said it was "one of the more entertaining films in what has turned out to be a dismal Christmas movie season."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kevin_Thomas_(film_critic)" title="Kevin Thomas (film critic)">Kevin Thomas</a> of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> called it "a thoroughly scary success in its own right. Not literally a remake—it's more of a sequel, actually—this handsome, highly imaginative film generates its own implications from Finney's sturdy allegory of dehumanization and manages even to have some fun in the process."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The film was not without negative criticism. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>' <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janet_Maslin" title="Janet Maslin">Janet Maslin</a> wrote that the "creepiness [Kaufman] generates is so crazily ubiquitous it becomes funny."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> wrote that it "was said to have something to do with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> and keeping tabs on those who are not like you”, and called Kael's praise for the film "inexplicable",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> while <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Schickel" title="Richard Schickel">Richard Schickel</a> labeled its screenplay "laughably literal".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phil_Hardy_(journalist)" title="Phil Hardy (journalist)">Phil Hardy's</a> <i>Aurum Film Encyclopedia</i> called Kaufman's direction "less sure" than the screenplay.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The film received a nomination from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America" title="Writers Guild of America">Writers Guild of America</a> for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay" title="Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay">Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium</a>. The film was also nominated for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation">Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation</a>. It was also recognized by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films</a>. Philip Kaufman won <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn Award for Best Direction">Best Director</a>, and the film was nominated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Film" title="Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film">Best Science Fiction Film</a>. Donald Sutherland, Brooke Adams, and Leonard Nimoy received additional nominations for their performances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Subsequent_assessment">Subsequent assessment</span></h4>
<p><i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i> (1978) has been named among the greatest film remakes ever made, by several publications, including <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>Film scholar M. Keith Booker posited that the film's "paranoid atmosphere" links it to other films outside the science fiction genre, and that it "bears a clear family resemblance to paranoid conspiracy thrillers like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_J._Pakula" title="Alan J. Pakula">Alan J. Pakula</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Parallax_View" title="The Parallax View">The Parallax View</a></i> (1974)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooker200672–3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooker200672–3-21">[20]</a></sup> Chris Barsanti, in <i>The Sci-Fi Movie Guide</i> (2014), praised the performances of Adams and Sutherland, but criticized some elements of the film, writing: "The subtlety of Donald Siegel's original gives way to gaudy f/x and self-consciously artsy camerawork ... the film is overindulgently long, too, though it certainly has its shocking moments."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarsanti2014197_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsanti2014197-22">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>On <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Review_aggregator" title="Review aggregator">review aggregator</a> website <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, the film has received an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval rating">approval rating</a> of 93% based on 57 reviews, with an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Average_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Average rating">average rating</a> of 8.2/10. The site's consensus reads, "Employing gritty camerawork and evocative sound effects, <i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i> is a powerful remake that expands upon themes and ideas only lightly explored in the original."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup> On <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>, the film has a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weighted_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighted average">weighted average</a> score of 75 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a 2018 review published by <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Complex_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (magazine)">Complex</a></i>, the film was ranked among the greatest science fiction films of all time: "<i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i> is doubly impressive; it both improves upon the '56 film and Jack Finney's literary source material with a scarier disposition and more layered character development."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Home_video">Home video</span></h3>
<p><i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i> was released on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> in the United States, Australia and many European countries. The film was released on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> in the United States in 2010 and in the United Kingdom in 2013 by MGM Home Entertainment. Then released once more on Blu-ray by Shout! Factory in the United States and Canada in 2016. This release contains a 2K scan of the interpositive.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_Film_Critics_Association" title="Chicago Film Critics Association">Chicago Film Critics Association</a> named it the 59th scariest film ever made.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">List of science fiction horror films</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1970s">List of science fiction films of the 1970s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1978" title="List of American films of 1978">List of American films of 1978</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the director's commentary on the DVD release, Kaufman states that Duvall, who had worked with him in <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Northfield,_Minnesota_Raid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Great Northfield, Minnesota Raid (page does not exist)">The Great Northfield, Minnesota Raid</a></i>, happened to be in San Francisco at the time of filming and did the scene for free. Kaufman states that Duvall's character is the first "pod person" to be seen in the film. He was reportedly paid with an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eddie_Bauer" title="Eddie Bauer">Eddie Bauer</a> coat.<sup id="cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40th_anniversary_story-5">[5]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077745/"><i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)</i></a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bom-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bom_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bom_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bom_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bom_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=invasionofthebodysnatchers.htm">"Invasion of the Body Snatchers, Box Office Information"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers%2C+Box+Office+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dinvasionofthebodysnatchers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v25289"><i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)</i></a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1010679_invasion_of_the_body_snatchers">"Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fandango_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fandango (company)">Fandango</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2F1010679_invasion_of_the_body_snatchers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40th_anniversary_story-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-40th_anniversary_story_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2018" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, David (December 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/invasion-body-snatchers-ending-still-haunts-director-1170220">"Why 'Invasion of the Body Snatchers' Still Haunts Its Director"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Why+%27Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers%27+Still+Haunts+Its+Director&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fheat-vision%2Finvasion-body-snatchers-ending-still-haunts-director-1170220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1998" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_Knowles" title="Harry Knowles">Knowles, Harry</a> (March 26, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aintitcool.com/node/1696">"Invasion of the Body Snatchers ..."</a> <i>aintitcool.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aintitcool.com&rft.atitle=Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+...&rft.date=1998-03-26&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faintitcool.com%2Fnode%2F1696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-music-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-music_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-music_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZeitlin2002" class="citation interview cs1">Zeitlin, Denny (2002). "Denny Zeitlin: Invasion of the Body Snatchers" (Interview). Interviewed by Monk Rowe. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamilton_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton College (New York)">Hamilton College</a> Jazz Archive Jazz Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denny+Zeitlin%3A+Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers&rft.pub=Hamilton+College+Jazz+Archive+Jazz+Archive&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Zeitlin&rft.aufirst=Denny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefancan.com/fancandy/features/moviefeatures/bodysnatchers.html">"Invasion of the Body Snatchers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefancan.com%2Ffancandy%2Ffeatures%2Fmoviefeatures%2Fbodysnatchers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-afi-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-afi_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56556?sid=dace5afc-3d77-45b1-8ab8-7d7e9e095fa3&sr=6.143774&cp=1&pos=0">"Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> Catalog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Film+Institute+Catalog&rft.atitle=Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.afi.com%2FCatalog%2Fmoviedetails%2F56556%3Fsid%3Ddace5afc-3d77-45b1-8ab8-7d7e9e095fa3%26sr%3D6.143774%26cp%3D1%26pos%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMenand1995" class="citation web cs1">Menand, Louis (March 23, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1995/mar/23/finding-it-at-the-movies/?page=2">"Finding It at the Movies"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">nybooks.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nybooks.com&rft.atitle=Finding+It+at+the+Movies&rft.date=1995-03-23&rft.aulast=Menand&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1995%2Fmar%2F23%2Ffinding-it-at-the-movies%2F%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHurtley1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hurtley, Stella (December 31, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/review/VE1117792013?refcatid=31">"Invasion of the Body Snatchers"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. <b>332</b>: 147. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...332U.147H">2011Sci...332U.147H</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers&rft.volume=332&rft.pages=147&rft.date=1977-12-31&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...332U.147H&rft.aulast=Hurtley&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2Freview%2FVE1117792013%3Frefcatid%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gene_Siskel" title="Gene Siskel">Siskel, Gene</a> (December 22, 1978). "Sci-fi, romance, comedy fill the holiday bill". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. Section 3, p. 1, 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kevin_Thomas_(film_critic)" title="Kevin Thomas (film critic)">Thomas, Kevin</a> (December 21, 1978). "A 'Body Snatchers' That Tells All". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Part IV, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaslin1978" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janet_Maslin" title="Janet Maslin">Maslin, Janet</a> (December 22, 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C0CE1DF1E38E732A25751C2A9649D946990D6CF&partner=Rotten%20Tomatoes">"<i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i> (1978): Screen: 'Body Snatchers' Return in All Their Creepy Glory"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978%29%3A+Screen%3A+%27Body+Snatchers%27+Return+in+All+Their+Creepy+Glory&rft.date=1978-12-22&rft.aulast=Maslin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9C0CE1DF1E38E732A25751C2A9649D946990D6CF%26partner%3DRotten%2520Tomatoes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEbert2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Ebert, Roger</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1aM7D_ymdAC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=roger+ebert+invasion+of+the+body+snatchers#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2010</i></a>. Andrews McMeel. p. 218. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-740-79218-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-740-79218-2"><bdi>978-0-740-79218-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roger+Ebert%27s+Movie+Yearbook+2010&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Andrews+McMeel&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-740-79218-2&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1aM7D_ymdAC%26pg%3DPA218%26lpg%3DPA218%26dq%3Droger%2Bebert%2Binvasion%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbody%2Bsnatchers%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchickel,_Richard1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Schickel" title="Richard Schickel">Schickel, Richard</a> (December 25, 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,948406,00.html">"Cinema: Twice-Told Tale"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Time Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Cinema%3A+Twice-Told+Tale&rft.date=1978-12-25&rft.au=Schickel%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C948406%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1991" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Phil (1991). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Aurum_Film_Encyclopedia,_Volume_2:_Science_Fiction" title="The Aurum Film Encyclopedia, Volume 2: Science Fiction"><i>The Aurum Film Encyclopedia – Science Fiction</i></a>. Aurum Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aurum+Film+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMurray,_Noel2015" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Noel; et al. (January 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/lists/50-best-sci-fi-movies-of-the-1970s-20150114/invasion-of-the-body-snatchers-1978-20150113">"Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. 50 Best Sci-Fi Movies of the 1970s<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978%29&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft.au=Murray%2C+Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmovies%2Flists%2F50-best-sci-fi-movies-of-the-1970s-20150114%2Finvasion-of-the-body-snatchers-1978-20150113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rottentomatoes.com/guides/best_remakes_50_years_50_movies">"Best Remakes: 50 Years, 50 Movies"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Best+Remakes%3A+50+Years%2C+50+Movies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frottentomatoes.com%2Fguides%2Fbest_remakes_50_years_50_movies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooker200672–3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooker200672–3_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooker2006">Booker 2006</a>, pp. 72–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsanti2014197-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarsanti2014197_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarsanti2014">Barsanti 2014</a>, p. 197.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1010679_invasion_of_the_body_snatchers">"Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fandango_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fandango (company)">Fandango</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2F1010679_invasion_of_the_body_snatchers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metacritic.com/movie/invasion-of-the-body-snatchers">"Invasion of the Body Snatchers Reviews"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CBS_Interactive" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metacritic&rft.atitle=Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+Reviews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetacritic.com%2Fmovie%2Finvasion-of-the-body-snatchers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPimentel,_Julia2018" class="citation web cs1">Pimentel, Julia; et al. (January 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/best-sci-fi-movies">"The Best Sci-Fi Movies"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Complex_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (magazine)">Complex</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complex&rft.atitle=The+Best+Sci-Fi+Movies&rft.date=2018-01-07&rft.au=Pimentel%2C+Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.complex.com%2Fpop-culture%2Fbest-sci-fi-movies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i> <span class="cs1-format">(Blu-ray)</span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|format=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#format_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scream_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Scream Factory">Scream Factory</a>. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers&rft.pub=Scream+Factory&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altfg.com/blog/hollywood/chicago-critics-scariest-films">"Chicago Critics' Scariest Films"</a>. <i>Alt Film Guide</i>. October 26, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alt+Film+Guide&rft.atitle=Chicago+Critics%27+Scariest+Films&rft.date=2006-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altfg.com%2Fblog%2Fhollywood%2Fchicago-critics-scariest-films&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Works_cited">Works cited</span></h2>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBarsanti2014" class="citation book cs1">Barsanti, Chris (2014). <i>The Sci-Fi Movie Guide: The Universe of Film from Alien to Zardoz</i>. Visible Ink Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-578-59533-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-578-59533-4"><bdi>978-1-578-59533-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sci-Fi+Movie+Guide%3A+The+Universe+of+Film+from+Alien+to+Zardoz&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-578-59533-4&rft.aulast=Barsanti&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBooker2006" class="citation book cs1">Booker, M. Keith (2006). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alternateamerica00book_0"><i>Alternate Americas: Science Fiction Film and American Culture</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98395-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98395-6"><bdi>978-0-275-98395-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternate+Americas%3A+Science+Fiction+Film+and+American+Culture&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98395-6&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=M.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falternateamerica00book_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+the+Body+Snatchers+%281978+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers_(1978_film)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978 film)">Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978 film)</a></b></i></td></tr>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077745/"><i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i></a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/title.jsp?stid=5448"><i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i></a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1010679-invasion_of_the_body_snatchers"><i>Invasion of the Body Snatchers</i></a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Body_Snatchers_by_Jack_Finney" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:The_Body_Snatchers" title="Template:The Body Snatchers"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:The_Body_Snatchers" title="Template talk:The Body Snatchers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Body_Snatchers&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Body_Snatchers_by_Jack_Finney" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Body_Snatchers" title="The Body Snatchers">The Body Snatchers</a></i> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Finney" title="Jack Finney">Jack Finney</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers" title="Invasion of the Body Snatchers">Invasion of the Body Snatchers</a></i> (1956)</li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Invasion of the Body Snatchers</a></i> (1978)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Body_Snatchers_(1993_film)" title="Body Snatchers (1993 film)">Body Snatchers</a></i> (1993)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Invasion_(film)" title="The Invasion (film)">The Invasion</a></i> (2007)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Bunny_Snatchers" title="Invasion of the Bunny Snatchers">Invasion of the Bunny Snatchers</a></i> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pod_People_(Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers)" title="Pod People (Invasion of the Body Snatchers)">Pod People</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Pod_People" title="Invasion of the Pod People">Invasion of the Pod People</a></i> (2007)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philip_Kaufman" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Philip_Kaufman" title="Template:Philip Kaufman"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Philip_Kaufman" title="Template talk:Philip Kaufman"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Philip_Kaufman&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philip_Kaufman" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Kaufman" title="Philip Kaufman">Philip Kaufman</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films directed</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goldstein_(film)" title="Goldstein (film)">Goldstein</a></i> (1964)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fearless_Frank" title="Fearless Frank">Fearless Frank</a></i> (1967)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Great_Northfield_Minnesota_Raid" title="The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid">The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid</a></i> (1972)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_White_Dawn" title="The White Dawn">The White Dawn</a></i> (1974)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Invasion of the Body Snatchers</a></i> (1978)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wanderers_(1979_film)" title="The Wanderers (1979 film)">The Wanderers</a></i> (1979)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" title="The Right Stuff (film)">The Right Stuff</a></i> (1983)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Unbearable_Lightness_of_Being_(film)" title="The Unbearable Lightness of Being (film)">The Unbearable Lightness of Being</a></i> (1988)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_%26_June" title="Henry & June">Henry & June</a></i> (1990)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rising_Sun_(film)" title="Rising Sun (film)">Rising Sun</a></i> (1993)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quills" title="Quills">Quills</a></i> (2000)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twisted_(2004_film)" title="Twisted (2004 film)">Twisted</a></i> (2004)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hemingway_%26_Gellhorn" title="Hemingway & Gellhorn">Hemingway & Gellhorn</a></i> (2012, TV film)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Written only</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Outlaw_Josey_Wales" title="The Outlaw Josey Wales">The Outlaw Josey Wales</a></i> (1976)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a></i> (1981)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unproduced project</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Star_Trek:_Planet_of_the_Titans" title="Star Trek: Planet of the Titans">Star Trek: Planet of the Titans</a></i></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598818&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598818&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598818" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7842858-0">7842858-0</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2012145567">no2012145567</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305909086">305909086</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/305909086">305909086</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1597950943 |