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{{short description|Indian king and founder of the Maratha Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
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{{Infobox royalty
|name =ShivajiI Maharaj<!--
NOTE:
OTHER SOVEREIGN ARTICLES SIMPLY STATE NAME, SEE [[Richard III]], [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] FOR PRECEDENT. DO NOT ADD THE TERM "Chatrapati" TO THIS INFOBOX, OR IT WILL JUST BE REMOVED. SEE THE OLD TALK PAGE DISCUSSIONS BEFORE POSTING, AND OUR GUIDELINES ON USING THE MOST COMMON NAME AND AVOIDING HONORIFIC TITLES
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|title= Shakakarta (The Maker of an era){{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=222}}<br>[[Defender of the Faith#Other|Haindava Dharmodh haarak]]<ref name="Chandra1982">{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|title=Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRM1AAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Macmillan|page=140}}</ref><br>[[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Hinduvi swarjya]]<br>
|royal house = [[Bhonsle]]
|image=Shivaji Maharaj British Museum.jpg
|caption= Shivaji Maharaj portrait (1680s) in the [[British Library]]
|succession = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|33x30px]] 1st [[Chhatrapati]] of the [Hinduvi swarjya]
|reign =1674–1680
|coronation = 6 June 1674 (first)<br> 24 September 1674 (second)
|predecessor =
|successor = [[Sambhaji Maharaj]]
|birth_date = 19 February 1630
|birth_place =[[Shivneri|Shivneri Fort, Shivneri]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
|death_date = 3 April 1680 (aged 50)
|death_place =[[Raigad Fort]], [[Raigad district|Raigad]], [[Maratha Empire]] (present-day Maharashtra, India)
|spouse = {{Plainlist|
*[[Maharani Saibai|Saibai Nimbalkar]]
*[[Soyarabai|Soyarabai Mohite]]
*[[Putalabai|Putalabai Palkar]]
*[[Sakvarbai|Sakvarbai Gaikwad]]
*Kashibai Jadhav{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=260}}}}
|issue ={{Plainlist|
*Sakhubai Nimbalkar<ref>{{cite book|editor=Anne Feldhaus|author=James Laine|title=Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion|date=1996|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=9780791428375|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&pg=PA97&dq=sabhasad+shivaji+rajaram+bakhar#v=onepage}}</ref>
*Ranubai Jadhav
*Ambikabai Mahadik
*[[Sambhaji Maharaj]]
*[[ Rajaram Maharaj |Rajaram Maharaj]]
*Rajkumaribai Shirke}}
|father =[[Shahaji Raje]]
|mother =[[Rajmata Jijabai]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Shivaji Raje Bhosale I''' ({{IPA-mr|ʃiʋaˑɟiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ}}; c. 1627/1630 – April 3, 1680<ref>Dates are given according to the [[Julian calendar]], see [http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars].</ref>) was an Indian warrior-king and a member of the [[Bhonsle]] [[Maratha clan]]. Shivaji Maharaj carved out an enclave from the declining [[Adilshahi sultanate]] of [[Bijapur]] that formed the genesis of the [[Maratha Empire]]. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the ''[[chhatrapati]]'' (emperor) of his realm at [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]].
Over the course of his life, Shivaji Maharaj engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the [[Mughal Empire]], [[Sultanate of Golkonda]] and [[Sultanate of Bijapur]], as well as European colonial powers. Shivaji Maharaj military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy. Shivaji Maharaj established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions and court conventions and promoted the usage of [[Marathi language]] and [[Sanskrit]], rather than the [[Persian language]], in court and administration.
Shivaji Maharaj legacy was to vary by observer and time, but he began to take on increased importance with the emergence of the [[Indian independence movement]], as many elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus.{{sfn|Wolpert|1962|p=81}}
{{TOC limit|3}}
== Ancestors ==
Shivaji Maharaj was born in family of [[Bhonsle]], a [[Maratha]] clan.<ref name="Kulkarni1963">{{cite book |author=V. B. Kulkarni |title=Shivaji: The Portrait of a Patriot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU8_AAAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Orient Longman}}</ref>Shivaji Maharaj paternal grandfather Maloji Raje(1552–1597) was an influential general of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], and was awarded the epithet of "Raja". He was given ''[[Deshmukh|deshmukhi]]'' rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan and Indapur for military expenses. He was also given Fort [[Shivneri]] for his family's residence ({{circa|1590}}).<ref> Marathi book Shivkaal (Times of Shivaji) by Dr V G Khobrekar, Publisher: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, First edition 2006. Chapter 1</ref><ref name="Salma314">{{cite book |author=Salma Ahmed Farooqui |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA314 |year=2011 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |pages=314–}}</ref>
{{See Also|Bhonsle#origin}}
==Early life==
{{main|Early life of Shivaji}}
[[File:Shivneri Fort Birth place of Shivaji maharaj.jpg|thumb|Shivneri Fort]]
Shivaji Maharaj was born in the hill-fort of [[Shivneri]], near the city of [[Junnar]] in what is now [[Pune district]]. Scholars disagree on his date of birth. The [[Government of Maharashtra]] lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji Maharaj bbirth ([[Shiv Jayanti|ShivJayanti]]).{{efn|Based on multiple committees of historians and experts, the Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate. This [[Julian calendar]] date of that period (1 March 1630 of today's [[Gregorian calendar]]) corresponds<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Mohan |last1=Apte |first2=Parag |last2=Mahajani |first3=M. N. |last3=Vahia|title=Possible errors in historical dates|journal=Current Science|volume=84|issue=1|pages=21|date =January 2003|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf}}</ref> to the [[Hindu calendar]] birth date from contemporary records.<ref>{{cite book|first=A. R. |last=Kulkarni|title=Jedhe Shakavali Kareena|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003539370|date=2007|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-8189959357|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kavindra Parmanand Nevaskar|title=Shri Shivbharat|url=https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat|date=1927|publisher=Sadashiv Mahadev Divekar|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat/page/n140 51]}}</ref><ref name="ApteParanjpe1927">{{cite book|author=D.V Apte and M.R. Paranjpe|title=Birth-Date of Shivaji|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/32857|date=1927|publisher=The Maharashtra Publishing House|pages=6–17}}</ref> Other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or dates near this day.<ref name="Sib_Pada">{{cite book|url=|title=Historians and historiography in modern India|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1973|isbn=9788120809000|location=|page=106|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = History of India | author = N. Jayapalan| publisher = Atlantic Publishers & Distri| year = 2001 | isbn = 978-81-7156-928-1| page = 211}}</ref>}}<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |author=Sailendra Sen|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=196–199}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Holidays|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/HolidayList-2016.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in|accessdate=19 May 2018}}</ref> Shivaji Maharaj was named after a local deity, the goddess Shivai<!-- It's "Shivai" not Shiva -->.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=19}} Shivaji Maharaj father [[Shahaji Bhonsle|Shahaji Raje Bhonsle]] was a [[Maratha]] general who served the [[Deccan Sultanates]].<ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&pg=PA128|volume=1|date=17 November 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=128–221}}</ref> His mother was Rajmata Jijabai, the daughter of [[Lakhuji Jadhavrao]] of [[Sindhkhed]], a Mughal-aligned [[sardar]] claiming descent from a [[ Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadav]] royal family of [[Devagiri]].<ref name="Metha2004">{{cite book|author=Arun Metha|title=History of medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0IwAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=ABD Publishers|page=278}}</ref><ref name="Menon2011">{{cite book|author=Kalyani Devaki Menon|title=Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TLRCtw-zvoC&pg=PA44|date=6 July 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0279-3|pages=44–}}</ref>
At the time of Shivaji Maharaj birth, power in Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], and [[Golkonda Sultanate|Golkonda]]. Shahaji Raje often changed his loyalty between the [[Nizam Shahi dynasty|Nizamshahi]] of Ahmadnagar, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adilshah]] of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his ''[[jagir]]'' (fiefdom) at [[Pune]] and his small army.<ref name="Eaton2005"/>
[[File:Shivaji jijamata.JPG|thumb|A statue of young Shivaji Maharaj with Rajmata Jijabai installed at the fort of Shivneri in 1960s]]
===Upbringing===
Shivaji Maharaj was devoted to his mother Rajmata Jijabai, who was deeply religious. His studies of the Hindu epics, the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', also influenced his lifelong defence of Hindu values.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} He was deeply interested in religious teachings, and regularly sought the company of Hindu saints.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=26}} Shahaji Raje meanwhile had married a second wife, Tuka Bai from the [[Mohite (clan)|Mohite]] family. Having made peace with the Mughals, ceding them six forts, he went to serve the Sultanate of Bijapur. He moved Shivaji Maharaj and Rajmata Jijabai from Shivneri to Pune and left them in the care of his ''jagir'' administrator, [[Dadoji Konddeo]], who has been credited with overseeing the education and training of young Shivaji Maharaj.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=20–25}}
Many of Shivaji Maharaj's comrades, and later a number of his soldiers, came from the [[Maval]]<!-- ALTERNATELY Malwes, Malvas, Malaws, Malves, Mavales, Mawulees, etc --> region, including Yesaji Kank, Suryaji Kakade, Baji Pasalkar, [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] and [[Tanaji Malusare]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Shivaram Shankar |last=Apte|title=Samarth Ramdas, Life & Mission|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7ogAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Vora|page=105}}</ref> Shivaji Maharaj traveled the hills and forests of the [[Sahyadri]] range with his Maval friends, gaining skills and familiarity with the land that would prove useful in his military career.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Shivaji Maharaj's independent spirit and his association with the Maval youths did not sit well with Dadoji, who complained without success to Shahaji Raje.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=22–24}}
In 1639, Shahaji Raje was stationed at [[Bangalore]], which was conquered from the nayaks who had taken control after the demise of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. He was asked to hold and settle the area.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas |1993 |p=55}} Shivaji Maharaj was taken to Bangalore where he, his elder brother Sambhaji Raje, and his half brother [[Ekoji I|Ekoji Raje 1]]<nowiki/>were further formally trained. He married Rani [[Sai Bhosale|Saibai]] from the prominent [[Nimbalkar]] family in 1640.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=60}} As early as 1645, the teenage Shivaji Maharaj expressed his concept for ''[[Hindavi Swarajya]]'' (Indian self-rule), in a letter.
<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Wilfred C. |authorlink=Wilfred Cantwell Smith |title=On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVTH0MepJBYC |year=1981 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-082580-0 |p=195 | quote=The earliest relevant usage that I myself have found is ''Hindavi swarajya'' from 1645, in a letter of Shivaji. This might mean, Indian independence from foreign rule, rather than Hindu ''raj'' in the modern sense.}}</ref><!--NOTE-->{{efn|Some scholars interpret ''Hindavi Swarajya'' as meaning self-rule of Hindu people,<ref>{{cite book |author=William Joseph Jackson |title=Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature |year=2005 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=0-7546-3950-9 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38}}: "Probably the earliest use of a word like 'Hindu' was in 1645 in a phrase in a letter of Shivaji, ''Hindavi swarajya'', meaning independence from foreign rule, 'self-rule of Hindu people'."
</ref> while others state that Shivaji's struggle was for gaining "religious freedom" for Hindus.<ref>
{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=C. Mackenzie|title=Svarāj, the Indian Ideal of Freedom: A Political or Religious Concept?|journal=Religious Studies|date=1984|volume=20|issue=3|pages=429–441|doi=10.1017/S0034412500016292}}
</ref> However the term ''hindavi'' was in use by both Hindus and Muslims in the time period concerned.<ref>
{{cite book |first=Ali Akbar |last=Husain |chapter=The Courtly Gardens of 'Abdul's ''Ibrahim Nama'' |editor1-first=Navina Najat |editor1-last=Haiser |editor2-first=Marika |editor2-last=Sardar |title=Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323-1687 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWNHYID4WqAC&pg=PA82 |year=2011 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-438-5 |pp=82–83}}: "That an obscure "Hindavi-speaking" poet should be elevated to the Persian-influenced court of one of the Deccan's principal sultanates speaks both for Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II's patronage of the local idiom and for his encouragement of 'Abdul and other promising poets..."
</ref>}}<!--END NOTE-->
==Conflict with Bijapur==
In 1645, the 15-year-old Shivaji bribed or persuaded Inayat Khan, the Bijapuri commander of the [[Torna Fort]], to hand over possession of the fort to him.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=61}} The Maratha [[Firangoji Narsala]], who held the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] fort, professed his loyalty to Shivaji, and the fort of Kondana was acquired by bribing the Bijapuri governor.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=34}} On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapuri ruler [[Mohammed Adilshah]], in a bid to contain Shivaji.<ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226.</ref>
According to Sarkar, Shahaji was released in 1649 after the capture of [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During these developments, from 1649–1655 Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=41-42}} After his release, Shahaji retired from public life, and died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident. Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed [[Morè (clan)|Chandrarao More]], a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of Javali, near present-day [[Mahabaleshwar]], from him.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=317}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Dipesh |last=Chakrabarty|title=The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gPhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-24024-4|page=147}}</ref>In addition to the Bhosale and the More families, many others including [[Sawant]] of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]], Ghorpade of [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]], [[Nimbalkar]] of [[Phaltan]], Shirke, Mane and [[Mohite]] also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with [[Deshmukh]]i rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families such as marrying their daughters, dealing directly with village Patil to bypass the Deshmukhs, or fighting them.
<ref name="Gordon2007">{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|page=85}}</ref>
===Combat with Afzal Khan===
[[File:Death of Afzal Khan.jpg|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[Sawlaram Haldankar]] of Shivaji fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan]]
Adilshah was displeased at his losses to Shivaji's forces, which his vassal Shahaji disavowed. Having ended his conflict with the Mughals and having a greater ability to respond, in 1657 Adilshah sent [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]], holy to Shivaji's family, and the [[Vithoba]] temple at [[Pandharpur]], a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book |author=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=208–}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015|pp=183–184}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139576840|page=202|language=en}}</ref>
Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to [[Pratapgad]] fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |title=Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT550 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-128-6 |page=550}}</ref> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private outside the fort to [[parley]].<ref name="Roy2012">{{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-57684-0 |pages=202–}}</ref>{{sfn|Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence|2014|p=17}}
The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, either suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=70}}<ref name="JNazareth_Creative">{{cite book | title = Creative Thinking in Warfare | author = J. Nazareth | edition = illustrated | publisher = Lancer | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-81-7062-035-8 | pages = 174–176 }}</ref> or secretly planning to attack himself,{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=294}} wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a ''[[bagh nakh]]'' (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=22}}
Accounts vary on whether Shivaji or Afzal Khan struck the first blow:<ref name="JNazareth_Creative"/> Maratha chronicles accuse Afzal Khan of treachery, while Persian-language records attribute the treachery to Shivaji.{{sfn|Pagadi|1983|p=29}}<ref name="VidyaDhar1967">{{cite book | author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan | title=India since 1526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FcQwAACAAJ| year=1967|publisher=S. Chand | page = 174 }}</ref> In the fight, Afzal Khan's dagger was stopped by Shivaji's armour, and Shivaji's weapons inflicted mortal wounds on the general; Shivaji then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}} In the ensuing [[Battle of Pratapgarh]] fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}
After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}
[[File:Pratapgad (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[Pratapgad]] fort]]
===Siege of Panhala===
Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji's army marched towards the Konkan and [[Kolhapur]], seizing [[Panhala fort]], and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them under [[Rustam Zaman]] and Fazl Khan in 1659.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=78}} In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the British at [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] to increase his efficacy, and also hired some English artillerymen to bombard the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would exact revenge by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=266}}
After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<ref name="Ali1996">{{cite book|first=Shanti Sadiq |last=Ali|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA124|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|page=124}}</ref> Shivaji retook Panhala in 1673.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
===Battle of Pavan Khind===
There is some dispute over the circumstances of Shivaji's withdrawal (treaty or escape) and his destination (Ragna or Vishalgad), but the popular story details his night movement to Vishalgad and a sacrificial rear-guard action to allow him to escape.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Per these accounts, Shivaji withdrew from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] of Bandal [[Deshmukh]], along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort.{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2019}}
In the ensuing [[Battle of Pavan Khind]], the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<ref name="Kulkarni1963" /> signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992">{{cite book|author=Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni|title=The Struggle for Hindu supremacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_m1AAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma)|isbn=978-81-900113-5-8|page=90}}</ref> ''Ghod Khind'' (''khind'' meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed ''Paavan Khind'' ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992"/>
==Conflict with the Mughals==
[[File:Shivaji and Subedar's Daughter M. V. Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|Shivaji and Subedar's Daughter M. V. Dhurandhar]]
Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to [[Aurangzeb]] who then, was the Mughal [[viceroy]] of the Deccan and son of the Mughal emperor, in conquering Bijapur in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages under his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=55–56}} Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=S.R. Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wC27JDyApwC|title=Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material, Volume 2|year=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|page=59 |isbn=9788171568185 }}</ref> This was followed by raids in [[Junnar]], with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 ''[[hun (coin)|hun]]'' in cash and 200 horses.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=57}} Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battle of succession with his brothers for the Mughal throne following the illness of the emperor [[Shah Jahan]].{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=60}}
===Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat===
{{Main|Battle of Chakan|Battle of Surat}}
[[File:Shaistekhan Surprised.jpg|thumb|left|Shaistekhan Surprised]]
Upon the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle [[Shaista Khan]], with an army numbering over 150,000 along with a powerful artillery division in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better–equipped and –provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]], besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmotObeC3zUC|year=1929|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|page=44}}</ref> Shaista Khan pressed his advantage of having a larger, better provisioned and heavily armed Mughal army and made inroads into some of the Maratha territory, seizing the city of Pune and establishing his residence at Shivaji's palace of [[Lal Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Shivaji the Great Liberator|author=Aanand Aadeesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69&dq=|page=69|year=2011|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=9788184301021}}</ref>
In April 1663, Shivaji launched a surprise attack on Shaista Khan in Pune, along with a small group of men. After gaining access to Khan's compound, the raiders were able to kill some of his wives; Shaista Khan escaped, losing a finger in the melee.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=46}} The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Mehta|2009|p=543}}
In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji [[Battle of Surat|sacked the port city of Surat]], a wealthy Mughal trading centre.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=491}}
===Treaty of Purandar===
[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]]]]
{{Main|Treaty of Purandar (1665)}}[[File:On the way to Purandar.jpg|thumb|left|Shivaji On the way to Purandar]]
The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response he sent the [[Rajput]] Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I]] with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<ref name="Gordon93">{{cite book|author = Steward Gordon|title = The Marathas 1600–1818, Part 2, Volume 4| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| year = 1993|pages = 71–75}}</ref> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<ref name="Gordon93"/>
In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]], signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|hun]] to the Mughals.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=258}} Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan as a ''[[mansabdar]]''.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=77}}{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=74}}
===Arrest in Agra and escape===
[[File:Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar]]
In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to [[Agra]] (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb's plan was to send Shivaji to [[Kandahar]], now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, in the court, on 12 May 1666, Aurangzeb made Shivaji stand behind ''mansabdārs'' (military commanders) of his court. Shivaji took offence and stormed out of court,{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=78}} and was promptly placed under house arrest under the watch of Faulad Khan, Kotwal of Agra.
Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him, and Shivaji used his dwindling funds to bribe courtiers to support his case. Orders came from the emperor to station Shivaji in [[Kabul]], which Shivaji refused. Instead he asked for his forts to be returned and to serve the Mughals as a mansabdar; Aurangzeb rebutted that he must surrender his remaining forts before returning to Mughal service. Shivaji managed to escape from Agra, likely by bribing the guards, though the emperor was never able to ascertain how he escaped despite an investigation.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|pp=78–79}} Popular legend says that Shivaji smuggled himself and his son out of the house in large baskets, claimed to be sweets to be gifted to religious figures in the city.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
===Peace with the Mughals===
After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=98}} During the period between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji with general [[Prataprao Gujar]] to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, [[Bahadur Shah I|Prince Mu'azzam]]. Sambhaji was also granted territory in [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] for revenue collection.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|185}} Aurangzeb also permitted Shivaji to attack the decaying Adil Shahi; the weakened Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah II]] sued for peace and granted the rights of ''[[sardeshmukhi]]'' and ''[[chauth]]ai'' to Shivaji.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
==Reconquest==
[[File:Emperor of Maratha India.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji opposite [[Gateway of India]] in [[South Mumbai]]]]
The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670. At that time Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji.<ref name="Deopujari1973">{{cite book|author=Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari|title=Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8MAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal|page=138}}</ref>{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=460}} Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service.{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=461}} The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=173–174}} In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and recovered a major portion of the territories surrendered to them in a span of four months.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=175}}
Shivaji sacked Surat for second time in 1670; the British and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from [[Mawara-un-Nahr]] who was returning from Mecca.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat, but were defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day [[Nashik]].{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=189}}
In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked Bombay's woodcutting parties. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=393}}
===Battles of Umrani and Nesari===
In 1674, [[Prataprao Gujar]], the commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces, was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=230–233}}
Shivaji sent a displeased letter to Prataprao, refusing him audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by his commander's rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind. Prataprao was killed in combat; Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]], to Prataprao's daughter. Anandrao Mohite became [[Hambirrao Mohite]], the new ''sarnaubat'' (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces). [[Raigad Fort]] was newly built by Hiroji Indulkar as a capital of nascent Maratha kingdom.<ref name="Malavika_1999">{{cite journal | author= Malavika Vartak| title =Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a Symbol | journal =Economic and Political Weekly| volume =34 | issue =19 | pages =1126–1134 | date =May 1999| jstor =4407933 }}</ref>
==Coronation==
[[File:The Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance.jpg|thumb|350px|The Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance]]
Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal title he was still technically a Mughal [[zamindar]] or the son of a Bijapuri [[jagirdar]], with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, to whom he was technically equal.{{efn|Most of the great Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}}} it would also provide the Hindu Marathas with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=239–240}}
Controversy erupted amongst the Brahmins of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the [[kshatriya]] (warrior) [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] in Hindu society.<ref name="Gandhi1999">{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Revenge and Reconciliation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA110|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-029045-5|pages=110–|quote=On the ground that Shivaji was merely a Maratha and not a kshatriya by caste, Maharashtra's Brahmins had refused to conduct a sacred coronation. }}</ref> Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as being of the [[shudra]] (cultivator) varna.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=88}}<ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013">{{cite book|author1=B. S. Baviskar|author2=D. W. Attwood|title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395|date=30 October 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1865-7|pages=395–}}</ref> They noted that Shivaji had never had a [[sacred thread]] ceremony, and did not wear the thread, which a kshatriya would.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=88}} Shivaji summoned [[Gaga Bhatt]], a [[pandit]] of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the [[Sisodia|Sisodia Rajput]]s, and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank.<ref name="Cashman1975">{{cite book|author=Richard I. Cashman|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/7 7]|year=1975|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02407-6}}</ref>{{rp|7–}} To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites expected of a kshatriya.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=321}}<ref name="Godsmark2018">{{cite book|author=Oliver Godsmark|title=Citizenship, Community and Democracy in India: From Bombay to Maharashtra, c. 1930 - 1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|date=29 January 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-18821-0|pages=40–}}</ref> However, following historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput, and specifically Sisodia ancestry may be interpreted as being anything from tenuous at best, to inventive in a more extreme reading.<ref name="Varma & Saberwal"/>
On 28 May Shivaji performed penance for not observing Kshatriya rites by his ancestors' and himself for so long. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatta with the sacred thread.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=244}} On insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatta dropped the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji in a modified form of the life of the twice-born, instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmans. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins which he committed in his own lifetime. {{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=245}}Two learned Brahmans pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had burnt cities which resulted in the death of Brahmans, cows, women and children, and now could be cleansed of this sin for a price of only Rs. 8,000, and Shivaji paid this amount.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=245}} Total expenditure made for feeding the assemblage, general alms giving, throne and ornaments approached 5 million Rupees.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=252}}
Shivaji was crowned king of Maratha Swaraj in a lavish ceremony on 6 June 1674 at Raigad fort.<ref name="Pillai2018">{{cite book|author=Manu S Pillai|title=Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2018|publisher=Juggernaut Books|isbn=978-93-86228-73-4|page=xvi}}</ref><ref name="Barua2005">{{cite book |first=Pradeep |last=Barua | title=The State at War in South Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA42 | year= 2005 | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 | page=42 }}</ref> In the [[Hindu calendar]] it was on the 13th day (''trayodashi'') of the first fortnight of the month of ''[[Jyeshtha]]'' in the year 1596.<ref name="RauArchives1980">{{cite book|author=Mallavarapu Venkata Siva Prasada Rau (Andhra Pradesh Archives)|title=Archival organization and records management in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXtmAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Published under the authority of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh by the Director of State Archives (Andhra Pradesh State Archives)|page=393}}</ref> Gaga Bhatt officiated, holding a gold vessel filled with the seven sacred waters of the rivers [[Yamuna]], [[Indus]], [[Ganges]], [[Godavari]], [[Narmada]], [[Krishna river|Krishna]] and [[Kaveri]] over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before Jijabai and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Yuva Bharati|year=1974|publisher=Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee|page=13|edition=Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vUoAAAAYAAJ&q=50,000+people+shivaji+coronation&dq=50,000+people+shivaji+coronation|quote=About 50,000 people witnessed the coronation ceremony and arrangements were made for their boarding and lodging.}}</ref> Shivaji was entitled ''Shakakarta'' ("founder of an era"){{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=222}} and ''Chhatrapati'' ("paramount sovereign"). He also took the title of ''Haindava Dharmodhhaarak'' (protector of the Hindu faith).<ref name="Chandra1982"/>
Shivaji's mother Jijabai died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Bengali [[tantra|Tantrik]] goswami ''Nischal Puri'', who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation on 24 September 1674 had a dual use, mollifying those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by performing a less-contestable additional ceremony.<ref name="Srivastava1964">{{cite book|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=701|quote=
Shivaji was obliged to undergo a second coronation ceremony on 4th October, 1674, on the suggestion of a well-known Tantrik priest, named Nishchal Puri Goswami, who said that Gaga Bhatta had performed the ceremony at an inauspicious hour and neglected to propitiate the spirits adored in the Tantra. That was why, he said, the queen mother Jija Bai had died within twelve days of the ceremony and similar other mishaps had occurred.}}</ref><ref name="Branch1975">{{cite book|author=Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch|title=Shivaji and swarajya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytQgAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Orient Longman|page=61|quote=one to establish that Shivaji belonged to the Kshatriya clan and that he could be crowned a Chhatrapati and the other to show that he was not entitled to the Vedic form of recitations at the time of the coronation}}</ref><ref name="Sharma1951">{{cite book|author=Shripad Rama Sharma|title=The Making of Modern India: From A. D. 1526 to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAUdAAAAMAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Orient Longmans|page=223|quote=The coronation was performed at first according to the Vedic rites, then according to the Tantric. Shivaji was anxious to satisfy all sections of his subjects. There was some doubt about his Kshatriya origin (see note at the end of this chapter). This was of more than academic interest to his contemporaries, especially Brahmans [Brahmins]. Traditionally considered the highest caste in the Hindu social hierarchy. the Brahmans would submit to Shivaji, and officiate at his coronation, only if his}}</ref>
==Conquest in Southern India==
[[File:Maratha Empire 1680.PNG|thumb|[[Maratha Empire]] in year 1680]]
Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding [[Khandesh]] (October), capturing Bijapuri [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] (April 1675), [[Karwar]] (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July).{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=17}} In November the Maratha navy skirmished with the [[Siddi]]s of [[Janjira State|Janjira]], but failed to dislodge them.<ref name="(India)1967">{{cite book|author=Maharashtra (India)|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXtEAQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|page=23}}</ref> Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a conflict between the Afghans and Bijapur, Shivaji raided [[Athani (Karnataka)|Athani]] in April 1676.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=258}}
In the run-up to his expedition Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders.<ref name="Kruijtzer2009">{{cite book|author=Gijs Kruijtzer|title=Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C|year= 2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-8728-068-0|pages=153–190}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kulkarni|first1=A. R.|title=Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1990|volume=49|pages=221–226|jstor=42930290 }}</ref> His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited Hyderabad for a month and entered into a treaty with the [[Qutubshah]] of the Golkonda sultanate, agreeing to reject his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677 Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=276}} Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of Vellore and [[Gingee]];<ref name="Jr.2010">{{cite book|author=Everett Jenkins, Jr.|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|date=12 November 2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1|pages=201–}}</ref> the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son [[Rajaram I]].{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=290}}
Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother [[Venkoji]] (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née [[Mohite (clan)|Mohite]]), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions in the [[Mysore]] plateau. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji, and also convinced her husband to distance himself from Muslim advisors. In the end Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of Shivaji's future memorial (''samadhi'').{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=251}}<ref name="Jayapal1997">{{cite book|author=Maya Jayapal|title=Bangalore: the story of a city|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEluAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Eastwest Books (Madras)|isbn=978-81-86852-09-5|page=20|quote=Shivaji's and Ekoji's armies met in battle on 26 November 1677, and Ekoji was defeated. By the treaty he signed, Bangalore and the adjoining areas were given to Shivaji, who then made them over to Ekoji's wife Deepabai to be held by her, with the proviso that Ekoji had to ensure that Shahaji's Memorial was well tended.}}</ref>
==Death and succession==
[[File:Sambhaji Maharaj.JPG|thumb|[[Sambhaji]], Shivaji's elder son who succeeded him]]
The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated by the misbehaviour of his eldest son, Sambhaji, who was irresponsible. Unable to curb this, Shivaji confined his son to Panhala in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the Mughals for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}}
In late March 1680, Shivaji fell ill with fever and [[dysentery]],{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=382}} dying around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 52,{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=278}} on the eve of [[Hanuman Jayanti]]. [[Putalabai]], the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'' by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}} There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife [[Soyarabai]] had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] on the throne.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=53}}
After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans with various ministers of the administration to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson Sambhaji. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of [[Raigad Fort]] after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=48}} Rajaram, his wife Janki Bai, and mother Soyrabai were imprisoned, and Soyrabai executed on charges of conspiracy that October.<ref name="SharmaLāʼibrerī2004">{{cite book|author=Sunita Sharma, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī|title=Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th- 18th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2kaAAAAYAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library|page=139|quote=By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad, along with his mother Soyra Bai and his wife Janki Bai. Soyra Bai was put to death on charge of conspiracy.}}</ref>
===The Marathas after Shivaji===
{{See also|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}
[[File:Bajirao Peshwa Statue, Pune.jpg|Maratha Empire reached its zenith under the reign of Peshwa [[Bajirao I]].|alt=|thumb]]
Shivaji left behind a state always at odds with the Mughals. Soon after his death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas, the Bijapur based Adilshahi and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi of Golkonda]] respectively. He was successful in obliterating the Sultanates but could not subdue the Marathas after spending 27 years in the Deccan.The period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] and then Rajaram's widow [[Tarabai]]. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas; the conflict ended in [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|defeat for the Mughals in 1707.]]<ref name="John Clark Marshman">{{cite book|author=[[John Clark Marshman]]|year=2010|title=History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=93|isbn=9781108021043|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA93#v=onepage}}</ref>
[[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]], a grandson of Shivaji and son of Sambhaji, was kept prisoner by Aurangzeb during the 27-year period conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] and later his descendants, as [[Peshwa]]s (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] and grandson, Peshwa [[Balaji Bajirao]]. At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from [[Tamil Nadu]]{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=204}} in the south, to [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|Peshawar]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) in the north, and [[Expeditions in Bengal|Bengal]]. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] to [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, [[Maratha Resurrection|Marathas regained influence]] in North India during the rule of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]].<ref name="Sen1994">{{cite book|author=Sailendra N. Sen|title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772-1785|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PR7|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-578-0|pages=6–7}}</ref>
In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, creating the [[Maratha Confederacy]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} They became known as [[Gaekwad]]s of [[Vadodara|Baroda]], the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] and [[Malwa]], the [[Scindia]]s of [[Gwalior]] and [[Bhonsale]]s of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]]. In 1775, the [[British East India Company]] intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, which became the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]. The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British East India Company in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha]] wars (1805–1818), which left the Company in control of most of India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeremy Black |date=2006 |title=A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-99039-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC&dq=9780275990398}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Percival Spear|author-link=Percival Spear |date=1990 |orig-year=First published 1965 |title=A History of India |volume=Volume 2 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=129 |isbn=978-0-14-013836-8}}</ref>
==Governance==
=== Council of Eight Ministers (Ashta Pradhan Mandal) ===
{{Main|Ashta Pradhan}}
''Council of Eight Ministers'' or ''Ashta Pradhan Mandal'', was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashta-Pradhan|title=Ashta Pradhan|last=|first=|date=|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> It consisted of eight ministers which regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters.
===Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit===
In his court, Shivaji replaced [[Persian language|Persian]], the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions.{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000}} The house of Shivaji was well acquainted with Sanskrit and promoted the language; his father Shahaji had supported scholars such as Jayram Pindye, who prepared Shivaji's seal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sorokhaibam |first1=Jeneet |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji : the Maratha Warrior and His Campaign. |date=Jan 1, 2013 |publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-9382573494 |page=225}}</ref> Shivaji continued this Sanskrit promotion, giving his forts names such as [[Sindhudurg]], Prachandgarh, and Suvarndurg. He named the ''[[Ashta Pradhan]]'' (council of ministers) according to Sanskrit nomenclature, with terms such as ''nyaayaadheesha'', and ''senaapati'', and commissioned the political treatise ''Raajya Vyavahaara Kosha''. His [[Rajpurohit]], [[Keshav Pandit]], was himself a Sanskrit scholar and poet.<ref name="Majumdar1974">{{cite book|author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]]|title=The Mughul Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmagAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=B.V. Bhavan|pages=609, 634}}</ref>
===Religious policy===
[[File:Sajjangad.jpg|thumb|[[Sajjangad]], where [[Samarth Ramdas]] was invited by Shivaji to reside, now a place of pilgrimage]]
Though Shivaji was a proud Hindu and never compromised on his religion,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Deshmukh|first=Vijayrao|title=Shakkarte Shivray|publisher=Chatrapati Seva Pratisthan|year=|isbn=|series=2|location=|pages=428}}</ref> he is also known for his liberal and tolerant religious policy. While Hindus were relieved to practice their religion freely under a Hindu ruler, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=421}}
When [[Aurangzeb]] imposed the [[Jizya]] tax on non-Muslims on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote a strict letter to Aurangzeb criticising his tax policy. He wrote:
{{quote|In strict justice, the Jizya is not at all lawful. If you imagine piety in oppressing and terrorising the Hindus, you ought to first levy the tax on [[Jai Singh I]]. But to oppress ants and flies is not at all valour nor spirit. If you believe in Quran, God is the lord of all men and not just of Muslims only. Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. They are used by the true Divine Painter for blending the colours and filling in the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer is chanted in remembrance of God. If it is a temple, the bells are rung in yearning for God alone. To show bigotry to any man's religion and practices is to alter the words of the Holy Book.{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=250}}|author=|title=|source=}}
Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet [[Kavi Bhushan]] stated: {{quote|Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised.<ref name="Society1963">{{cite book|author=American Oriental Society|title=Journal of the American Oriental Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K684AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=27 September 2012|year=1963|publisher=American Oriental Society.|page=476}}</ref>}}
In 1667, the Portuguese Christians started to forcefully convert Hindus in [[Bardez]]. Shivaji quickly raided Bardez in which three Portuguese Catholic priests and a few Christians were killed and stopped the forceful conversion of Hindus.<ref name="KulkarniMedieval">{{cite book|author=Prof. A. R. Kulkarni|title=Medieval Maratha Country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|date=1 July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-8483-072-9|pages=120–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Deshmukh|first=Vijayrao|title=Shakkarte Shivray|publisher=Chatrapati Seva Pratisthan|year=|isbn=|series=2|location=|pages=150, 154}}</ref> However, during the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a Capuchin monk who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."<ref name="Pissurlencar1975">{{cite book|author=Panduronga S. S. Pissurlencar|title=The Portuguese and the Marathas: Translation of Articles of the Late Dr. Pandurang S. Pissurlenkar's Portugueses E Maratas in Portuguese Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdoBAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=State Board for Literature and Culture, Government of Maharashtra|page=152}}</ref>
==Military==
Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The Maval infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced with Telangi musketeers from Karnataka), supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. R. |last=Kantak|title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PA18|year=1993|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-696-1|page=9}}</ref>
Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by Aurangzeb and his generals because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.<ref>{{cite book|first=Y. G. |last=Bhave|title=From the Death of Shivaji to the Death of Aurangzeb: The Critical Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kVk6msxUcC&pg=PR7|year=2000|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-100-7|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Wolpert1994">{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Wolpert|title=An Introduction to India|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-016870-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp/page/43 43]}}</ref><ref name="Tinker1990">{{cite book|author=Hugh Tinker|title=South Asia: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink|url-access=registration|year=1990|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1287-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/23 23]}}</ref>
===Hill forts===
[[File:Suvela Machi from Balekilla.jpg|thumb|[[Rajgad#Suvela Machee (south east)|Suvela Machi]], view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from [[Rajgad#Bale Killa (centre)|Ballekilla]], [[Rajgad]]]]
{{Main|Shivaji's forts}}
Hill forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. He captured important forts at Murambdev ([[Rajgad]]), [[Torna Fort|Torna]], Kondhana ([[Sinhagad]]) and [[Purandar fort|Purandar]]. He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations.{{sfn|Pagadi|1983|p=21}} In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts; the number "111" is reported in some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18."<ref name="Naravane1995">{{cite book|author=M. S. Naravane|title=Forts of Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIrfAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1995|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7024-696-1|page=14}}</ref> The historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]] assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=408}} Each was placed under three officers of equal status, lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balance.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=414}}
===Navy===
[[File:Sindhudurg watchtower.JPG|thumb|[[Sindhudurg|Sindudurg Fort]] provided anchorages for Shivaji's Navy]]
Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the Konkan coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty [[galivat]]s from the Portuguese shipyards of [[Vasai|Bassein]].<ref name="Roy2011">{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA17|date=30 March 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-79087-4|pages=17–}}</ref> Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 military ships, though British chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160 ships.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=59}}
With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates") as well as Muslim mercenaries.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=59}} Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.<ref name="Shastry1981">{{cite book|author=Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry|title=Studies in Indo-Portuguese History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsYcAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=IBH Prakashana}}</ref>
Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them, and built his first marine fort at [[Sindhudurg Fort|Sindhudurg]], which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy.<ref name="RoyLorge2014">{{cite book|author1=Kaushik Roy|author2=Peter Lorge|title=Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|date=17 December 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58710-1|pages=183–}}</ref> The navy itself was a [[brown-water navy|coastal navy]], focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas, and not intended to go far out to sea.<ref name="Misra1986">{{cite book|author=Raj Narain Misra|title=Indian Ocean and India's Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NhVz7mZCisC&pg=PA13|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=13–|id=GGKEY:CCJCT3CW16S}}</ref>
==Legacy==
{{Further|Shivaji in popular culture}}
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj and Baji Prabhu at Pawan Khind.jpg|right|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]] of Shivaji and [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande|Baji Prabhu]] at Pawan Khind]]
Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} He was recognized as a great national hero during Indian Independence Movement.<ref name="ChandraMukherjee2016">{{cite book|author1=Bipan Chandra|author2=Mridula Mukherjee|author3=Aditya Mukherjee|author4=K N Panikkar|author5= Sucheta Mahajan|title=India's Struggle for Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT107|date=9 August 2016|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-183-3|pages=107–}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2019}}Shivaji is also known for his respect for women. In his empire, the violence on women was a serious crime. There are also accounts where he punished the people who were accused of crime on women.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Deshmukh|first=Vijayrao|title=Shakkarte Shivray|publisher=Chatrapati Seva Pratisthan|year=|isbn=|series=2|location=|pages=439}}</ref> While some accounts of Shivaji state that he was greatly influenced by the Brahmin guru [[Samarth Ramdas]], others have rebutted that Ramdas' role has been over-emphasised by later Brahmin commentators to enhance their position.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Mariam |last1=Dossal|first2=Ruby |last2=Maloni|title=State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA8|year=1999|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-855-2|page=8}}</ref>{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=158}}
===Early depictions===
Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese and Italian writers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500042/2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies#page/n15/mode/1up|title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji|last=Sen|first=Surendra|publisher=London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd.|year=1928|isbn=|volume=II|location=|pages=xiii}}</ref> Contemporary British writers compared him with [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], [[Hannibal]] and [[Julius Caesar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/shivajithegreat035466mbp#page/n28/mode/1up|title=Shivaji The Great|last=Krishna|first=Bal|publisher=The Arya Book Depot Kolhapur|year=1940|pages=11–12}}</ref>
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "-ji". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as ''kafir bi jahannum raft'' ("the infidel went to Hell").{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=54}} Muslim writers of the day generally described him as a plunderer and marauder.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
===Reimagining===
In the mid-19th century, Maharashtrian social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]] wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the shudras and [[Dalit]]s. Phule sought to use the Shivaji myths to undermine the Brahmins he accused of hijacking the narrative, and uplift the lower classes; his 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<ref name="Chakravarti2014">{{cite book|author=Uma Chakravarti|title=Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|date=27 October 2014|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-83074-63-1|pages=79–}}</ref> At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Bombay, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book|author=Donald V. Kurtz |title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA63 |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09828-2 |pages=63–}}</ref>
In 1895, Indian nationalist leader, [[Lokmanya Tilak]] organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday celebrations of Shivaji.{{sfn|Wolpert|1962|pp=79–81}} He portrayed Shivaji as the opponent of the oppressor, opening loaded implications for the British Raj.<ref name="Pati2011">{{cite book|author=Biswamoy Pati|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4TWzCkjrm4C&pg=PA101|year=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-18-4|page=101}}</ref> Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero.<ref name="Cashman1975"/>{{rp|106–}} These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of dacoits ...?"<ref>{{cite book|title=Indo-British Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Indo-British Historical Society|page=75}}</ref>
One of the early commentators who challenged the negative British view was [[M. G. Ranade]], whose ''Rise of the Maratha Power'' (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting Power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA121|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|first=Karline |last=McLain|page=121}}</ref>
In 1919, Sarkar published the seminal ''Shivaji and His Times'', hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since [[James Grant Duff]]'s 1826 ''A History of the Mahrattas''. A respected scholar, Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<ref name="Deshpande2007">{{cite book|author=Prachi Deshpande|title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12486-7|pages=136–|quote=Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the “chauvinism” he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas}}</ref> Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of Afzal Khan as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the Hindu raja Chandrao More and his clan.<ref name="Bayly2011">{{cite book|author=C. A. Bayly|title=Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282|date=10 November 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50518-5|pages=282–}}</ref>
===Inspiration===
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj Raigad.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji at [[Raigad Fort]]]]
As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following public outcry from Pune intellectuals, Congress leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as great nationalist.<ref>{{cite book|author=Girja Kumar |title=The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA431 |year=1997 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0525-2 |page=431}}</ref>
In 1966, the [[Shiv Sena]] (Army of Shivaji) party formed to promote the interests of Marathi speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda and icons of the party.<ref name="Naipaul2011">{{cite book|first=V. S. |last=Naipaul |authorlink=V. S. Naipaul |title=India: A Wounded Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65|year=2011|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-78934-1|page=65}}</ref>
In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains arguably the greatest figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the Marathi people. Further, he is also recognised as a warrior legend, who sowed the seeds of Indian independence.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA137|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|first=Karline |last=McLain|page=137}}</ref> Shivaji is upheld as an example by the Hindu nationalist [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and also of the Maratha caste dominated Congress parties in Maharashtra, such as the [[Indian National Congress (organisation)|Indira Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} Past Congress party leaders in the state, such as [[Yashwantrao Chavan]], were considered political descendants of Shivaji.<ref>{{cite book|first1=R. D. |last1=Pradhan |first2=Madhav |last2=Godbole|title=Debacle to Revival: Y.B. Chavan as Defence Minister, 1962–65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vDvpB_sqB0C|year= 1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1477-5|page=46}}</ref>
In the late 20th century, [[Babasaheb Purandare]] became one of the most significant artists in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the ''Shiv-Shahir'' ("Bard of Shivaji").<ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ|year=1952|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=121|quote=Will the Minister of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian P.E.N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre.|page=32|quote=Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.}}</ref> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of over-emphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} and his ''Maharashtra Bhushan'' award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms|title=Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests|author=Krishna Kumar|date=20 August 2015|publisher=|via=The Economic Times}}</ref> Purandare has, on the other end, been accused of a communalist and anti-Muslim portrayal of Shivaji at odds with the king's own actions.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
===Controversy===
In 1993, the ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India|Illustrated Weekly]]'' published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims per se, and was influenced by their form of governance. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice" and Shiv Sena called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found the ''Illustrated Weekly'' had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas Blom |last=Hansen|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA22|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-08840-3|page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Raminder |last1=Kaur|first2=William |last2=Mazzarella|title=Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QOWRn_i1kcC&pg=PA1|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35335-1|page=1}}</ref>
In 2003, American academic [[James W. Laine]] published his book ''Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India'', which was followed by heavy criticism including threats of arrest.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3561499.stm |title=India seeks to arrest US scholar |work=BBC News |date=23 March 2004 |accessdate=25 September 2013}}</ref> As a result of this publication, the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] in Pune where Laine had researched was attacked by a group of Maratha activists calling itself the [[Sambhaji Brigade]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-01-06/pune/28323621_1_bori-bhandarkar-oriental-research-institute-islamic-india|title= 'Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute|newspaper=Times of India|date=6 January 2004}}</ref> The book was banned in [[Maharashtra]] in January 2004, but the ban was lifted by the [[Bombay High Court]] in 2007, and in July 2010 the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the lifting of ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court|title=Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laine's book on Shivaji|work=The Times of India|date=9 July 2010|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100710/1545431.html|title=Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai|publisher=webindia123.com|date=10 July 2010|access-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Rahul Chandawarkar|date=10 July 2010|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_hard-liners-slam-state-supreme-court-decision-on-laine-s-shivaji-book_1407732|title=Hard-liners slam state, Supreme Court decision on Laine's Shivaji book|newspaper=DNA India|access-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref>
===Commemorations===
Commemorations of Shivaji are found throughout India, most notably in Maharashtra. Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra as well as in different places across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |title=comments : Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106235945/http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |archivedate=6 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |title=New Shivaji statue faces protests |author= |publisher=Pune Mirror |date=16 May 2012 |accessdate=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928023003/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |archivedate=28 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |title=Kalam unveils Shivaji statue |work=The Hindu |date=29 April 2003 |accessdate=17 September 2012}}</ref> Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's ship the [[INS Shivaji]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |title=INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training |publisher=Indian Navy |accessdate=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718031536/http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |archivedate=18 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> numerous [[postage stamp]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Watermarked%20paper/CHHATRAPATI%20SHIVAJI%20MAHARAJ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |publisher=Indianpost.com |date=21 April 1980 |accessdate=17 September 2012}}</ref> and the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|main airport]] and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|railway headquarters]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/politics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html |title=Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion |newspaper=Business Standard |date=25 June 2011 |accessdate= 11 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Times|first1=Maharashtra|title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms|accessdate=14 January 2018|issue=30 June|newspaper=Times of India|date=2017}}</ref> In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building a replica fort with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of [[Diwali]] in memory of Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas | work=The Times of India | title=Shivaji killas express pure reverence | date=29 October 2010}}</ref>
A proposal to build a giant memorial called [[Shiv Smarak]] was approved in 2016 to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. It will be 210 meters tall making it the [[List of tallest statues|world's largest statue]] when completed in possibly 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/india-now-boasts-world-apos-190059518.html |title=India Now Boasts The World's Tallest Statue, And It's Twice Lady Liberty's Size |work=[[Huffington Post]] |via=[[Yahoo! News]] |author=Nina Golgowski |date=31 October 2018 |accessdate=31 October 2018}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 |year=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |ref={{sfnref|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015}}}}
* {{citation |first=Abraham |last=Eraly |authorlink=Abraham Eraly |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA441 |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |ref={{sfnref|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000}}}}
* {{citation |first=Salma Ahmed |last=Farooqui |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA321 |ref={{sfnref|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011}}}}
* {{citation |first=Nicholas F. |last=Gier |title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |date=2014 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8 |ref={{sfnref|Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence|2014}}}}
* {{citation |first=Stewart |last=Gordon |authorlink=Stewart N. Gordon |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |ref={{sfnref|Gordon, The Marathas|1993}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Wolseley |last1=Haig |first2=Richard |last2=Burn |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughal Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258 |year=1960 |origyear=first published 1937 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref={{sfnref|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}}}}
* {{citation |first=James W. |last=Laine|authorlink=James W. Laine |chapter=Resisting My Attackers; Resisting My Defenders |pages=153–172 |title=Engaging South Asian Religions: Boundaries, Appropriations, and Resistances |editor1-first=Matthew N. |editor1-last=Schmalz |editor2-first=Peter |editor2-last=Gottschalk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dP0p-TcnPUC|year=2011|publisher=SUNY Press |location=Albany |isbn=978-1-4384-3323-3}}
*{{citation|first=Jaswant Lal |last=Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|year=2009|origyear=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-1015-3}}
*{{citation|first=Jaswant Lal |last=Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}
* {{citation |first=Setumadhava Rao |last=Pagadi | title=Shivaji | year=1983 | publisher=National Book Trust, India |url=https://archive.org/details/ShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983}}
* {{citation |first = Jadunath |last=Sarkar |authorlink=Jadunath Sarkar | title = Shivaji and His Times|url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich| edition = Second| publisher = Longmans, Green and Co.| location = London| year = 1920 |origyear=1919 |ref={{sfnref|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920}}}}
* {{citation |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |year=1920 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |ref={{sfnref|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920}}}}
* {{citation|first=Govind Sakharam |last=Sardesai |authorlink=Govind Sakharam Sardesai |title=New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600–1707)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ|year=1957|origyear=1946|publisher=Phoenix Publications}}
* {{citation|first=Audrey |last=Truschke|title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5}}
* {{citation|first=Stanley A. |last=Wolpert |authorlink=Stanley A. Wolpert |title=Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De_ftH3bm-MC&pg=PA1|year=1962|publisher=University of California Press}}
*{{citation|first=Rafiq |last=Zakaria |authorlink=Rafique Zakaria|title=Communal Rage In Secular India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKY_L_eAayUC|year=2002|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-070-2}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Daniel Jasper (2003). "Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India and the development of Maharashtrian public politics." ''Journal of Political and Military Sociology'' 31.2 : 215.
* {{cite book|author=[[Bhalchandra Krishna Apte|B. K. Apte]] (editor)|title=Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume|location=Bombay|year=1974–75|publisher=[[University of Bombay]]}}
* {{cite book|author=[[James W. Laine]]|title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India|url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihinduking0000lain|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-514126-9}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
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{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* {{curlie|Society/History/By_Region/Asia/South_Asia/Personalities/Sivaji|Shivaji}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bhonsle]]||c. 1627/1630|3 April|1680}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-new|reason=new state formed}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]|years=1674–1680}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sambhaji]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Shivaji|state=collapsed}}
{{MarathaEmpire|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Shivaji| ]]
[[Category:1630 births]]
[[Category:1680 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Hindu warriors]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People of the Maratha Empire]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Other uses|Shivaji Maharaj(disambiguation)}}
{{pp-dispute|small=yes}}
{{short description|Indian king and founder of the Maratha Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name =ShivajiI Maharaj<!--
NOTE:
OTHER SOVEREIGN ARTICLES SIMPLY STATE NAME, SEE [[Richard III]], [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] FOR PRECEDENT. DO NOT ADD THE TERM "Chatrapati" TO THIS INFOBOX, OR IT WILL JUST BE REMOVED. SEE THE OLD TALK PAGE DISCUSSIONS BEFORE POSTING, AND OUR GUIDELINES ON USING THE MOST COMMON NAME AND AVOIDING HONORIFIC TITLES
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|title= Shakakarta (The Maker of an era){{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=222}}<br>[[Defender of the Faith#Other|Haindava Dharmodh haarak]]<ref name="Chandra1982">{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|title=Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRM1AAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Macmillan|page=140}}</ref><br>[[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Hinduvi swarjya]]<br>
|royal house = [[Bhonsle]]
|image=Shivaji Maharaj British Museum.jpg
|caption= Shivaji Maharaj portrait (1680s) in the [[British Library]]
|succession = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|33x30px]] 1st [[Chhatrapati]] of the [Hinduvi swarjya]
|reign =1674–1680
|coronation = 6 June 1674 (first)<br> 24 September 1674 (second)
|predecessor =
|successor = [[Sambhaji Maharaj]]
|birth_date = 19 February 1630
|birth_place =[[Shivneri|Shivneri Fort, Shivneri]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
|death_date = 3 April 1680 (aged 50)
|death_place =[[Raigad Fort]], [[Raigad district|Raigad]], [[Maratha Empire]] (present-day Maharashtra, India)
|spouse = {{Plainlist|
*[[Maharani Saibai|Saibai Nimbalkar]]
*[[Soyarabai|Soyarabai Mohite]]
*[[Putalabai|Putalabai Palkar]]
*[[Sakvarbai|Sakvarbai Gaikwad]]
*Kashibai Jadhav{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=260}}}}
|issue ={{Plainlist|
*Sakhubai Nimbalkar<ref>{{cite book|editor=Anne Feldhaus|author=James Laine|title=Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion|date=1996|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=9780791428375|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&pg=PA97&dq=sabhasad+shivaji+rajaram+bakhar#v=onepage}}</ref>
*Ranubai Jadhav
*Ambikabai Mahadik
*[[Sambhaji Maharaj]]
*[[ Rajaram Maharaj |Rajaram Maharaj]]
*Rajkumaribai Shirke}}
|father =[[Shahaji Raje]]
|mother =[[Rajmata Jijabai]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Shivaji Raje Bhosale I''' ({{IPA-mr|ʃiʋaˑɟiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ}}; c. 1627/1630 – April 3, 1680<ref>Dates are given according to the [[Julian calendar]], see [http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars].</ref>) was an Indian warrior-king and a member of the [[Bhonsle]] [[Maratha clan]]. Shivaji Maharaj carved out an enclave from the declining [[Adilshahi sultanate]] of [[Bijapur]] that formed the genesis of the [[Maratha Empire]]. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the ''[[chhatrapati]]'' (emperor) of his realm at [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]].
Over the course of his life, Shivaji Maharaj engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the [[Mughal Empire]], [[Sultanate of Golkonda]] and [[Sultanate of Bijapur]], as well as European colonial powers. Shivaji Maharaj military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy. Shivaji Maharaj established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions and court conventions and promoted the usage of [[Marathi language]] and [[Sanskrit]], rather than the [[Persian language]], in court and administration.
Shivaji Maharaj legacy was to vary by observer and time, but he began to take on increased importance with the emergence of the [[Indian independence movement]], as many elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus.{{sfn|Wolpert|1962|p=81}}
{{TOC limit|3}}
== Ancestors ==
Shivaji Maharaj was born in family of [[Bhonsle]], a [[Maratha]] clan.<ref name="Kulkarni1963">{{cite book |author=V. B. Kulkarni |title=Shivaji: The Portrait of a Patriot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU8_AAAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Orient Longman}}</ref>Shivaji Maharaj paternal grandfather Maloji Raje(1552–1597) was an influential general of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], and was awarded the epithet of "Raja". He was given ''[[Deshmukh|deshmukhi]]'' rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan and Indapur for military expenses. He was also given Fort [[Shivneri]] for his family's residence ({{circa|1590}}).<ref> Marathi book Shivkaal (Times of Shivaji) by Dr V G Khobrekar, Publisher: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, First edition 2006. Chapter 1</ref><ref name="Salma314">{{cite book |author=Salma Ahmed Farooqui |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA314 |year=2011 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |pages=314–}}</ref>
{{See Also|Bhonsle#origin}}
==Early life==
{{main|Early life of Shivaji}}
[[File:Shivneri Fort Birth place of Shivaji maharaj.jpg|thumb|Shivneri Fort]]
Shivaji Maharaj was born in the hill-fort of [[Shivneri]], near the city of [[Junnar]] in what is now [[Pune district]]. Scholars disagree on his date of birth. The [[Government of Maharashtra]] lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji Maharaj bbirth ([[Shiv Jayanti|ShivJayanti]]).{{efn|Based on multiple committees of historians and experts, the Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate. This [[Julian calendar]] date of that period (1 March 1630 of today's [[Gregorian calendar]]) corresponds<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Mohan |last1=Apte |first2=Parag |last2=Mahajani |first3=M. N. |last3=Vahia|title=Possible errors in historical dates|journal=Current Science|volume=84|issue=1|pages=21|date =January 2003|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf}}</ref> to the [[Hindu calendar]] birth date from contemporary records.<ref>{{cite book|first=A. R. |last=Kulkarni|title=Jedhe Shakavali Kareena|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003539370|date=2007|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-8189959357|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kavindra Parmanand Nevaskar|title=Shri Shivbharat|url=https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat|date=1927|publisher=Sadashiv Mahadev Divekar|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat/page/n140 51]}}</ref><ref name="ApteParanjpe1927">{{cite book|author=D.V Apte and M.R. Paranjpe|title=Birth-Date of Shivaji|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/32857|date=1927|publisher=The Maharashtra Publishing House|pages=6–17}}</ref> Other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or dates near this day.<ref name="Sib_Pada">{{cite book|url=|title=Historians and historiography in modern India|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1973|isbn=9788120809000|location=|page=106|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = History of India | author = N. Jayapalan| publisher = Atlantic Publishers & Distri| year = 2001 | isbn = 978-81-7156-928-1| page = 211}}</ref>}}<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |author=Sailendra Sen|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=196–199}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Holidays|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/HolidayList-2016.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in|accessdate=19 May 2018}}</ref> Shivaji Maharaj was named after a local deity, the goddess Shivai<!-- It's "Shivai" not Shiva -->.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=19}} Shivaji Maharaj father [[Shahaji Bhonsle|Shahaji Raje Bhonsle]] was a [[Maratha]] general who served the [[Deccan Sultanates]].<ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&pg=PA128|volume=1|date=17 November 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=128–221}}</ref> His mother was Rajmata Jijabai, the daughter of [[Lakhuji Jadhavrao]] of [[Sindhkhed]], a Mughal-aligned [[sardar]] claiming descent from a [[ Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadav]] royal family of [[Devagiri]].<ref name="Metha2004">{{cite book|author=Arun Metha|title=History of medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0IwAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=ABD Publishers|page=278}}</ref><ref name="Menon2011">{{cite book|author=Kalyani Devaki Menon|title=Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TLRCtw-zvoC&pg=PA44|date=6 July 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0279-3|pages=44–}}</ref>
At the time of Shivaji Maharaj birth, power in Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], and [[Golkonda Sultanate|Golkonda]]. Shahaji Raje often changed his loyalty between the [[Nizam Shahi dynasty|Nizamshahi]] of Ahmadnagar, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adilshah]] of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his ''[[jagir]]'' (fiefdom) at [[Pune]] and his small army.<ref name="Eaton2005"/>
[[File:Shivaji jijamata.JPG|thumb|A statue of young Shivaji Maharaj with Rajmata Jijabai installed at the fort of Shivneri in 1960s]]
===Upbringing===
Shivaji Maharaj was devoted to his mother Rajmata Jijabai, who was deeply religious. His studies of the Hindu epics, the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', also influenced his lifelong defence of Hindu values.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} He was deeply interested in religious teachings, and regularly sought the company of Hindu saints.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=26}} Shahaji Raje meanwhile had married a second wife, Tuka Bai from the [[Mohite (clan)|Mohite]] family. Having made peace with the Mughals, ceding them six forts, he went to serve the Sultanate of Bijapur. He moved Shivaji Maharaj and Rajmata Jijabai from Shivneri to Pune and left them in the care of his ''jagir'' administrator, [[Dadoji Konddeo]], who has been credited with overseeing the education and training of young Shivaji Maharaj.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=20–25}}
Many of Shivaji Maharaj's comrades, and later a number of his soldiers, came from the [[Maval]]<!-- ALTERNATELY Malwes, Malvas, Malaws, Malves, Mavales, Mawulees, etc --> region, including Yesaji Kank, Suryaji Kakade, Baji Pasalkar, [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] and [[Tanaji Malusare]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Shivaram Shankar |last=Apte|title=Samarth Ramdas, Life & Mission|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7ogAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Vora|page=105}}</ref> Shivaji Maharaj traveled the hills and forests of the [[Sahyadri]] range with his Maval friends, gaining skills and familiarity with the land that would prove useful in his military career.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Shivaji Maharaj's independent spirit and his association with the Maval youths did not sit well with Dadoji, who complained without success to Shahaji Raje.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=22–24}}
In 1639, Shahaji Raje was stationed at [[Bangalore]], which was conquered from the nayaks who had taken control after the demise of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. He was asked to hold and settle the area.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas |1993 |p=55}} Shivaji Maharaj was taken to Bangalore where he, his elder brother Sambhaji Raje, and his half brother [[Ekoji I|Ekoji Raje 1]]<nowiki/>were further formally trained. He married Rani [[Sai Bhosale|Saibai]] from the prominent [[Nimbalkar]] family in 1640.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=60}} As early as 1645, the teenage Shivaji Maharaj expressed his concept for ''[[Hindavi Swarajya]]'' (Indian self-rule), in a letter.
<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Wilfred C. |authorlink=Wilfred Cantwell Smith |title=On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVTH0MepJBYC |year=1981 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-082580-0 |p=195 | quote=The earliest relevant usage that I myself have found is ''Hindavi swarajya'' from 1645, in a letter of Shivaji. This might mean, Indian independence from foreign rule, rather than Hindu ''raj'' in the modern sense.}}</ref><!--NOTE-->{{efn|Some scholars interpret ''Hindavi Swarajya'' as meaning self-rule of Hindu people,<ref>{{cite book |author=William Joseph Jackson |title=Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature |year=2005 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=0-7546-3950-9 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38}}: "Probably the earliest use of a word like 'Hindu' was in 1645 in a phrase in a letter of Shivaji, ''Hindavi swarajya'', meaning independence from foreign rule, 'self-rule of Hindu people'."
</ref> while others state that Shivaji's struggle was for gaining "religious freedom" for Hindus.<ref>
{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=C. Mackenzie|title=Svarāj, the Indian Ideal of Freedom: A Political or Religious Concept?|journal=Religious Studies|date=1984|volume=20|issue=3|pages=429–441|doi=10.1017/S0034412500016292}}
</ref> However the term ''hindavi'' was in use by both Hindus and Muslims in the time period concerned.<ref>
{{cite book |first=Ali Akbar |last=Husain |chapter=The Courtly Gardens of 'Abdul's ''Ibrahim Nama'' |editor1-first=Navina Najat |editor1-last=Haiser |editor2-first=Marika |editor2-last=Sardar |title=Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323-1687 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWNHYID4WqAC&pg=PA82 |year=2011 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-438-5 |pp=82–83}}: "That an obscure "Hindavi-speaking" poet should be elevated to the Persian-influenced court of one of the Deccan's principal sultanates speaks both for Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II's patronage of the local idiom and for his encouragement of 'Abdul and other promising poets..."
</ref>}}<!--END NOTE-->
==Conflict with Bijapur==
In 1645, the 15-year-old Shivaji Maharaj bribed or persuaded Inayat Khan, the Bijapuri commander of the [[Torna Fort]], to hand over possession of the fort to him.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=61}} The Maratha [[Firangoji Narsala]], who held the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] fort, professed his loyalty to Shivaji Maharaj, and the fort of Kondana was acquired by bribing the Bijapuri governor.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=34}} On 25 July 1648, Shahaji Raje was imprisoned by Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapuri ruler [[Mohammed Adilshah]], in a bid to contain Shivaji Maharaj.<ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226.</ref>
According to Sarkar, Shahaji Raje was released in 1649 after the capture of [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During these developments, from 1649–1655 Shivaji Maharaj paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=41-42}} After his release, Shahaji Raje retired from public life, and died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident. Following his father's release, Shivaji Maharaj resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed [[Morè (clan)|Chandrarao More]], a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of Javali, near present-day [[Mahabaleshwar]], from him.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=317}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Dipesh |last=Chakrabarty|title=The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gPhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-24024-4|page=147}}</ref>In addition to the Bhosale and the More families, many others including [[Sawant]] of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]], Ghorpade of [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]], [[Nimbalkar]] of [[Phaltan]], Shirke, Mane and [[Mohite]] also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with [[Deshmukh]]i rights. Shivaji Maharaj adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families such as marrying their daughters, dealing directly with village Patil to bypass the Deshmukhs, or fighting them.
<ref name="Gordon2007">{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|page=85}}</ref>
===Combat with Afzal Khan===
[[File:Death of Afzal Khan.jpg|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[Sawlaram Haldankar]] of Shivaji Maharaj fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan]]
Adilshah was displeased at his losses to Shivaji Maharaj's forces, which his vassal Shahaji Raje disavowed. Having ended his conflict with the Mughals and having a greater ability to respond, in 1657 Adilshah sent [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji Maharaj. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]], holy to Shivaji Maharaj's family, and the [[Vithoba]] temple at [[Pandharpur]], a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book |author=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=208–}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015|pp=183–184}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139576840|page=202|language=en}}</ref>
Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji Maharaj retreated to [[Pratapgad]] fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |title=Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT550 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-128-6 |page=550}}</ref> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji Maharaj unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji Maharaj suggesting the two leaders meet in private outside the fort to [[parley]].<ref name="Roy2012">{{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-57684-0 |pages=202–}}</ref>{{sfn|Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence|2014|p=17}}
The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji Maharaj, either suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=70}}<ref name="JNazareth_Creative">{{cite book | title = Creative Thinking in Warfare | author = J. Nazareth | edition = illustrated | publisher = Lancer | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-81-7062-035-8 | pages = 174–176 }}</ref> or secretly planning to attack himself,{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=294}} wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a ''[[bagh nakh]]'' (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=22}}
Accounts vary on whether Shivaji Maharaj or Afzal Khan struck the first blow:<ref name="JNazareth_Creative"/> Maratha chronicles accuse Afzal Khan of treachery, while Persian-language records attribute the treachery to Shivaji Maharaj.{{sfn|Pagadi|1983|p=29}}<ref name="VidyaDhar1967">{{cite book | author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan | title=India since 1526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FcQwAACAAJ| year=1967|publisher=S. Chand | page = 174 }}</ref> In the fight, Afzal Khan's dagger was stopped by Shivaji Maharaj's armour, and Shivaji Maharaj's weapons inflicted mortal wounds on the general; Shivaji Maharaj then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}} In the ensuing [[Battle of Pratapgarh]] fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji Maharaj's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}
After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji Maharaj below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}
[[File:Pratapgad (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[Pratapgad]] fort]]
===Siege of Panhala===
Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji Maharaj army marched towards the Konkan and [[Kolhapur]], seizing [[Panhala fort]], and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them under [[Rustam Zaman]] and Fazl Khan in 1659.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=78}} In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji Maharaj's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji Maharaj was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the British at [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] to increase his efficacy, and also hired some English artillerymen to bombard the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji Maharaj who in December would exact revenge by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=266}}
After months of siege, Shivaji Maharaj negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<ref name="Ali1996">{{cite book|first=Shanti Sadiq |last=Ali|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA124|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|page=124}}</ref> Shivaji Maharaj retook Panhala in 1673.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
===Battle of Pavan Khind===
There is some dispute over the circumstances of Shivaji Maharaj withdrawal (treaty or escape) and his destination (Ragna or Vishalgad), but the popular story details his night movement to Vishalgad and a sacrificial rear-guard action to allow him to escape.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Per these accounts, Shivaji Maharaj withdrew from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] of Bandal [[Deshmukh]], along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji Maharaj and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort.{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2019}}
In the ensuing [[Battle of Pavan Khind]], the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji Maharaj to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<ref name="Kulkarni1963" /> signalling Shivaji Maharaj had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992">{{cite book|author=Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni|title=The Struggle for Hindu supremacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_m1AAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma)|isbn=978-81-900113-5-8|page=90}}</ref> ''Ghod Khind'' (''khind'' meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed ''Paavan Khind'' ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992"/>
==Conflict with the Mughals==
[[File:Shivaji and Subedar's Daughter M. V. Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|Shivaji and Subedar's Daughter M. V. Dhurandhar]]
Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to [[Aurangzeb]] who then, was the Mughal [[viceroy]] of the Deccan and son of the Mughal emperor, in conquering Bijapur in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages under his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=55–56}} Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=S.R. Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wC27JDyApwC|title=Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material, Volume 2|year=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|page=59 |isbn=9788171568185 }}</ref> This was followed by raids in [[Junnar]], with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 ''[[hun (coin)|hun]]'' in cash and 200 horses.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=57}} Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battle of succession with his brothers for the Mughal throne following the illness of the emperor [[Shah Jahan]].{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=60}}
===Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat===
{{Main|Battle of Chakan|Battle of Surat}}
[[File:Shaistekhan Surprised.jpg|thumb|left|Shaistekhan Surprised]]
Upon the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle [[Shaista Khan]], with an army numbering over 150,000 along with a powerful artillery division in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better–equipped and –provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]], besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmotObeC3zUC|year=1929|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|page=44}}</ref> Shaista Khan pressed his advantage of having a larger, better provisioned and heavily armed Mughal army and made inroads into some of the Maratha territory, seizing the city of Pune and establishing his residence at Shivaji's palace of [[Lal Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Shivaji the Great Liberator|author=Aanand Aadeesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69&dq=|page=69|year=2011|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=9788184301021}}</ref>
In April 1663, Shivaji launched a surprise attack on Shaista Khan in Pune, along with a small group of men. After gaining access to Khan's compound, the raiders were able to kill some of his wives; Shaista Khan escaped, losing a finger in the melee.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=46}} The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Mehta|2009|p=543}}
In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji [[Battle of Surat|sacked the port city of Surat]], a wealthy Mughal trading centre.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=491}}
===Treaty of Purandar===
[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]]]]
{{Main|Treaty of Purandar (1665)}}[[File:On the way to Purandar.jpg|thumb|left|Shivaji On the way to Purandar]]
The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response he sent the [[Rajput]] Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I]] with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<ref name="Gordon93">{{cite book|author = Steward Gordon|title = The Marathas 1600–1818, Part 2, Volume 4| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| year = 1993|pages = 71–75}}</ref> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<ref name="Gordon93"/>
In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]], signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|hun]] to the Mughals.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=258}} Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan as a ''[[mansabdar]]''.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=77}}{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=74}}
===Arrest in Agra and escape===
[[File:Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar]]
In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to [[Agra]] (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb's plan was to send Shivaji to [[Kandahar]], now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, in the court, on 12 May 1666, Aurangzeb made Shivaji stand behind ''mansabdārs'' (military commanders) of his court. Shivaji took offence and stormed out of court,{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=78}} and was promptly placed under house arrest under the watch of Faulad Khan, Kotwal of Agra.
Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him, and Shivaji used his dwindling funds to bribe courtiers to support his case. Orders came from the emperor to station Shivaji in [[Kabul]], which Shivaji refused. Instead he asked for his forts to be returned and to serve the Mughals as a mansabdar; Aurangzeb rebutted that he must surrender his remaining forts before returning to Mughal service. Shivaji managed to escape from Agra, likely by bribing the guards, though the emperor was never able to ascertain how he escaped despite an investigation.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|pp=78–79}} Popular legend says that Shivaji smuggled himself and his son out of the house in large baskets, claimed to be sweets to be gifted to religious figures in the city.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
===Peace with the Mughals===
After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=98}} During the period between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji with general [[Prataprao Gujar]] to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, [[Bahadur Shah I|Prince Mu'azzam]]. Sambhaji was also granted territory in [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] for revenue collection.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|185}} Aurangzeb also permitted Shivaji to attack the decaying Adil Shahi; the weakened Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah II]] sued for peace and granted the rights of ''[[sardeshmukhi]]'' and ''[[chauth]]ai'' to Shivaji.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
==Reconquest==
[[File:Emperor of Maratha India.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji opposite [[Gateway of India]] in [[South Mumbai]]]]
The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670. At that time Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji.<ref name="Deopujari1973">{{cite book|author=Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari|title=Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8MAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal|page=138}}</ref>{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=460}} Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service.{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=461}} The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=173–174}} In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and recovered a major portion of the territories surrendered to them in a span of four months.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=175}}
Shivaji sacked Surat for second time in 1670; the British and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from [[Mawara-un-Nahr]] who was returning from Mecca.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat, but were defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day [[Nashik]].{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=189}}
In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked Bombay's woodcutting parties. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=393}}
===Battles of Umrani and Nesari===
In 1674, [[Prataprao Gujar]], the commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces, was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=230–233}}
Shivaji sent a displeased letter to Prataprao, refusing him audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by his commander's rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind. Prataprao was killed in combat; Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]], to Prataprao's daughter. Anandrao Mohite became [[Hambirrao Mohite]], the new ''sarnaubat'' (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces). [[Raigad Fort]] was newly built by Hiroji Indulkar as a capital of nascent Maratha kingdom.<ref name="Malavika_1999">{{cite journal | author= Malavika Vartak| title =Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a Symbol | journal =Economic and Political Weekly| volume =34 | issue =19 | pages =1126–1134 | date =May 1999| jstor =4407933 }}</ref>
==Coronation==
[[File:The Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance.jpg|thumb|350px|The Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance]]
Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal title he was still technically a Mughal [[zamindar]] or the son of a Bijapuri [[jagirdar]], with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, to whom he was technically equal.{{efn|Most of the great Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}}} it would also provide the Hindu Marathas with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=239–240}}
Controversy erupted amongst the Brahmins of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the [[kshatriya]] (warrior) [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] in Hindu society.<ref name="Gandhi1999">{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Revenge and Reconciliation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA110|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-029045-5|pages=110–|quote=On the ground that Shivaji was merely a Maratha and not a kshatriya by caste, Maharashtra's Brahmins had refused to conduct a sacred coronation. }}</ref> Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as being of the [[shudra]] (cultivator) varna.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=88}}<ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013">{{cite book|author1=B. S. Baviskar|author2=D. W. Attwood|title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395|date=30 October 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1865-7|pages=395–}}</ref> They noted that Shivaji had never had a [[sacred thread]] ceremony, and did not wear the thread, which a kshatriya would.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=88}} Shivaji summoned [[Gaga Bhatt]], a [[pandit]] of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the [[Sisodia|Sisodia Rajput]]s, and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank.<ref name="Cashman1975">{{cite book|author=Richard I. Cashman|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/7 7]|year=1975|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02407-6}}</ref>{{rp|7–}} To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites expected of a kshatriya.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=321}}<ref name="Godsmark2018">{{cite book|author=Oliver Godsmark|title=Citizenship, Community and Democracy in India: From Bombay to Maharashtra, c. 1930 - 1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|date=29 January 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-18821-0|pages=40–}}</ref> However, following historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput, and specifically Sisodia ancestry may be interpreted as being anything from tenuous at best, to inventive in a more extreme reading.<ref name="Varma & Saberwal"/>
On 28 May Shivaji performed penance for not observing Kshatriya rites by his ancestors' and himself for so long. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatta with the sacred thread.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=244}} On insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatta dropped the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji in a modified form of the life of the twice-born, instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmans. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins which he committed in his own lifetime. {{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=245}}Two learned Brahmans pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had burnt cities which resulted in the death of Brahmans, cows, women and children, and now could be cleansed of this sin for a price of only Rs. 8,000, and Shivaji paid this amount.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=245}} Total expenditure made for feeding the assemblage, general alms giving, throne and ornaments approached 5 million Rupees.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=252}}
Shivaji was crowned king of Maratha Swaraj in a lavish ceremony on 6 June 1674 at Raigad fort.<ref name="Pillai2018">{{cite book|author=Manu S Pillai|title=Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2018|publisher=Juggernaut Books|isbn=978-93-86228-73-4|page=xvi}}</ref><ref name="Barua2005">{{cite book |first=Pradeep |last=Barua | title=The State at War in South Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA42 | year= 2005 | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 | page=42 }}</ref> In the [[Hindu calendar]] it was on the 13th day (''trayodashi'') of the first fortnight of the month of ''[[Jyeshtha]]'' in the year 1596.<ref name="RauArchives1980">{{cite book|author=Mallavarapu Venkata Siva Prasada Rau (Andhra Pradesh Archives)|title=Archival organization and records management in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXtmAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Published under the authority of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh by the Director of State Archives (Andhra Pradesh State Archives)|page=393}}</ref> Gaga Bhatt officiated, holding a gold vessel filled with the seven sacred waters of the rivers [[Yamuna]], [[Indus]], [[Ganges]], [[Godavari]], [[Narmada]], [[Krishna river|Krishna]] and [[Kaveri]] over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before Jijabai and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Yuva Bharati|year=1974|publisher=Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee|page=13|edition=Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vUoAAAAYAAJ&q=50,000+people+shivaji+coronation&dq=50,000+people+shivaji+coronation|quote=About 50,000 people witnessed the coronation ceremony and arrangements were made for their boarding and lodging.}}</ref> Shivaji was entitled ''Shakakarta'' ("founder of an era"){{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=222}} and ''Chhatrapati'' ("paramount sovereign"). He also took the title of ''Haindava Dharmodhhaarak'' (protector of the Hindu faith).<ref name="Chandra1982"/>
Shivaji's mother Jijabai died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Bengali [[tantra|Tantrik]] goswami ''Nischal Puri'', who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation on 24 September 1674 had a dual use, mollifying those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by performing a less-contestable additional ceremony.<ref name="Srivastava1964">{{cite book|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=701|quote=
Shivaji was obliged to undergo a second coronation ceremony on 4th October, 1674, on the suggestion of a well-known Tantrik priest, named Nishchal Puri Goswami, who said that Gaga Bhatta had performed the ceremony at an inauspicious hour and neglected to propitiate the spirits adored in the Tantra. That was why, he said, the queen mother Jija Bai had died within twelve days of the ceremony and similar other mishaps had occurred.}}</ref><ref name="Branch1975">{{cite book|author=Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch|title=Shivaji and swarajya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytQgAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Orient Longman|page=61|quote=one to establish that Shivaji belonged to the Kshatriya clan and that he could be crowned a Chhatrapati and the other to show that he was not entitled to the Vedic form of recitations at the time of the coronation}}</ref><ref name="Sharma1951">{{cite book|author=Shripad Rama Sharma|title=The Making of Modern India: From A. D. 1526 to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAUdAAAAMAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Orient Longmans|page=223|quote=The coronation was performed at first according to the Vedic rites, then according to the Tantric. Shivaji was anxious to satisfy all sections of his subjects. There was some doubt about his Kshatriya origin (see note at the end of this chapter). This was of more than academic interest to his contemporaries, especially Brahmans [Brahmins]. Traditionally considered the highest caste in the Hindu social hierarchy. the Brahmans would submit to Shivaji, and officiate at his coronation, only if his}}</ref>
==Conquest in Southern India==
[[File:Maratha Empire 1680.PNG|thumb|[[Maratha Empire]] in year 1680]]
Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding [[Khandesh]] (October), capturing Bijapuri [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] (April 1675), [[Karwar]] (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July).{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=17}} In November the Maratha navy skirmished with the [[Siddi]]s of [[Janjira State|Janjira]], but failed to dislodge them.<ref name="(India)1967">{{cite book|author=Maharashtra (India)|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXtEAQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|page=23}}</ref> Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a conflict between the Afghans and Bijapur, Shivaji raided [[Athani (Karnataka)|Athani]] in April 1676.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=258}}
In the run-up to his expedition Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders.<ref name="Kruijtzer2009">{{cite book|author=Gijs Kruijtzer|title=Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C|year= 2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-8728-068-0|pages=153–190}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kulkarni|first1=A. R.|title=Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1990|volume=49|pages=221–226|jstor=42930290 }}</ref> His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited Hyderabad for a month and entered into a treaty with the [[Qutubshah]] of the Golkonda sultanate, agreeing to reject his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677 Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=276}} Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of Vellore and [[Gingee]];<ref name="Jr.2010">{{cite book|author=Everett Jenkins, Jr.|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|date=12 November 2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1|pages=201–}}</ref> the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son [[Rajaram I]].{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=290}}
Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother [[Venkoji]] (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née [[Mohite (clan)|Mohite]]), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions in the [[Mysore]] plateau. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji, and also convinced her husband to distance himself from Muslim advisors. In the end Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of Shivaji's future memorial (''samadhi'').{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=251}}<ref name="Jayapal1997">{{cite book|author=Maya Jayapal|title=Bangalore: the story of a city|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEluAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Eastwest Books (Madras)|isbn=978-81-86852-09-5|page=20|quote=Shivaji's and Ekoji's armies met in battle on 26 November 1677, and Ekoji was defeated. By the treaty he signed, Bangalore and the adjoining areas were given to Shivaji, who then made them over to Ekoji's wife Deepabai to be held by her, with the proviso that Ekoji had to ensure that Shahaji's Memorial was well tended.}}</ref>
==Death and succession==
[[File:Sambhaji Maharaj.JPG|thumb|[[Sambhaji]], Shivaji's elder son who succeeded him]]
The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated by the misbehaviour of his eldest son, Sambhaji, who was irresponsible. Unable to curb this, Shivaji confined his son to Panhala in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the Mughals for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}}
In late March 1680, Shivaji fell ill with fever and [[dysentery]],{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=382}} dying around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 52,{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=278}} on the eve of [[Hanuman Jayanti]]. [[Putalabai]], the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'' by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}} There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife [[Soyarabai]] had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] on the throne.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=53}}
After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans with various ministers of the administration to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson Sambhaji. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of [[Raigad Fort]] after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=48}} Rajaram, his wife Janki Bai, and mother Soyrabai were imprisoned, and Soyrabai executed on charges of conspiracy that October.<ref name="SharmaLāʼibrerī2004">{{cite book|author=Sunita Sharma, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī|title=Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th- 18th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2kaAAAAYAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library|page=139|quote=By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad, along with his mother Soyra Bai and his wife Janki Bai. Soyra Bai was put to death on charge of conspiracy.}}</ref>
===The Marathas after Shivaji===
{{See also|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}
[[File:Bajirao Peshwa Statue, Pune.jpg|Maratha Empire reached its zenith under the reign of Peshwa [[Bajirao I]].|alt=|thumb]]
Shivaji left behind a state always at odds with the Mughals. Soon after his death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas, the Bijapur based Adilshahi and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi of Golkonda]] respectively. He was successful in obliterating the Sultanates but could not subdue the Marathas after spending 27 years in the Deccan.The period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] and then Rajaram's widow [[Tarabai]]. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas; the conflict ended in [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|defeat for the Mughals in 1707.]]<ref name="John Clark Marshman">{{cite book|author=[[John Clark Marshman]]|year=2010|title=History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=93|isbn=9781108021043|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA93#v=onepage}}</ref>
[[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]], a grandson of Shivaji and son of Sambhaji, was kept prisoner by Aurangzeb during the 27-year period conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] and later his descendants, as [[Peshwa]]s (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] and grandson, Peshwa [[Balaji Bajirao]]. At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from [[Tamil Nadu]]{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=204}} in the south, to [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|Peshawar]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) in the north, and [[Expeditions in Bengal|Bengal]]. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] to [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, [[Maratha Resurrection|Marathas regained influence]] in North India during the rule of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]].<ref name="Sen1994">{{cite book|author=Sailendra N. Sen|title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772-1785|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PR7|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-578-0|pages=6–7}}</ref>
In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, creating the [[Maratha Confederacy]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} They became known as [[Gaekwad]]s of [[Vadodara|Baroda]], the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] and [[Malwa]], the [[Scindia]]s of [[Gwalior]] and [[Bhonsale]]s of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]]. In 1775, the [[British East India Company]] intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, which became the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]. The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British East India Company in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha]] wars (1805–1818), which left the Company in control of most of India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeremy Black |date=2006 |title=A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-99039-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC&dq=9780275990398}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Percival Spear|author-link=Percival Spear |date=1990 |orig-year=First published 1965 |title=A History of India |volume=Volume 2 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=129 |isbn=978-0-14-013836-8}}</ref>
==Governance==
=== Council of Eight Ministers (Ashta Pradhan Mandal) ===
{{Main|Ashta Pradhan}}
''Council of Eight Ministers'' or ''Ashta Pradhan Mandal'', was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashta-Pradhan|title=Ashta Pradhan|last=|first=|date=|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> It consisted of eight ministers which regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters.
===Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit===
In his court, Shivaji replaced [[Persian language|Persian]], the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions.{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000}} The house of Shivaji was well acquainted with Sanskrit and promoted the language; his father Shahaji had supported scholars such as Jayram Pindye, who prepared Shivaji's seal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sorokhaibam |first1=Jeneet |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji : the Maratha Warrior and His Campaign. |date=Jan 1, 2013 |publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-9382573494 |page=225}}</ref> Shivaji continued this Sanskrit promotion, giving his forts names such as [[Sindhudurg]], Prachandgarh, and Suvarndurg. He named the ''[[Ashta Pradhan]]'' (council of ministers) according to Sanskrit nomenclature, with terms such as ''nyaayaadheesha'', and ''senaapati'', and commissioned the political treatise ''Raajya Vyavahaara Kosha''. His [[Rajpurohit]], [[Keshav Pandit]], was himself a Sanskrit scholar and poet.<ref name="Majumdar1974">{{cite book|author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]]|title=The Mughul Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmagAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=B.V. Bhavan|pages=609, 634}}</ref>
===Religious policy===
[[File:Sajjangad.jpg|thumb|[[Sajjangad]], where [[Samarth Ramdas]] was invited by Shivaji to reside, now a place of pilgrimage]]
Though Shivaji was a proud Hindu and never compromised on his religion,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Deshmukh|first=Vijayrao|title=Shakkarte Shivray|publisher=Chatrapati Seva Pratisthan|year=|isbn=|series=2|location=|pages=428}}</ref> he is also known for his liberal and tolerant religious policy. While Hindus were relieved to practice their religion freely under a Hindu ruler, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=421}}
When [[Aurangzeb]] imposed the [[Jizya]] tax on non-Muslims on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote a strict letter to Aurangzeb criticising his tax policy. He wrote:
{{quote|In strict justice, the Jizya is not at all lawful. If you imagine piety in oppressing and terrorising the Hindus, you ought to first levy the tax on [[Jai Singh I]]. But to oppress ants and flies is not at all valour nor spirit. If you believe in Quran, God is the lord of all men and not just of Muslims only. Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. They are used by the true Divine Painter for blending the colours and filling in the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer is chanted in remembrance of God. If it is a temple, the bells are rung in yearning for God alone. To show bigotry to any man's religion and practices is to alter the words of the Holy Book.{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=250}}|author=|title=|source=}}
Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet [[Kavi Bhushan]] stated: {{quote|Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised.<ref name="Society1963">{{cite book|author=American Oriental Society|title=Journal of the American Oriental Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K684AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=27 September 2012|year=1963|publisher=American Oriental Society.|page=476}}</ref>}}
In 1667, the Portuguese Christians started to forcefully convert Hindus in [[Bardez]]. Shivaji quickly raided Bardez in which three Portuguese Catholic priests and a few Christians were killed and stopped the forceful conversion of Hindus.<ref name="KulkarniMedieval">{{cite book|author=Prof. A. R. Kulkarni|title=Medieval Maratha Country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|date=1 July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-8483-072-9|pages=120–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Deshmukh|first=Vijayrao|title=Shakkarte Shivray|publisher=Chatrapati Seva Pratisthan|year=|isbn=|series=2|location=|pages=150, 154}}</ref> However, during the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a Capuchin monk who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."<ref name="Pissurlencar1975">{{cite book|author=Panduronga S. S. Pissurlencar|title=The Portuguese and the Marathas: Translation of Articles of the Late Dr. Pandurang S. Pissurlenkar's Portugueses E Maratas in Portuguese Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdoBAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=State Board for Literature and Culture, Government of Maharashtra|page=152}}</ref>
==Military==
Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The Maval infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced with Telangi musketeers from Karnataka), supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. R. |last=Kantak|title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PA18|year=1993|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-696-1|page=9}}</ref>
Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by Aurangzeb and his generals because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.<ref>{{cite book|first=Y. G. |last=Bhave|title=From the Death of Shivaji to the Death of Aurangzeb: The Critical Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kVk6msxUcC&pg=PR7|year=2000|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-100-7|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Wolpert1994">{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Wolpert|title=An Introduction to India|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-016870-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp/page/43 43]}}</ref><ref name="Tinker1990">{{cite book|author=Hugh Tinker|title=South Asia: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink|url-access=registration|year=1990|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1287-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/23 23]}}</ref>
===Hill forts===
[[File:Suvela Machi from Balekilla.jpg|thumb|[[Rajgad#Suvela Machee (south east)|Suvela Machi]], view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from [[Rajgad#Bale Killa (centre)|Ballekilla]], [[Rajgad]]]]
{{Main|Shivaji's forts}}
Hill forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. He captured important forts at Murambdev ([[Rajgad]]), [[Torna Fort|Torna]], Kondhana ([[Sinhagad]]) and [[Purandar fort|Purandar]]. He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations.{{sfn|Pagadi|1983|p=21}} In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts; the number "111" is reported in some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18."<ref name="Naravane1995">{{cite book|author=M. S. Naravane|title=Forts of Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIrfAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1995|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7024-696-1|page=14}}</ref> The historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]] assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=408}} Each was placed under three officers of equal status, lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balance.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=414}}
===Navy===
[[File:Sindhudurg watchtower.JPG|thumb|[[Sindhudurg|Sindudurg Fort]] provided anchorages for Shivaji's Navy]]
Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the Konkan coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty [[galivat]]s from the Portuguese shipyards of [[Vasai|Bassein]].<ref name="Roy2011">{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA17|date=30 March 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-79087-4|pages=17–}}</ref> Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 military ships, though British chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160 ships.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=59}}
With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates") as well as Muslim mercenaries.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=59}} Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.<ref name="Shastry1981">{{cite book|author=Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry|title=Studies in Indo-Portuguese History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsYcAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=IBH Prakashana}}</ref>
Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them, and built his first marine fort at [[Sindhudurg Fort|Sindhudurg]], which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy.<ref name="RoyLorge2014">{{cite book|author1=Kaushik Roy|author2=Peter Lorge|title=Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|date=17 December 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58710-1|pages=183–}}</ref> The navy itself was a [[brown-water navy|coastal navy]], focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas, and not intended to go far out to sea.<ref name="Misra1986">{{cite book|author=Raj Narain Misra|title=Indian Ocean and India's Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NhVz7mZCisC&pg=PA13|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=13–|id=GGKEY:CCJCT3CW16S}}</ref>
==Legacy==
{{Further|Shivaji in popular culture}}
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj and Baji Prabhu at Pawan Khind.jpg|right|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]] of Shivaji and [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande|Baji Prabhu]] at Pawan Khind]]
Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} He was recognized as a great national hero during Indian Independence Movement.<ref name="ChandraMukherjee2016">{{cite book|author1=Bipan Chandra|author2=Mridula Mukherjee|author3=Aditya Mukherjee|author4=K N Panikkar|author5= Sucheta Mahajan|title=India's Struggle for Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT107|date=9 August 2016|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-183-3|pages=107–}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2019}}Shivaji is also known for his respect for women. In his empire, the violence on women was a serious crime. There are also accounts where he punished the people who were accused of crime on women.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Deshmukh|first=Vijayrao|title=Shakkarte Shivray|publisher=Chatrapati Seva Pratisthan|year=|isbn=|series=2|location=|pages=439}}</ref> While some accounts of Shivaji state that he was greatly influenced by the Brahmin guru [[Samarth Ramdas]], others have rebutted that Ramdas' role has been over-emphasised by later Brahmin commentators to enhance their position.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Mariam |last1=Dossal|first2=Ruby |last2=Maloni|title=State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA8|year=1999|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-855-2|page=8}}</ref>{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=158}}
===Early depictions===
Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese and Italian writers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500042/2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies#page/n15/mode/1up|title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji|last=Sen|first=Surendra|publisher=London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd.|year=1928|isbn=|volume=II|location=|pages=xiii}}</ref> Contemporary British writers compared him with [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], [[Hannibal]] and [[Julius Caesar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/shivajithegreat035466mbp#page/n28/mode/1up|title=Shivaji The Great|last=Krishna|first=Bal|publisher=The Arya Book Depot Kolhapur|year=1940|pages=11–12}}</ref>
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "-ji". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as ''kafir bi jahannum raft'' ("the infidel went to Hell").{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=54}} Muslim writers of the day generally described him as a plunderer and marauder.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
===Reimagining===
In the mid-19th century, Maharashtrian social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]] wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the shudras and [[Dalit]]s. Phule sought to use the Shivaji myths to undermine the Brahmins he accused of hijacking the narrative, and uplift the lower classes; his 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<ref name="Chakravarti2014">{{cite book|author=Uma Chakravarti|title=Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|date=27 October 2014|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-83074-63-1|pages=79–}}</ref> At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Bombay, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book|author=Donald V. Kurtz |title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA63 |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09828-2 |pages=63–}}</ref>
In 1895, Indian nationalist leader, [[Lokmanya Tilak]] organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday celebrations of Shivaji.{{sfn|Wolpert|1962|pp=79–81}} He portrayed Shivaji as the opponent of the oppressor, opening loaded implications for the British Raj.<ref name="Pati2011">{{cite book|author=Biswamoy Pati|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4TWzCkjrm4C&pg=PA101|year=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-18-4|page=101}}</ref> Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero.<ref name="Cashman1975"/>{{rp|106–}} These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of dacoits ...?"<ref>{{cite book|title=Indo-British Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Indo-British Historical Society|page=75}}</ref>
One of the early commentators who challenged the negative British view was [[M. G. Ranade]], whose ''Rise of the Maratha Power'' (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting Power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA121|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|first=Karline |last=McLain|page=121}}</ref>
In 1919, Sarkar published the seminal ''Shivaji and His Times'', hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since [[James Grant Duff]]'s 1826 ''A History of the Mahrattas''. A respected scholar, Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<ref name="Deshpande2007">{{cite book|author=Prachi Deshpande|title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12486-7|pages=136–|quote=Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the “chauvinism” he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas}}</ref> Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of Afzal Khan as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the Hindu raja Chandrao More and his clan.<ref name="Bayly2011">{{cite book|author=C. A. Bayly|title=Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282|date=10 November 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50518-5|pages=282–}}</ref>
===Inspiration===
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj Raigad.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji at [[Raigad Fort]]]]
As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following public outcry from Pune intellectuals, Congress leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as great nationalist.<ref>{{cite book|author=Girja Kumar |title=The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA431 |year=1997 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0525-2 |page=431}}</ref>
In 1966, the [[Shiv Sena]] (Army of Shivaji) party formed to promote the interests of Marathi speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda and icons of the party.<ref name="Naipaul2011">{{cite book|first=V. S. |last=Naipaul |authorlink=V. S. Naipaul |title=India: A Wounded Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65|year=2011|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-78934-1|page=65}}</ref>
In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains arguably the greatest figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the Marathi people. Further, he is also recognised as a warrior legend, who sowed the seeds of Indian independence.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA137|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|first=Karline |last=McLain|page=137}}</ref> Shivaji is upheld as an example by the Hindu nationalist [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and also of the Maratha caste dominated Congress parties in Maharashtra, such as the [[Indian National Congress (organisation)|Indira Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} Past Congress party leaders in the state, such as [[Yashwantrao Chavan]], were considered political descendants of Shivaji.<ref>{{cite book|first1=R. D. |last1=Pradhan |first2=Madhav |last2=Godbole|title=Debacle to Revival: Y.B. Chavan as Defence Minister, 1962–65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vDvpB_sqB0C|year= 1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1477-5|page=46}}</ref>
In the late 20th century, [[Babasaheb Purandare]] became one of the most significant artists in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the ''Shiv-Shahir'' ("Bard of Shivaji").<ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ|year=1952|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=121|quote=Will the Minister of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian P.E.N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre.|page=32|quote=Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.}}</ref> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of over-emphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} and his ''Maharashtra Bhushan'' award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms|title=Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests|author=Krishna Kumar|date=20 August 2015|publisher=|via=The Economic Times}}</ref> Purandare has, on the other end, been accused of a communalist and anti-Muslim portrayal of Shivaji at odds with the king's own actions.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
===Controversy===
In 1993, the ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India|Illustrated Weekly]]'' published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims per se, and was influenced by their form of governance. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice" and Shiv Sena called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found the ''Illustrated Weekly'' had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas Blom |last=Hansen|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA22|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-08840-3|page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Raminder |last1=Kaur|first2=William |last2=Mazzarella|title=Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QOWRn_i1kcC&pg=PA1|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35335-1|page=1}}</ref>
In 2003, American academic [[James W. Laine]] published his book ''Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India'', which was followed by heavy criticism including threats of arrest.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3561499.stm |title=India seeks to arrest US scholar |work=BBC News |date=23 March 2004 |accessdate=25 September 2013}}</ref> As a result of this publication, the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] in Pune where Laine had researched was attacked by a group of Maratha activists calling itself the [[Sambhaji Brigade]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-01-06/pune/28323621_1_bori-bhandarkar-oriental-research-institute-islamic-india|title= 'Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute|newspaper=Times of India|date=6 January 2004}}</ref> The book was banned in [[Maharashtra]] in January 2004, but the ban was lifted by the [[Bombay High Court]] in 2007, and in July 2010 the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the lifting of ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court|title=Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laine's book on Shivaji|work=The Times of India|date=9 July 2010|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100710/1545431.html|title=Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai|publisher=webindia123.com|date=10 July 2010|access-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Rahul Chandawarkar|date=10 July 2010|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_hard-liners-slam-state-supreme-court-decision-on-laine-s-shivaji-book_1407732|title=Hard-liners slam state, Supreme Court decision on Laine's Shivaji book|newspaper=DNA India|access-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref>
===Commemorations===
Commemorations of Shivaji are found throughout India, most notably in Maharashtra. Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra as well as in different places across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |title=comments : Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106235945/http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |archivedate=6 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |title=New Shivaji statue faces protests |author= |publisher=Pune Mirror |date=16 May 2012 |accessdate=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928023003/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |archivedate=28 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |title=Kalam unveils Shivaji statue |work=The Hindu |date=29 April 2003 |accessdate=17 September 2012}}</ref> Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's ship the [[INS Shivaji]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |title=INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training |publisher=Indian Navy |accessdate=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718031536/http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |archivedate=18 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> numerous [[postage stamp]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Watermarked%20paper/CHHATRAPATI%20SHIVAJI%20MAHARAJ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |publisher=Indianpost.com |date=21 April 1980 |accessdate=17 September 2012}}</ref> and the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|main airport]] and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|railway headquarters]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/politics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html |title=Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion |newspaper=Business Standard |date=25 June 2011 |accessdate= 11 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Times|first1=Maharashtra|title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms|accessdate=14 January 2018|issue=30 June|newspaper=Times of India|date=2017}}</ref> In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building a replica fort with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of [[Diwali]] in memory of Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas | work=The Times of India | title=Shivaji killas express pure reverence | date=29 October 2010}}</ref>
A proposal to build a giant memorial called [[Shiv Smarak]] was approved in 2016 to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. It will be 210 meters tall making it the [[List of tallest statues|world's largest statue]] when completed in possibly 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/india-now-boasts-world-apos-190059518.html |title=India Now Boasts The World's Tallest Statue, And It's Twice Lady Liberty's Size |work=[[Huffington Post]] |via=[[Yahoo! News]] |author=Nina Golgowski |date=31 October 2018 |accessdate=31 October 2018}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 |year=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |ref={{sfnref|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015}}}}
* {{citation |first=Abraham |last=Eraly |authorlink=Abraham Eraly |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA441 |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |ref={{sfnref|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000}}}}
* {{citation |first=Salma Ahmed |last=Farooqui |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA321 |ref={{sfnref|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011}}}}
* {{citation |first=Nicholas F. |last=Gier |title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |date=2014 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8 |ref={{sfnref|Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence|2014}}}}
* {{citation |first=Stewart |last=Gordon |authorlink=Stewart N. Gordon |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |ref={{sfnref|Gordon, The Marathas|1993}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Wolseley |last1=Haig |first2=Richard |last2=Burn |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughal Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258 |year=1960 |origyear=first published 1937 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref={{sfnref|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}}}}
* {{citation |first=James W. |last=Laine|authorlink=James W. Laine |chapter=Resisting My Attackers; Resisting My Defenders |pages=153–172 |title=Engaging South Asian Religions: Boundaries, Appropriations, and Resistances |editor1-first=Matthew N. |editor1-last=Schmalz |editor2-first=Peter |editor2-last=Gottschalk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dP0p-TcnPUC|year=2011|publisher=SUNY Press |location=Albany |isbn=978-1-4384-3323-3}}
*{{citation|first=Jaswant Lal |last=Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|year=2009|origyear=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-1015-3}}
*{{citation|first=Jaswant Lal |last=Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}
* {{citation |first=Setumadhava Rao |last=Pagadi | title=Shivaji | year=1983 | publisher=National Book Trust, India |url=https://archive.org/details/ShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983}}
* {{citation |first = Jadunath |last=Sarkar |authorlink=Jadunath Sarkar | title = Shivaji and His Times|url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich| edition = Second| publisher = Longmans, Green and Co.| location = London| year = 1920 |origyear=1919 |ref={{sfnref|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920}}}}
* {{citation |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |year=1920 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |ref={{sfnref|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920}}}}
* {{citation|first=Govind Sakharam |last=Sardesai |authorlink=Govind Sakharam Sardesai |title=New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600–1707)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ|year=1957|origyear=1946|publisher=Phoenix Publications}}
* {{citation|first=Audrey |last=Truschke|title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5}}
* {{citation|first=Stanley A. |last=Wolpert |authorlink=Stanley A. Wolpert |title=Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De_ftH3bm-MC&pg=PA1|year=1962|publisher=University of California Press}}
*{{citation|first=Rafiq |last=Zakaria |authorlink=Rafique Zakaria|title=Communal Rage In Secular India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKY_L_eAayUC|year=2002|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-070-2}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Daniel Jasper (2003). "Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India and the development of Maharashtrian public politics." ''Journal of Political and Military Sociology'' 31.2 : 215.
* {{cite book|author=[[Bhalchandra Krishna Apte|B. K. Apte]] (editor)|title=Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume|location=Bombay|year=1974–75|publisher=[[University of Bombay]]}}
* {{cite book|author=[[James W. Laine]]|title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India|url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihinduking0000lain|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-514126-9}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
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* {{curlie|Society/History/By_Region/Asia/South_Asia/Personalities/Sivaji|Shivaji}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bhonsle]]||c. 1627/1630|3 April|1680}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-new|reason=new state formed}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]|years=1674–1680}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sambhaji]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Shivaji|state=collapsed}}
{{MarathaEmpire|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Shivaji| ]]
[[Category:1630 births]]
[[Category:1680 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Hindu warriors]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People of the Maratha Empire]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -76,31 +76,31 @@
==Conflict with Bijapur==
-In 1645, the 15-year-old Shivaji bribed or persuaded Inayat Khan, the Bijapuri commander of the [[Torna Fort]], to hand over possession of the fort to him.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=61}} The Maratha [[Firangoji Narsala]], who held the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] fort, professed his loyalty to Shivaji, and the fort of Kondana was acquired by bribing the Bijapuri governor.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=34}} On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapuri ruler [[Mohammed Adilshah]], in a bid to contain Shivaji.<ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226.</ref>
+In 1645, the 15-year-old Shivaji Maharaj bribed or persuaded Inayat Khan, the Bijapuri commander of the [[Torna Fort]], to hand over possession of the fort to him.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=61}} The Maratha [[Firangoji Narsala]], who held the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] fort, professed his loyalty to Shivaji Maharaj, and the fort of Kondana was acquired by bribing the Bijapuri governor.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=34}} On 25 July 1648, Shahaji Raje was imprisoned by Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapuri ruler [[Mohammed Adilshah]], in a bid to contain Shivaji Maharaj.<ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226.</ref>
-According to Sarkar, Shahaji was released in 1649 after the capture of [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During these developments, from 1649–1655 Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=41-42}} After his release, Shahaji retired from public life, and died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident. Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed [[Morè (clan)|Chandrarao More]], a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of Javali, near present-day [[Mahabaleshwar]], from him.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=317}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Dipesh |last=Chakrabarty|title=The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gPhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-24024-4|page=147}}</ref>In addition to the Bhosale and the More families, many others including [[Sawant]] of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]], Ghorpade of [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]], [[Nimbalkar]] of [[Phaltan]], Shirke, Mane and [[Mohite]] also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with [[Deshmukh]]i rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families such as marrying their daughters, dealing directly with village Patil to bypass the Deshmukhs, or fighting them.
+According to Sarkar, Shahaji Raje was released in 1649 after the capture of [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During these developments, from 1649–1655 Shivaji Maharaj paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=41-42}} After his release, Shahaji Raje retired from public life, and died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident. Following his father's release, Shivaji Maharaj resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed [[Morè (clan)|Chandrarao More]], a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of Javali, near present-day [[Mahabaleshwar]], from him.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=317}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Dipesh |last=Chakrabarty|title=The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gPhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-24024-4|page=147}}</ref>In addition to the Bhosale and the More families, many others including [[Sawant]] of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]], Ghorpade of [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]], [[Nimbalkar]] of [[Phaltan]], Shirke, Mane and [[Mohite]] also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with [[Deshmukh]]i rights. Shivaji Maharaj adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families such as marrying their daughters, dealing directly with village Patil to bypass the Deshmukhs, or fighting them.
<ref name="Gordon2007">{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|page=85}}</ref>
===Combat with Afzal Khan===
-[[File:Death of Afzal Khan.jpg|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[Sawlaram Haldankar]] of Shivaji fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan]]
-Adilshah was displeased at his losses to Shivaji's forces, which his vassal Shahaji disavowed. Having ended his conflict with the Mughals and having a greater ability to respond, in 1657 Adilshah sent [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]], holy to Shivaji's family, and the [[Vithoba]] temple at [[Pandharpur]], a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book |author=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=208–}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015|pp=183–184}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139576840|page=202|language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Death of Afzal Khan.jpg|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[Sawlaram Haldankar]] of Shivaji Maharaj fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan]]
+Adilshah was displeased at his losses to Shivaji Maharaj's forces, which his vassal Shahaji Raje disavowed. Having ended his conflict with the Mughals and having a greater ability to respond, in 1657 Adilshah sent [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji Maharaj. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]], holy to Shivaji Maharaj's family, and the [[Vithoba]] temple at [[Pandharpur]], a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book |author=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=208–}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015|pp=183–184}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139576840|page=202|language=en}}</ref>
-Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to [[Pratapgad]] fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |title=Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT550 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-128-6 |page=550}}</ref> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private outside the fort to [[parley]].<ref name="Roy2012">{{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-57684-0 |pages=202–}}</ref>{{sfn|Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence|2014|p=17}}
+Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji Maharaj retreated to [[Pratapgad]] fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |title=Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT550 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-128-6 |page=550}}</ref> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji Maharaj unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji Maharaj suggesting the two leaders meet in private outside the fort to [[parley]].<ref name="Roy2012">{{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-57684-0 |pages=202–}}</ref>{{sfn|Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence|2014|p=17}}
-The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, either suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=70}}<ref name="JNazareth_Creative">{{cite book | title = Creative Thinking in Warfare | author = J. Nazareth | edition = illustrated | publisher = Lancer | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-81-7062-035-8 | pages = 174–176 }}</ref> or secretly planning to attack himself,{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=294}} wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a ''[[bagh nakh]]'' (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=22}}
+The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji Maharaj, either suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=70}}<ref name="JNazareth_Creative">{{cite book | title = Creative Thinking in Warfare | author = J. Nazareth | edition = illustrated | publisher = Lancer | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-81-7062-035-8 | pages = 174–176 }}</ref> or secretly planning to attack himself,{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=294}} wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a ''[[bagh nakh]]'' (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=22}}
-Accounts vary on whether Shivaji or Afzal Khan struck the first blow:<ref name="JNazareth_Creative"/> Maratha chronicles accuse Afzal Khan of treachery, while Persian-language records attribute the treachery to Shivaji.{{sfn|Pagadi|1983|p=29}}<ref name="VidyaDhar1967">{{cite book | author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan | title=India since 1526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FcQwAACAAJ| year=1967|publisher=S. Chand | page = 174 }}</ref> In the fight, Afzal Khan's dagger was stopped by Shivaji's armour, and Shivaji's weapons inflicted mortal wounds on the general; Shivaji then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}} In the ensuing [[Battle of Pratapgarh]] fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}
+Accounts vary on whether Shivaji Maharaj or Afzal Khan struck the first blow:<ref name="JNazareth_Creative"/> Maratha chronicles accuse Afzal Khan of treachery, while Persian-language records attribute the treachery to Shivaji Maharaj.{{sfn|Pagadi|1983|p=29}}<ref name="VidyaDhar1967">{{cite book | author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan | title=India since 1526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FcQwAACAAJ| year=1967|publisher=S. Chand | page = 174 }}</ref> In the fight, Afzal Khan's dagger was stopped by Shivaji Maharaj's armour, and Shivaji Maharaj's weapons inflicted mortal wounds on the general; Shivaji Maharaj then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}} In the ensuing [[Battle of Pratapgarh]] fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji Maharaj's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}
-After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}
+After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji Maharaj below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}
[[File:Pratapgad (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[Pratapgad]] fort]]
===Siege of Panhala===
-Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji's army marched towards the Konkan and [[Kolhapur]], seizing [[Panhala fort]], and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them under [[Rustam Zaman]] and Fazl Khan in 1659.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=78}} In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the British at [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] to increase his efficacy, and also hired some English artillerymen to bombard the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would exact revenge by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=266}}
+Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji Maharaj army marched towards the Konkan and [[Kolhapur]], seizing [[Panhala fort]], and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them under [[Rustam Zaman]] and Fazl Khan in 1659.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=78}} In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji Maharaj's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji Maharaj was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the British at [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] to increase his efficacy, and also hired some English artillerymen to bombard the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji Maharaj who in December would exact revenge by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=266}}
-After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<ref name="Ali1996">{{cite book|first=Shanti Sadiq |last=Ali|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA124|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|page=124}}</ref> Shivaji retook Panhala in 1673.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
+After months of siege, Shivaji Maharaj negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<ref name="Ali1996">{{cite book|first=Shanti Sadiq |last=Ali|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA124|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|page=124}}</ref> Shivaji Maharaj retook Panhala in 1673.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
===Battle of Pavan Khind===
-There is some dispute over the circumstances of Shivaji's withdrawal (treaty or escape) and his destination (Ragna or Vishalgad), but the popular story details his night movement to Vishalgad and a sacrificial rear-guard action to allow him to escape.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Per these accounts, Shivaji withdrew from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] of Bandal [[Deshmukh]], along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort.{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2019}}
+There is some dispute over the circumstances of Shivaji Maharaj withdrawal (treaty or escape) and his destination (Ragna or Vishalgad), but the popular story details his night movement to Vishalgad and a sacrificial rear-guard action to allow him to escape.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Per these accounts, Shivaji Maharaj withdrew from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] of Bandal [[Deshmukh]], along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji Maharaj and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort.{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2019}}
-In the ensuing [[Battle of Pavan Khind]], the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<ref name="Kulkarni1963" /> signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992">{{cite book|author=Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni|title=The Struggle for Hindu supremacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_m1AAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma)|isbn=978-81-900113-5-8|page=90}}</ref> ''Ghod Khind'' (''khind'' meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed ''Paavan Khind'' ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992"/>
+In the ensuing [[Battle of Pavan Khind]], the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji Maharaj to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<ref name="Kulkarni1963" /> signalling Shivaji Maharaj had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992">{{cite book|author=Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni|title=The Struggle for Hindu supremacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_m1AAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma)|isbn=978-81-900113-5-8|page=90}}</ref> ''Ghod Khind'' (''khind'' meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed ''Paavan Khind'' ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992"/>
==Conflict with the Mughals==
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0 => 'In 1645, the 15-year-old Shivaji Maharaj bribed or persuaded Inayat Khan, the Bijapuri commander of the [[Torna Fort]], to hand over possession of the fort to him.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=61}} The Maratha [[Firangoji Narsala]], who held the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] fort, professed his loyalty to Shivaji Maharaj, and the fort of Kondana was acquired by bribing the Bijapuri governor.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=34}} On 25 July 1648, Shahaji Raje was imprisoned by Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapuri ruler [[Mohammed Adilshah]], in a bid to contain Shivaji Maharaj.<ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226.</ref>',
1 => 'According to Sarkar, Shahaji Raje was released in 1649 after the capture of [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During these developments, from 1649–1655 Shivaji Maharaj paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=41-42}} After his release, Shahaji Raje retired from public life, and died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident. Following his father's release, Shivaji Maharaj resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed [[Morè (clan)|Chandrarao More]], a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of Javali, near present-day [[Mahabaleshwar]], from him.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=317}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Dipesh |last=Chakrabarty|title=The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gPhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-24024-4|page=147}}</ref>In addition to the Bhosale and the More families, many others including [[Sawant]] of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]], Ghorpade of [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]], [[Nimbalkar]] of [[Phaltan]], Shirke, Mane and [[Mohite]] also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with [[Deshmukh]]i rights. Shivaji Maharaj adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families such as marrying their daughters, dealing directly with village Patil to bypass the Deshmukhs, or fighting them.',
2 => '[[File:Death of Afzal Khan.jpg|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[Sawlaram Haldankar]] of Shivaji Maharaj fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan]]',
3 => 'Adilshah was displeased at his losses to Shivaji Maharaj's forces, which his vassal Shahaji Raje disavowed. Having ended his conflict with the Mughals and having a greater ability to respond, in 1657 Adilshah sent [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji Maharaj. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]], holy to Shivaji Maharaj's family, and the [[Vithoba]] temple at [[Pandharpur]], a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book |author=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=208–}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015|pp=183–184}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139576840|page=202|language=en}}</ref>',
4 => 'Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji Maharaj retreated to [[Pratapgad]] fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |title=Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT550 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-128-6 |page=550}}</ref> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji Maharaj unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji Maharaj suggesting the two leaders meet in private outside the fort to [[parley]].<ref name="Roy2012">{{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-57684-0 |pages=202–}}</ref>{{sfn|Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence|2014|p=17}}',
5 => 'The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji Maharaj, either suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=70}}<ref name="JNazareth_Creative">{{cite book | title = Creative Thinking in Warfare | author = J. Nazareth | edition = illustrated | publisher = Lancer | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-81-7062-035-8 | pages = 174–176 }}</ref> or secretly planning to attack himself,{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=294}} wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a ''[[bagh nakh]]'' (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=22}}',
6 => 'Accounts vary on whether Shivaji Maharaj or Afzal Khan struck the first blow:<ref name="JNazareth_Creative"/> Maratha chronicles accuse Afzal Khan of treachery, while Persian-language records attribute the treachery to Shivaji Maharaj.{{sfn|Pagadi|1983|p=29}}<ref name="VidyaDhar1967">{{cite book | author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan | title=India since 1526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FcQwAACAAJ| year=1967|publisher=S. Chand | page = 174 }}</ref> In the fight, Afzal Khan's dagger was stopped by Shivaji Maharaj's armour, and Shivaji Maharaj's weapons inflicted mortal wounds on the general; Shivaji Maharaj then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}} In the ensuing [[Battle of Pratapgarh]] fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji Maharaj's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}',
7 => 'After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji Maharaj below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}',
8 => 'Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji Maharaj army marched towards the Konkan and [[Kolhapur]], seizing [[Panhala fort]], and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them under [[Rustam Zaman]] and Fazl Khan in 1659.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=78}} In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji Maharaj's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji Maharaj was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the British at [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] to increase his efficacy, and also hired some English artillerymen to bombard the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji Maharaj who in December would exact revenge by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=266}}',
9 => 'After months of siege, Shivaji Maharaj negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<ref name="Ali1996">{{cite book|first=Shanti Sadiq |last=Ali|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA124|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|page=124}}</ref> Shivaji Maharaj retook Panhala in 1673.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}',
10 => 'There is some dispute over the circumstances of Shivaji Maharaj withdrawal (treaty or escape) and his destination (Ragna or Vishalgad), but the popular story details his night movement to Vishalgad and a sacrificial rear-guard action to allow him to escape.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Per these accounts, Shivaji Maharaj withdrew from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] of Bandal [[Deshmukh]], along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji Maharaj and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort.{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2019}}',
11 => 'In the ensuing [[Battle of Pavan Khind]], the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji Maharaj to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<ref name="Kulkarni1963" /> signalling Shivaji Maharaj had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992">{{cite book|author=Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni|title=The Struggle for Hindu supremacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_m1AAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma)|isbn=978-81-900113-5-8|page=90}}</ref> ''Ghod Khind'' (''khind'' meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed ''Paavan Khind'' ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992"/>'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'In 1645, the 15-year-old Shivaji bribed or persuaded Inayat Khan, the Bijapuri commander of the [[Torna Fort]], to hand over possession of the fort to him.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=61}} The Maratha [[Firangoji Narsala]], who held the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] fort, professed his loyalty to Shivaji, and the fort of Kondana was acquired by bribing the Bijapuri governor.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=34}} On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapuri ruler [[Mohammed Adilshah]], in a bid to contain Shivaji.<ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226.</ref>',
1 => 'According to Sarkar, Shahaji was released in 1649 after the capture of [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During these developments, from 1649–1655 Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=41-42}} After his release, Shahaji retired from public life, and died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident. Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed [[Morè (clan)|Chandrarao More]], a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of Javali, near present-day [[Mahabaleshwar]], from him.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=317}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Dipesh |last=Chakrabarty|title=The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gPhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-24024-4|page=147}}</ref>In addition to the Bhosale and the More families, many others including [[Sawant]] of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]], Ghorpade of [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]], [[Nimbalkar]] of [[Phaltan]], Shirke, Mane and [[Mohite]] also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with [[Deshmukh]]i rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families such as marrying their daughters, dealing directly with village Patil to bypass the Deshmukhs, or fighting them.',
2 => '[[File:Death of Afzal Khan.jpg|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[Sawlaram Haldankar]] of Shivaji fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan]]',
3 => 'Adilshah was displeased at his losses to Shivaji's forces, which his vassal Shahaji disavowed. Having ended his conflict with the Mughals and having a greater ability to respond, in 1657 Adilshah sent [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]], holy to Shivaji's family, and the [[Vithoba]] temple at [[Pandharpur]], a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book |author=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=208–}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015|pp=183–184}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139576840|page=202|language=en}}</ref>',
4 => 'Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to [[Pratapgad]] fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |title=Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT550 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-128-6 |page=550}}</ref> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private outside the fort to [[parley]].<ref name="Roy2012">{{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-57684-0 |pages=202–}}</ref>{{sfn|Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence|2014|p=17}}',
5 => 'The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, either suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=70}}<ref name="JNazareth_Creative">{{cite book | title = Creative Thinking in Warfare | author = J. Nazareth | edition = illustrated | publisher = Lancer | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-81-7062-035-8 | pages = 174–176 }}</ref> or secretly planning to attack himself,{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=294}} wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a ''[[bagh nakh]]'' (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=22}}',
6 => 'Accounts vary on whether Shivaji or Afzal Khan struck the first blow:<ref name="JNazareth_Creative"/> Maratha chronicles accuse Afzal Khan of treachery, while Persian-language records attribute the treachery to Shivaji.{{sfn|Pagadi|1983|p=29}}<ref name="VidyaDhar1967">{{cite book | author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan | title=India since 1526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FcQwAACAAJ| year=1967|publisher=S. Chand | page = 174 }}</ref> In the fight, Afzal Khan's dagger was stopped by Shivaji's armour, and Shivaji's weapons inflicted mortal wounds on the general; Shivaji then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}} In the ensuing [[Battle of Pratapgarh]] fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}',
7 => 'After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}',
8 => 'Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji's army marched towards the Konkan and [[Kolhapur]], seizing [[Panhala fort]], and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them under [[Rustam Zaman]] and Fazl Khan in 1659.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=78}} In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the British at [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] to increase his efficacy, and also hired some English artillerymen to bombard the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would exact revenge by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=266}}',
9 => 'After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<ref name="Ali1996">{{cite book|first=Shanti Sadiq |last=Ali|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA124|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|page=124}}</ref> Shivaji retook Panhala in 1673.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}',
10 => 'There is some dispute over the circumstances of Shivaji's withdrawal (treaty or escape) and his destination (Ragna or Vishalgad), but the popular story details his night movement to Vishalgad and a sacrificial rear-guard action to allow him to escape.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Per these accounts, Shivaji withdrew from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] of Bandal [[Deshmukh]], along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort.{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2019}}',
11 => 'In the ensuing [[Battle of Pavan Khind]], the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<ref name="Kulkarni1963" /> signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992">{{cite book|author=Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni|title=The Struggle for Hindu supremacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_m1AAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma)|isbn=978-81-900113-5-8|page=90}}</ref> ''Ghod Khind'' (''khind'' meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed ''Paavan Khind'' ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992"/>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji_Maharaj(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shivaji Maharaj(disambiguation) (page does not exist)">Shivaji Maharaj(disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian king and founder of the Maratha Empire</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shakakarta (The Maker of an era)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1">[1]</a></sup></div>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cbe; font-size: 125%">ShivajiI Maharaj</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><i>Shakakarta (The Maker of an era)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1">[1]</a></sup><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith#Other" title="Defender of the Faith">Haindava Dharmodh haarak</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra1982-2">[2]</a></sup><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hinduvi_swarjya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduvi swarjya (page does not exist)">Hinduvi swarjya</a><br /></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="photo" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Shivaji_Maharaj_British_Museum.jpg" class="new" title="File:Shivaji Maharaj British Museum.jpg">File:Shivaji Maharaj British Museum.jpg</a><div style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Shivaji Maharaj portrait (1680s) in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="15" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/66px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="280" /></a> 1st <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a> of the [Hinduvi swarjya]</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Reign</th><td>1674–1680</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td>6 June 1674 (first)<br /> 24 September 1674 (second)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Successor</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambhaji Maharaj">Sambhaji Maharaj</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Born</th><td>19 February 1630<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivneri" title="Shivneri">Shivneri Fort, Shivneri</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a> (present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Died</th><td>3 April 1680 (aged 50)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_district" title="Raigad district">Raigad</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> (present-day Maharashtra, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Spouse</th><td><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maharani_Saibai" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharani Saibai">Saibai Nimbalkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai Mohite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putalabai" title="Putalabai">Putalabai Palkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakvarbai" title="Sakvarbai">Sakvarbai Gaikwad</a></li>
<li>Kashibai Jadhav<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260-3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Issue</th><td><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li>Sakhubai Nimbalkar<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li>
<li>Ranubai Jadhav</li>
<li>Ambikabai Mahadik</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambhaji Maharaj">Sambhaji Maharaj</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rajaram_Maharaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajaram Maharaj (page does not exist)">Rajaram Maharaj</a></li>
<li>Rajkumaribai Shirke</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsle" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Father</th><td><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shahaji_Raje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shahaji Raje (page does not exist)">Shahaji Raje</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mother</th><td><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rajmata_Jijabai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajmata Jijabai (page does not exist)">Rajmata Jijabai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Religion</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Shivaji Raje Bhosale I</b> (<small>Marathi pronunciation: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[ʃiʋaˑɟiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ]</a></span>; c. 1627/1630 – April 3, 1680<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>) was an Indian warrior-king and a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsle" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha clan">Maratha clan</a>. Shivaji Maharaj carved out an enclave from the declining <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adilshahi_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adilshahi sultanate">Adilshahi sultanate</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a> that formed the genesis of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">chhatrapati</a></i> (emperor) of his realm at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad</a>.
</p><p>Over the course of his life, Shivaji Maharaj engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golkonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Golkonda">Sultanate of Golkonda</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Sultanate of Bijapur</a>, as well as European colonial powers. Shivaji Maharaj military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy. Shivaji Maharaj established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions and court conventions and promoted the usage of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, rather than the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>, in court and administration.
</p><p>Shivaji Maharaj legacy was to vary by observer and time, but he began to take on increased importance with the emergence of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, as many elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196281_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196281-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Ancestors"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Upbringing"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Upbringing</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Conflict_with_Bijapur"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Conflict with Bijapur</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Combat_with_Afzal_Khan"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Combat with Afzal Khan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Siege_of_Panhala"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Siege of Panhala</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Battle_of_Pavan_Khind"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Battle of Pavan Khind</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Conflict_with_the_Mughals"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Conflict with the Mughals</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Attacks_on_Shaista_Khan_and_Surat"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Treaty_of_Purandar"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Treaty of Purandar</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Arrest_in_Agra_and_escape"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Arrest in Agra and escape</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Peace_with_the_Mughals"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Peace with the Mughals</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Reconquest"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Reconquest</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Battles_of_Umrani_and_Nesari"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Battles of Umrani and Nesari</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Coronation"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Coronation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Conquest_in_Southern_India"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Conquest in Southern India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Death_and_succession"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Death and succession</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#The_Marathas_after_Shivaji"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Marathas after Shivaji</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Governance"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Governance</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Council_of_Eight_Ministers_(Ashta_Pradhan_Mandal)"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Council of Eight Ministers (Ashta Pradhan Mandal)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Promotion_of_Marathi_and_Sanskrit"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Religious_policy"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religious policy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Hill_forts"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hill forts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Navy"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Navy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Early_depictions"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early depictions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Reimagining"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Reimagining</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Inspiration"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Inspiration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Controversy"><span class="tocnumber">11.4</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Commemorations"><span class="tocnumber">11.5</span> <span class="toctext">Commemorations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancestors">Ancestors</span></h2>
<p>Shivaji Maharaj was born in family of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsle" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> clan.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulkarni1963_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni1963-7">[7]</a></sup>Shivaji Maharaj paternal grandfather Maloji Raje(1552–1597) was an influential general of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a>, and was awarded the epithet of "Raja". He was given <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">deshmukhi</a></i> rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan and Indapur for military expenses. He was also given Fort <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivneri" title="Shivneri">Shivneri</a> for his family's residence (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1590</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salma314_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salma314-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsle#origin" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle § origin</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_life_of_Shivaji" title="Early life of Shivaji">Early life of Shivaji</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivneri_Fort_Birth_place_of_Shivaji_maharaj.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Shivneri_Fort_Birth_place_of_Shivaji_maharaj.jpg/220px-Shivneri_Fort_Birth_place_of_Shivaji_maharaj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4270" data-file-height="3091" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivneri_Fort_Birth_place_of_Shivaji_maharaj.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Shivneri Fort</div></div></div>
<p>Shivaji Maharaj was born in the hill-fort of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivneri" title="Shivneri">Shivneri</a>, near the city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Junnar" title="Junnar">Junnar</a> in what is now <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pune_district" title="Pune district">Pune district</a>. Scholars disagree on his date of birth. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a> lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji Maharaj bbirth (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiv_Jayanti" title="Shiv Jayanti">ShivJayanti</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sen2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-17">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> Shivaji Maharaj was named after a local deity, the goddess Shivai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192019-19">[18]</a></sup> Shivaji Maharaj father <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahaji_Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahaji Bhonsle">Shahaji Raje Bhonsle</a> was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> general who served the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Sultanates">Deccan Sultanates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton2005-20">[19]</a></sup> His mother was Rajmata Jijabai, the daughter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lakhuji_Jadhavrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhuji Jadhavrao">Lakhuji Jadhavrao</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhkhed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhkhed">Sindhkhed</a>, a Mughal-aligned <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">sardar</a> claiming descent from a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadav</a> royal family of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Devagiri">Devagiri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metha2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metha2004-21">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Menon2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon2011-22">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the time of Shivaji Maharaj birth, power in Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmednagar</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda</a>. Shahaji Raje often changed his loyalty between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nizam_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam Shahi dynasty">Nizamshahi</a> of Ahmadnagar, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adilshah</a> of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a></i> (fiefdom) at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> and his small army.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton2005_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton2005-20">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_jijamata.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shivaji_jijamata.JPG/220px-Shivaji_jijamata.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_jijamata.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A statue of young Shivaji Maharaj with Rajmata Jijabai installed at the fort of Shivneri in 1960s</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Upbringing">Upbringing</span></h3>
<p>Shivaji Maharaj was devoted to his mother Rajmata Jijabai, who was deeply religious. His studies of the Hindu epics, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, also influenced his lifelong defence of Hindu values.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was deeply interested in religious teachings, and regularly sought the company of Hindu saints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192026_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192026-23">[22]</a></sup> Shahaji Raje meanwhile had married a second wife, Tuka Bai from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohite_(clan)" title="Mohite (clan)">Mohite</a> family. Having made peace with the Mughals, ceding them six forts, he went to serve the Sultanate of Bijapur. He moved Shivaji Maharaj and Rajmata Jijabai from Shivneri to Pune and left them in the care of his <i>jagir</i> administrator, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dadoji_Konddeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadoji Konddeo">Dadoji Konddeo</a>, who has been credited with overseeing the education and training of young Shivaji Maharaj.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192020–25_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192020–25-24">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many of Shivaji Maharaj's comrades, and later a number of his soldiers, came from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maval" title="Maval">Maval</a> region, including Yesaji Kank, Suryaji Kakade, Baji Pasalkar, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baji_Prabhu_Deshpande" title="Baji Prabhu Deshpande">Baji Prabhu Deshpande</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanaji_Malusare" title="Tanaji Malusare">Tanaji Malusare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> Shivaji Maharaj traveled the hills and forests of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sahyadri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahyadri">Sahyadri</a> range with his Maval friends, gaining skills and familiarity with the land that would prove useful in his military career.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Shivaji Maharaj's independent spirit and his association with the Maval youths did not sit well with Dadoji, who complained without success to Shahaji Raje.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192022–24_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192022–24-26">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1639, Shahaji Raje was stationed at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, which was conquered from the nayaks who had taken control after the demise of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>. He was asked to hold and settle the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199355_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199355-27">[26]</a></sup> Shivaji Maharaj was taken to Bangalore where he, his elder brother Sambhaji Raje, and his half brother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ekoji_I" title="Ekoji I">Ekoji Raje 1</a>were further formally trained. He married Rani <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sai_Bhosale" title="Sai Bhosale">Saibai</a> from the prominent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nimbalkar" title="Nimbalkar">Nimbalkar</a> family in 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199360_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199360-28">[27]</a></sup> As early as 1645, the teenage Shivaji Maharaj expressed his concept for <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindavi_Swarajya" title="Hindavi Swarajya">Hindavi Swarajya</a></i> (Indian self-rule), in a letter.
<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[b]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conflict_with_Bijapur">Conflict with Bijapur</span></h2>
<p>In 1645, the 15-year-old Shivaji Maharaj bribed or persuaded Inayat Khan, the Bijapuri commander of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna Fort</a>, to hand over possession of the fort to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199361_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199361-34">[32]</a></sup> The Maratha <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firangoji_Narsala" title="Firangoji Narsala">Firangoji Narsala</a>, who held the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chakan,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakan, Maharashtra">Chakan</a> fort, professed his loyalty to Shivaji Maharaj, and the fort of Kondana was acquired by bribing the Bijapuri governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192034_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192034-35">[33]</a></sup> On 25 July 1648, Shahaji Raje was imprisoned by Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapuri ruler <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammed_Adilshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Adilshah">Mohammed Adilshah</a>, in a bid to contain Shivaji Maharaj.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Sarkar, Shahaji Raje was released in 1649 after the capture of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gingee_Fort" title="Gingee Fort">Jinji</a> secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During these developments, from 1649–1655 Shivaji Maharaj paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192041-42_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192041-42-37">[35]</a></sup> After his release, Shahaji Raje retired from public life, and died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident. Following his father's release, Shivaji Maharaj resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mor%C3%A8_(clan)" title="Morè (clan)">Chandrarao More</a>, a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of Javali, near present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahabaleshwar" title="Mahabaleshwar">Mahabaleshwar</a>, from him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011317_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011317-38">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></sup>In addition to the Bhosale and the More families, many others including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawant" title="Sawant">Sawant</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawantwadi_State" title="Sawantwadi State">Sawantwadi</a>, Ghorpade of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mudhol_State" title="Mudhol State">Mudhol</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nimbalkar" title="Nimbalkar">Nimbalkar</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phaltan" title="Phaltan">Phaltan</a>, Shirke, Mane and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohite" title="Mohite">Mohite</a> also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">Deshmukhi</a> rights. Shivaji Maharaj adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families such as marrying their daughters, dealing directly with village Patil to bypass the Deshmukhs, or fighting them.
<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon2007-40">[38]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Combat_with_Afzal_Khan">Combat with Afzal Khan</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg/220px-Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1203" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An early-20th-century painting by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawlaram_Haldankar" title="Sawlaram Haldankar">Sawlaram Haldankar</a> of Shivaji Maharaj fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan</div></div></div>
<p>Adilshah was displeased at his losses to Shivaji Maharaj's forces, which his vassal Shahaji Raje disavowed. Having ended his conflict with the Mughals and having a greater ability to respond, in 1657 Adilshah sent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afzal_Khan_(general)" title="Afzal Khan (general)">Afzal Khan</a>, a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji Maharaj. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulja_Bhavani_Temple" title="Tulja Bhavani Temple">Tulja Bhavani Temple</a>, holy to Shivaji Maharaj's family, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a> temple at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a>, a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards1995_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards1995-41">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015183–184_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015183–184-42">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji Maharaj retreated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a> fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly2000_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly2000-44">[42]</a></sup> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji Maharaj unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji Maharaj suggesting the two leaders meet in private outside the fort to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parley" title="Parley">parley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy2012_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2012-45">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence201417_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence201417-46">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji Maharaj, either suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192070_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192070-47">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JNazareth_Creative_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNazareth_Creative-48">[46]</a></sup> or secretly planning to attack himself,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960294_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960294-49">[47]</a></sup> wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bagh_nakh" title="Bagh nakh">bagh nakh</a></i> (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period196022_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period196022-50">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>Accounts vary on whether Shivaji Maharaj or Afzal Khan struck the first blow:<sup id="cite_ref-JNazareth_Creative_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNazareth_Creative-48">[46]</a></sup> Maratha chronicles accuse Afzal Khan of treachery, while Persian-language records attribute the treachery to Shivaji Maharaj.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagadi198329_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagadi198329-51">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VidyaDhar1967_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VidyaDhar1967-52">[50]</a></sup> In the fight, Afzal Khan's dagger was stopped by Shivaji Maharaj's armour, and Shivaji Maharaj's weapons inflicted mortal wounds on the general; Shivaji Maharaj then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960-53">[51]</a></sup> In the ensuing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Battle of Pratapgarh</a> fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji Maharaj's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075-54">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji Maharaj below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075-54">[52]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pratapgad_(2).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg/220px-Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="557" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pratapgad_(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a> fort</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Siege_of_Panhala">Siege of Panhala</span></h3>
<p>Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji Maharaj army marched towards the Konkan and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a>, seizing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhala_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhala fort">Panhala fort</a>, and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rustam_Zaman" title="Rustam Zaman">Rustam Zaman</a> and Fazl Khan in 1659.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192078_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192078-55">[53]</a></sup> In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji Maharaj's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji Maharaj was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the British at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajapur,_Maharashtra" title="Rajapur, Maharashtra">Rajapur</a> to increase his efficacy, and also hired some English artillerymen to bombard the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji Maharaj who in December would exact revenge by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920266_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920266-56">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>After months of siege, Shivaji Maharaj negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<sup id="cite_ref-Ali1996_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali1996-57">[55]</a></sup> Shivaji Maharaj retook Panhala in 1673.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Pavan_Khind">Battle of Pavan Khind</span></h3>
<p>There is some dispute over the circumstances of Shivaji Maharaj withdrawal (treaty or escape) and his destination (Ragna or Vishalgad), but the popular story details his night movement to Vishalgad and a sacrificial rear-guard action to allow him to escape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Per these accounts, Shivaji Maharaj withdrew from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baji_Prabhu_Deshpande" title="Baji Prabhu Deshpande">Baji Prabhu Deshpande</a> of Bandal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">Deshmukh</a>, along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji Maharaj and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957-58">[56]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In the ensuing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Battle of Pavan Khind</a>, the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji Maharaj to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<sup id="cite_ref-Kulkarni1963_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni1963-7">[7]</a></sup> signalling Shivaji Maharaj had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-KulkarniIndia1992_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulkarniIndia1992-59">[57]</a></sup> <i>Ghod Khind</i> (<i>khind</i> meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed <i>Paavan Khind</i> ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there.<sup id="cite_ref-KulkarniIndia1992_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulkarniIndia1992-59">[57]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conflict_with_the_Mughals">Conflict with the Mughals</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_and_Subedar%27s_Daughter_M._V._Dhurandhar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Shivaji_and_Subedar%27s_Daughter_M._V._Dhurandhar.jpg/220px-Shivaji_and_Subedar%27s_Daughter_M._V._Dhurandhar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4011" data-file-height="5813" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_and_Subedar%27s_Daughter_M._V._Dhurandhar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Shivaji and Subedar's Daughter M. V. Dhurandhar</div></div></div>
<p>Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> who then, was the Mughal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of the Deccan and son of the Mughal emperor, in conquering Bijapur in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages under his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192055–56_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192055–56-60">[58]</a></sup> Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a></sup> This was followed by raids in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Junnar" title="Junnar">Junnar</a>, with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hun_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun (coin)">hun</a></i> in cash and 200 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192057_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192057-62">[60]</a></sup> Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battle of succession with his brothers for the Mughal throne following the illness of the emperor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192060_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192060-63">[61]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Attacks_on_Shaista_Khan_and_Surat">Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chakan" title="Battle of Chakan">Battle of Chakan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" title="Battle of Surat">Battle of Surat</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg/220px-Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="258" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Shaistekhan Surprised</div></div></div>
<p>Upon the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaista_Khan" title="Shaista Khan">Shaista Khan</a>, with an army numbering over 150,000 along with a powerful artillery division in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better–equipped and –provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chakan,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakan, Maharashtra">Chakan</a>, besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a></sup> Shaista Khan pressed his advantage of having a larger, better provisioned and heavily armed Mughal army and made inroads into some of the Maratha territory, seizing the city of Pune and establishing his residence at Shivaji's palace of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lal_Mahal" title="Lal Mahal">Lal Mahal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 1663, Shivaji launched a surprise attack on Shaista Khan in Pune, along with a small group of men. After gaining access to Khan's compound, the raiders were able to kill some of his wives; Shaista Khan escaped, losing a finger in the melee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201746_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201746-66">[64]</a></sup> The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2009543_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2009543-67">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" title="Battle of Surat">sacked the port city of Surat</a>, a wealthy Mughal trading centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005491_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005491-68">[66]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Treaty_of_Purandar">Treaty of Purandar</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg/220px-Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="509" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Raja <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jai_Singh_I" title="Jai Singh I">Jai Singh</a> of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1665)" title="Treaty of Purandar (1665)">Treaty of Purandar</a></div></div></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1665)" title="Treaty of Purandar (1665)">Treaty of Purandar (1665)</a></div><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:On_the_way_to_Purandar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/On_the_way_to_Purandar.jpg/220px-On_the_way_to_Purandar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="657" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:On_the_way_to_Purandar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Shivaji On the way to Purandar</div></div></div>
<p>The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response he sent the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> Mirza Raja <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jai_Singh_I" title="Jai Singh I">Jai Singh I</a> with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon93_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-69">[67]</a></sup> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon93_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-69">[67]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1665)" title="Treaty of Purandar (1665)">Treaty of Purandar</a>, signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pagoda_(coin)" title="Pagoda (coin)">hun</a> to the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258-70">[68]</a></sup> Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan as a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansabdar" title="Mansabdar">mansabdar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077-71">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199374_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199374-72">[70]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arrest_in_Agra_and_escape">Arrest in Agra and escape</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg/220px-Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1061" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar</div></div></div>
<p>In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb's plan was to send Shivaji to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, in the court, on 12 May 1666, Aurangzeb made Shivaji stand behind <i>mansabdārs</i> (military commanders) of his court. Shivaji took offence and stormed out of court,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378-73">[71]</a></sup> and was promptly placed under house arrest under the watch of Faulad Khan, Kotwal of Agra.
</p><p>Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him, and Shivaji used his dwindling funds to bribe courtiers to support his case. Orders came from the emperor to station Shivaji in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, which Shivaji refused. Instead he asked for his forts to be returned and to serve the Mughals as a mansabdar; Aurangzeb rebutted that he must surrender his remaining forts before returning to Mughal service. Shivaji managed to escape from Agra, likely by bribing the guards, though the emperor was never able to ascertain how he escaped despite an investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378–79_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378–79-74">[72]</a></sup> Popular legend says that Shivaji smuggled himself and his son out of the house in large baskets, claimed to be sweets to be gifted to religious figures in the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Peace_with_the_Mughals">Peace with the Mughals</span></h3>
<p>After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098-75">[73]</a></sup> During the period between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji with general <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar" title="Prataprao Gujar">Prataprao Gujar</a> to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Prince Mu'azzam</a>. Sambhaji was also granted territory in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berar_Sultanate" title="Berar Sultanate">Berar</a> for revenue collection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times185_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times185-76">[74]</a></sup> Aurangzeb also permitted Shivaji to attack the decaying Adil Shahi; the weakened Sultan <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ali Adil Shah II">Ali Adil Shah II</a> sued for peace and granted the rights of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardeshmukhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardeshmukhi">sardeshmukhi</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chauth" title="Chauth">chauthai</a></i> to Shivaji.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reconquest">Reconquest</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg/220px-Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Statue of Shivaji opposite <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a></div></div></div>
<p>The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670. At that time Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-Deopujari1973_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deopujari1973-77">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460-78">[76]</a></sup> Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461-79">[77]</a></sup> The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174-80">[78]</a></sup> In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and recovered a major portion of the territories surrendered to them in a span of four months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175-81">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji sacked Surat for second time in 1670; the British and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mawara-un-Nahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawara-un-Nahr">Mawara-un-Nahr</a> who was returning from Mecca.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat, but were defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189-82">[80]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked Bombay's woodcutting parties. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393-83">[81]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Battles_of_Umrani_and_Nesari">Battles of Umrani and Nesari</span></h3>
<p>In 1674, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar" title="Prataprao Gujar">Prataprao Gujar</a>, the commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces, was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233-84">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji sent a displeased letter to Prataprao, refusing him audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by his commander's rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind. Prataprao was killed in combat; Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_Chhatrapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaram Chhatrapati">Rajaram</a>, to Prataprao's daughter. Anandrao Mohite became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hambirrao_Mohite" title="Hambirrao Mohite">Hambirrao Mohite</a>, the new <i>sarnaubat</i> (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a> was newly built by Hiroji Indulkar as a capital of nascent Maratha kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Malavika_1999_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malavika_1999-85">[83]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Coronation">Coronation</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg/350px-The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="250" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="732" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance</div></div></div>
<p>Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal title he was still technically a Mughal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindar</a> or the son of a Bijapuri <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">jagirdar</a>, with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, to whom he was technically equal.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[c]</a></sup> it would also provide the Hindu Marathas with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240-87">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>Controversy erupted amongst the Brahmins of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a> (warrior) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a> in Hindu society.<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi1999_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi1999-88">[85]</a></sup> Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as being of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">shudra</a> (cultivator) varna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388-89">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BaviskarAttwood2013_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaviskarAttwood2013-90">[87]</a></sup> They noted that Shivaji had never had a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred thread">sacred thread</a> ceremony, and did not wear the thread, which a kshatriya would.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388-89">[86]</a></sup> Shivaji summoned <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaga_Bhatt" title="Gaga Bhatt">Gaga Bhatt</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">pandit</a> of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sisodia" title="Sisodia">Sisodia Rajputs</a>, and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank.<sup id="cite_ref-Cashman1975_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cashman1975-91">[88]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>7–</span></sup> To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites expected of a kshatriya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321-92">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Godsmark2018_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godsmark2018-93">[90]</a></sup> However, following historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput, and specifically Sisodia ancestry may be interpreted as being anything from tenuous at best, to inventive in a more extreme reading.<sup id="cite_ref-Varma_&_Saberwal_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varma_&_Saberwal-94">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 28 May Shivaji performed penance for not observing Kshatriya rites by his ancestors' and himself for so long. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatta with the sacred thread.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244-95">[92]</a></sup> On insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatta dropped the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji in a modified form of the life of the twice-born, instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmans. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins which he committed in his own lifetime. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245-96">[93]</a></sup>Two learned Brahmans pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had burnt cities which resulted in the death of Brahmans, cows, women and children, and now could be cleansed of this sin for a price of only Rs. 8,000, and Shivaji paid this amount.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245-96">[93]</a></sup> Total expenditure made for feeding the assemblage, general alms giving, throne and ornaments approached 5 million Rupees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252-97">[94]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji was crowned king of Maratha Swaraj in a lavish ceremony on 6 June 1674 at Raigad fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Pillai2018_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pillai2018-98">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barua2005_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barua2005-99">[96]</a></sup> In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> it was on the 13th day (<i>trayodashi</i>) of the first fortnight of the month of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jyeshtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyeshtha">Jyeshtha</a></i> in the year 1596.<sup id="cite_ref-RauArchives1980_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RauArchives1980-100">[97]</a></sup> Gaga Bhatt officiated, holding a gold vessel filled with the seven sacred waters of the rivers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krishna_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna river">Krishna</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before Jijabai and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920-101">[98]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a></sup> Shivaji was entitled <i>Shakakarta</i> ("founder of an era")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1">[1]</a></sup> and <i>Chhatrapati</i> ("paramount sovereign"). He also took the title of <i>Haindava Dharmodhhaarak</i> (protector of the Hindu faith).<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra1982-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji's mother Jijabai died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Bengali <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrik</a> goswami <i>Nischal Puri</i>, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation on 24 September 1674 had a dual use, mollifying those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by performing a less-contestable additional ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-Srivastava1964_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srivastava1964-103">[100]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Branch1975_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch1975-104">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharma1951_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma1951-105">[102]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conquest_in_Southern_India">Conquest in Southern India</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Maratha_Empire_1680.PNG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maratha_Empire_1680.PNG/220px-Maratha_Empire_1680.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="590" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Maratha_Empire_1680.PNG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> in year 1680</div></div></div>
<p>Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a> (October), capturing Bijapuri <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponda,_Goa" title="Ponda, Goa">Ponda</a> (April 1675), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karwar" title="Karwar">Karwar</a> (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017-106">[103]</a></sup> In November the Maratha navy skirmished with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddis</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janjira_State" title="Janjira State">Janjira</a>, but failed to dislodge them.<sup id="cite_ref-(India)1967_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(India)1967-107">[104]</a></sup> Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a conflict between the Afghans and Bijapur, Shivaji raided <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athani_(Karnataka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athani (Karnataka)">Athani</a> in April 1676.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258-108">[105]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the run-up to his expedition Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-Kruijtzer2009_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruijtzer2009-109">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a></sup> His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited Hyderabad for a month and entered into a treaty with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qutubshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutubshah">Qutubshah</a> of the Golkonda sultanate, agreeing to reject his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677 Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276-111">[108]</a></sup> Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of Vellore and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gingee" title="Gingee">Gingee</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Jr.2010_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jr.2010-112">[109]</a></sup> the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290-113">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venkoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkoji">Venkoji</a> (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohite_(clan)" title="Mohite (clan)">Mohite</a>), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> plateau. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji, and also convinced her husband to distance himself from Muslim advisors. In the end Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of Shivaji's future memorial (<i>samadhi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251-114">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jayapal1997_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayapal1997-115">[112]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sambhaji_Maharaj.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_Maharaj.JPG/220px-Sambhaji_Maharaj.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sambhaji_Maharaj.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a>, Shivaji's elder son who succeeded him</div></div></div>
<p>The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated by the misbehaviour of his eldest son, Sambhaji, who was irresponsible. Unable to curb this, Shivaji confined his son to Panhala in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the Mughals for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200547-116">[113]</a></sup>
</p><p>In late March 1680, Shivaji fell ill with fever and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920382_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920382-117">[114]</a></sup> dying around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 52,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278-118">[115]</a></sup> on the eve of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putalabai" title="Putalabai">Putalabai</a>, the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a></i> by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200547-116">[113]</a></sup> There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a> had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_Chhatrapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaram Chhatrapati">Rajaram</a> on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201753_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201753-119">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p>After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans with various ministers of the administration to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson Sambhaji. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a> after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200548_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200548-120">[117]</a></sup> Rajaram, his wife Janki Bai, and mother Soyrabai were imprisoned, and Soyrabai executed on charges of conspiracy that October.<sup id="cite_ref-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004-121">[118]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Marathas_after_Shivaji">The Marathas after Shivaji</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_Wars" title="Mughal–Maratha Wars">Mughal–Maratha Wars</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bajirao_Peshwa_Statue,_Pune.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bajirao_Peshwa_Statue%2C_Pune.jpg/220px-Bajirao_Peshwa_Statue%2C_Pune.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1024" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bajirao_Peshwa_Statue,_Pune.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Maratha Empire reached its zenith under the reign of Peshwa <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajirao_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Shivaji left behind a state always at odds with the Mughals. Soon after his death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas, the Bijapur based Adilshahi and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Qutb Shahi of Golkonda</a> respectively. He was successful in obliterating the Sultanates but could not subdue the Marathas after spending 27 years in the Deccan.The period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_Chhatrapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaram Chhatrapati">Rajaram</a> and then Rajaram's widow <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a>. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas; the conflict ended in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_Wars" title="Mughal–Maratha Wars">defeat for the Mughals in 1707.</a><sup id="cite_ref-John_Clark_Marshman_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Clark_Marshman-122">[119]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chattrapati_Shahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattrapati Shahu">Shahu</a>, a grandson of Shivaji and son of Sambhaji, was kept prisoner by Aurangzeb during the 27-year period conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath" title="Balaji Vishwanath">Balaji Vishwanath</a> and later his descendants, as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwas</a> (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajirao_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a> and grandson, Peshwa <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaji_Bajirao" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaji Bajirao">Balaji Bajirao</a>. At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204-123">[120]</a></sup> in the south, to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_conquest_of_North-west_India" title="Maratha conquest of North-west India">Peshawar</a> (modern-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>) in the north, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Expeditions_in_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Expeditions in Bengal">Bengal</a>. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Abdali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shah Abdali">Ahmed Shah Abdali</a> of the Afghan <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>, which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Resurrection" title="Maratha Resurrection">Marathas regained influence</a> in North India during the rule of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madhavrao_Peshwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhavrao Peshwa">Madhavrao Peshwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen1994_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen1994-124">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, creating the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They became known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaekwad" title="Gaekwad">Gaekwads</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Baroda</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holkar" title="Holkar">Holkars</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scindia" title="Scindia">Scindias</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsale">Bhonsales</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nagpur_kingdom" title="Nagpur kingdom">Nagpur</a>. In 1775, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, which became the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a>. The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British East India Company in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha</a> wars (1805–1818), which left the Company in control of most of India.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governance">Governance</span></h2>
<h3><span id="Council_of_Eight_Ministers_.28Ashta_Pradhan_Mandal.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Council_of_Eight_Ministers_(Ashta_Pradhan_Mandal)">Council of Eight Ministers (Ashta Pradhan Mandal)</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashta_Pradhan" title="Ashta Pradhan">Ashta Pradhan</a></div>
<p><i>Council of Eight Ministers</i> or <i>Ashta Pradhan Mandal</i>, was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a></sup> It consisted of eight ministers which regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Promotion_of_Marathi_and_Sanskrit">Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit</span></h3>
<p>In his court, Shivaji replaced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000-128">[125]</a></sup> The house of Shivaji was well acquainted with Sanskrit and promoted the language; his father Shahaji had supported scholars such as Jayram Pindye, who prepared Shivaji's seal.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a></sup> Shivaji continued this Sanskrit promotion, giving his forts names such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhudurg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudurg">Sindhudurg</a>, Prachandgarh, and Suvarndurg. He named the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashta_Pradhan" title="Ashta Pradhan">Ashta Pradhan</a></i> (council of ministers) according to Sanskrit nomenclature, with terms such as <i>nyaayaadheesha</i>, and <i>senaapati</i>, and commissioned the political treatise <i>Raajya Vyavahaara Kosha</i>. His <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajpurohit" title="Rajpurohit">Rajpurohit</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keshav_Pandit" title="Keshav Pandit">Keshav Pandit</a>, was himself a Sanskrit scholar and poet.<sup id="cite_ref-Majumdar1974_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar1974-130">[127]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sajjangad.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Sajjangad.jpg/220px-Sajjangad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="1387" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sajjangad.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sajjangad" title="Sajjangad">Sajjangad</a>, where <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a> was invited by Shivaji to reside, now a place of pilgrimage</div></div></div>
<p>Though Shivaji was a proud Hindu and never compromised on his religion,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-131">[128]</a></sup> he is also known for his liberal and tolerant religious policy. While Hindus were relieved to practice their religion freely under a Hindu ruler, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421-132">[129]</a></sup>
When <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> imposed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> tax on non-Muslims on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote a strict letter to Aurangzeb criticising his tax policy. He wrote:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r960796168">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In strict justice, the Jizya is not at all lawful. If you imagine piety in oppressing and terrorising the Hindus, you ought to first levy the tax on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jai_Singh_I" title="Jai Singh I">Jai Singh I</a>. But to oppress ants and flies is not at all valour nor spirit. If you believe in Quran, God is the lord of all men and not just of Muslims only. Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. They are used by the true Divine Painter for blending the colours and filling in the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer is chanted in remembrance of God. If it is a temple, the bells are rung in yearning for God alone. To show bigotry to any man's religion and practices is to alter the words of the Holy Book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957250_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957250-133">[130]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p>
Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kavi_Bhushan" title="Kavi Bhushan">Kavi Bhushan</a> stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r960796168"/></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised.<sup id="cite_ref-Society1963_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society1963-134">[131]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>In 1667, the Portuguese Christians started to forcefully convert Hindus in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bardez" title="Bardez">Bardez</a>. Shivaji quickly raided Bardez in which three Portuguese Catholic priests and a few Christians were killed and stopped the forceful conversion of Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-KulkarniMedieval_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulkarniMedieval-135">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a></sup> However, during the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a Capuchin monk who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."<sup id="cite_ref-Pissurlencar1975_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pissurlencar1975-137">[134]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span></h2>
<p>Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The Maval infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced with Telangi musketeers from Karnataka), supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by Aurangzeb and his generals because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolpert1994_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolpert1994-140">[137]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tinker1990_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tinker1990-141">[138]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hill_forts">Hill forts</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg/220px-Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="643" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad#Suvela_Machee_(south_east)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Suvela Machi</a>, view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad#Bale_Killa_(centre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Ballekilla</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Rajgad</a></div></div></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivaji%27s_forts" title="Shivaji's forts">Shivaji's forts</a></div>
<p>Hill forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. He captured important forts at Murambdev (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Rajgad</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna</a>, Kondhana (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinhagad" title="Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purandar_fort" title="Purandar fort">Purandar</a>. He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321-142">[139]</a></sup> In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts; the number "111" is reported in some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18."<sup id="cite_ref-Naravane1995_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naravane1995-143">[140]</a></sup> The historian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Jadunath Sarkar</a> assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408-144">[141]</a></sup> Each was placed under three officers of equal status, lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414-145">[142]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Navy">Navy</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG/220px-Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhudurg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudurg">Sindudurg Fort</a> provided anchorages for Shivaji's Navy</div></div></div>
<p>Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the Konkan coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galivat" class="mw-redirect" title="Galivat">galivats</a> from the Portuguese shipyards of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Bassein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy2011_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2011-146">[143]</a></sup> Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 military ships, though British chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160 ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059-147">[144]</a></sup>
</p><p>With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates") as well as Muslim mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059-147">[144]</a></sup> Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Shastry1981_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shastry1981-148">[145]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them, and built his first marine fort at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhudurg_Fort" title="Sindhudurg Fort">Sindhudurg</a>, which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy.<sup id="cite_ref-RoyLorge2014_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyLorge2014-149">[146]</a></sup> The navy itself was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">coastal navy</a>, focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas, and not intended to go far out to sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Misra1986_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misra1986-150">[147]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivaji_in_popular_culture" title="Shivaji in popular culture">Shivaji in popular culture</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg/220px-Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="2028" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An early-20th-century painting by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M._V._Dhurandhar" title="M. V. Dhurandhar">M. V. Dhurandhar</a> of Shivaji and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baji_Prabhu_Deshpande" title="Baji Prabhu Deshpande">Baji Prabhu</a> at Pawan Khind</div></div></div>
<p>Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was recognized as a great national hero during Indian Independence Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-ChandraMukherjee2016_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChandraMukherjee2016-151">[148]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed (August 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Shivaji is also known for his respect for women. In his empire, the violence on women was a serious crime. There are also accounts where he punished the people who were accused of crime on women.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a></sup> While some accounts of Shivaji state that he was greatly influenced by the Brahmin guru <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a>, others have rebutted that Ramdas' role has been over-emphasised by later Brahmin commentators to enhance their position.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011158_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011158-154">[151]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_depictions">Early depictions</span></h3>
<p>Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese and Italian writers.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a></sup> Contemporary British writers compared him with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a></sup>
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "-ji". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as <i>kafir bi jahannum raft</i> ("the infidel went to Hell").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201754_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201754-157">[154]</a></sup> Muslim writers of the day generally described him as a plunderer and marauder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reimagining">Reimagining</span></h3>
<p>In the mid-19th century, Maharashtrian social reformer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a> wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the shudras and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a>. Phule sought to use the Shivaji myths to undermine the Brahmins he accused of hijacking the narrative, and uplift the lower classes; his 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakravarti2014_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravarti2014-158">[155]</a></sup> At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Bombay, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtz_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtz-159">[156]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1895, Indian nationalist leader, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lokmanya_Tilak" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokmanya Tilak">Lokmanya Tilak</a> organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday celebrations of Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81-160">[157]</a></sup> He portrayed Shivaji as the opponent of the oppressor, opening loaded implications for the British Raj.<sup id="cite_ref-Pati2011_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pati2011-161">[158]</a></sup> Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-Cashman1975_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cashman1975-91">[88]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>106–</span></sup> These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of dacoits ...?"<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a></sup>
</p><p>One of the early commentators who challenged the negative British view was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M._G._Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="M. G. Ranade">M. G. Ranade</a>, whose <i>Rise of the Maratha Power</i> (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting Power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1919, Sarkar published the seminal <i>Shivaji and His Times</i>, hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Grant_Duff" title="James Grant Duff">James Grant Duff</a>'s 1826 <i>A History of the Mahrattas</i>. A respected scholar, Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-Deshpande2007_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deshpande2007-164">[161]</a></sup> Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of Afzal Khan as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the Hindu raja Chandrao More and his clan.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayly2011_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayly2011-165">[162]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Inspiration">Inspiration</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad.jpg/220px-Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1262" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Statue of Shivaji at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a></div></div></div>
<p>As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following public outcry from Pune intellectuals, Congress leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as great nationalist.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1966, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiv_Sena" title="Shiv Sena">Shiv Sena</a> (Army of Shivaji) party formed to promote the interests of Marathi speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda and icons of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-Naipaul2011_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naipaul2011-167">[164]</a></sup>
</p><p>In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains arguably the greatest figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the Marathi people. Further, he is also recognised as a warrior legend, who sowed the seeds of Indian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a></sup> Shivaji is upheld as an example by the Hindu nationalist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>, and also of the Maratha caste dominated Congress parties in Maharashtra, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (organisation)">Indira Congress</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011164-169">[166]</a></sup> Past Congress party leaders in the state, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a>, were considered political descendants of Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the late 20th century, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babasaheb_Purandare" class="mw-redirect" title="Babasaheb Purandare">Babasaheb Purandare</a> became one of the most significant artists in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the <i>Shiv-Shahir</i> ("Bard of Shivaji").<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a></sup> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of over-emphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011164-169">[166]</a></sup> and his <i>Maharashtra Bhushan</i> award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a></sup> Purandare has, on the other end, been accused of a communalist and anti-Muslim portrayal of Shivaji at odds with the king's own actions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy">Controversy</span></h3>
<p>In 1993, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Illustrated_Weekly_of_India" title="The Illustrated Weekly of India">Illustrated Weekly</a></i> published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims per se, and was influenced by their form of governance. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice" and Shiv Sena called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found the <i>Illustrated Weekly</i> had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2003, American academic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_W._Laine" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Laine">James W. Laine</a> published his book <i>Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India</i>, which was followed by heavy criticism including threats of arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a></sup> As a result of this publication, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhandarkar_Oriental_Research_Institute" title="Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute">Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</a> in Pune where Laine had researched was attacked by a group of Maratha activists calling itself the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji_Brigade" title="Sambhaji Brigade">Sambhaji Brigade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a></sup> The book was banned in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> in January 2004, but the ban was lifted by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a> in 2007, and in July 2010 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> upheld the lifting of ban.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a></sup> This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Commemorations">Commemorations</span></h3>
<p>Commemorations of Shivaji are found throughout India, most notably in Maharashtra. Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra as well as in different places across India.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a></sup> Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's ship the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/INS_Shivaji" title="INS Shivaji">INS Shivaji</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a></sup> numerous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a></sup> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport">main airport</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_Terminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus">railway headquarters</a> in Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a></sup> In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building a replica fort with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> in memory of Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a></sup>
</p><p>A proposal to build a giant memorial called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiv_Smarak" title="Shiv Smarak">Shiv Smarak</a> was approved in 2016 to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. It will be 210 meters tall making it the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">world's largest statue</a> when completed in possibly 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on multiple committees of historians and experts, the Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate. This <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> date of that period (1 March 1630 of today's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>) corresponds<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> birth date from contemporary records.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ApteParanjpe1927_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApteParanjpe1927-13">[13]</a></sup> Other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or dates near this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Sib_Pada_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sib_Pada-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some scholars interpret <i>Hindavi Swarajya</i> as meaning self-rule of Hindu people,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> while others state that Shivaji's struggle was for gaining "religious freedom" for Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> However the term <i>hindavi</i> was in use by both Hindus and Muslims in the time period concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most of the great Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSardesai1957">Sardesai 1957</a>, p. 222.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Chandra1982-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra1982" class="citation book cs1">Satish Chandra (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRM1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+Society%2C+the+Jagirdari+Crisis%2C+and+the+Village&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRM1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 260.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Laine1996" class="citation book cs1">James Laine (1996). Anne Feldhaus (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&pg=PA97&dq=sabhasad+shivaji+rajaram+bakhar#v=onepage"><i>Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion</i></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 183. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791428375" title="Special:BookSources/9780791428375"><bdi>9780791428375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+women+in+Maharashtrian+literature+and+religion&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780791428375&rft.au=James+Laine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooV3Rz9zQvQC%26pg%3DPA97%26dq%3Dsabhasad%2Bshivaji%2Brajaram%2Bbakhar%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dates are given according to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf">Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196281-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196281_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolpert1962">Wolpert 1962</a>, p. 81.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kulkarni1963-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kulkarni1963_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kulkarni1963_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFV._B._Kulkarni1963" class="citation book cs1">V. B. Kulkarni (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU8_AAAAMAAJ"><i>Shivaji: The Portrait of a Patriot</i></a>. Orient Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%3A+The+Portrait+of+a+Patriot&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1963&rft.au=V.+B.+Kulkarni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU8_AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Marathi book Shivkaal (Times of Shivaji) by Dr V G Khobrekar, Publisher: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, First edition 2006. Chapter 1</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Salma314-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salma314_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSalma_Ahmed_Farooqui2011" class="citation book cs1">Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA314"><i>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</i></a>. Dorling Kindersley India. pp. 314–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=314-&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.au=Salma+Ahmed+Farooqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFApteMahajaniVahia2003" class="citation journal cs1">Apte, Mohan; Mahajani, Parag; Vahia, M. N. (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf">"Possible errors in historical dates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Science</i>. <b>84</b> (1): 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Possible+errors+in+historical+dates&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2003-01&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft.au=Mahajani%2C+Parag&rft.au=Vahia%2C+M.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tifr.res.in%2F~vahia%2Fshivaji.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2007" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, A. R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003539370"><i>Jedhe Shakavali Kareena</i></a>. Diamond Publications. p. 7. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8189959357" title="Special:BookSources/978-8189959357"><bdi>978-8189959357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jedhe+Shakavali+Kareena&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Diamond+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8189959357&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F003539370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKavindra_Parmanand_Nevaskar1927" class="citation book cs1">Kavindra Parmanand Nevaskar (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat"><i>Shri Shivbharat</i></a>. Sadashiv Mahadev Divekar. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat/page/n140">51</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shri+Shivbharat&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Sadashiv+Mahadev+Divekar&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Kavindra+Parmanand+Nevaskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShriShivbharat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ApteParanjpe1927-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ApteParanjpe1927_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFD.V_Apte_and_M.R._Paranjpe1927" class="citation book cs1">D.V Apte and M.R. Paranjpe (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/32857"><i>Birth-Date of Shivaji</i></a>. The Maharashtra Publishing House. pp. 6–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth-Date+of+Shivaji&rft.pages=6-17&rft.pub=The+Maharashtra+Publishing+House&rft.date=1927&rft.au=D.V+Apte+and+M.R.+Paranjpe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.gipe.ac.in%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F10973%2F32857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sib_Pada-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sib_Pada_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSiba_Pada_Sen1973" class="citation book cs1">Siba Pada Sen (1973). <i>Historians and historiography in modern India</i>. Institute of Historical Studies. p. 106. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120809000" title="Special:BookSources/9788120809000"><bdi>9788120809000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historians+and+historiography+in+modern+India&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Institute+of+Historical+Studies&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9788120809000&rft.au=Siba+Pada+Sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFN._Jayapalan2001" class="citation book cs1">N. Jayapalan (2001). <i>History of India</i>. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 211. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1"><bdi>978-81-7156-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-928-1&rft.au=N.+Jayapalan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sen2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSailendra_Sen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sailendra Sen (2013). <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>. Primus Books. pp. 196–199. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"><bdi>978-9-38060-734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=196-199&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-38060-734-4&rft.au=Sailendra+Sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/HolidayList-2016.pdf">"Public Holidays"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>maharashtra.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maharashtra.gov.in&rft.atitle=Public+Holidays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fpdf%2FHolidayList-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192019-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192019_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 19.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Eaton2005-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton2005_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton2005_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (17 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&pg=PA128"><i>A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives</i></a>. <b>1</b>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–221. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25484-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25484-7"><bdi>978-0-521-25484-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Deccan%2C+1300%E2%80%931761%3A+Eight+Indian+Lives&rft.pages=128-221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25484-7&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNNgdBWoYKoC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Metha2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metha2004_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArun_Metha2004" class="citation book cs1">Arun Metha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0IwAQAAIAAJ"><i>History of medieval India</i></a>. ABD Publishers. p. 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+medieval+India&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=ABD+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Arun+Metha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0IwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Menon2011-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menon2011_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKalyani_Devaki_Menon2011" class="citation book cs1">Kalyani Devaki Menon (6 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TLRCtw-zvoC&pg=PA44"><i>Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 44–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0279-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-0279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Nationalism%3A+Women+of+the+Hindu+Right+in+India&rft.pages=44-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0279-3&rft.au=Kalyani+Devaki+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TLRCtw-zvoC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192026-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192026_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192020–25-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192020–25_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, pp. 20–25.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFApte1965" class="citation book cs1">Apte, Shivaram Shankar (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7ogAAAAMAAJ"><i>Samarth Ramdas, Life & Mission</i></a>. Vora. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samarth+Ramdas%2C+Life+%26+Mission&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Vora&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Shivaram+Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7ogAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192022–24-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192022–24_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, pp. 22–24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199355-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199355_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 55.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199360-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199360_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 60.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilfred_Cantwell_Smith" title="Wilfred Cantwell Smith">Smith, Wilfred C.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVTH0MepJBYC"><i>On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 195. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-082580-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-082580-0"><bdi>978-3-11-082580-0</bdi></a>. <q>The earliest relevant usage that I myself have found is <i>Hindavi swarajya</i> from 1645, in a letter of Shivaji. This might mean, Indian independence from foreign rule, rather than Hindu <i>raj</i> in the modern sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Understanding+Islam%3A+Selected+Studies&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-11-082580-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVTH0MepJBYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Joseph_Jackson2005" class="citation book cs1">William Joseph Jackson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38"><i>Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 38. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3950-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3950-9"><bdi>0-7546-3950-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vijayanagara+voices%3A+exploring+South+Indian+history+and+Hindu+literature&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7546-3950-9&rft.au=William+Joseph+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPxvDNBc4qwUC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>: "Probably the earliest use of a word like 'Hindu' was in 1645 in a phrase in a letter of Shivaji, <i>Hindavi swarajya</i>, meaning independence from foreign rule, 'self-rule of Hindu people'."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite id="CITEREFBrown1984" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, C. Mackenzie (1984). "Svarāj, the Indian Ideal of Freedom: A Political or Religious Concept?". <i>Religious Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 429–441. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034412500016292">10.1017/S0034412500016292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Svar%C4%81j%2C+the+Indian+Ideal+of+Freedom%3A+A+Political+or+Religious+Concept%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=429-441&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034412500016292&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=C.+Mackenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite id="CITEREFHusain2011" class="citation book cs1">Husain, Ali Akbar (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWNHYID4WqAC&pg=PA82">"The Courtly Gardens of 'Abdul's <i>Ibrahim Nama</i>"</a>. In Haiser, Navina Najat; Sardar, Marika (eds.). <i>Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323-1687</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 82–83. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-438-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-438-5"><bdi>978-1-58839-438-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Courtly+Gardens+of+%27Abdul%27s+Ibrahim+Nama&rft.btitle=Sultans+of+the+South%3A+Arts+of+India%27s+Deccan+Courts%2C+1323-1687&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-438-5&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=Ali+Akbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWNHYID4WqAC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>: "That an obscure "Hindavi-speaking" poet should be elevated to the Persian-influenced court of one of the Deccan's principal sultanates speaks both for Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II's patronage of the local idiom and for his encouragement of 'Abdul and other promising poets..."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199361-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199361_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192034-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192034_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 34.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192041-42-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192041-42_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, pp. 41-42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011317-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011317_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011">Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011</a>, p. 317.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarty2015" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarty, Dipesh (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4gPhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147"><i>The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 147. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-24024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-24024-4"><bdi>978-0-226-24024-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calling+of+History%3A+Sir+Jadunath+Sarkar+and+His+Empire+of+Truth&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-24024-4&rft.aulast=Chakrabarty&rft.aufirst=Dipesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4gPhCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gordon2007-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2007_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Gordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Stewart Gordon (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9"><i>The Marathas 1600-1818</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600-1818&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.au=Stewart+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Richards1995-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards1995_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Richards1995" class="citation book cs1">John F. Richards (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208"><i>The Mughal Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 208–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=208-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56603-2&rft.au=John+F.+Richards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHyVh29gy4QC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015183–184-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015183–184_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015">Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur 2015</a>, pp. 183–184.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2012" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2012). <i>Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139576840" title="Special:BookSources/9781139576840"><bdi>9781139576840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+the+Ethics+of+Warfare+in+South+Asia%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781139576840&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Eraly2000-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eraly2000_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Eraly2000" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Eraly (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT550"><i>Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 550. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-128-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-128-6"><bdi>978-93-5118-128-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Spring%3A+The+Lives+and+Times+of+Great+Mughals&rft.pages=550&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-128-6&rft.au=Abraham+Eraly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyVW0STaGBcC%26pg%3DPT550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Roy2012-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2012_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaushik_Roy2012" class="citation book cs1">Kaushik Roy (15 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202"><i>Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-57684-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-57684-0"><bdi>978-1-139-57684-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+the+Ethics+of+Warfare+in+South+Asia%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=202-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-139-57684-0&rft.au=Kaushik+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1IgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence201417-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence201417_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence2014">Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence 2014</a>, p. 17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192070-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192070_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 70.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-JNazareth_Creative-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JNazareth_Creative_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JNazareth_Creative_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Nazareth2008" class="citation book cs1">J. Nazareth (2008). <i>Creative Thinking in Warfare</i> (illustrated ed.). Lancer. pp. 174–176. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7062-035-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7062-035-8"><bdi>978-81-7062-035-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+Thinking+in+Warfare&rft.pages=174-176&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Lancer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7062-035-8&rft.au=J.+Nazareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960294-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960294_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 294.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period196022-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period196022_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagadi198329-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagadi198329_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagadi1983">Pagadi 1983</a>, p. 29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-VidyaDhar1967-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VidyaDhar1967_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1967" class="citation book cs1">Vidya Dhar Mahajan (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FcQwAACAAJ"><i>India since 1526</i></a>. S. Chand. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+since+1526&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Vidya+Dhar+Mahajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz5FcQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 75.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192078-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192078_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 78.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920266-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920266_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 266.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ali1996-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ali1996_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAli1996" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA124"><i>The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 124. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0485-1"><bdi>978-81-250-0485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Dispersal+in+the+Deccan%3A+From+Medieval+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0485-1&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Shanti+Sadiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3CPc22nMqIC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSardesai1957">Sardesai 1957</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-KulkarniIndia1992-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KulkarniIndia1992_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KulkarniIndia1992_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShripad_Dattatraya_Kulkarni1992" class="citation book cs1">Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_m1AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Struggle for Hindu supremacy</i></a>. Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma). p. 90. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-900113-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-900113-5-8"><bdi>978-81-900113-5-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Hindu+supremacy&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Shri+Bhagavan+Vedavyasa+Itihasa+Samshodhana+Mandira+%28Bhishma%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-900113-5-8&rft.au=Shripad+Dattatraya+Kulkarni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_m1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192055–56-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192055–56_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, pp. 55–56.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFS.R._Sharma1999" class="citation book cs1">S.R. Sharma (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wC27JDyApwC"><i>Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material, Volume 2</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 59. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171568185" title="Special:BookSources/9788171568185"><bdi>9788171568185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+empire+in+India%3A+a+systematic+study+including+source+material%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788171568185&rft.au=S.R.+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wC27JDyApwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192057-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192057_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 57.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192060-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192060_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 60.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lmotObeC3zUC"><i>Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings</i></a>. Superintendent Government Printing, India. 1929. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Historical+Records+Commission%3A+Proceedings+of+Meetings&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Superintendent+Government+Printing%2C+India&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlmotObeC3zUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAanand_Aadeesh2011" class="citation book cs1">Aanand Aadeesh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69&dq="><i>Shivaji the Great Liberator</i></a>. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 69. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184301021" title="Special:BookSources/9788184301021"><bdi>9788184301021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+the+Great+Liberator&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788184301021&rft.au=Aanand+Aadeesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZMkBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69%26dq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201746-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201746_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTruschke2017">Truschke 2017</a>, p. 46.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2009543-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2009543_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2009">Mehta 2009</a>, p. 543.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005491-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005491_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 491.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gordon93-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSteward_Gordon1993" class="citation book cs1">Steward Gordon (1993). <i>The Marathas 1600–1818, Part 2, Volume 4</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 71–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818%2C+Part+2%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=71-75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Steward+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 258.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 77.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199374-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199374_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 74.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 78.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378–79-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378–79_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, pp. 78–79.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 98.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times185-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times185_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times185">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 185</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times185 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Deopujari1973-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deopujari1973_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMurlidhar_Balkrishna_Deopujari1973" class="citation book cs1">Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8MAAAAIAAJ"><i>Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War</i></a>. Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+the+Maratha+Art+of+War&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Vidarbha+Samshodhan+Mandal&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Murlidhar+Balkrishna+Deopujari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiF8MAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000">Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000</a>, p. 460.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000">Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000</a>, p. 461.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, pp. 173–174.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 175.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 189.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 393.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, pp. 230–233.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Malavika_1999-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malavika_1999_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMalavika_Vartak1999" class="citation journal cs1">Malavika Vartak (May 1999). "Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a Symbol". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>34</b> (19): 1126–1134. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/4407933">4407933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Shivaji+Maharaj%3A+Growth+of+a+Symbol&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=1126-1134&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4407933&rft.au=Malavika+Vartak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, pp. 239–240.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gandhi1999-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi1999_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1999" class="citation book cs1">Rajmohan Gandhi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA110"><i>Revenge and Reconciliation</i></a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 110–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029045-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029045-5"><bdi>978-0-14-029045-5</bdi></a>. <q>On the ground that Shivaji was merely a Maratha and not a kshatriya by caste, Maharashtra's Brahmins had refused to conduct a sacred coronation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenge+and+Reconciliation&rft.pages=110-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029045-5&rft.au=Rajmohan+Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVqP54UEe4QC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 88.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BaviskarAttwood2013-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaviskarAttwood2013_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFB._S._BaviskarD._W._Attwood2013" class="citation book cs1">B. S. Baviskar; D. W. Attwood (30 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395"><i>Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India</i></a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 395–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1865-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1865-7"><bdi>978-81-321-1865-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside-Outside%3A+Two+Views+of+Social+Change+in+Rural+India&rft.pages=395-&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.isbn=978-81-321-1865-7&rft.au=B.+S.+Baviskar&rft.au=D.+W.+Attwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVQtBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cashman1975-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cashman1975_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cashman1975_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_I._Cashman1975" class="citation book cs1">Richard I. Cashman (1975). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich"><i>The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02407-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02407-6"><bdi>978-0-520-02407-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Lokamanya%3A+Tilak+and+Mass+Politics+in+Maharashtra&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02407-6&rft.au=Richard+I.+Cashman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythoflokamanya00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011">Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011</a>, p. 321.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Godsmark2018-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Godsmark2018_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Godsmark2018" class="citation book cs1">Oliver Godsmark (29 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CCpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40"><i>Citizenship, Community and Democracy in India: From Bombay to Maharashtra, c. 1930 - 1960</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 40–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-18821-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-18821-0"><bdi>978-1-351-18821-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship%2C+Community+and+Democracy+in+India%3A+From+Bombay+to+Maharashtra%2C+c.+1930+-+1960&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft.isbn=978-1-351-18821-0&rft.au=Oliver+Godsmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCCpKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Varma_&_Saberwal-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varma_&_Saberwal_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Varma & Saberwal</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 244.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 245.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 252.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pillai2018-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pillai2018_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFManu_S_Pillai2018" class="citation book cs1">Manu S Pillai (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9"><i>Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji</i></a>. Juggernaut Books. p. xvi. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86228-73-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86228-73-4"><bdi>978-93-86228-73-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebel+Sultans%3A+The+Deccan+from+Khilji+to+Shivaji&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Juggernaut+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-93-86228-73-4&rft.au=Manu+S+Pillai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRq5oDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Barua2005-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barua2005_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarua2005" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Pradeep (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA42"><i>The State at War in South Asia</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 42. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-1344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+at+War+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIIQhuAOGaIC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RauArchives1980-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RauArchives1980_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMallavarapu_Venkata_Siva_Prasada_Rau_(Andhra_Pradesh_Archives)1980" class="citation book cs1">Mallavarapu Venkata Siva Prasada Rau (Andhra Pradesh Archives) (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXtmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Archival organization and records management in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India</i></a>. Published under the authority of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh by the Director of State Archives (Andhra Pradesh State Archives). p. 393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archival+organization+and+records+management+in+the+state+of+Andhra+Pradesh%2C+India&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=Published+under+the+authority+of+the+Govt.+of+Andhra+Pradesh+by+the+Director+of+State+Archives+%28Andhra+Pradesh+State+Archives%29&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Mallavarapu+Venkata+Siva+Prasada+Rau+%28Andhra+Pradesh+Archives%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXtmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vUoAAAAYAAJ&q=50,000+people+shivaji+coronation&dq=50,000+people+shivaji+coronation"><i>Yuva Bharati</i></a> (Volume 1 ed.). Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee. 1974. p. 13. <q>About 50,000 people witnessed the coronation ceremony and arrangements were made for their boarding and lodging.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yuva+Bharati&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=Volume+1&rft.pub=Vivekananda+Rock+Memorial+Committee&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6vUoAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D50%2C000%2Bpeople%2Bshivaji%2Bcoronation%26dq%3D50%2C000%2Bpeople%2Bshivaji%2Bcoronation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Srivastava1964-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Srivastava1964_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAshirbadi_Lal_Srivastava1964" class="citation book cs1">Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D.</i></a> Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 701. <q>Shivaji was obliged to undergo a second coronation ceremony on 4th October, 1674, on the suggestion of a well-known Tantrik priest, named Nishchal Puri Goswami, who said that Gaga Bhatta had performed the ceremony at an inauspicious hour and neglected to propitiate the spirits adored in the Tantra. That was why, he said, the queen mother Jija Bai had died within twelve days of the ceremony and similar other mishaps had occurred.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India%2C+1000+A.D.-1707+A.D.&rft.pages=701&rft.pub=Shiva+Lal+Agarwala&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Ashirbadi+Lal+Srivastava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdw9AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Branch1975-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Branch1975_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Institute_of_Public_Administration._Maharashtra_Regional_Branch1975" class="citation book cs1">Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ytQgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Shivaji and swarajya</i></a>. Orient Longman. p. 61. <q>one to establish that Shivaji belonged to the Kshatriya clan and that he could be crowned a Chhatrapati and the other to show that he was not entitled to the Vedic form of recitations at the time of the coronation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+swarajya&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Indian+Institute+of+Public+Administration.+Maharashtra+Regional+Branch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DytQgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sharma1951-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma1951_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShripad_Rama_Sharma1951" class="citation book cs1">Shripad Rama Sharma (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAUdAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Making of Modern India: From A. D. 1526 to the Present Day</i></a>. Orient Longmans. p. 223. <q>The coronation was performed at first according to the Vedic rites, then according to the Tantric. Shivaji was anxious to satisfy all sections of his subjects. There was some doubt about his Kshatriya origin (see note at the end of this chapter). This was of more than academic interest to his contemporaries, especially Brahmans [Brahmins]. Traditionally considered the highest caste in the Hindu social hierarchy. the Brahmans would submit to Shivaji, and officiate at his coronation, only if his</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+India%3A+From+A.+D.+1526+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Shripad+Rama+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAUdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-(India)1967-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-(India)1967_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaharashtra_(India)1967" class="citation book cs1">Maharashtra (India) (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXtEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period</i></a>. Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharashtra+State+Gazetteers%3A+Maratha+period&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Government+Printing%2C+Stationery+and+Publications%2C+Maharashtra+State&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Maharashtra+%28India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXtEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 258.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kruijtzer2009-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kruijtzer2009_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGijs_Kruijtzer2009" class="citation book cs1">Gijs Kruijtzer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C"><i>Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 153–190. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-068-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-068-0"><bdi>978-90-8728-068-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xenophobia+in+Seventeenth-Century+India&rft.pages=153-190&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-8728-068-0&rft.au=Gijs+Kruijtzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTTJa0usl80C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kulkarni, A. R. (1990). "Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom". <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute</i>. <b>49</b>: 221–226. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/42930290">42930290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Maratha+Policy+Towards+the+Adil+Shahi+Kingdom&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=221-226&rft.date=1990&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42930290&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 276.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jr.2010-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jr.2010_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEverett_Jenkins,_Jr.2010" class="citation book cs1">Everett Jenkins, Jr. (12 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA201"><i>The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 201–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0889-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0889-1"><bdi>978-1-4766-0889-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Diaspora+%28Volume+2%2C+1500%E2%80%931799%29%3A+A+Comprehensive+Chronology+of+the+Spread+of+Islam+in+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=201-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1&rft.au=Everett+Jenkins%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSYkCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 290.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSardesai1957">Sardesai 1957</a>, p. 251.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jayapal1997-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jayapal1997_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaya_Jayapal1997" class="citation book cs1">Maya Jayapal (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEluAAAAMAAJ"><i>Bangalore: the story of a city</i></a>. Eastwest Books (Madras). p. 20. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86852-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86852-09-5"><bdi>978-81-86852-09-5</bdi></a>. <q>Shivaji's and Ekoji's armies met in battle on 26 November 1677, and Ekoji was defeated. By the treaty he signed, Bangalore and the adjoining areas were given to Shivaji, who then made them over to Ekoji's wife Deepabai to be held by her, with the proviso that Ekoji had to ensure that Shahaji's Memorial was well tended.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangalore%3A+the+story+of+a+city&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Eastwest+Books+%28Madras%29&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-86852-09-5&rft.au=Maya+Jayapal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200547-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920382-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920382_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 382.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 278.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201753-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201753_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTruschke2017">Truschke 2017</a>, p. 53.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200548-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200548_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSunita_Sharma,_K̲h̲udā_Bak̲h̲sh_Oriyanṭal_Pablik_Lāʼibrerī2004" class="citation book cs1">Sunita Sharma, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2kaAAAAYAAJ"><i>Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th- 18th centuries</i></a>. Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library. p. 139. <q>By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad, along with his mother Soyra Bai and his wife Janki Bai. Soyra Bai was put to death on charge of conspiracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veil%2C+sceptre%2C+and+quill%3A+profiles+of+eminent+women%2C+16th-+18th+centuries&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Khuda+Bakhsh+Oriental+Public+Library&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Sunita+Sharma%2C+K%CC%B2h%CC%B2ud%C4%81+Bak%CC%B2h%CC%B2sh+Oriyan%E1%B9%ADal+Pablik+L%C4%81%CA%BCibrer%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2kaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-John_Clark_Marshman-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Clark_Marshman_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Clark_Marshman2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Clark_Marshman" title="John Clark Marshman">John Clark Marshman</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA93#v=onepage"><i>History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108021043" title="Special:BookSources/9781108021043"><bdi>9781108021043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India+from+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Close+of+the+East+India+Company%27s+Government&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781108021043&rft.au=John+Clark+Marshman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbmT_Tv-VGUC%26pg%3DPA93%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 204.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sen1994-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sen1994_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSailendra_N._Sen1994" class="citation book cs1">Sailendra N. Sen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PR7"><i>Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772-1785</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. pp. 6–7. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-578-0"><bdi>978-81-7154-578-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Maratha+relations+during+the+administration+of+Warren+Hastings+1772-1785&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-578-0&rft.au=Sailendra+N.+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4hHNz7T-AEC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Black2006" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Black (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC&dq=9780275990398"><i>A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present</i></a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99039-8"><bdi>978-0-275-99039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Britain%3A+from+1775+to+the+Present&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99039-8&rft.au=Jeremy+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNVtQY4sXYMC%26dq%3D9780275990398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPercival_Spear1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Percival_Spear" title="Percival Spear">Percival Spear</a> (1990) [First published 1965]. <i>A History of India</i>. Volume 2. Penguin Books. p. 129. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013836-8"><bdi>978-0-14-013836-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013836-8&rft.au=Percival+Spear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashta-Pradhan">"Ashta Pradhan"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ashta+Pradhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAshta-Pradhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000">Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSorokhaibam2013" class="citation book cs1">Sorokhaibam, Jeneet (1 January 2013). <i>Chhatrapati Shivaji : the Maratha Warrior and His Campaign</i>. New Delhi: Vij Books India Private Limited. p. 225. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9382573494" title="Special:BookSources/978-9382573494"><bdi>978-9382573494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chhatrapati+Shivaji+%3A+the+Maratha+Warrior+and+His+Campaign.&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.isbn=978-9382573494&rft.aulast=Sorokhaibam&rft.aufirst=Jeneet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Majumdar1974-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Majumdar1974_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_Majumdar1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmagAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Mughul Empire</i></a>. B.V. Bhavan. pp. 609, 634.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughul+Empire&rft.pages=609%2C+634&rft.pub=B.V.+Bhavan&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Ramesh+Chandra+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmagAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeshmukh" class="citation book cs1">Deshmukh, Vijayrao. <i>Shakkarte Shivray</i>. 2. Chatrapati Seva Pratisthan. p. 428.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakkarte+Shivray&rft.series=2&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Chatrapati+Seva+Pratisthan&rft.aulast=Deshmukh&rft.aufirst=Vijayrao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 421.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957250-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957250_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSardesai1957">Sardesai 1957</a>, p. 250.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Society1963-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Society1963_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Oriental_Society1963" class="citation book cs1">American Oriental Society (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K684AAAAIAAJ"><i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i></a>. American Oriental Society. p. 476<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society.&rft.date=1963&rft.au=American+Oriental+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK684AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-KulkarniMedieval-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KulkarniMedieval_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFProf._A._R._Kulkarni2008" class="citation book cs1">Prof. A. R. Kulkarni (1 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120"><i>Medieval Maratha Country</i></a>. Diamond Publications. pp. 120–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-072-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-072-9"><bdi>978-81-8483-072-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Maratha+Country&rft.pages=120-&rft.pub=Diamond+Publications&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8483-072-9&rft.au=Prof.+A.+R.+Kulkarni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOY5LDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeshmukh" class="citation book cs1">Deshmukh, Vijayrao. <i>Shakkarte Shivray</i>. 2. Chatrapati Seva Pratisthan. pp. 150, 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakkarte+Shivray&rft.series=2&rft.pages=150%2C+154&rft.pub=Chatrapati+Seva+Pratisthan&rft.aulast=Deshmukh&rft.aufirst=Vijayrao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pissurlencar1975-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pissurlencar1975_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPanduronga_S._S._Pissurlencar1975" class="citation book cs1">Panduronga S. S. Pissurlencar (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdoBAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Portuguese and the Marathas: Translation of Articles of the Late Dr. Pandurang S. Pissurlenkar's Portugueses E Maratas in Portuguese Language</i></a>. State Board for Literature and Culture, Government of Maharashtra. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+and+the+Marathas%3A+Translation+of+Articles+of+the+Late+Dr.+Pandurang+S.+Pissurlenkar%27s+Portugueses+E+Maratas+in+Portuguese+Language&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=State+Board+for+Literature+and+Culture%2C+Government+of+Maharashtra&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Panduronga+S.+S.+Pissurlencar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdoBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKantak1993" class="citation book cs1">Kantak, M. R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PA18"><i>The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. p. 9. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1"><bdi>978-81-7154-696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Anglo-Maratha+War%2C+1774%E2%80%931783%3A+A+Military+Study+of+Major+Battles&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-696-1&rft.aulast=Kantak&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcdXnVOKKkssC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBhave2000" class="citation book cs1">Bhave, Y. G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kVk6msxUcC&pg=PR7"><i>From the Death of Shivaji to the Death of Aurangzeb: The Critical Years</i></a>. Northern Book Centre. p. 7. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-100-7"><bdi>978-81-7211-100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Death+of+Shivaji+to+the+Death+of+Aurangzeb%3A+The+Critical+Years&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-100-7&rft.aulast=Bhave&rft.aufirst=Y.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5kVk6msxUcC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wolpert1994-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert1994_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_A._Wolpert1994" class="citation book cs1">Stanley A. Wolpert (1994). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp"><i>An Introduction to India</i></a></span>. Penguin Books India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-016870-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-016870-9"><bdi>978-0-14-016870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+India&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-016870-9&rft.au=Stanley+A.+Wolpert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoin00wolp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tinker1990-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tinker1990_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Tinker1990" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Tinker (1990). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink"><i>South Asia: A Short History</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1287-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1287-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-1287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1287-4&rft.au=Hugh+Tinker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthasiashorthi0000tink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagadi1983">Pagadi 1983</a>, p. 21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Naravane1995-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naravane1995_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFM._S._Naravane1995" class="citation book cs1">M. S. Naravane (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIrfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Forts of Maharashtra</i></a>. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 14. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-696-1"><bdi>978-81-7024-696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forts+of+Maharashtra&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=APH+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7024-696-1&rft.au=M.+S.+Naravane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIrfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 408.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 414.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Roy2011-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2011_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaushik_Roy2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaushik Roy (30 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA17"><i>War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 17–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79087-4"><bdi>978-1-136-79087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+South+Asia%2C+1740%E2%80%931849&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.isbn=978-1-136-79087-4&rft.au=Kaushik+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzp0FbTniNaYC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Shastry1981-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shastry1981_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBhagamandala_Seetharama_Shastry1981" class="citation book cs1">Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsYcAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Indo-Portuguese History</i></a>. IBH Prakashana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Indo-Portuguese+History&rft.pub=IBH+Prakashana&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Bhagamandala+Seetharama+Shastry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAsYcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RoyLorge2014-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoyLorge2014_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaushik_RoyPeter_Lorge2014" class="citation book cs1">Kaushik Roy; Peter Lorge (17 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183"><i>Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 183–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58710-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58710-1"><bdi>978-1-317-58710-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Indian+Warfare+%E2%80%93+From+the+Classical+Age+to+1870&rft.pages=183-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58710-1&rft.au=Kaushik+Roy&rft.au=Peter+Lorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D627fBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Misra1986-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Misra1986_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRaj_Narain_Misra1986" class="citation book cs1">Raj Narain Misra (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NhVz7mZCisC&pg=PA13"><i>Indian Ocean and India's Security</i></a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 13–. GGKEY:CCJCT3CW16S.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Ocean+and+India%27s+Security&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Raj+Narain+Misra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NhVz7mZCisC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ChandraMukherjee2016-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChandraMukherjee2016_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBipan_ChandraMridula_MukherjeeAditya_MukherjeeK_N_Panikkar2016" class="citation book cs1">Bipan Chandra; Mridula Mukherjee; Aditya Mukherjee; K N Panikkar; Sucheta Mahajan (9 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT107"><i>India's Struggle for Independence</i></a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 107–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-183-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-183-3"><bdi>978-81-8475-183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Struggle+for+Independence&rft.pages=107-&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2016-08-09&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-183-3&rft.au=Bipan+Chandra&rft.au=Mridula+Mukherjee&rft.au=Aditya+Mukherjee&rft.au=K+N+Panikkar&rft.au=Sucheta+Mahajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0q7xH06NrFkC%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeshmukh" class="citation book cs1">Deshmukh, Vijayrao. <i>Shakkarte Shivray</i>. 2. Chatrapati Seva Pratisthan. p. 439.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakkarte+Shivray&rft.series=2&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Chatrapati+Seva+Pratisthan&rft.aulast=Deshmukh&rft.aufirst=Vijayrao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDossalMaloni1999" class="citation book cs1">Dossal, Mariam; Maloni, Ruby (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA8"><i>State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. p. 8. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-855-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-855-2"><bdi>978-81-7154-855-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Intervention+and+Popular+Response%3A+Western+India+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-855-2&rft.aulast=Dossal&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft.au=Maloni%2C+Ruby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt7f0JEWk6HMC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011158-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011158_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaine2011">Laine 2011</a>, p. 158.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSen1928" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Surendra (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500042/2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies#page/n15/mode/1up"><i>Foreign Biographies of Shivaji</i></a>. <b>II</b>. London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd. pp. xiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Biographies+of+Shivaji&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=London%2C+K.+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner+%26+co.+ltd.&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Surendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.500042%2F2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies%23page%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna1940" class="citation book cs1">Krishna, Bal (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/shivajithegreat035466mbp#page/n28/mode/1up"><i>Shivaji The Great</i></a>. The Arya Book Depot Kolhapur. pp. 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+The+Great&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=The+Arya+Book+Depot+Kolhapur&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fshivajithegreat035466mbp%23page%2Fn28%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201754-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201754_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTruschke2017">Truschke 2017</a>, p. 54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Chakravarti2014-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chakravarti2014_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUma_Chakravarti2014" class="citation book cs1">Uma Chakravarti (27 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79"><i>Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai</i></a>. Zubaan. pp. 79–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83074-63-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83074-63-1"><bdi>978-93-83074-63-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rewriting+History%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Pandita+Ramabai&rft.pages=79-&rft.pub=Zubaan&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.isbn=978-93-83074-63-1&rft.au=Uma+Chakravarti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TenDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kurtz-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtz_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_V._Kurtz1993" class="citation book cs1">Donald V. Kurtz (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA63"><i>Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 63–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09828-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09828-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09828-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contradictions+and+Conflict%3A+A+Dialectical+Political+Anthropology+of+a+University+in+Western+India&rft.pages=63-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09828-2&rft.au=Donald+V.+Kurtz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0X5DquN8LkIC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolpert1962">Wolpert 1962</a>, pp. 79–81.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pati2011-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pati2011_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBiswamoy_Pati2011" class="citation book cs1">Biswamoy Pati (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U4TWzCkjrm4C&pg=PA101"><i>Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings</i></a>. Primus Books. p. 101. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-18-4"><bdi>978-93-80607-18-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bal+Gangadhar+Tilak%3A+Popular+Readings&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-18-4&rft.au=Biswamoy+Pati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU4TWzCkjrm4C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indo-British Review</i></a>. Indo-British Historical Society. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-British+Review&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Indo-British+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCA1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcLain2009" class="citation book cs1">McLain, Karline (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA121"><i>India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 121. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22052-3"><bdi>978-0-253-22052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Immortal+Comic+Books%3A+Gods%2C+Kings%2C+and+Other+Heroes&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22052-3&rft.aulast=McLain&rft.aufirst=Karline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4-Su0whKa0C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Deshpande2007-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deshpande2007_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPrachi_Deshpande2007" class="citation book cs1">Prachi Deshpande (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136"><i>Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 136–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12486-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12486-7"><bdi>978-0-231-12486-7</bdi></a>. <q>Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the “chauvinism” he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+Pasts%3A+Historical+Memory+and+Identity+in+Western+India%2C+1700%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=136-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12486-7&rft.au=Prachi+Deshpande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96qrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bayly2011-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bayly2011_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFC._A._Bayly2011" class="citation book cs1">C. A. Bayly (10 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282"><i>Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50518-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+Liberties%3A+Indian+Thought+in+the+Age+of+Liberalism+and+Empire&rft.pages=282-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50518-5&rft.au=C.+A.+Bayly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GLAWY6L8fIC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGirja_Kumar1997" class="citation book cs1">Girja Kumar (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA431"><i>The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 431. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0525-2"><bdi>978-81-241-0525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+on+Trial%3A+Fundamentalism+and+Censorship+in+India&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0525-2&rft.au=Girja+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn-KUICFfA00C%26pg%3DPA431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Naipaul2011-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naipaul2011_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNaipaul2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">Naipaul, V. S.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65"><i>India: A Wounded Civilization</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 65. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78934-1"><bdi>978-0-307-78934-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+Wounded+Civilization&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-78934-1&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYeWbmq7pkIC%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcLain2009" class="citation book cs1">McLain, Karline (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA137"><i>India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 137. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22052-3"><bdi>978-0-253-22052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Immortal+Comic+Books%3A+Gods%2C+Kings%2C+and+Other+Heroes&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22052-3&rft.aulast=McLain&rft.aufirst=Karline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4-Su0whKa0C%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011164-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaine2011">Laine 2011</a>, p. 164.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPradhanGodbole1999" class="citation book cs1">Pradhan, R. D.; Godbole, Madhav (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vDvpB_sqB0C"><i>Debacle to Revival: Y.B. Chavan as Defence Minister, 1962–65</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 46. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1477-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1477-5"><bdi>978-81-250-1477-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debacle+to+Revival%3A+Y.B.+Chavan+as+Defence+Minister%2C+1962%E2%80%9365&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1477-5&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft.au=Godbole%2C+Madhav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vDvpB_sqB0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ"><i>Lok Sabha Debates</i></a>. Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1952. p. 121. <q>Will the Minister of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lok+Sabha+Debates&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Lok+Sabha+Secretariat&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhlZPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Indian P.E.N.</i></a> P.E.N. All-India Centre. 1964. p. 32. <q>Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+P.E.N.&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=P.E.N.+All-India+Centre.&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLtjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_Kumar2015" class="citation web cs1">Krishna Kumar (20 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms">"Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests"</a> – via The Economic Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Writer+Babasaheb+Purandare+receives+%27Maharashtra+Bhushan%27+despite+protests&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.au=Krishna+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fwriter-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests%2Farticleshow%2F48551741.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2001" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA22"><i>Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 22. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08840-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08840-3"><bdi>0-691-08840-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wages+of+Violence%3A+Naming+and+Identity+in+Postcolonial+Bombay&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-691-08840-3&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Blom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-y3iNt0djbQC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaurMazzarella2009" class="citation book cs1">Kaur, Raminder; Mazzarella, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QOWRn_i1kcC&pg=PA1"><i>Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 1. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35335-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35335-1"><bdi>978-0-253-35335-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Censorship+in+South+Asia%3A+Cultural+Regulation+from+Sedition+to+Seduction&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35335-1&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Raminder&rft.au=Mazzarella%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QOWRn_i1kcC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3561499.stm">"India seeks to arrest US scholar"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 March 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=India+seeks+to+arrest+US+scholar&rft.date=2004-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F3561499.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-01-06/pune/28323621_1_bori-bhandarkar-oriental-research-institute-islamic-india">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute"</a>. <i>Times of India</i>. 6 January 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Maratha%27+activists+vandalise+Bhandarkar+Institute&rft.date=2004-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2004-01-06%2Fpune%2F28323621_1_bori-bhandarkar-oriental-research-institute-islamic-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court">"Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laine's book on Shivaji"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 9 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+lifts+ban+on+James+Laine%27s+book+on+Shivaji&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2010-07-09%2Findia%2F28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100710/1545431.html">"Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai"</a>. webindia123.com. 10 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protests+over+James+Laine%27s+book+across+Mumbai&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.webindia123.com%2Fnews%2FArticles%2FIndia%2F20100710%2F1545431.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRahul_Chandawarkar2010" class="citation news cs1">Rahul Chandawarkar (10 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_hard-liners-slam-state-supreme-court-decision-on-laine-s-shivaji-book_1407732">"Hard-liners slam state, Supreme Court decision on Laine's Shivaji book"</a>. <i>DNA India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA+India&rft.atitle=Hard-liners+slam+state%2C+Supreme+Court+decision+on+Laine%27s+Shivaji+book&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft.au=Rahul+Chandawarkar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport_hard-liners-slam-state-supreme-court-decision-on-laine-s-shivaji-book_1407732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106235945/http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/">"comments : Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/">the original</a> on 6 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=comments+%3A+Modi+unveils+Shivaji+statue+at+Limbayat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fcomments%2Fmodi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat%2F974660%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928023003/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5">"New Shivaji statue faces protests"</a>. Pune Mirror. 16 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5">the original</a> on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Shivaji+statue+faces+protests&rft.pub=Pune+Mirror&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punemirror.in%2Farticle%2F2%2F20120516201205160833063629266b10c%2FNew-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html%3Fpageno%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm">"Kalam unveils Shivaji statue"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 29 April 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kalam+unveils+Shivaji+statue&rft.date=2003-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2003%2F04%2F29%2Fstories%2F2003042907691200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718031536/http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment">"INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training"</a>. Indian Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment">the original</a> on 18 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INS+Shivaji+%28Engineering+Training+Establishment%29+%3A+Training&rft.pub=Indian+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiannavy.nic.in%2Ftraining%2Fnavy-training%2Fins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Watermarked%20paper/CHHATRAPATI%20SHIVAJI%20MAHARAJ">"Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj"</a>. Indianpost.com. 21 April 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chhatrapati+Shivaji+Maharaj&rft.pub=Indianpost.com&rft.date=1980-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianpost.com%2Fviewstamp.php%2FPaper%2FWatermarked%2520paper%2FCHHATRAPATI%2520SHIVAJI%2520MAHARAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/politics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html">"Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion"</a>. <i>Business Standard</i>. 25 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Politics+over+Shivaji+statue+delays+Mumbai+airport+expansion&rft.date=2011-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Feconomy-policy%2Fpolitics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTimes2017" class="citation news cs1">Times, Maharashtra (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms">"Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus"</a>. <i>Times of India</i> (30 June)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mumbai+Railway+station+renamed+to+Chhatrapati+Shivaji+Maharaj+Terminus&rft.issue=30+June&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=Maharashtra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2Fmumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus%2Farticleshow%2F59390999.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNina_Golgowski2018" class="citation web cs1">Nina Golgowski (31 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/india-now-boasts-world-apos-190059518.html">"India Now Boasts The World's Tallest Statue, And It's Twice Lady Liberty's Size"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yahoo!_News" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=India+Now+Boasts+The+World%27s+Tallest+Statue%2C+And+It%27s+Twice+Lady+Liberty%27s+Size&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft.au=Nina+Golgowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Findia-now-boasts-world-apos-190059518.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist" style="">
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015" class="citation cs2">Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172"><i>The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6815-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6815-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-6815-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufis+of+Bijapur%2C+1300-1700%3A+Social+Roles+of+Sufis+in+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2F9BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_Eraly" title="Abraham Eraly">Eraly, Abraham</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA441"><i>Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals</i></a>, Penguin Books India, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100143-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100143-2"><bdi>978-0-14-100143-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+of+the+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Mughals&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100143-2&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04ellRQx4nMC%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011" class="citation cs2">Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA321"><i>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</i></a>, Pearson Education India, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.aulast=Farooqui&rft.aufirst=Salma+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence2014" class="citation cs2">Gier, Nicholas F. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective</i></a>, Lexington Books, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9223-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9223-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-9223-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Religious+Violence%3A+An+Asian+Perspective&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8&rft.aulast=Gier&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LBhBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stewart_N._Gordon" title="Stewart N. Gordon">Gordon, Stewart</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7"><bdi>978-0-521-26883-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26883-7&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960" class="citation cs2">Haig, Wolseley; Burn, Richard (1960) [first published 1937], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258"><i>The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughal Period</i></a>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+India%2C+Volume+IV%3A+The+Mughal+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Haig&rft.aufirst=Wolseley&rft.au=Burn%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoI8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLaine2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_W._Laine" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Laine">Laine, James W.</a> (2011), "Resisting My Attackers; Resisting My Defenders", in Schmalz, Matthew N.; Gottschalk, Peter (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-dP0p-TcnPUC"><i>Engaging South Asian Religions: Boundaries, Appropriations, and Resistances</i></a>, Albany: SUNY Press, pp. 153–172, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3323-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3323-3"><bdi>978-1-4384-3323-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resisting+My+Attackers%3B+Resisting+My+Defenders&rft.btitle=Engaging+South+Asian+Religions%3A+Boundaries%2C+Appropriations%2C+and+Resistances&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=153-172&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3323-3&rft.aulast=Laine&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-dP0p-TcnPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMehta2009" class="citation cs2">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2009) [1984], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</i></a>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3"><bdi>978-81-207-1015-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-207-1015-3&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TsMl0vSc0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMehta2005" class="citation cs2">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813</i></a>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-54-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-54-6"><bdi>978-1-932705-54-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India%3A+Volume+One%3A+1707%E2%80%931813&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-932705-54-6&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1wUgKKzawoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPagadi1983" class="citation cs2">Pagadi, Setumadhava Rao (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983"><i>Shivaji</i></a>, National Book Trust, India</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Pagadi&rft.aufirst=Setumadhava+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a> (1920) [1919], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich"><i>Shivaji and His Times</i></a> (Second ed.), London: Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+His+Times&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshivajihistimes00sarkrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920" class="citation cs2">Sarkar, Jadunath (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77"><i>History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources</i></a>, Longmans, Green and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Aurangzib%3A+Based+on+Original+Sources&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3NHAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSardesai1957" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Govind_Sakharam_Sardesai" title="Govind Sakharam Sardesai">Sardesai, Govind Sakharam</a> (1957) [1946], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ"><i>New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600–1707)</i></a>, Phoenix Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+History+of+the+Marathas%3A+Shivaji+and+his+line+%281600%E2%80%931707%29&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publications&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Sardesai&rft.aufirst=Govind+Sakharam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzG1DAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFTruschke2017" class="citation cs2">Truschke, Audrey (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ"><i>Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King</i></a>, Stanford University Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-0259-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurangzeb%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+India%27s+Most+Controversial+King&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5&rft.aulast=Truschke&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUUkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFWolpert1962" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanley_A._Wolpert" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley A. Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley A.</a> (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=De_ftH3bm-MC&pg=PA1"><i>Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India</i></a>, University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tilak+and+Gokhale%3A+Revolution+and+Reform+in+the+Making+of+Modern+India&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDe_ftH3bm-MC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFZakaria2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rafique_Zakaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafique Zakaria">Zakaria, Rafiq</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKY_L_eAayUC"><i>Communal Rage In Secular India</i></a>, Popular Prakashan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-070-2"><bdi>978-81-7991-070-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communal+Rage+In+Secular+India&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-070-2&rft.aulast=Zakaria&rft.aufirst=Rafiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKY_L_eAayUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047268"/><div class="refbegin reflist" style="">
<ul><li>Daniel Jasper (2003). "Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India and the development of Maharashtrian public politics." <i>Journal of Political and Military Sociology</i> 31.2 : 215.</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFB._K._Apte_(editor)1974–75" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bhalchandra_Krishna_Apte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhalchandra Krishna Apte (page does not exist)">B. K. Apte</a> (editor) (1974–75). <i>Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume</i>. Bombay: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Bombay">University of Bombay</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chhatrapati+Shivaji%3A+Coronation+Tercentenary+Commemoration+Volume&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=University+of+Bombay&rft.date=1974%2F1975&rft.au=B.+K.+Apte+%28editor%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_extra_text:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: extra text: authors list">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFJames_W._Laine2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_W._Laine" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Laine">James W. Laine</a> (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shivajihinduking0000lain"><i>Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514126-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514126-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514126-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%3A+Hindu+King+in+Islamic+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514126-9&rft.au=James+W.+Laine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshivajihinduking0000lain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shivaji" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Shivaji">Shivaji</a></b></i></td></tr>
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<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shivaji" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shivaji"><span style="">Shivaji</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Society/History/By_Region/Asia/South_Asia/Personalities/Sivaji">Shivaji</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Shivaji </div><div><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Bhonsle">House of Bhonsle</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> c. 1627/1630</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 3 April 1680</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles
</th></tr>
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<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">new state formed</div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></b><br />1674–1680
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shivaji" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Shivaji" title="Template:Shivaji"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Shivaji" title="Template talk:Shivaji"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Shivaji&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shivaji" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shivaji</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancestry and family</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maloji_Bhosale" title="Maloji Bhosale">Maloji Bhosale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahaji" title="Shahaji">Shahaji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_Chhatrapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaram Chhatrapati">Rajaram I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhattrapati_Shahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhattrapati Shahu">Shahu I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comrades</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dadoji_Konddev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadoji Konddev">Dadoji Konddev</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baji_Prabhu_Deshpande" title="Baji Prabhu Deshpande">Baji Prabhu Deshpande</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanaji_Malusare" title="Tanaji Malusare">Tanaji Malusare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firangoji_Narsala" title="Firangoji Narsala">Firangoji Narsala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netaji_Palkar" title="Netaji Palkar">Netaji Palkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar" title="Prataprao Gujar">Prataprao Gujar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hambirao_Mohite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hambirao Mohite">Hambirao Mohite</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Pratapgarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kolhapur" title="Battle of Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Pavan Khind</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chakan" title="Battle of Chakan">Chakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" title="Battle of Surat">Surat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Purandar" title="Battle of Purandar">Purandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sinhagad" title="Battle of Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kalyan" title="Battle of Kalyan">Kalyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sangamner" title="Battle of Sangamner">Sangamner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karnala_Fort" title="Karnala Fort">Karnala Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhala_Fort" title="Panhala Fort">Panhala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purandar_fort" title="Purandar fort"> Purandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Rajgad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sajjangad" title="Sajjangad">Sajjangad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivneri" title="Shivneri">Shivneri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhudurg_Fort" title="Sindhudurg Fort">Sindhudurg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinhagad" title="Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vishalgad" title="Vishalgad">Vishalgad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="border&#124;30x27px_Maratha_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:MarathaEmpire" title="Template:MarathaEmpire"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:MarathaEmpire" title="Template talk:MarathaEmpire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:MarathaEmpire&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;30x27px_Maratha_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="280" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha emperors">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shivaji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahu_I" title="Shahu I">Shahu I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_II_of_Satara" title="Rajaram II of Satara">Rajaram II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahu_II_of_Satara" title="Shahu II of Satara">Shahu II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratap_Singh,_Raja_of_Satara" title="Pratap Singh, Raja of Satara">Pratap Singh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moropant_Trimbak_Pingle" title="Moropant Trimbak Pingle">Moropant Trimbak Pingle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moreshvar_Pingale" title="Moreshvar Pingale">Moreshvar Pingale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramchandra_Pant_Amatya" title="Ramchandra Pant Amatya">Ramchandra Pant Amatya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahiroji_Pingale" title="Bahiroji Pingale">Bahiroji Pingale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath" title="Balaji Vishwanath">Balaji Vishwanath</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baji_Rao_I" title="Baji Rao I">Baji Rao I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaji_Baji_Rao" title="Balaji Baji Rao">Balaji Baji Rao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madhavrao_I" title="Madhavrao I">Madhavrao Ballal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narayan_Rao" title="Narayan Rao">Narayan Rao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raghunathrao" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madhavrao_II" title="Madhavrao II">Sawai Madhavrao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amrut_Rao" title="Amrut Rao">Amrut Rao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nana_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Sahib">Nana Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhat_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhat family">Bhat family</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amatya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amatya">Amatya</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramchandra_Pant_Amatya" title="Ramchandra Pant Amatya">Ramchandra Pant Amatya</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratinidhi" title="Pratinidhi">Pratinidhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pralhad_Niraji" title="Pralhad Niraji">Pralhad Niraji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parshuram_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi">Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi</a> (<i>hereditary</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shripatrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi">Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagjivanrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi">Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahilyabai_Holkar" title="Ahilyabai Holkar">Ahilyabai Holkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anandibai" title="Anandibai">Anandibai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gopikabai" title="Gopikabai">Gopikabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jankibai" title="Jankibai">Jankibai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashibai" title="Kashibai">Kashibai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mastani" title="Mastani">Mastani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muddupalani" title="Muddupalani">Muddupalani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parvatibai" title="Parvatibai">Parvatibai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putalabai" title="Putalabai">Putalabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramabai_Peshwa" title="Ramabai Peshwa">Ramabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sai_Bhosale" title="Sai Bhosale">Saibai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakvarbai" title="Sakvarbai">Sakvarbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umabai_Dabhade" title="Umabai Dabhade">Umabai Dabhade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulsi_Bai_Holkar" title="Tulsi Bai Holkar">Tulsi Bai Holkar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maratha Confederacy</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsle" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle of Nagpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaekwad_dynasty" title="Gaekwad dynasty">Gaekwad of Baroda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scindia" title="Scindia">Scindia of Gwalior</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holkar" title="Holkar">Holkar of Indore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patwardhan_dynasty" title="Patwardhan dynasty">Patwardhan dynasty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battles_involving_the_Maratha_Empire" title="Battles involving the Maratha Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Pratapgarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kolhapur" title="Battle of Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Pavan Khind</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chakan" title="Battle of Chakan">Chakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" title="Battle of Surat">Surat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Purandar" title="Battle of Purandar">Purandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sinhagad" title="Battle of Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kalyan" title="Battle of Kalyan">Kalyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bhupalgarh" title="Battle of Bhupalgarh">Bhupalgarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sangamner" title="Battle of Sangamner">Sangamner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Raigarh_(1689)" title="Battle of Raigarh (1689)">Raigarh (1689)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Satara" title="Battle of Satara">Satara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Khelna" title="Battle of Khelna">Khelna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Raigarh_(1703-1704)" title="Battle of Raigarh (1703-1704)">Raigarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Torna" title="Battle of Torna">Torna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Palkhed" title="Battle of Palkhed">Palkhed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mandsaur" title="Battle of Mandsaur">Mandsaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1737)" title="Battle of Delhi (1737)">1st Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bhopal" title="Battle of Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Vasai" title="Battle of Vasai">Vasai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gajendragad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajendragad">Gajendragad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1741)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)">1st Trichinopoly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Katwa" title="First Battle of Katwa">Katwa (1st)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1743)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)">2nd Trichinopoly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Katwa" title="Second Battle of Katwa">Katwa (2nd)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_invasions_of_Bengal" title="Maratha invasions of Bengal">Invasions of Bengal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Burdwan" title="Battle of Burdwan">Burdwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Udgir" title="Battle of Udgir">Udgir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Battle of Delhi (1757)">2nd Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Attock_(1758)" title="Battle of Attock (1758)">Attock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1758)" title="Battle of Peshawar (1758)">Peshawar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">3rd Panipat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Alegaon" title="Battle of Alegaon">Alegaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Rakshasbhuvan" title="Battle of Rakshasbhuvan">Rakshabhuvan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_Delhi,_1771" title="Capture of Delhi, 1771">Capture of Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Panchgaon" title="Battle of Panchgaon">Panchgaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Saunshi" title="Battle of Saunshi">Saunshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Adoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Adoni">Adoni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Badami" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Badami">Badami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Savanur" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Savanur">Savanur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Bahadur_Benda" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bahadur Benda">Bahadur Benda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lalsot" title="Battle of Lalsot">Lalsot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chaksana" title="Battle of Chaksana">Chaksana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Patan" title="Battle of Patan">Patan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kharda" title="Battle of Kharda">Kharda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Poona" title="Battle of Poona">Poona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1803)" title="Battle of Delhi (1803)">3rd Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye" title="Battle of Assaye">Assaye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Laswari" title="Battle of Laswari">Laswari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Farrukhabad" title="Battle of Farrukhabad">Farrukhabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Bharatpur_(1805)" title="Siege of Bharatpur (1805)">Bharatpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Khadki" title="Battle of Khadki">Khadki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Koregaon" title="Battle of Koregaon">Koregaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mahidpur" title="Battle of Mahidpur">Mahidpur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha-Mughal_War_of_27_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years">Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_War" title="Maratha–Mysore War">Maratha–Mysore War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adilshahi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Qutbshahi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Mangad" title="Fort Mangad">Fort Mangad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhala_Fort" title="Panhala Fort">Panhala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purandar_fort" title="Purandar fort"> Purandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad_Fort" title="Rajgad Fort">Rajgad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaniwar_Wada" title="Shaniwar Wada">Shaniwar Wada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivneri" title="Shivneri">Shivneri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhudurg_Fort" title="Sindhudurg Fort">Sindhudurg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinhagad" title="Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coins</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivrai" title="Shivrai">Shivrai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239505#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239505#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239505#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BNF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BNF (identifier)">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14472266t">cb14472266t</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14472266t">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118820974">118820974</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000066774616">0000 0000 6677 4616</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50023241">n50023241</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35496832">35496832</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000121910&local_base=nlx10">000121910</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069820155">069820155</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074181661">074181661</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/974494">974494</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/50467615">50467615</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50023241">lccn-n50023241</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1598803684 |