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[[Image:Long wave radio station 002 Motala Sweden.JPG|thumb|right|Long wave radio broadcasting station, [[Motala]], Sweden]]
[[File:Upside down Pyramid, Bratislava 02.jpg|thumb|[[Slovak Radio Building]], [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]] (architects: Štefan Svetko, Štefan Ďurkovič and Barnabáš Kissling, 1967–1983)]]
[[Image:Tyholt taarnet.jpg|thumb|upright|Broadcasting tower in [[Trondheim]], Norway]]
'''Radio broadcasting''' is transmission of audio (sometimes with related [[metadata]]) by [[radio wave]]s intended to reach a wide [[audience]]. Stations can be affiliated to [[radio network]]s broadcasting a common [[radio format]], either in [[broadcast syndication]] or [[simulcast]] or both. Signals can be either [[analog audio]] or [[digital audio]]. [[Television broadcasting]] also uses radio frequencies, but includes video signals.
==History==
{{see also|History of radio#Broadcasting|History of broadcasting}}
[[File:Soireé-Musicale.jpg|thumb|350px|Advertisement placed in the 5 November 1919 ''Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant'' announcing PCGG's debut broadcast scheduled for the next evening.<ref name="philips">[https://www.vintageradio.nl/Menu/philips_engels.htm "Vintage Radio Web: Philips"] (vintageradio.nl)</ref>]]
The earliest [[radio]] stations were [[radiotelegraphy]] systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated.
The [[thermionic valve]] (a kind of vacuum tube) was invented in 1904 by the English physicist [[John Ambrose Fleming]]. He developed a device he called an "oscillation valve" (because it passes current in only one direction). The heated filament, or [[cathode]], was capable of [[thermionic emission]] of electrons that would flow to the ''[[Plate electrode|plate]]'' (or ''[[anode]]'') when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in the reverse direction because the plate was not heated and thus not capable of thermionic emission of electrons. Later known as the [[Fleming valve]], it could be used as a [[rectifier]] of alternating current and as a radio wave [[Detector (radio)|detector]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guarnieri|first=M.|year=2012|title=The age of vacuum tubes: Early devices and the rise of radio communications|journal=IEEE Ind. Electron. M.|pages=41–43|doi=10.1109/MIE.2012.2182822}}</ref> This greatly improved the [[crystal set]] which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called [[cat's whisker]]. However, what was still required was an amplifier.
The [[triode]] (mercury-vapor filled with a control grid) was patented on March 4, 1906, by the Austrian [[Robert von Lieben]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Schmidt | first=Hans-Thomas | title=Die Liebenröhre | website=Umleitung zur Homepage von H.-T. Schmidt | url=http://www.hts-homepage.de/Lieben/Lieben.html | language=de | access-date=2019-08-10}} DRP 179807</ref><ref>Tapan K. Sarkar (ed.) "History of wireless", John Wiley and Sons, 2006. {{ISBN|0-471-71814-9}}, p.335</ref><ref>Sōgo Okamura (ed), ''History of Electron Tubes'', IOS Press, 1994 {{ISBN|90-5199-145-2}} page 20</ref> independent from that, on October 25, 1906,<ref>{{cite web | title=US841387A - Device for amplifying feeble electrical currents. | website=Google Patents | date=1906-10-25 | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US841387A | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=US879532A - Space telegraphy. | website=Google Patents | date=1907-01-29 | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US879532A | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> [[Lee De Forest]] patented his three-element [[Audion tube|Audion]]. It wasn't put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nebeker|first=Frederik|title=Dawn of the Electronic Age: Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World, 1914 to 1945|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2009|location=|pages=14–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwmH6-q5O5AC&pg=PA14|isbn=978-0470409749}}</ref>
By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting was quickly becoming viable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_age_of_the_mass/07.ST.04/?scene=4|archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20170405144750/http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_age_of_the_mass/07.ST.04/?scene=4|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-04-05|title=Making the Modern World - Mass consumption|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guarnieri|first=M.|year=2012|title=The age of vacuum tubes: the conquest of analog communications|journal=IEEE Ind. Electron. M.|pages=52–54|doi=10.1109/MIE.2012.2193274}}</ref> However, an early audio transmission that could be termed a ''broadcast'' may have occurred on [[Christmas Eve]] in 1906 by [[Reginald Fessenden]], although this is disputed.<ref>Fessenden — The Next Chapter [http://www.rwonline.com/article/72046 RWonline.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916012103/http://www.rwonline.com/article/72046 |date=2009-09-16 }}</ref> While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to [[radiotelephone]] devices by which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. [[Charles Herrold]] started broadcasting in [[California]] in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year. (Herrold's station eventually became [[KCBS (AM)|KCBS]]).
In The Hague, the Netherlands, [[PCGG]] started broadcasting on November 6, 1919, making it, arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, [[Frank Conrad]], an electrical engineer employed at the [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse Electric Corporation]], began broadcasting from his [[Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania]] garage with the call letters 8XK. Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in [[East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]. Westinghouse relaunched the station as [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA]] on November 2, 1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in America.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Baudino|first=Joseph E|author2=John M. Kittross |title=Broadcasting's Oldest Stations: An Examination of Four Claimants|journal=Journal of Broadcasting|pages=61–82|date=Winter 1977|volume=21|doi=10.1080/08838157709363817|url=http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/kdka.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306145733/http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/kdka.html|archivedate=2008-03-06|accessdate=2013-01-18}}</ref> The [[commercial broadcasting]] designation came from the type of [[broadcast license]]; [[advertising|advertisement]]s did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself: the results of the [[U.S. presidential election, 1920|Harding/Cox Presidential Election]]. The [[Montreal]] station that became [[CFCF-AM|CFCF]] began [[broadcast programming]] on May 20, 1920, and the [[Detroit]] station that became [[WWJ (AM)|WWJ]] began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time.
In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the [[Marconi Research Centre]] [[2MT]] at [[Writtle]] near [[Chelmsford, England]]. A famous broadcast from Marconi's New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous [[soprano]] Dame [[Nellie Melba]] on 15 June 1920, where she sang two arias and her famous trill. She was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The [[2MT]] station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922. The [[BBC]] was amalgamated in 1922 and received a [[Royal Charter]] in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.g0mwt.org.uk/new-street/|title=CARS - Marconi Hall Street, New Street and 2MT callsign|website=www.g0mwt.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC History – The BBC takes to the Airwaves|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/aboutbbcnews/spl/hi/history/html/default.stm|work=BBC News}}</ref> followed by [[Czech Radio]] and other European broadcasters in 1923.
Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the [[Teatro Coliseo]] in [[Buenos Aires]] on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on November 19, 1923. The delay was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular broadcasting of entertainment and cultural fare for several decades.<ref>Atgelt, Carlos A. [http://www.oldradio.com/archives/international/argentin.html "Early History of Radio Broadcasting in Argentina."] The Broadcast Archive (Oldradio.com).</ref>
Radio in education soon followed and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College in Milton, Massachusetts introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.curry.edu|title=Curry College - Home|website=www.curry.edu|accessdate=13 July 2018}}</ref>
==Stations{{anchor|Station}}==
{{redirect|Radio station|a broader concept|Radio communication station}}
A ''radio broadcasting station'' is usually associated with wireless transmission, though in practice broadcasting transmission (sound and television) take place using both wires and [[radio wave]]s. The point of this is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology can receive the broadcast.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.modestoradiomuseum.org/how%20it%20works.html|title = Broadcasting|date = |accessdate = |website = modestoradiomuseum|publisher = modestoradiomuseum|last = Neira|first = Bob}}</ref>
[[File:Radio Libertaire 3.jpg|thumb|Use of a sound broadcasting station]]
In line to [[ITU Radio Regulations]] (article1.61) each ''broadcasting station'' shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily.
==Types==
[[Image:Radio Transmission Diagram en.svg|thumb|right|260px|Transmission diagram of sound broadcasting (AM and FM)]]
Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and [[FM broadcasting|FM]] stations. There are several subtypes, namely [[commercial broadcasting]], [[non-commercial educational]] (NCE) [[public broadcasting]] and [[non-profit]] varieties as well as [[community radio]], student-run [[campus radio]] stations, and [[hospital radio]] stations can be found throughout the world. Many stations broadcast on [[shortwave]] bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles (especially at night). For example, the [[BBC World Service|BBC]], [[Voice of America|VOA]], [[Voice of Russia|VOR]], and [[Deutsche Welle]] have transmitted via shortwave to Africa and Asia. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and solar activity.
[[Nielsen Audio]], formerly known as Arbitron, the [[United States]]-based company that reports on radio audiences, defines a "radio station" as a government-licensed AM or FM station; an HD Radio (primary or multicast) station; an internet stream of an existing government-licensed station; one of the satellite radio channels from [[XM Satellite Radio]] or [[Sirius Satellite Radio]]; or, potentially, a station that is not government licensed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/newbay/rw_20081008/index.php|title=What is a Radio Station?|work=[[Radio World]]|page=6}}</ref>
===AM===
{{main|AM broadcasting}}
[[Image:2006AM broadcast stations.PNG|thumb|right|260px|AM broadcasting stations in 2006]]
AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to [[amplitude modulation]], a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the [[long wave]] band. In response to the growing popularity of [[FM broadcasting#Stereo FM|FM stereo]] radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some [[North America]]n stations began broadcasting in [[AM stereo]], though this never gained popularity, and very few receivers were ever sold.
The signal is subject to interference from electrical storms ([[lightning]]) and other [[electromagnetic interference]] (EMI).<ref>Based on the "interference" entry of ''The Concise Oxford English Dictionary'', 11th edition, online</ref> One advantage of AM radio signal is that it can be detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered [[crystal radio|crystal radio receiver]] was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM broadcasting.
AM broadcasts occur on [[North America]]n airwaves in the [[medium wave]] frequency range of 525 to 1705 [[Hertz|kHz]] (known as the “standard broadcast band”). The band was expanded in the 1990s by adding nine [[Communication channel|channels]] from 1605 to 1705 kHz. Channels are spaced every 10 kHz in the [[Americas]], and generally every 9 kHz everywhere else.
AM transmissions cannot be ionospherically [[radio propagation|propagated]] during the day due to strong absorption in the [[D-layer]] of the ionosphere. In a crowded channel environment, this means that the power of regional channels which share a frequency must be reduced at night or directionally beamed in order to avoid interference, which reduces the potential nighttime audience. Some stations have frequencies unshared with other stations in North America; these are called [[clear-channel station]]s. Many of them can be heard across much of the country at night. During the night, absorption largely disappears and permits signals to travel to much more distant locations via ionospheric reflections. However, fading of the signal can be severe at night.
AM radio transmitters can transmit audio frequencies up to 15 kHz (now limited to 10 kHz in the US due to FCC rules designed to reduce interference), but most receivers are only capable of reproducing frequencies up to 5 kHz or less. At the time that AM broadcasting began in the 1920s, this provided adequate fidelity for existing microphones, 78 rpm recordings, and loudspeakers. The fidelity of sound equipment subsequently improved considerably, but the receivers did not. Reducing the bandwidth of the receivers reduces the cost of manufacturing and makes them less prone to interference. AM stations are never assigned adjacent channels in the same service area. This prevents the sideband power generated by two stations from interfering with each other.<ref>{{cite web | title=Types of Technology, FM vs AM | website=kwarner.bravehost.com | date=2012-07-13 | url=http://kwarner.bravehost.com/tech.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713084431/http://kwarner.bravehost.com/tech.htm | archive-date=2012-07-13 | url-status=dead | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> [[Bob Carver]] created an [[AM stereo]] tuner employing [[notch filter]]ing that demonstrated that an AM broadcast can meet or exceed the 15 kHz baseband bandwidth allotted to [[FM broadcasting|FM]] stations without objectionable interference. After several years, the tuner was discontinued. Bob Carver had left the company and the Carver Corporation later cut the number of models produced before discontinuing production completely.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}
====Shortwave, medium wave and long wave====
See [[shortwave]] for the differences between shortwave, [[medium wave]], and [[long wave]] spectra. Shortwave is used largely for national broadcasters, international propaganda, or [[religious broadcasting]] organizations.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HudwCgAAQBAJ|title=Beginning Shortwave Radio Listening|last=Grodkowski|first=Paul|date=2015-08-24|publisher=Booktango|isbn=9781468964240|language=en}}</ref>
===FM===
{{main|FM broadcasting}}
[[Image:2006FM broadcast stations.PNG|thumb|right|260px|[[FM radio]] broadcast stations in 2006]]
FM refers to [[frequency modulation]], and occurs on [[VHF]] airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 [[Megahertz|MHz]] everywhere except [[Japan]] and [[Russia]]. Russia, like the former Soviet Union, uses 65.9 to 74 MHz frequencies in addition to the world standard. Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz frequency band.
[[Edwin Howard Armstrong]] invented FM radio to overcome the problem of [[Electromagnetic interference|radio-frequency interference]] (RFI), which plagued AM radio reception. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart in the [[radio frequency]] spectrum. Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) apart. In other countries, greater spacing is sometimes mandatory, such as in New Zealand, which uses 700 kHz spacing (previously 800 kHz). The improved fidelity made available was far in advance of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM.
Bandwidth of 200 [[kHz]] is not needed to accommodate an audio signal — 20 kHz to 30 kHz is all that is necessary for a narrowband FM signal. The 200 kHz bandwidth allowed room for ±75 kHz signal deviation from the assigned frequency, plus guard bands to reduce or eliminate adjacent channel interference. The larger bandwidth allows for broadcasting a 15 kHz bandwidth audio signal plus a 38 kHz [[FM broadcasting#Stereo FM|stereo "subcarrier"]]—a piggyback signal that rides on the main signal. Additional unused capacity is used by some broadcasters to transmit utility functions such as background [[music]] for public areas, [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] auxiliary signals, or financial market data.
The AM radio problem of interference at night was addressed in a different way. At the time FM was set up, the available frequencies were far higher in the spectrum than those used for AM radio - by a factor of approximately 100. Using these frequencies meant that even at far higher power, the range of a given FM signal was much shorter; thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception range at night is the same as in the daytime. All FM broadcast transmissions are line-of-sight, and ionospheric bounce is not viable. The much larger bandwidths, compared to AM and SSB, are more susceptible to phase dispersion. Propagation speeds (celerities) are fastest in the ionosphere at the lowest sideband frequency. The celerity difference between the highest and lowest sidebands is quite apparent to the listener. Such distortion occurs up to frequencies of approximately 50 MHz. Higher frequencies do not reflect from the ionosphere, nor from storm clouds. Moon reflections have been used in some experiments, but require impractical power levels.
The original FM radio service in the U.S. was the [[Yankee Network]], located in [[New England]].<ref>Halper, Donna L. [http://www.bostonradio.org/essays/shepard-fm.html "John Shepard's FM Stations—America's first FM network."] Boston Radio Archives (BostonRadio.org).</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Yankee Network in 1936 | website=The Archives @ BostonRadio.org | url=http://www.bostonradio.org/yankee-36.html | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=FM Broadcasting Chronology | website=Jeff Miller Pages | date=2017-06-23 | url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/chronofm.html | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> Regular FM broadcasting began in 1939 but did not pose a significant threat to the AM broadcasting industry. It required purchase of a special receiver. The frequencies used, 42 to 50 MHz, were not those used today. The change to the current frequencies, 88 to 108 MHz, began after the end of [[World War II]] and was to some extent imposed by AM broadcasters as an attempt to cripple what was by now realized to be a potentially serious threat.
FM radio on the new band had to begin from the ground floor. As a commercial venture, it remained a little-used audio enthusiasts' medium until the 1960s. The more prosperous AM stations, or their owners, acquired FM licenses and often broadcast the same programming on the FM station as on the AM station ("[[simulcasting]]"). The FCC limited this practice in the 1960s. By the 1980s, since almost all new radios included both AM and FM tuners, FM became the dominant medium, especially in cities. Because of its greater range, AM remained more common in rural environments.
===Pirate radio===
{{Main|Pirate radio}}
Pirate radio is illegal or non-regulated radio transmission. It is most commonly used to describe illegal broadcasting for entertainment or political purposes. Sometimes it is used for illegal two-way radio operation. Its history can be traced back to the unlicensed nature of the transmission, but historically there has been occasional use of sea vessels—fitting the most common perception of a pirate—as broadcasting bases.
Rules and regulations vary largely from country to country, but often the term pirate radio generally describes the unlicensed broadcast of FM radio, AM radio, or shortwave signals over a wide range. In some places, radio stations are legal where the signal is transmitted, but illegal where the signals are received—especially when the signals cross a national boundary. In other cases, a broadcast may be considered "pirate" due to the type of content, its transmission format, or the transmitting power (wattage) of the station, even if the transmission is not technically illegal (such as a webcast or an amateur radio transmission). Pirate radio stations are sometimes referred to as bootleg radio or clandestine stations.
===Terrestrial digital radio===
{{main|Digital audio broadcasting|HD radio|ISDB|Digital Radio Mondiale}}
[[Digital radio]] broadcasting has emerged, first in [[Europe]] (the [[United Kingdom|UK]] in 1995 and [[Germany]] in 1999), and later in the United States, France, the Netherlands, South Africa, and many other countries worldwide. The simplest system is named DAB Digital Radio, for [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]], and uses the [[public domain]] [[Digital Audio Broadcasting|EUREKA 147]] (Band III) system. DAB is used mainly in the UK and South Africa. Germany and the Netherlands use the DAB and DAB+ systems, and France uses the L-Band system of DAB Digital Radio.
The broadcasting regulators of the United States and Canada have chosen to use [[HD radio]], an [[in-band on-channel]] system that puts digital broadcasts at frequencies adjacent to the analog broadcast. HD Radio is owned by a [[consortium]] of private companies that is called [[iBiquity]]. An international [[non-profit]] consortium [[Digital Radio Mondiale]] (DRM), has introduced the [[public domain]] DRM system, which is used by a relatively small number of broadcasters worldwide.
==Extensions==
Extensions of traditional radio-wave broadcasting for [[audio broadcasting]] in general include [[cable radio]], local wire [[television network]]s, [[DTV radio]], [[satellite radio]], and [[internet radio]] via [[streaming media]] on the [[Internet]].
===Satellite===
{{Expand section|date=November 2008}}
{{main|Satellite radio}}
The enormous entry costs of space-based satellite transmitters and restrictions on available [[radio spectrum]] licenses has restricted growth of [[Satellite radio]] broadcasts. In the US and [[Canada]], just two services, [[XM Satellite Radio]] and [[Sirius Satellite Radio]] exist. Both XM and Sirius are owned by [[Sirius XM Satellite Radio]], which was formed by the merger of XM and Sirius on July 29, [[2008 in radio|2008]], whereas in [[Canada]], [[XM Radio Canada]] and [[Sirius Canada]] remained separate companies until 2010. [[1worldspace|Worldspace]] in Africa and Asia, and [[MobaHo!|MobaHO!]] in Japan and the ROK were two unsuccessful satellite radio operators which have gone out of business.
==Program formats==
{{Main|Radio format}}
Radio program formats differ by country, regulation, and markets. For instance, the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] designates the 88–92 megahertz band in the U.S. for non-profit or educational programming, with advertising prohibited.
In addition, formats change in popularity as time passes and technology improves. Early radio equipment only allowed program material to be broadcast in real time, known as ''live'' broadcasting. As technology for [[sound recording]] improved, an increasing proportion of broadcast programming used pre-recorded material. A current trend is the [[automation]] of radio stations. Some stations now operate without direct human intervention by using entirely pre-recorded material sequenced by [[computer]] control.
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Broadcasting construction permit]]
* [[Call sign]]
* [[Disc jockey]] (DJ)
* [[History of broadcasting]]
* [[International broadcasting]]
* [[List of radio topics]]
* [[Low power radio station]]
* [[Radio]]
* [[Radio antenna]]
* [[Radio network]]
* [[Radio personality]]
* [[RF modulation]]
* [[Sports commentator]]
* [[Television station]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Briggs Asa. ''The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom'' (Oxford University Press, 1961).
* Crisell, Andrew. ''An Introductory History of British Broadcasting'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Introductory-History-British-Broadcasting/dp/0415247926/ excerpt]
* Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. ''Broadcasting: Radio and Television'' (Harper & Brothers, 1952).
* Fisher, Marc. ''Something In The Air: Radio, Rock, and the Revolution That Shaped A Generation'' (Random House, 2007).
*[[Carl Hausman|Hausman, Carl]], Messere, Fritz, Benoit, Philip, and O'Donnell, Lewis, Modern Radio Production, 9th ed., (Cengage, 2013)
* Head, Sydney W., Christopher W. Sterling, and Lemuel B. Schofield. ''Broadcasting in America." (7th ed. 1994).
* Lewis, Tom, ''Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio'', 1st ed., New York : E. Burlingame Books, 1991. {{ISBN|0-06-018215-6}}. "[[Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio]]" (1992) by [[Ken Burns]] was a PBS documentary based on the book.
* Pilon, Robert, Isabelle Lamoureux, and Gilles Turcotte. ''Le Marché de la radio au Québec: document de reference''. [Montréal]: Association québécoise de l'industrie du dique, du spectacle et de la video, 1991. unpaged. ''N.B''.: Comprises: Robert Pilon's and Isabelle Lamoureux' ''Profil du marché de radio au Québec: un analyse de Média-culture''. -- Gilles Turcotte's ''Analyse comparative de l'écoute des principals stations de Montréal: prepare par Info Cible''.
* Ray, William B. ''FCC: The Ups and Downs of Radio-TV Regulation'' (Iowa State University Press, 1990).
* Russo, Alexan der. ''Points on the Dial: Golden Age Radio Beyond the Networks'' (Duke University Press; 2010) 278 pages; discusses regional and local radio as forms that "complicate" the image of the medium as a national unifier from the 1920s to the 1950s.
* Scannell, Paddy, and Cardiff, David. ''A Social History of British Broadcasting, Volume One, 1922-1939'' (Basil Blackwell, 1991).
* Schramm, Wilbur, ed. ''The Process and Effects of Mass Communication'' (1955 and later editions) articles by social scientists
** Schramm, Wilbur, ed. ''Mass Communication'' (1950, 2nd ed. 1960); more popular essays
* Schwoch James. ''The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900-1939'' (University of Illinois Press, 1990).
* Stewart, Sandy. ''From Coast to Coast: a Personal History of Radio in Canada'' (Entreprises Radio-Canada, 1985). xi, 191 p., ill., chiefly with b&w photos. {{ISBN|0-88794-147-8}}
* Stewart, Sandy. ''A Pictorial History of Radio in Canada'' (Gage Publishing, 1975). v, [1], 154 p., amply ill. in b&w mostly with photos. SBN 7715-9948-X
* White Llewellyn. ''The American Radio'' (University of Chicago Press, 1947).
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
;General
{{refbegin}}
*[http://www.fcc.gov/ Federal Communications Commission website] - fcc.gov
*[http://www.dxing.info DXing.info] - Information about radio stations worldwide
*[http://www.radio-locator.com/ Radio-Locator.com]- Links to 13,000 radio stations worldwide
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/reception/ BBC reception advice]
*[http://dxradio.50webs.com DXradio.50webs.com] "The SWDXER" - with general SWL information and radio antenna tips
*[http://www.radiostationzone.com RadioStationZone.com] - 10.000+ radio stations worldwide with ratings, comments and listen live links
*[http://www.online-radio-stations.org Online-Radio-Stations.org] - The Web Radio Tuner has a comprehensive list of over 50.000 radio stations
*[http://www.unwantedemissions.com/ UnwantedEmissions.com] - A general reference to radio spectrum allocations
*[http://www.navidiku.rs/radio-stanice/ Radio stanice] - Search for radio stations throughout the Europe
*[http://www.radioemisoraslatinas.com/ Radio Emisoras Latinas] - has a directory with thousands of Latin America Radio Stations
*[http://www.myfmradiolive.com/ MY FM Radio Live] - MY FM Radio Live - Internet radio broadcast
{{refend}}
{{Broadcasting}}
{{Navboxes
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{{Africa in topic|List of radio stations in}}
{{Asia in topic|List of radio stations in}}
{{Europe in topic|List of radio stations in}}
{{North America in topic|List of radio stations in}}
{{South America in topic|List of radio stations in}}
* [[:Category:Lists of radio stations]] by [[:Category:Radio stations by city|city]], [[:Category:Radio stations by country|country]], [[:Category:Radio stations by format|format]], [[:Category:Radio stations by language|language]], [[:Category:Radio stations by owner|owner]], [[:Category:Radio stations by year of establishment|year of establishment]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Radio Broadcasting}}
[[Category:Radio broadcasting| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|transmission by radio waves intended to reach a wide audience}}
[[Image:Long gg mate radio station 002 Motala Sweden.JPG|thumb|right|Long wave radio broadcasting station, [[Motala]], Sweden]]
[[File:Upside down Pyramid, Bratislava 02.jpg|thumb|[[Slovak Radio Building]], [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]] (architects: Štefan Svetko, Štefan Ďurkovič and Barnabáš Kissling, 1967–1983)]]
[[Image:Tyholt taarnet.jpg|thumb|upright|Broadcasting tower in [[Trondheim]], Norway]]
'''Radio broadcasting''' is transmission of audio (sometimes with related [[metadata]]) by [[radio wave]]s intended to reach a wide [[audience]]. Stations can be affiliated to [[radio network]]s broadcasting a common [[radio format]], either in [[broadcast syndication]] or [[simulcast]] or both. Signals can be either [[analog audio]] or [[digital audio]]. [[Television broadcasting]] also uses radio frequencies, but includes video signals.
==History==
{{see also|History of radio#Broadcasting|History of broadcasting}}
[[File:Soireé-Musicale.jpg|thumb|350px|Advertisement placed in the 5 November 1919 ''Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant'' announcing PCGG's debut broadcast scheduled for the next evening.<ref name="philips">[https://www.vintageradio.nl/Menu/philips_engels.htm "Vintage Radio Web: Philips"] (vintageradio.nl)</ref>]]
The earliest [[radio]] stations were [[radiotelegraphy]] systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated.
The [[thermionic valve]] (a kind of vacuum tube) was invented in 1904 by the English physicist [[John Ambrose Fleming]]. He developed a device he called an "oscillation valve" (because it passes current in only one direction). The heated filament, or [[cathode]], was capable of [[thermionic emission]] of electrons that would flow to the ''[[Plate electrode|plate]]'' (or ''[[anode]]'') when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in the reverse direction because the plate was not heated and thus not capable of thermionic emission of electrons. Later known as the [[Fleming valve]], it could be used as a [[rectifier]] of alternating current and as a radio wave [[Detector (radio)|detector]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guarnieri|first=M.|year=2012|title=The age of vacuum tubes: Early devices and the rise of radio communications|journal=IEEE Ind. Electron. M.|pages=41–43|doi=10.1109/MIE.2012.2182822}}</ref> This greatly improved the [[crystal set]] which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called [[cat's whisker]]. However, what was still required was an amplifier.
The [[triode]] (mercury-vapor filled with a control grid) was patented on March 4, 1906, by the Austrian [[Robert von Lieben]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Schmidt | first=Hans-Thomas | title=Die Liebenröhre | website=Umleitung zur Homepage von H.-T. Schmidt | url=http://www.hts-homepage.de/Lieben/Lieben.html | language=de | access-date=2019-08-10}} DRP 179807</ref><ref>Tapan K. Sarkar (ed.) "History of wireless", John Wiley and Sons, 2006. {{ISBN|0-471-71814-9}}, p.335</ref><ref>Sōgo Okamura (ed), ''History of Electron Tubes'', IOS Press, 1994 {{ISBN|90-5199-145-2}} page 20</ref> independent from that, on October 25, 1906,<ref>{{cite web | title=US841387A - Device for amplifying feeble electrical currents. | website=Google Patents | date=1906-10-25 | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US841387A | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=US879532A - Space telegraphy. | website=Google Patents | date=1907-01-29 | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US879532A | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> [[Lee De Forest]] patented his three-element [[Audion tube|Audion]]. It wasn't put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nebeker|first=Frederik|title=Dawn of the Electronic Age: Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World, 1914 to 1945|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2009|location=|pages=14–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwmH6-q5O5AC&pg=PA14|isbn=978-0470409749}}</ref>
By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting was quickly becoming viable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_age_of_the_mass/07.ST.04/?scene=4|archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20170405144750/http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_age_of_the_mass/07.ST.04/?scene=4|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-04-05|title=Making the Modern World - Mass consumption|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guarnieri|first=M.|year=2012|title=The age of vacuum tubes: the conquest of analog communications|journal=IEEE Ind. Electron. M.|pages=52–54|doi=10.1109/MIE.2012.2193274}}</ref> However, an early audio transmission that could be termed a ''broadcast'' may have occurred on [[Christmas Eve]] in 1906 by [[Reginald Fessenden]], although this is disputed.<ref>Fessenden — The Next Chapter [http://www.rwonline.com/article/72046 RWonline.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916012103/http://www.rwonline.com/article/72046 |date=2009-09-16 }}</ref> While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to [[radiotelephone]] devices by which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. [[Charles Herrold]] started broadcasting in [[California]] in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year. (Herrold's station eventually became [[KCBS (AM)|KCBS]]).
In The Hague, the Netherlands, [[PCGG]] started broadcasting on November 6, 1919, making it, arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, [[Frank Conrad]], an electrical engineer employed at the [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse Electric Corporation]], began broadcasting from his [[Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania]] garage with the call letters 8XK. Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in [[East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]. Westinghouse relaunched the station as [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA]] on November 2, 1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in America.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Baudino|first=Joseph E|author2=John M. Kittross |title=Broadcasting's Oldest Stations: An Examination of Four Claimants|journal=Journal of Broadcasting|pages=61–82|date=Winter 1977|volume=21|doi=10.1080/08838157709363817|url=http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/kdka.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306145733/http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/kdka.html|archivedate=2008-03-06|accessdate=2013-01-18}}</ref> The [[commercial broadcasting]] designation came from the type of [[broadcast license]]; [[advertising|advertisement]]s did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself: the results of the [[U.S. presidential election, 1920|Harding/Cox Presidential Election]]. The [[Montreal]] station that became [[CFCF-AM|CFCF]] began [[broadcast programming]] on May 20, 1920, and the [[Detroit]] station that became [[WWJ (AM)|WWJ]] began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time.
In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the [[Marconi Research Centre]] [[2MT]] at [[Writtle]] near [[Chelmsford, England]]. A famous broadcast from Marconi's New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous [[soprano]] Dame [[Nellie Melba]] on 15 June 1920, where she sang two arias and her famous trill. She was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The [[2MT]] station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922. The [[BBC]] was amalgamated in 1922 and received a [[Royal Charter]] in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.g0mwt.org.uk/new-street/|title=CARS - Marconi Hall Street, New Street and 2MT callsign|website=www.g0mwt.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC History – The BBC takes to the Airwaves|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/aboutbbcnews/spl/hi/history/html/default.stm|work=BBC News}}</ref> followed by [[Czech Radio]] and other European broadcasters in 1923.
Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the [[Teatro Coliseo]] in [[Buenos Aires]] on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on November 19, 1923. The delay was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular broadcasting of entertainment and cultural fare for several decades.<ref>Atgelt, Carlos A. [http://www.oldradio.com/archives/international/argentin.html "Early History of Radio Broadcasting in Argentina."] The Broadcast Archive (Oldradio.com).</ref>
Radio in education soon followed and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College in Milton, Massachusetts introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.curry.edu|title=Curry College - Home|website=www.curry.edu|accessdate=13 July 2018}}</ref>
==Stations{{anchor|Station}}==
{{redirect|Radio station|a broader concept|Radio communication station}}
A ''radio broadcasting station'' is usually associated with wireless transmission, though in practice broadcasting transmission (sound and television) take place using both wires and [[radio wave]]s. The point of this is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology can receive the broadcast.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.modestoradiomuseum.org/how%20it%20works.html|title = Broadcasting|date = |accessdate = |website = modestoradiomuseum|publisher = modestoradiomuseum|last = Neira|first = Bob}}</ref>
[[File:Radio Libertaire 3.jpg|thumb|Use of a sound broadcasting station]]
In line to [[ITU Radio Regulations]] (article1.61) each ''broadcasting station'' shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily.
==Types==
[[Image:Radio Transmission Diagram en.svg|thumb|right|260px|Transmission diagram of sound broadcasting (AM and FM)]]
Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and [[FM broadcasting|FM]] stations. There are several subtypes, namely [[commercial broadcasting]], [[non-commercial educational]] (NCE) [[public broadcasting]] and [[non-profit]] varieties as well as [[community radio]], student-run [[campus radio]] stations, and [[hospital radio]] stations can be found throughout the world. Many stations broadcast on [[shortwave]] bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles (especially at night). For example, the [[BBC World Service|BBC]], [[Voice of America|VOA]], [[Voice of Russia|VOR]], and [[Deutsche Welle]] have transmitted via shortwave to Africa and Asia. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and solar activity.
[[Nielsen Audio]], formerly known as Arbitron, the [[United States]]-based company that reports on radio audiences, defines a "radio station" as a government-licensed AM or FM station; an HD Radio (primary or multicast) station; an internet stream of an existing government-licensed station; one of the satellite radio channels from [[XM Satellite Radio]] or [[Sirius Satellite Radio]]; or, potentially, a station that is not government licensed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/newbay/rw_20081008/index.php|title=What is a Radio Station?|work=[[Radio World]]|page=6}}</ref>
===AM===
{{main|AM broadcasting}}
[[Image:2006AM broadcast stations.PNG|thumb|right|260px|AM broadcasting stations in 2006]]
AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to [[amplitude modulation]], a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the [[long wave]] band. In response to the growing popularity of [[FM broadcasting#Stereo FM|FM stereo]] radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some [[North America]]n stations began broadcasting in [[AM stereo]], though this never gained popularity, and very few receivers were ever sold.
The signal is subject to interference from electrical storms ([[lightning]]) and other [[electromagnetic interference]] (EMI).<ref>Based on the "interference" entry of ''The Concise Oxford English Dictionary'', 11th edition, online</ref> One advantage of AM radio signal is that it can be detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered [[crystal radio|crystal radio receiver]] was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM broadcasting.
AM broadcasts occur on [[North America]]n airwaves in the [[medium wave]] frequency range of 525 to 1705 [[Hertz|kHz]] (known as the “standard broadcast band”). The band was expanded in the 1990s by adding nine [[Communication channel|channels]] from 1605 to 1705 kHz. Channels are spaced every 10 kHz in the [[Americas]], and generally every 9 kHz everywhere else.
AM transmissions cannot be ionospherically [[radio propagation|propagated]] during the day due to strong absorption in the [[D-layer]] of the ionosphere. In a crowded channel environment, this means that the power of regional channels which share a frequency must be reduced at night or directionally beamed in order to avoid interference, which reduces the potential nighttime audience. Some stations have frequencies unshared with other stations in North America; these are called [[clear-channel station]]s. Many of them can be heard across much of the country at night. During the night, absorption largely disappears and permits signals to travel to much more distant locations via ionospheric reflections. However, fading of the signal can be severe at night.
AM radio transmitters can transmit audio frequencies up to 15 kHz (now limited to 10 kHz in the US due to FCC rules designed to reduce interference), but most receivers are only capable of reproducing frequencies up to 5 kHz or less. At the time that AM broadcasting began in the 1920s, this provided adequate fidelity for existing microphones, 78 rpm recordings, and loudspeakers. The fidelity of sound equipment subsequently improved considerably, but the receivers did not. Reducing the bandwidth of the receivers reduces the cost of manufacturing and makes them less prone to interference. AM stations are never assigned adjacent channels in the same service area. This prevents the sideband power generated by two stations from interfering with each other.<ref>{{cite web | title=Types of Technology, FM vs AM | website=kwarner.bravehost.com | date=2012-07-13 | url=http://kwarner.bravehost.com/tech.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713084431/http://kwarner.bravehost.com/tech.htm | archive-date=2012-07-13 | url-status=dead | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> [[Bob Carver]] created an [[AM stereo]] tuner employing [[notch filter]]ing that demonstrated that an AM broadcast can meet or exceed the 15 kHz baseband bandwidth allotted to [[FM broadcasting|FM]] stations without objectionable interference. After several years, the tuner was discontinued. Bob Carver had left the company and the Carver Corporation later cut the number of models produced before discontinuing production completely.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}
====Shortwave, medium wave and long wave====
See [[shortwave]] for the differences between shortwave, [[medium wave]], and [[long wave]] spectra. Shortwave is used largely for national broadcasters, international propaganda, or [[religious broadcasting]] organizations.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HudwCgAAQBAJ|title=Beginning Shortwave Radio Listening|last=Grodkowski|first=Paul|date=2015-08-24|publisher=Booktango|isbn=9781468964240|language=en}}</ref>
===FM===
{{main|FM broadcasting}}
[[Image:2006FM broadcast stations.PNG|thumb|right|260px|[[FM radio]] broadcast stations in 2006]]
FM refers to [[frequency modulation]], and occurs on [[VHF]] airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 [[Megahertz|MHz]] everywhere except [[Japan]] and [[Russia]]. Russia, like the former Soviet Union, uses 65.9 to 74 MHz frequencies in addition to the world standard. Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz frequency band.
[[Edwin Howard Armstrong]] invented FM radio to overcome the problem of [[Electromagnetic interference|radio-frequency interference]] (RFI), which plagued AM radio reception. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart in the [[radio frequency]] spectrum. Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) apart. In other countries, greater spacing is sometimes mandatory, such as in New Zealand, which uses 700 kHz spacing (previously 800 kHz). The improved fidelity made available was far in advance of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM.
Bandwidth of 200 [[kHz]] is not needed to accommodate an audio signal — 20 kHz to 30 kHz is all that is necessary for a narrowband FM signal. The 200 kHz bandwidth allowed room for ±75 kHz signal deviation from the assigned frequency, plus guard bands to reduce or eliminate adjacent channel interference. The larger bandwidth allows for broadcasting a 15 kHz bandwidth audio signal plus a 38 kHz [[FM broadcasting#Stereo FM|stereo "subcarrier"]]—a piggyback signal that rides on the main signal. Additional unused capacity is used by some broadcasters to transmit utility functions such as background [[music]] for public areas, [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] auxiliary signals, or financial market data.
The AM radio problem of interference at night was addressed in a different way. At the time FM was set up, the available frequencies were far higher in the spectrum than those used for AM radio - by a factor of approximately 100. Using these frequencies meant that even at far higher power, the range of a given FM signal was much shorter; thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception range at night is the same as in the daytime. All FM broadcast transmissions are line-of-sight, and ionospheric bounce is not viable. The much larger bandwidths, compared to AM and SSB, are more susceptible to phase dispersion. Propagation speeds (celerities) are fastest in the ionosphere at the lowest sideband frequency. The celerity difference between the highest and lowest sidebands is quite apparent to the listener. Such distortion occurs up to frequencies of approximately 50 MHz. Higher frequencies do not reflect from the ionosphere, nor from storm clouds. Moon reflections have been used in some experiments, but require impractical power levels.
The original FM radio service in the U.S. was the [[Yankee Network]], located in [[New England]].<ref>Halper, Donna L. [http://www.bostonradio.org/essays/shepard-fm.html "John Shepard's FM Stations—America's first FM network."] Boston Radio Archives (BostonRadio.org).</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Yankee Network in 1936 | website=The Archives @ BostonRadio.org | url=http://www.bostonradio.org/yankee-36.html | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=FM Broadcasting Chronology | website=Jeff Miller Pages | date=2017-06-23 | url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/chronofm.html | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> Regular FM broadcasting began in 1939 but did not pose a significant threat to the AM broadcasting industry. It required purchase of a special receiver. The frequencies used, 42 to 50 MHz, were not those used today. The change to the current frequencies, 88 to 108 MHz, began after the end of [[World War II]] and was to some extent imposed by AM broadcasters as an attempt to cripple what was by now realized to be a potentially serious threat.
FM radio on the new band had to begin from the ground floor. As a commercial venture, it remained a little-used audio enthusiasts' medium until the 1960s. The more prosperous AM stations, or their owners, acquired FM licenses and often broadcast the same programming on the FM station as on the AM station ("[[simulcasting]]"). The FCC limited this practice in the 1960s. By the 1980s, since almost all new radios included both AM and FM tuners, FM became the dominant medium, especially in cities. Because of its greater range, AM remained more common in rural environments.
===Pirate radio===
{{Main|Pirate radio}}
Pirate radio is illegal or non-regulated radio transmission. It is most commonly used to describe illegal broadcasting for entertainment or political purposes. Sometimes it is used for illegal two-way radio operation. Its history can be traced back to the unlicensed nature of the transmission, but historically there has been occasional use of sea vessels—fitting the most common perception of a pirate—as broadcasting bases.
Rules and regulations vary largely from country to country, but often the term pirate radio generally describes the unlicensed broadcast of FM radio, AM radio, or shortwave signals over a wide range. In some places, radio stations are legal where the signal is transmitted, but illegal where the signals are received—especially when the signals cross a national boundary. In other cases, a broadcast may be considered "pirate" due to the type of content, its transmission format, or the transmitting power (wattage) of the station, even if the transmission is not technically illegal (such as a webcast or an amateur radio transmission). Pirate radio stations are sometimes referred to as bootleg radio or clandestine stations.
===Terrestrial digital radio===
{{main|Digital audio broadcasting|HD radio|ISDB|Digital Radio Mondiale}}
[[Digital radio]] broadcasting has emerged, first in [[Europe]] (the [[United Kingdom|UK]] in 1995 and [[Germany]] in 1999), and later in the United States, France, the Netherlands, South Africa, and many other countries worldwide. The simplest system is named DAB Digital Radio, for [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]], and uses the [[public domain]] [[Digital Audio Broadcasting|EUREKA 147]] (Band III) system. DAB is used mainly in the UK and South Africa. Germany and the Netherlands use the DAB and DAB+ systems, and France uses the L-Band system of DAB Digital Radio.
The broadcasting regulators of the United States and Canada have chosen to use [[HD radio]], an [[in-band on-channel]] system that puts digital broadcasts at frequencies adjacent to the analog broadcast. HD Radio is owned by a [[consortium]] of private companies that is called [[iBiquity]]. An international [[non-profit]] consortium [[Digital Radio Mondiale]] (DRM), has introduced the [[public domain]] DRM system, which is used by a relatively small number of broadcasters worldwide.
==Extensions==
Extensions of traditional radio-wave broadcasting for [[audio broadcasting]] in general include [[cable radio]], local wire [[television network]]s, [[DTV radio]], [[satellite radio]], and [[internet radio]] via [[streaming media]] on the [[Internet]].
===Satellite===
{{Expand section|date=November 2008}}
{{main|Satellite radio}}
The enormous entry costs of space-based satellite transmitters and restrictions on available [[radio spectrum]] licenses has restricted growth of [[Satellite radio]] broadcasts. In the US and [[Canada]], just two services, [[XM Satellite Radio]] and [[Sirius Satellite Radio]] exist. Both XM and Sirius are owned by [[Sirius XM Satellite Radio]], which was formed by the merger of XM and Sirius on July 29, [[2008 in radio|2008]], whereas in [[Canada]], [[XM Radio Canada]] and [[Sirius Canada]] remained separate companies until 2010. [[1worldspace|Worldspace]] in Africa and Asia, and [[MobaHo!|MobaHO!]] in Japan and the ROK were two unsuccessful satellite radio operators which have gone out of business.
==Program formats==
{{Main|Radio format}}
Radio program formats differ by country, regulation, and markets. For instance, the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] designates the 88–92 megahertz band in the U.S. for non-profit or educational programming, with advertising prohibited.
In addition, formats change in popularity as time passes and technology improves. Early radio equipment only allowed program material to be broadcast in real time, known as ''live'' broadcasting. As technology for [[sound recording]] improved, an increasing proportion of broadcast programming used pre-recorded material. A current trend is the [[automation]] of radio stations. Some stations now operate without direct human intervention by using entirely pre-recorded material sequenced by [[computer]] control.
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Broadcasting construction permit]]
* [[Call sign]]
* [[Disc jockey]] (DJ)
* [[History of broadcasting]]
* [[International broadcasting]]
* [[List of radio topics]]
* [[Low power radio station]]
* [[Radio]]
* [[Radio antenna]]
* [[Radio network]]
* [[Radio personality]]
* [[RF modulation]]
* [[Sports commentator]]
* [[Television station]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Briggs Asa. ''The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom'' (Oxford University Press, 1961).
* Crisell, Andrew. ''An Introductory History of British Broadcasting'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Introductory-History-British-Broadcasting/dp/0415247926/ excerpt]
* Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. ''Broadcasting: Radio and Television'' (Harper & Brothers, 1952).
* Fisher, Marc. ''Something In The Air: Radio, Rock, and the Revolution That Shaped A Generation'' (Random House, 2007).
*[[Carl Hausman|Hausman, Carl]], Messere, Fritz, Benoit, Philip, and O'Donnell, Lewis, Modern Radio Production, 9th ed., (Cengage, 2013)
* Head, Sydney W., Christopher W. Sterling, and Lemuel B. Schofield. ''Broadcasting in America." (7th ed. 1994).
* Lewis, Tom, ''Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio'', 1st ed., New York : E. Burlingame Books, 1991. {{ISBN|0-06-018215-6}}. "[[Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio]]" (1992) by [[Ken Burns]] was a PBS documentary based on the book.
* Pilon, Robert, Isabelle Lamoureux, and Gilles Turcotte. ''Le Marché de la radio au Québec: document de reference''. [Montréal]: Association québécoise de l'industrie du dique, du spectacle et de la video, 1991. unpaged. ''N.B''.: Comprises: Robert Pilon's and Isabelle Lamoureux' ''Profil du marché de radio au Québec: un analyse de Média-culture''. -- Gilles Turcotte's ''Analyse comparative de l'écoute des principals stations de Montréal: prepare par Info Cible''.
* Ray, William B. ''FCC: The Ups and Downs of Radio-TV Regulation'' (Iowa State University Press, 1990).
* Russo, Alexan der. ''Points on the Dial: Golden Age Radio Beyond the Networks'' (Duke University Press; 2010) 278 pages; discusses regional and local radio as forms that "complicate" the image of the medium as a national unifier from the 1920s to the 1950s.
* Scannell, Paddy, and Cardiff, David. ''A Social History of British Broadcasting, Volume One, 1922-1939'' (Basil Blackwell, 1991).
* Schramm, Wilbur, ed. ''The Process and Effects of Mass Communication'' (1955 and later editions) articles by social scientists
** Schramm, Wilbur, ed. ''Mass Communication'' (1950, 2nd ed. 1960); more popular essays
* Schwoch James. ''The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900-1939'' (University of Illinois Press, 1990).
* Stewart, Sandy. ''From Coast to Coast: a Personal History of Radio in Canada'' (Entreprises Radio-Canada, 1985). xi, 191 p., ill., chiefly with b&w photos. {{ISBN|0-88794-147-8}}
* Stewart, Sandy. ''A Pictorial History of Radio in Canada'' (Gage Publishing, 1975). v, [1], 154 p., amply ill. in b&w mostly with photos. SBN 7715-9948-X
* White Llewellyn. ''The American Radio'' (University of Chicago Press, 1947).
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
;General
{{refbegin}}
*[http://www.fcc.gov/ Federal Communications Commission website] - fcc.gov
*[http://www.dxing.info DXing.info] - Information about radio stations worldwide
*[http://www.radio-locator.com/ Radio-Locator.com]- Links to 13,000 radio stations worldwide
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/reception/ BBC reception advice]
*[http://dxradio.50webs.com DXradio.50webs.com] "The SWDXER" - with general SWL information and radio antenna tips
*[http://www.radiostationzone.com RadioStationZone.com] - 10.000+ radio stations worldwide with ratings, comments and listen live links
*[http://www.online-radio-stations.org Online-Radio-Stations.org] - The Web Radio Tuner has a comprehensive list of over 50.000 radio stations
*[http://www.unwantedemissions.com/ UnwantedEmissions.com] - A general reference to radio spectrum allocations
*[http://www.navidiku.rs/radio-stanice/ Radio stanice] - Search for radio stations throughout the Europe
*[http://www.radioemisoraslatinas.com/ Radio Emisoras Latinas] - has a directory with thousands of Latin America Radio Stations
*[http://www.myfmradiolive.com/ MY FM Radio Live] - MY FM Radio Live - Internet radio broadcast
{{refend}}
{{Broadcasting}}
{{Navboxes
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{{Africa in topic|List of radio stations in}}
{{Asia in topic|List of radio stations in}}
{{Europe in topic|List of radio stations in}}
{{North America in topic|List of radio stations in}}
{{South America in topic|List of radio stations in}}
* [[:Category:Lists of radio stations]] by [[:Category:Radio stations by city|city]], [[:Category:Radio stations by country|country]], [[:Category:Radio stations by format|format]], [[:Category:Radio stations by language|language]], [[:Category:Radio stations by owner|owner]], [[:Category:Radio stations by year of establishment|year of establishment]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Radio Broadcasting}}
[[Category:Radio broadcasting| ]]' |
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{{short description|transmission by radio waves intended to reach a wide audience}}
-[[Image:Long wave radio station 002 Motala Sweden.JPG|thumb|right|Long wave radio broadcasting station, [[Motala]], Sweden]]
+[[Image:Long gg mate radio station 002 Motala Sweden.JPG|thumb|right|Long wave radio broadcasting station, [[Motala]], Sweden]]
[[File:Upside down Pyramid, Bratislava 02.jpg|thumb|[[Slovak Radio Building]], [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]] (architects: Štefan Svetko, Štefan Ďurkovič and Barnabáš Kissling, 1967–1983)]]
[[Image:Tyholt taarnet.jpg|thumb|upright|Broadcasting tower in [[Trondheim]], Norway]]
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">transmission by radio waves intended to reach a wide audience</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Long_gg_mate_radio_station_002_Motala_Sweden.JPG" class="new" title="File:Long gg mate radio station 002 Motala Sweden.JPG">File:Long gg mate radio station 002 Motala Sweden.JPG</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Long wave radio broadcasting station, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motala" title="Motala">Motala</a>, Sweden</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Upside_down_Pyramid,_Bratislava_02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Upside_down_Pyramid%2C_Bratislava_02.jpg/220px-Upside_down_Pyramid%2C_Bratislava_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Upside_down_Pyramid%2C_Bratislava_02.jpg/330px-Upside_down_Pyramid%2C_Bratislava_02.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Upside_down_Pyramid%2C_Bratislava_02.jpg/440px-Upside_down_Pyramid%2C_Bratislava_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4617" data-file-height="3624" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Upside_down_Pyramid,_Bratislava_02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovak_Radio_Building" title="Slovak Radio Building">Slovak Radio Building</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (architects: Štefan Svetko, Štefan Ďurkovič and Barnabáš Kissling, 1967–1983)</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyholt_taarnet.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tyholt_taarnet.jpg/170px-Tyholt_taarnet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tyholt_taarnet.jpg/255px-Tyholt_taarnet.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tyholt_taarnet.jpg/340px-Tyholt_taarnet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tyholt_taarnet.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Broadcasting tower in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>, Norway</div></div></div>
<p><b>Radio broadcasting</b> is transmission of audio (sometimes with related <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>) by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> intended to reach a wide <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>. Stations can be affiliated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">radio networks</a> broadcasting a common <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">radio format</a>, either in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">broadcast syndication</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a> or both. Signals can be either <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Analog_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog audio">analog audio</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television broadcasting</a> also uses radio frequencies, but includes video signals.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Stations"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Stations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#AM"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">AM</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Shortwave,_medium_wave_and_long_wave"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shortwave, medium wave and long wave</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#FM"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">FM</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pirate_radio"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pirate radio</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Terrestrial_digital_radio"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Terrestrial digital radio</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Extensions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Extensions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Satellite"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Satellite</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Program_formats"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Program formats</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_radio#Broadcasting" title="History of radio">History of radio § Broadcasting</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">History of broadcasting</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Soire%C3%A9-Musicale.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Soire%C3%A9-Musicale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="264" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Soire%C3%A9-Musicale.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Advertisement placed in the 5 November 1919 <i>Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant</i> announcing PCGG's debut broadcast scheduled for the next evening.<sup id="cite_ref-philips_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philips-1">[1]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>The earliest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> stations were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radiotelegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelegraphy">radiotelegraphy</a> systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermionic_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermionic valve">thermionic valve</a> (a kind of vacuum tube) was invented in 1904 by the English physicist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a>. He developed a device he called an "oscillation valve" (because it passes current in only one direction). The heated filament, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>, was capable of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a> of electrons that would flow to the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plate_electrode" title="Plate electrode">plate</a></i> (or <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a></i>) when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in the reverse direction because the plate was not heated and thus not capable of thermionic emission of electrons. Later known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a>, it could be used as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifier</a> of alternating current and as a radio wave <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Detector_(radio)" title="Detector (radio)">detector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> This greatly improved the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crystal_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal set">crystal set</a> which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cat%27s_whisker" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat's whisker">cat's whisker</a>. However, what was still required was an amplifier.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a> (mercury-vapor filled with a control grid) was patented on March 4, 1906, by the Austrian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_von_Lieben" title="Robert von Lieben">Robert von Lieben</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> independent from that, on October 25, 1906,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a> patented his three-element <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Audion tube">Audion</a>. It wasn't put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting was quickly becoming viable.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> However, an early audio transmission that could be termed a <i>broadcast</i> may have occurred on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> in 1906 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a>, although this is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radiotelephone</a> devices by which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Herrold" title="Charles Herrold">Charles Herrold</a> started broadcasting in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year. (Herrold's station eventually became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/KCBS_(AM)" title="KCBS (AM)">KCBS</a>).
</p><p>In The Hague, the Netherlands, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PCGG" title="PCGG">PCGG</a> started broadcasting on November 6, 1919, making it, arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Conrad" title="Frank Conrad">Frank Conrad</a>, an electrical engineer employed at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a>, began broadcasting from his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilkinsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania">Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania</a> garage with the call letters 8XK. Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" title="East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>. Westinghouse relaunched the station as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/KDKA_(AM)" title="KDKA (AM)">KDKA</a> on November 2, 1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in America.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial broadcasting</a> designation came from the type of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">broadcast license</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertisements</a> did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself: the results of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1920">Harding/Cox Presidential Election</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> station that became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CFCF-AM" class="mw-redirect" title="CFCF-AM">CFCF</a> began <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcast_programming" title="Broadcast programming">broadcast programming</a> on May 20, 1920, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> station that became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WWJ_(AM)" title="WWJ (AM)">WWJ</a> began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time.
</p><p>In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marconi_Research_Centre" title="Marconi Research Centre">Marconi Research Centre</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2MT" title="2MT">2MT</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a> near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chelmsford,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelmsford, England">Chelmsford, England</a>. A famous broadcast from Marconi's New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> Dame <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nellie_Melba" title="Nellie Melba">Nellie Melba</a> on 15 June 1920, where she sang two arias and her famous trill. She was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2MT" title="2MT">2MT</a> station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> was amalgamated in 1922 and received a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a> in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> followed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Radio" title="Czech Radio">Czech Radio</a> and other European broadcasters in 1923.
</p><p>Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teatro_Coliseo" title="Teatro Coliseo">Teatro Coliseo</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on November 19, 1923. The delay was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular broadcasting of entertainment and cultural fare for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Radio in education soon followed and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College in Milton, Massachusetts introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Stations">Stations<span id="Station"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Radio station" redirects here. For a broader concept, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_communication_station" title="Radio communication station">Radio communication station</a>.</div>
<p>A <i>radio broadcasting station</i> is usually associated with wireless transmission, though in practice broadcasting transmission (sound and television) take place using both wires and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>. The point of this is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology can receive the broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg/220px-Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg/330px-Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg/440px-Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Use of a sound broadcasting station</div></div></div>
<p>In line to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">ITU Radio Regulations</a> (article1.61) each <i>broadcasting station</i> shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg/260px-Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg/390px-Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg/520px-Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="632" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Transmission diagram of sound broadcasting (AM and FM)</div></div></div>
<p>Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> stations. There are several subtypes, namely <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial broadcasting</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-commercial_educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial educational">non-commercial educational</a> (NCE) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> varieties as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a>, student-run <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">campus radio</a> stations, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hospital_radio" title="Hospital radio">hospital radio</a> stations can be found throughout the world. Many stations broadcast on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles (especially at night). For example, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">VOA</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_of_Russia" title="Voice of Russia">VOR</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> have transmitted via shortwave to Africa and Asia. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and solar activity.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nielsen_Audio" title="Nielsen Audio">Nielsen Audio</a>, formerly known as Arbitron, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>-based company that reports on radio audiences, defines a "radio station" as a government-licensed AM or FM station; an HD Radio (primary or multicast) station; an internet stream of an existing government-licensed station; one of the satellite radio channels from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio" title="XM Satellite Radio">XM Satellite Radio</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Satellite Radio</a>; or, potentially, a station that is not government licensed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="AM">AM</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: AM">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG/260px-2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="114" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG/390px-2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG/520px-2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>AM broadcasting stations in 2006</div></div></div>
<p>AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a>, a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Long wave">long wave</a> band. In response to the growing popularity of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/FM_broadcasting#Stereo_FM" title="FM broadcasting">FM stereo</a> radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> stations began broadcasting in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/AM_stereo" title="AM stereo">AM stereo</a>, though this never gained popularity, and very few receivers were ever sold.
</p><p>The signal is subject to interference from electrical storms (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>) and other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a> (EMI).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> One advantage of AM radio signal is that it can be detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crystal_radio" title="Crystal radio">crystal radio receiver</a> was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM broadcasting.
</p><p>AM broadcasts occur on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> airwaves in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium wave</a> frequency range of 525 to 1705 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kHz</a> (known as the “standard broadcast band”). The band was expanded in the 1990s by adding nine <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">channels</a> from 1605 to 1705 kHz. Channels are spaced every 10 kHz in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, and generally every 9 kHz everywhere else.
</p><p>AM transmissions cannot be ionospherically <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">propagated</a> during the day due to strong absorption in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/D-layer" class="mw-redirect" title="D-layer">D-layer</a> of the ionosphere. In a crowded channel environment, this means that the power of regional channels which share a frequency must be reduced at night or directionally beamed in order to avoid interference, which reduces the potential nighttime audience. Some stations have frequencies unshared with other stations in North America; these are called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clear-channel_station" title="Clear-channel station">clear-channel stations</a>. Many of them can be heard across much of the country at night. During the night, absorption largely disappears and permits signals to travel to much more distant locations via ionospheric reflections. However, fading of the signal can be severe at night.
</p><p>AM radio transmitters can transmit audio frequencies up to 15 kHz (now limited to 10 kHz in the US due to FCC rules designed to reduce interference), but most receivers are only capable of reproducing frequencies up to 5 kHz or less. At the time that AM broadcasting began in the 1920s, this provided adequate fidelity for existing microphones, 78 rpm recordings, and loudspeakers. The fidelity of sound equipment subsequently improved considerably, but the receivers did not. Reducing the bandwidth of the receivers reduces the cost of manufacturing and makes them less prone to interference. AM stations are never assigned adjacent channels in the same service area. This prevents the sideband power generated by two stations from interfering with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bob_Carver" title="Bob Carver">Bob Carver</a> created an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/AM_stereo" title="AM stereo">AM stereo</a> tuner employing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Notch_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch filter">notch filtering</a> that demonstrated that an AM broadcast can meet or exceed the 15 kHz baseband bandwidth allotted to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> stations without objectionable interference. After several years, the tuner was discontinued. Bob Carver had left the company and the Carver Corporation later cut the number of models produced before discontinuing production completely.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h4><span id="Shortwave.2C_medium_wave_and_long_wave"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Shortwave,_medium_wave_and_long_wave">Shortwave, medium wave and long wave</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shortwave, medium wave and long wave">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>See <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> for the differences between shortwave, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium wave</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Long wave">long wave</a> spectra. Shortwave is used largely for national broadcasters, international propaganda, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">religious broadcasting</a> organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="FM">FM</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: FM">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG/260px-2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="114" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG/390px-2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG/520px-2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> broadcast stations in 2006</div></div></div>
<p>FM refers to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a>, and occurs on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a> everywhere except <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Russia, like the former Soviet Union, uses 65.9 to 74 MHz frequencies in addition to the world standard. Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz frequency band.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a> invented FM radio to overcome the problem of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">radio-frequency interference</a> (RFI), which plagued AM radio reception. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> spectrum. Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) apart. In other countries, greater spacing is sometimes mandatory, such as in New Zealand, which uses 700 kHz spacing (previously 800 kHz). The improved fidelity made available was far in advance of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM.
</p><p>Bandwidth of 200 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a> is not needed to accommodate an audio signal — 20 kHz to 30 kHz is all that is necessary for a narrowband FM signal. The 200 kHz bandwidth allowed room for ±75 kHz signal deviation from the assigned frequency, plus guard bands to reduce or eliminate adjacent channel interference. The larger bandwidth allows for broadcasting a 15 kHz bandwidth audio signal plus a 38 kHz <a href="/enwiki/wiki/FM_broadcasting#Stereo_FM" title="FM broadcasting">stereo "subcarrier"</a>—a piggyback signal that rides on the main signal. Additional unused capacity is used by some broadcasters to transmit utility functions such as background <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> for public areas, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> auxiliary signals, or financial market data.
</p><p>The AM radio problem of interference at night was addressed in a different way. At the time FM was set up, the available frequencies were far higher in the spectrum than those used for AM radio - by a factor of approximately 100. Using these frequencies meant that even at far higher power, the range of a given FM signal was much shorter; thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception range at night is the same as in the daytime. All FM broadcast transmissions are line-of-sight, and ionospheric bounce is not viable. The much larger bandwidths, compared to AM and SSB, are more susceptible to phase dispersion. Propagation speeds (celerities) are fastest in the ionosphere at the lowest sideband frequency. The celerity difference between the highest and lowest sidebands is quite apparent to the listener. Such distortion occurs up to frequencies of approximately 50 MHz. Higher frequencies do not reflect from the ionosphere, nor from storm clouds. Moon reflections have been used in some experiments, but require impractical power levels.
</p><p>The original FM radio service in the U.S. was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yankee_Network" title="Yankee Network">Yankee Network</a>, located in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Regular FM broadcasting began in 1939 but did not pose a significant threat to the AM broadcasting industry. It required purchase of a special receiver. The frequencies used, 42 to 50 MHz, were not those used today. The change to the current frequencies, 88 to 108 MHz, began after the end of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and was to some extent imposed by AM broadcasters as an attempt to cripple what was by now realized to be a potentially serious threat.
</p><p>FM radio on the new band had to begin from the ground floor. As a commercial venture, it remained a little-used audio enthusiasts' medium until the 1960s. The more prosperous AM stations, or their owners, acquired FM licenses and often broadcast the same programming on the FM station as on the AM station ("<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simulcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulcasting">simulcasting</a>"). The FCC limited this practice in the 1960s. By the 1980s, since almost all new radios included both AM and FM tuners, FM became the dominant medium, especially in cities. Because of its greater range, AM remained more common in rural environments.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pirate_radio">Pirate radio</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pirate radio">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a></div>
<p>Pirate radio is illegal or non-regulated radio transmission. It is most commonly used to describe illegal broadcasting for entertainment or political purposes. Sometimes it is used for illegal two-way radio operation. Its history can be traced back to the unlicensed nature of the transmission, but historically there has been occasional use of sea vessels—fitting the most common perception of a pirate—as broadcasting bases.
Rules and regulations vary largely from country to country, but often the term pirate radio generally describes the unlicensed broadcast of FM radio, AM radio, or shortwave signals over a wide range. In some places, radio stations are legal where the signal is transmitted, but illegal where the signals are received—especially when the signals cross a national boundary. In other cases, a broadcast may be considered "pirate" due to the type of content, its transmission format, or the transmitting power (wattage) of the station, even if the transmission is not technically illegal (such as a webcast or an amateur radio transmission). Pirate radio stations are sometimes referred to as bootleg radio or clandestine stations.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Terrestrial_digital_radio">Terrestrial digital radio</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Terrestrial digital radio">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">Digital audio broadcasting</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HD_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="HD radio">HD radio</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</a></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a> broadcasting has emerged, first in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> in 1995 and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 1999), and later in the United States, France, the Netherlands, South Africa, and many other countries worldwide. The simplest system is named DAB Digital Radio, for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting</a>, and uses the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">EUREKA 147</a> (Band III) system. DAB is used mainly in the UK and South Africa. Germany and the Netherlands use the DAB and DAB+ systems, and France uses the L-Band system of DAB Digital Radio.
</p><p>The broadcasting regulators of the United States and Canada have chosen to use <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HD_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="HD radio">HD radio</a>, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/In-band_on-channel" title="In-band on-channel">in-band on-channel</a> system that puts digital broadcasts at frequencies adjacent to the analog broadcast. HD Radio is owned by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> of private companies that is called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IBiquity" title="IBiquity">iBiquity</a>. An international <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> consortium <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</a> (DRM), has introduced the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> DRM system, which is used by a relatively small number of broadcasters worldwide.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Extensions">Extensions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Extensions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Extensions of traditional radio-wave broadcasting for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio broadcasting">audio broadcasting</a> in general include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">cable radio</a>, local wire <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_network" title="Television network">television networks</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DTV_radio" title="DTV radio">DTV radio</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">internet radio</a> via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Satellite">Satellite</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Satellite">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2008</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></div>
<p>The enormous entry costs of space-based satellite transmitters and restrictions on available <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> licenses has restricted growth of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a> broadcasts. In the US and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, just two services, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio" title="XM Satellite Radio">XM Satellite Radio</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Satellite Radio</a> exist. Both XM and Sirius are owned by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirius_XM_Satellite_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius XM Satellite Radio">Sirius XM Satellite Radio</a>, which was formed by the merger of XM and Sirius on July 29, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2008_in_radio" title="2008 in radio">2008</a>, whereas in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/XM_Radio_Canada" title="XM Radio Canada">XM Radio Canada</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirius_Canada" title="Sirius Canada">Sirius Canada</a> remained separate companies until 2010. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1worldspace" title="1worldspace">Worldspace</a> in Africa and Asia, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHO!</a> in Japan and the ROK were two unsuccessful satellite radio operators which have gone out of business.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Program_formats">Program formats</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Program formats">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">Radio format</a></div>
<p>Radio program formats differ by country, regulation, and markets. For instance, the U.S. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> designates the 88–92 megahertz band in the U.S. for non-profit or educational programming, with advertising prohibited.
</p><p>In addition, formats change in popularity as time passes and technology improves. Early radio equipment only allowed program material to be broadcast in real time, known as <i>live</i> broadcasting. As technology for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a> improved, an increasing proportion of broadcast programming used pre-recorded material. A current trend is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> of radio stations. Some stations now operate without direct human intervention by using entirely pre-recorded material sequenced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> control.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcasting_construction_permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting construction permit">Broadcasting construction permit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a> (DJ)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">History of broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">International broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio topics">List of radio topics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_power_radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Low power radio station">Low power radio station</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio antenna">Radio antenna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio network</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_personality" title="Radio personality">Radio personality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RF_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="RF modulation">RF modulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_commentator" title="Sports commentator">Sports commentator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">Television station</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-philips-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philips_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintageradio.nl/Menu/philips_engels.htm">"Vintage Radio Web: Philips"</a> (vintageradio.nl)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGuarnieri2012" class="citation journal cs1">Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of vacuum tubes: Early devices and the rise of radio communications". <i>IEEE Ind. Electron. M.</i>: 41–43. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIE.2012.2182822">10.1109/MIE.2012.2182822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Ind.+Electron.+M.&rft.atitle=The+age+of+vacuum+tubes%3A+Early+devices+and+the+rise+of+radio+communications&rft.pages=41-43&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIE.2012.2182822&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt" class="citation web cs1">Schmidt, Hans-Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hts-homepage.de/Lieben/Lieben.html">"Die Liebenröhre"</a>. <i>Umleitung zur Homepage von H.-T. Schmidt</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Umleitung+zur+Homepage+von+H.-T.+Schmidt&rft.atitle=Die+Liebenr%C3%B6hre&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Hans-Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hts-homepage.de%2FLieben%2FLieben.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/> DRP 179807</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tapan K. Sarkar (ed.) "History of wireless", John Wiley and Sons, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-71814-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-71814-9">0-471-71814-9</a>, p.335</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sōgo Okamura (ed), <i>History of Electron Tubes</i>, IOS Press, 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5199-145-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-5199-145-2">90-5199-145-2</a> page 20</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US841387A">"US841387A - Device for amplifying feeble electrical currents"</a>. <i>Google Patents</i>. 1906-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Patents&rft.atitle=US841387A+-+Device+for+amplifying+feeble+electrical+currents.&rft.date=1906-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS841387A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US879532A">"US879532A - Space telegraphy"</a>. <i>Google Patents</i>. 1907-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Patents&rft.atitle=US879532A+-+Space+telegraphy.&rft.date=1907-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS879532A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNebeker2009" class="citation book cs1">Nebeker, Frederik (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwmH6-q5O5AC&pg=PA14"><i>Dawn of the Electronic Age: Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World, 1914 to 1945</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 14–15. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470409749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470409749"><bdi>978-0470409749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dawn+of+the+Electronic+Age%3A+Electrical+Technologies+in+the+Shaping+of+the+Modern+World%2C+1914+to+1945&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0470409749&rft.aulast=Nebeker&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwmH6-q5O5AC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20170405144750/http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_age_of_the_mass/07.ST.04/?scene=4">"Making the Modern World - Mass consumption"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_age_of_the_mass/07.ST.04/?scene=4">the original</a> on 2017-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Making+the+Modern+World+-+Mass+consumption&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.makingthemodernworld.org.uk%2Fstories%2Fthe_age_of_the_mass%2F07.ST.04%2F%3Fscene%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGuarnieri2012" class="citation journal cs1">Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of vacuum tubes: the conquest of analog communications". <i>IEEE Ind. Electron. M.</i>: 52–54. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIE.2012.2193274">10.1109/MIE.2012.2193274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Ind.+Electron.+M.&rft.atitle=The+age+of+vacuum+tubes%3A+the+conquest+of+analog+communications&rft.pages=52-54&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIE.2012.2193274&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fessenden — The Next Chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rwonline.com/article/72046">RWonline.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916012103/http://www.rwonline.com/article/72046">Archived</a> 2009-09-16 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBaudinoJohn_M._Kittross1977" class="citation journal cs1">Baudino, Joseph E; John M. Kittross (Winter 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306145733/http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/kdka.html">"Broadcasting's Oldest Stations: An Examination of Four Claimants"</a>. <i>Journal of Broadcasting</i>. <b>21</b>: 61–82. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08838157709363817">10.1080/08838157709363817</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/kdka.html">the original</a> on 2008-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Broadcasting%27s+Oldest+Stations%3A+An+Examination+of+Four+Claimants&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=61-82&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08838157709363817&rft.aulast=Baudino&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E&rft.au=John+M.+Kittross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fweb%2Faboutus%2Fhistory_center%2Fkdka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.g0mwt.org.uk/new-street/">"CARS - Marconi Hall Street, New Street and 2MT callsign"</a>. <i>www.g0mwt.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.g0mwt.org.uk&rft.atitle=CARS+-+Marconi+Hall+Street%2C+New+Street+and+2MT+callsign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.g0mwt.org.uk%2Fnew-street%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/aboutbbcnews/spl/hi/history/html/default.stm">"BBC History – The BBC takes to the Airwaves"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+History+%E2%80%93+The+BBC+takes+to+the+Airwaves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Faboutbbcnews%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fhistory%2Fhtml%2Fdefault.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atgelt, Carlos A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldradio.com/archives/international/argentin.html">"Early History of Radio Broadcasting in Argentina."</a> The Broadcast Archive (Oldradio.com).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curry.edu">"Curry College - Home"</a>. <i>www.curry.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.curry.edu&rft.atitle=Curry+College+-+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.curry.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNeira" class="citation web cs1">Neira, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modestoradiomuseum.org/how%20it%20works.html">"Broadcasting"</a>. <i>modestoradiomuseum</i>. modestoradiomuseum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=modestoradiomuseum&rft.atitle=Broadcasting&rft.aulast=Neira&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modestoradiomuseum.org%2Fhow%2520it%2520works.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/newbay/rw_20081008/index.php">"What is a Radio Station?"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_World" title="Radio World">Radio World</a></i>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+World&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Radio+Station%3F&rft.pages=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nxtbook.com%2Fnxtbooks%2Fnewbay%2Frw_20081008%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the "interference" entry of <i>The Concise Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 11th edition, online</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713084431/http://kwarner.bravehost.com/tech.htm">"Types of Technology, FM vs AM"</a>. <i>kwarner.bravehost.com</i>. 2012-07-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kwarner.bravehost.com/tech.htm">the original</a> on 2012-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kwarner.bravehost.com&rft.atitle=Types+of+Technology%2C+FM+vs+AM&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkwarner.bravehost.com%2Ftech.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrodkowski2015" class="citation book cs1">Grodkowski, Paul (2015-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HudwCgAAQBAJ"><i>Beginning Shortwave Radio Listening</i></a>. Booktango. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468964240" title="Special:BookSources/9781468964240"><bdi>9781468964240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Shortwave+Radio+Listening&rft.pub=Booktango&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft.isbn=9781468964240&rft.aulast=Grodkowski&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHudwCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halper, Donna L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonradio.org/essays/shepard-fm.html">"John Shepard's FM Stations—America's first FM network."</a> Boston Radio Archives (BostonRadio.org).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonradio.org/yankee-36.html">"The Yankee Network in 1936"</a>. <i>The Archives @ BostonRadio.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Archives+%40+BostonRadio.org&rft.atitle=The+Yankee+Network+in+1936&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonradio.org%2Fyankee-36.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeff560.tripod.com/chronofm.html">"FM Broadcasting Chronology"</a>. <i>Jeff Miller Pages</i>. 2017-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jeff+Miller+Pages&rft.atitle=FM+Broadcasting+Chronology&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeff560.tripod.com%2Fchronofm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist" style="">
<ul><li>Briggs Asa. <i>The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom</i> (Oxford University Press, 1961).</li>
<li>Crisell, Andrew. <i>An Introductory History of British Broadcasting</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Introductory-History-British-Broadcasting/dp/0415247926/">excerpt</a></li>
<li>Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. <i>Broadcasting: Radio and Television</i> (Harper & Brothers, 1952).</li>
<li>Fisher, Marc. <i>Something In The Air: Radio, Rock, and the Revolution That Shaped A Generation</i> (Random House, 2007).</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carl_Hausman" title="Carl Hausman">Hausman, Carl</a>, Messere, Fritz, Benoit, Philip, and O'Donnell, Lewis, Modern Radio Production, 9th ed., (Cengage, 2013)</li>
<li>Head, Sydney W., Christopher W. Sterling, and Lemuel B. Schofield. <i>Broadcasting in America." (7th ed. 1994).</i></li>
<li>Lewis, Tom, <i>Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio</i>, 1st ed., New York : E. Burlingame Books, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-018215-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-018215-6">0-06-018215-6</a>. "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Empire_of_the_Air:_The_Men_Who_Made_Radio" title="Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio">Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio</a>" (1992) by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a> was a PBS documentary based on the book.</li>
<li>Pilon, Robert, Isabelle Lamoureux, and Gilles Turcotte. <i>Le Marché de la radio au Québec: document de reference</i>. [Montréal]: Association québécoise de l'industrie du dique, du spectacle et de la video, 1991. unpaged. <i>N.B</i>.: Comprises: Robert Pilon's and Isabelle Lamoureux' <i>Profil du marché de radio au Québec: un analyse de Média-culture</i>. -- Gilles Turcotte's <i>Analyse comparative de l'écoute des principals stations de Montréal: prepare par Info Cible</i>.</li>
<li>Ray, William B. <i>FCC: The Ups and Downs of Radio-TV Regulation</i> (Iowa State University Press, 1990).</li>
<li>Russo, Alexan der. <i>Points on the Dial: Golden Age Radio Beyond the Networks</i> (Duke University Press; 2010) 278 pages; discusses regional and local radio as forms that "complicate" the image of the medium as a national unifier from the 1920s to the 1950s.</li>
<li>Scannell, Paddy, and Cardiff, David. <i>A Social History of British Broadcasting, Volume One, 1922-1939</i> (Basil Blackwell, 1991).</li>
<li>Schramm, Wilbur, ed. <i>The Process and Effects of Mass Communication</i> (1955 and later editions) articles by social scientists
<ul><li>Schramm, Wilbur, ed. <i>Mass Communication</i> (1950, 2nd ed. 1960); more popular essays</li></ul></li>
<li>Schwoch James. <i>The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900-1939</i> (University of Illinois Press, 1990).</li>
<li>Stewart, Sandy. <i>From Coast to Coast: a Personal History of Radio in Canada</i> (Entreprises Radio-Canada, 1985). xi, 191 p., ill., chiefly with b&w photos. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88794-147-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88794-147-8">0-88794-147-8</a></li>
<li>Stewart, Sandy. <i>A Pictorial History of Radio in Canada</i> (Gage Publishing, 1975). v, [1], 154 p., amply ill. in b&w mostly with photos. SBN 7715-9948-X</li>
<li>White Llewellyn. <i>The American Radio</i> (University of Chicago Press, 1947).</li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/radio_broadcasting" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<dl><dt>General</dt></dl>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047268"/><div class="refbegin reflist" style="">
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcc.gov/">Federal Communications Commission website</a> - fcc.gov</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxing.info">DXing.info</a> - Information about radio stations worldwide</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio-locator.com/">Radio-Locator.com</a>- Links to 13,000 radio stations worldwide</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/reception/">BBC reception advice</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dxradio.50webs.com">DXradio.50webs.com</a> "The SWDXER" - with general SWL information and radio antenna tips</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiostationzone.com">RadioStationZone.com</a> - 10.000+ radio stations worldwide with ratings, comments and listen live links</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-radio-stations.org">Online-Radio-Stations.org</a> - The Web Radio Tuner has a comprehensive list of over 50.000 radio stations</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unwantedemissions.com/">UnwantedEmissions.com</a> - A general reference to radio spectrum allocations</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navidiku.rs/radio-stanice/">Radio stanice</a> - Search for radio stations throughout the Europe</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioemisoraslatinas.com/">Radio Emisoras Latinas</a> - has a directory with thousands of Latin America Radio Stations</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myfmradiolive.com/">MY FM Radio Live</a> - MY FM Radio Live - Internet radio broadcast</li></ul>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Broadcasting" title="Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Broadcasting" title="Template talk:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Broadcasting&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Web_television" title="Web television">Web television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quiz_channel" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Live_streaming_world_news" title="Live streaming world news">Live streaming world news</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_radio_stations_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_radio_stations_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Africa" title="List of radio stations in Africa">List of radio stations in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Angola (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Cape_Verde" title="List of radio stations in Cape Verde">Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Lesotho" title="List of radio stations in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Liberia" title="List of radio stations in Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Mauritius" title="List of radio stations in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Nigeria" title="List of radio stations in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Senegal" title="List of radio stations in Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Africa" title="List of radio stations in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Uganda (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of radio stations in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_radio_stations_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_radio_stations_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Asia" title="List of radio stations in Asia">List of radio stations in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Afghanistan" title="List of radio stations in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bangladesh" title="List of radio stations in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Cyprus" title="List of radio stations in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of radio stations in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Iran" title="List of radio stations in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Israel" title="List of radio stations in Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Japan" title="List of radio stations in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_Korea" title="List of radio stations in North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Korea" title="List of radio stations in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Malaysia" title="List of radio stations in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of radio stations in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Singapore" title="List of radio stations in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Syria" title="List of radio stations in Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)">Artsakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of radio stations in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of radio stations in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Macau" title="List of radio stations in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book:Asia" title="Book:Asia">Book</a></li>
<li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Portal" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_radio_stations_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Europe_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_radio_stations_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Europe">List of radio stations in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Belarus" title="List of radio stations in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Belgium" title="List of radio stations in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of radio stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bulgaria" title="List of radio stations in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Croatia" title="List of radio stations in Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Cyprus" title="List of radio stations in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of radio stations in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Estonia" title="List of radio stations in Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Finland" title="List of radio stations in Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_France" title="List of radio stations in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of radio stations in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Germany" title="List of radio stations in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Greece" title="List of radio stations in Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Hungary" title="List of radio stations in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of radio stations in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Italy" title="List of radio stations in Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Latvia" title="List of radio stations in Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Lithuania" title="List of radio stations in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Luxembourg" title="List of radio stations in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Malta" title="List of radio stations in Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Monaco" title="List of radio stations in Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Montenegro" title="List of radio stations in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of radio stations in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of radio stations in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Portugal" title="List of radio stations in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Romania" title="List of radio stations in Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in San Marino">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Serbia" title="List of radio stations in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Slovakia" title="List of radio stations in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Slovenia" title="List of radio stations in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Spain" title="List of radio stations in Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Sweden" title="List of radio stations in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Switzerland" title="List of radio stations in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Ukraine" title="List of radio stations in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)">Artsakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kosovo" title="List of radio stations in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_radio_stations_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_radio_stations_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in North America">List of radio stations in North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Barbados" title="List of radio stations in Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Belize" title="List of radio stations in Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Canada" title="List of radio stations in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Costa_Rica" title="List of radio stations in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Honduras" title="List of radio stations in Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Jamaica" title="List of radio stations in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Nicaragua" title="List of radio stations in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Panama" title="List of radio stations in Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Lucia" title="List of radio stations in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the United States (page does not exist)">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Aruba" title="List of radio stations in Aruba">Aruba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="List of radio stations in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saba (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_radio_stations_in_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:South_America_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_radio_stations_in_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in South America">List of radio stations in South America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Argentina (page does not exist)">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Bolivia (page does not exist)">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Brazil (page does not exist)">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Chile (page does not exist)">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Colombia (page does not exist)">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Paraguay" title="List of radio stations in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Uruguay" title="List of radio stations in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Venezuela" title="List of radio stations in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Lists_of_radio_stations" title="Category:Lists of radio stations">Category:Lists of radio stations</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_city" title="Category:Radio stations by city">city</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_country" title="Category:Radio stations by country">country</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_format" title="Category:Radio stations by format">format</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_language" title="Category:Radio stations by language">language</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_owner" title="Category:Radio stations by owner">owner</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_year_of_establishment" title="Category:Radio stations by year of establishment">year of establishment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1599176994 |