Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{short description|transmission by radio waves intended to reach a wide audience}}', 1 => '[[Image:Long wave radio station 002 Motala Sweden.JPG|thumb|right|Long wave radio broadcasting station, [[Motala]], Sweden]]', 2 => '[[File:Upside down Pyramid, Bratislava 02.jpg|thumb|[[Slovak Radio Building]], [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]] (architects: Štefan Svetko, Štefan Ďurkovič and Barnabáš Kissling, 1967–1983)]]', 3 => '[[Image:Tyholt taarnet.jpg|thumb|upright|Broadcasting tower in [[Trondheim]], Norway]]', 4 => '', 5 => ''''Radio broadcasting''' is transmission of audio (sometimes with related [[metadata]]) by [[radio wave]]s intended to reach a wide [[audience]]. Stations can be affiliated to [[radio network]]s broadcasting a common [[radio format]], either in [[broadcast syndication]] or [[simulcast]] or both. Signals can be either [[analog audio]] or [[digital audio]]. [[Television broadcasting]] also uses radio frequencies, but includes video signals.', 6 => '', 7 => '==History==', 8 => '{{see also|History of radio#Broadcasting|History of broadcasting}}', 9 => '', 10 => '[[File:Soireé-Musicale.jpg|thumb|350px|Advertisement placed in the 5 November 1919 ''Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant'' announcing PCGG's debut broadcast scheduled for the next evening.<ref name="philips">[https://www.vintageradio.nl/Menu/philips_engels.htm "Vintage Radio Web: Philips"] (vintageradio.nl)</ref>]]', 11 => 'The earliest [[radio]] stations were [[radiotelegraphy]] systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated.', 12 => '', 13 => 'The [[thermionic valve]] (a kind of vacuum tube) was invented in 1904 by the English physicist [[John Ambrose Fleming]]. He developed a device he called an "oscillation valve" (because it passes current in only one direction). The heated filament, or [[cathode]], was capable of [[thermionic emission]] of electrons that would flow to the ''[[Plate electrode|plate]]'' (or ''[[anode]]'') when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in the reverse direction because the plate was not heated and thus not capable of thermionic emission of electrons. Later known as the [[Fleming valve]], it could be used as a [[rectifier]] of alternating current and as a radio wave [[Detector (radio)|detector]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guarnieri|first=M.|year=2012|title=The age of vacuum tubes: Early devices and the rise of radio communications|journal=IEEE Ind. Electron. M.|pages=41–43|doi=10.1109/MIE.2012.2182822}}</ref> This greatly improved the [[crystal set]] which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called [[cat's whisker]]. However, what was still required was an amplifier.', 14 => '', 15 => 'The [[triode]] (mercury-vapor filled with a control grid) was patented on March 4, 1906, by the Austrian [[Robert von Lieben]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Schmidt | first=Hans-Thomas | title=Die Liebenröhre | website=Umleitung zur Homepage von H.-T. Schmidt | url=http://www.hts-homepage.de/Lieben/Lieben.html | language=de | access-date=2019-08-10}} DRP 179807</ref><ref>Tapan K. Sarkar (ed.) "History of wireless", John Wiley and Sons, 2006. {{ISBN|0-471-71814-9}}, p.335</ref><ref>Sōgo Okamura (ed), ''History of Electron Tubes'', IOS Press, 1994 {{ISBN|90-5199-145-2}} page 20</ref> independent from that, on October 25, 1906,<ref>{{cite web | title=US841387A - Device for amplifying feeble electrical currents. | website=Google Patents | date=1906-10-25 | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US841387A | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=US879532A - Space telegraphy. | website=Google Patents | date=1907-01-29 | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US879532A | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> [[Lee De Forest]] patented his three-element [[Audion tube|Audion]]. It wasn't put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nebeker|first=Frederik|title=Dawn of the Electronic Age: Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World, 1914 to 1945|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2009|location=|pages=14–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwmH6-q5O5AC&pg=PA14|isbn=978-0470409749}}</ref>', 16 => '', 17 => 'By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting was quickly becoming viable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_age_of_the_mass/07.ST.04/?scene=4|archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20170405144750/http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_age_of_the_mass/07.ST.04/?scene=4|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-04-05|title=Making the Modern World - Mass consumption|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guarnieri|first=M.|year=2012|title=The age of vacuum tubes: the conquest of analog communications|journal=IEEE Ind. Electron. M.|pages=52–54|doi=10.1109/MIE.2012.2193274}}</ref> However, an early audio transmission that could be termed a ''broadcast'' may have occurred on [[Christmas Eve]] in 1906 by [[Reginald Fessenden]], although this is disputed.<ref>Fessenden — The Next Chapter [http://www.rwonline.com/article/72046 RWonline.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916012103/http://www.rwonline.com/article/72046 |date=2009-09-16 }}</ref> While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to [[radiotelephone]] devices by which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. [[Charles Herrold]] started broadcasting in [[California]] in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year. (Herrold's station eventually became [[KCBS (AM)|KCBS]]).', 18 => '', 19 => 'In The Hague, the Netherlands, [[PCGG]] started broadcasting on November 6, 1919, making it, arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, [[Frank Conrad]], an electrical engineer employed at the [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse Electric Corporation]], began broadcasting from his [[Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania]] garage with the call letters 8XK. Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in [[East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]. Westinghouse relaunched the station as [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA]] on November 2, 1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in America.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Baudino|first=Joseph E|author2=John M. Kittross |title=Broadcasting's Oldest Stations: An Examination of Four Claimants|journal=Journal of Broadcasting|pages=61–82|date=Winter 1977|volume=21|doi=10.1080/08838157709363817|url=http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/kdka.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306145733/http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/kdka.html|archivedate=2008-03-06|accessdate=2013-01-18}}</ref> The [[commercial broadcasting]] designation came from the type of [[broadcast license]]; [[advertising|advertisement]]s did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself: the results of the [[U.S. presidential election, 1920|Harding/Cox Presidential Election]]. The [[Montreal]] station that became [[CFCF-AM|CFCF]] began [[broadcast programming]] on May 20, 1920, and the [[Detroit]] station that became [[WWJ (AM)|WWJ]] began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time.', 20 => '', 21 => 'In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the [[Marconi Research Centre]] [[2MT]] at [[Writtle]] near [[Chelmsford, England]]. A famous broadcast from Marconi's New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous [[soprano]] Dame [[Nellie Melba]] on 15 June 1920, where she sang two arias and her famous trill. She was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The [[2MT]] station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922. The [[BBC]] was amalgamated in 1922 and received a [[Royal Charter]] in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.g0mwt.org.uk/new-street/|title=CARS - Marconi Hall Street, New Street and 2MT callsign|website=www.g0mwt.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC History – The BBC takes to the Airwaves|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/aboutbbcnews/spl/hi/history/html/default.stm|work=BBC News}}</ref> followed by [[Czech Radio]] and other European broadcasters in 1923.', 22 => '', 23 => 'Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the [[Teatro Coliseo]] in [[Buenos Aires]] on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on November 19, 1923. The delay was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular broadcasting of entertainment and cultural fare for several decades.<ref>Atgelt, Carlos A. [http://www.oldradio.com/archives/international/argentin.html "Early History of Radio Broadcasting in Argentina."] The Broadcast Archive (Oldradio.com).</ref>', 24 => '', 25 => 'Radio in education soon followed and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College in Milton, Massachusetts introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.curry.edu|title=Curry College - Home|website=www.curry.edu|accessdate=13 July 2018}}</ref>', 26 => '', 27 => '==Stations{{anchor|Station}}==', 28 => '{{redirect|Radio station|a broader concept|Radio communication station}}', 29 => 'A ''radio broadcasting station'' is usually associated with wireless transmission, though in practice broadcasting transmission (sound and television) take place using both wires and [[radio wave]]s. The point of this is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology can receive the broadcast.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.modestoradiomuseum.org/how%20it%20works.html|title = Broadcasting|date = |accessdate = |website = modestoradiomuseum|publisher = modestoradiomuseum|last = Neira|first = Bob}}</ref>', 30 => '', 31 => '[[File:Radio Libertaire 3.jpg|thumb|Use of a sound broadcasting station]]', 32 => 'In line to [[ITU Radio Regulations]] (article1.61) each ''broadcasting station'' shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily.', 33 => '', 34 => '==Types==', 35 => '[[Image:Radio Transmission Diagram en.svg|thumb|right|260px|Transmission diagram of sound broadcasting (AM and FM)]]', 36 => 'Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and [[FM broadcasting|FM]] stations. There are several subtypes, namely [[commercial broadcasting]], [[non-commercial educational]] (NCE) [[public broadcasting]] and [[non-profit]] varieties as well as [[community radio]], student-run [[campus radio]] stations, and [[hospital radio]] stations can be found throughout the world. Many stations broadcast on [[shortwave]] bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles (especially at night). For example, the [[BBC World Service|BBC]], [[Voice of America|VOA]], [[Voice of Russia|VOR]], and [[Deutsche Welle]] have transmitted via shortwave to Africa and Asia. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and solar activity.', 37 => '', 38 => '[[Nielsen Audio]], formerly known as Arbitron, the [[United States]]-based company that reports on radio audiences, defines a "radio station" as a government-licensed AM or FM station; an HD Radio (primary or multicast) station; an internet stream of an existing government-licensed station; one of the satellite radio channels from [[XM Satellite Radio]] or [[Sirius Satellite Radio]]; or, potentially, a station that is not government licensed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/newbay/rw_20081008/index.php|title=What is a Radio Station?|work=[[Radio World]]|page=6}}</ref>', 39 => '', 40 => '===AM===', 41 => '{{main|AM broadcasting}}', 42 => '[[Image:2006AM broadcast stations.PNG|thumb|right|260px|AM broadcasting stations in 2006]]', 43 => 'AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to [[amplitude modulation]], a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the [[long wave]] band. In response to the growing popularity of [[FM broadcasting#Stereo FM|FM stereo]] radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some [[North America]]n stations began broadcasting in [[AM stereo]], though this never gained popularity, and very few receivers were ever sold.', 44 => '', 45 => 'The signal is subject to interference from electrical storms ([[lightning]]) and other [[electromagnetic interference]] (EMI).<ref>Based on the "interference" entry of ''The Concise Oxford English Dictionary'', 11th edition, online</ref> One advantage of AM radio signal is that it can be detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered [[crystal radio|crystal radio receiver]] was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM broadcasting.', 46 => '', 47 => 'AM broadcasts occur on [[North America]]n airwaves in the [[medium wave]] frequency range of 525 to 1705 [[Hertz|kHz]] (known as the “standard broadcast band”). The band was expanded in the 1990s by adding nine [[Communication channel|channels]] from 1605 to 1705&nbsp;kHz. Channels are spaced every 10&nbsp;kHz in the [[Americas]], and generally every 9&nbsp;kHz everywhere else.', 48 => '', 49 => 'AM transmissions cannot be ionospherically [[radio propagation|propagated]] during the day due to strong absorption in the [[D-layer]] of the ionosphere. In a crowded channel environment, this means that the power of regional channels which share a frequency must be reduced at night or directionally beamed in order to avoid interference, which reduces the potential nighttime audience. Some stations have frequencies unshared with other stations in North America; these are called [[clear-channel station]]s. Many of them can be heard across much of the country at night. During the night, absorption largely disappears and permits signals to travel to much more distant locations via ionospheric reflections. However, fading of the signal can be severe at night.', 50 => '', 51 => 'AM radio transmitters can transmit audio frequencies up to 15&nbsp;kHz (now limited to 10&nbsp;kHz in the US due to FCC rules designed to reduce interference), but most receivers are only capable of reproducing frequencies up to 5&nbsp;kHz or less. At the time that AM broadcasting began in the 1920s, this provided adequate fidelity for existing microphones, 78 rpm recordings, and loudspeakers. The fidelity of sound equipment subsequently improved considerably, but the receivers did not. Reducing the bandwidth of the receivers reduces the cost of manufacturing and makes them less prone to interference. AM stations are never assigned adjacent channels in the same service area. This prevents the sideband power generated by two stations from interfering with each other.<ref>{{cite web | title=Types of Technology, FM vs AM | website=kwarner.bravehost.com | date=2012-07-13 | url=http://kwarner.bravehost.com/tech.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713084431/http://kwarner.bravehost.com/tech.htm | archive-date=2012-07-13 | url-status=dead | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> [[Bob Carver]] created an [[AM stereo]] tuner employing [[notch filter]]ing that demonstrated that an AM broadcast can meet or exceed the 15&nbsp;kHz baseband bandwidth allotted to [[FM broadcasting|FM]] stations without objectionable interference. After several years, the tuner was discontinued. Bob Carver had left the company and the Carver Corporation later cut the number of models produced before discontinuing production completely.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}', 52 => '', 53 => '====Shortwave, medium wave and long wave====', 54 => 'See [[shortwave]] for the differences between shortwave, [[medium wave]], and [[long wave]] spectra. Shortwave is used largely for national broadcasters, international propaganda, or [[religious broadcasting]] organizations.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HudwCgAAQBAJ|title=Beginning Shortwave Radio Listening|last=Grodkowski|first=Paul|date=2015-08-24|publisher=Booktango|isbn=9781468964240|language=en}}</ref>', 55 => '', 56 => '===FM===', 57 => '{{main|FM broadcasting}}', 58 => '[[Image:2006FM broadcast stations.PNG|thumb|right|260px|[[FM radio]] broadcast stations in 2006]]', 59 => 'FM refers to [[frequency modulation]], and occurs on [[VHF]] airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 [[Megahertz|MHz]] everywhere except [[Japan]] and [[Russia]]. Russia, like the former Soviet Union, uses 65.9 to 74&nbsp;MHz frequencies in addition to the world standard. Japan uses the 76 to 90&nbsp;MHz frequency band.', 60 => '', 61 => '[[Edwin Howard Armstrong]] invented FM radio to overcome the problem of [[Electromagnetic interference|radio-frequency interference]] (RFI), which plagued AM radio reception. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart in the [[radio frequency]] spectrum. Instead of 10&nbsp;kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200&nbsp;kHz (0.2&nbsp;MHz) apart. In other countries, greater spacing is sometimes mandatory, such as in New Zealand, which uses 700&nbsp;kHz spacing (previously 800&nbsp;kHz). The improved fidelity made available was far in advance of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM.', 62 => '', 63 => 'Bandwidth of 200 [[kHz]] is not needed to accommodate an audio signal &mdash; 20&nbsp;kHz to 30&nbsp;kHz is all that is necessary for a narrowband FM signal. The 200&nbsp;kHz bandwidth allowed room for ±75&nbsp;kHz signal deviation from the assigned frequency, plus guard bands to reduce or eliminate adjacent channel interference. The larger bandwidth allows for broadcasting a 15&nbsp;kHz bandwidth audio signal plus a 38&nbsp;kHz [[FM broadcasting#Stereo FM|stereo "subcarrier"]]—a piggyback signal that rides on the main signal. Additional unused capacity is used by some broadcasters to transmit utility functions such as background [[music]] for public areas, [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] auxiliary signals, or financial market data.', 64 => '', 65 => 'The AM radio problem of interference at night was addressed in a different way. At the time FM was set up, the available frequencies were far higher in the spectrum than those used for AM radio - by a factor of approximately 100. Using these frequencies meant that even at far higher power, the range of a given FM signal was much shorter; thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception range at night is the same as in the daytime. All FM broadcast transmissions are line-of-sight, and ionospheric bounce is not viable. The much larger bandwidths, compared to AM and SSB, are more susceptible to phase dispersion. Propagation speeds (celerities) are fastest in the ionosphere at the lowest sideband frequency. The celerity difference between the highest and lowest sidebands is quite apparent to the listener. Such distortion occurs up to frequencies of approximately 50&nbsp;MHz. Higher frequencies do not reflect from the ionosphere, nor from storm clouds. Moon reflections have been used in some experiments, but require impractical power levels.', 66 => '', 67 => 'The original FM radio service in the U.S. was the [[Yankee Network]], located in [[New England]].<ref>Halper, Donna L. [http://www.bostonradio.org/essays/shepard-fm.html "John Shepard's FM Stations—America's first FM network."] Boston Radio Archives (BostonRadio.org).</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Yankee Network in 1936 | website=The Archives @ BostonRadio.org | url=http://www.bostonradio.org/yankee-36.html | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=FM Broadcasting Chronology | website=Jeff Miller Pages | date=2017-06-23 | url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/chronofm.html | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> Regular FM broadcasting began in 1939 but did not pose a significant threat to the AM broadcasting industry. It required purchase of a special receiver. The frequencies used, 42 to 50&nbsp;MHz, were not those used today. The change to the current frequencies, 88 to 108&nbsp;MHz, began after the end of [[World War II]] and was to some extent imposed by AM broadcasters as an attempt to cripple what was by now realized to be a potentially serious threat.', 68 => '', 69 => 'FM radio on the new band had to begin from the ground floor. As a commercial venture, it remained a little-used audio enthusiasts' medium until the 1960s. The more prosperous AM stations, or their owners, acquired FM licenses and often broadcast the same programming on the FM station as on the AM station ("[[simulcasting]]"). The FCC limited this practice in the 1960s. By the 1980s, since almost all new radios included both AM and FM tuners, FM became the dominant medium, especially in cities. Because of its greater range, AM remained more common in rural environments.', 70 => '', 71 => '===Pirate radio===', 72 => '{{Main|Pirate radio}}', 73 => 'Pirate radio is illegal or non-regulated radio transmission. It is most commonly used to describe illegal broadcasting for entertainment or political purposes. Sometimes it is used for illegal two-way radio operation. Its history can be traced back to the unlicensed nature of the transmission, but historically there has been occasional use of sea vessels—fitting the most common perception of a pirate—as broadcasting bases.', 74 => 'Rules and regulations vary largely from country to country, but often the term pirate radio generally describes the unlicensed broadcast of FM radio, AM radio, or shortwave signals over a wide range. In some places, radio stations are legal where the signal is transmitted, but illegal where the signals are received—especially when the signals cross a national boundary. In other cases, a broadcast may be considered "pirate" due to the type of content, its transmission format, or the transmitting power (wattage) of the station, even if the transmission is not technically illegal (such as a webcast or an amateur radio transmission). Pirate radio stations are sometimes referred to as bootleg radio or clandestine stations.', 75 => '', 76 => '===Terrestrial digital radio===', 77 => '{{main|Digital audio broadcasting|HD radio|ISDB|Digital Radio Mondiale}}', 78 => '', 79 => '[[Digital radio]] broadcasting has emerged, first in [[Europe]] (the [[United Kingdom|UK]] in 1995 and [[Germany]] in 1999), and later in the United States, France, the Netherlands, South Africa, and many other countries worldwide. The simplest system is named DAB Digital Radio, for [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]], and uses the [[public domain]] [[Digital Audio Broadcasting|EUREKA 147]] (Band III) system. DAB is used mainly in the UK and South Africa. Germany and the Netherlands use the DAB and DAB+ systems, and France uses the L-Band system of DAB Digital Radio.', 80 => '', 81 => 'The broadcasting regulators of the United States and Canada have chosen to use [[HD radio]], an [[in-band on-channel]] system that puts digital broadcasts at frequencies adjacent to the analog broadcast. HD Radio is owned by a [[consortium]] of private companies that is called [[iBiquity]]. An international [[non-profit]] consortium [[Digital Radio Mondiale]] (DRM), has introduced the [[public domain]] DRM system, which is used by a relatively small number of broadcasters worldwide.', 82 => '', 83 => '==Extensions==', 84 => 'Extensions of traditional radio-wave broadcasting for [[audio broadcasting]] in general include [[cable radio]], local wire [[television network]]s, [[DTV radio]], [[satellite radio]], and [[internet radio]] via [[streaming media]] on the [[Internet]].', 85 => '', 86 => '===Satellite===', 87 => '{{Expand section|date=November 2008}}', 88 => '{{main|Satellite radio}}', 89 => '', 90 => 'The enormous entry costs of space-based satellite transmitters and restrictions on available [[radio spectrum]] licenses has restricted growth of [[Satellite radio]] broadcasts. In the US and [[Canada]], just two services, [[XM Satellite Radio]] and [[Sirius Satellite Radio]] exist. Both XM and Sirius are owned by [[Sirius XM Satellite Radio]], which was formed by the merger of XM and Sirius on July 29, [[2008 in radio|2008]], whereas in [[Canada]], [[XM Radio Canada]] and [[Sirius Canada]] remained separate companies until 2010. [[1worldspace|Worldspace]] in Africa and Asia, and [[MobaHo!|MobaHO!]] in Japan and the ROK were two unsuccessful satellite radio operators which have gone out of business.', 91 => '', 92 => '==Program formats==', 93 => '{{Main|Radio format}}', 94 => '', 95 => 'Radio program formats differ by country, regulation, and markets. For instance, the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] designates the 88&ndash;92 megahertz band in the U.S. for non-profit or educational programming, with advertising prohibited.', 96 => '', 97 => 'In addition, formats change in popularity as time passes and technology improves. Early radio equipment only allowed program material to be broadcast in real time, known as ''live'' broadcasting. As technology for [[sound recording]] improved, an increasing proportion of broadcast programming used pre-recorded material. A current trend is the [[automation]] of radio stations. Some stations now operate without direct human intervention by using entirely pre-recorded material sequenced by [[computer]] control.', 98 => '', 99 => '==See also==', 100 => '{{div col|colwidth=20em}}', 101 => '* [[Broadcasting construction permit]]', 102 => '* [[Call sign]]', 103 => '* [[Disc jockey]] (DJ)', 104 => '* [[History of broadcasting]]', 105 => '* [[International broadcasting]]', 106 => '* [[List of radio topics]]', 107 => '* [[Low power radio station]]', 108 => '* [[Radio]]', 109 => '* [[Radio antenna]]', 110 => '* [[Radio network]]', 111 => '* [[Radio personality]]', 112 => '* [[RF modulation]]', 113 => '* [[Sports commentator]]', 114 => '* [[Television station]]', 115 => '{{div col end}}', 116 => '', 117 => '==References==', 118 => '{{Reflist|2}}', 119 => '', 120 => '==Further reading==', 121 => '{{refbegin}}', 122 => '* Briggs Asa. ''The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom'' (Oxford University Press, 1961).', 123 => '* Crisell, Andrew. ''An Introductory History of British Broadcasting'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Introductory-History-British-Broadcasting/dp/0415247926/ excerpt]', 124 => '* Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. ''Broadcasting: Radio and Television'' (Harper & Brothers, 1952).', 125 => '* Fisher, Marc. ''Something In The Air: Radio, Rock, and the Revolution That Shaped A Generation'' (Random House, 2007).', 126 => '*[[Carl Hausman|Hausman, Carl]], Messere, Fritz, Benoit, Philip, and O'Donnell, Lewis, Modern Radio Production, 9th ed., (Cengage, 2013)', 127 => '* Head, Sydney W., Christopher W. Sterling, and Lemuel B. Schofield. ''Broadcasting in America." (7th ed. 1994).', 128 => '* Lewis, Tom, ''Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio'', 1st ed., New York : E. Burlingame Books, 1991. {{ISBN|0-06-018215-6}}. "[[Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio]]" (1992) by [[Ken Burns]] was a PBS documentary based on the book.', 129 => '* Pilon, Robert, Isabelle Lamoureux, and Gilles Turcotte. ''Le Marché de la radio au Québec: document de reference''. [Montréal]: Association québécoise de l'industrie du dique, du spectacle et de la video, 1991. unpaged. ''N.B''.: Comprises: Robert Pilon's and Isabelle Lamoureux' ''Profil du marché de radio au Québec: un analyse de Média-culture''. -- Gilles Turcotte's ''Analyse comparative de l'écoute des principals stations de Montréal: prepare par Info Cible''.', 130 => '* Ray, William B. ''FCC: The Ups and Downs of Radio-TV Regulation'' (Iowa State University Press, 1990).', 131 => '* Russo, Alexan der. ''Points on the Dial: Golden Age Radio Beyond the Networks'' (Duke University Press; 2010) 278 pages; discusses regional and local radio as forms that "complicate" the image of the medium as a national unifier from the 1920s to the 1950s.', 132 => '* Scannell, Paddy, and Cardiff, David. ''A Social History of British Broadcasting, Volume One, 1922-1939'' (Basil Blackwell, 1991).', 133 => '* Schramm, Wilbur, ed. ''The Process and Effects of Mass Communication'' (1955 and later editions) articles by social scientists', 134 => '** Schramm, Wilbur, ed. ''Mass Communication'' (1950, 2nd ed. 1960); more popular essays', 135 => '* Schwoch James. ''The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900-1939'' (University of Illinois Press, 1990).', 136 => '* Stewart, Sandy. ''From Coast to Coast: a Personal History of Radio in Canada'' (Entreprises Radio-Canada, 1985). xi, 191 p., ill., chiefly with b&w photos. {{ISBN|0-88794-147-8}}', 137 => '* Stewart, Sandy. ''A Pictorial History of Radio in Canada'' (Gage Publishing, 1975). v, [1], 154 p., amply ill. in b&w mostly with photos. SBN 7715-9948-X', 138 => '* White Llewellyn. ''The American Radio'' (University of Chicago Press, 1947).', 139 => '{{refend}}', 140 => '', 141 => '==External links==', 142 => '{{Wiktionary}}', 143 => '', 144 => ';General', 145 => '{{refbegin}}', 146 => '*[http://www.fcc.gov/ Federal Communications Commission website] - fcc.gov', 147 => '*[http://www.dxing.info DXing.info] - Information about radio stations worldwide', 148 => '*[http://www.radio-locator.com/ Radio-Locator.com]- Links to 13,000 radio stations worldwide', 149 => '*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/reception/ BBC reception advice]', 150 => '*[http://dxradio.50webs.com DXradio.50webs.com] "The SWDXER" - with general SWL information and radio antenna tips', 151 => '*[http://www.radiostationzone.com RadioStationZone.com] - 10.000+ radio stations worldwide with ratings, comments and listen live links', 152 => '*[http://www.online-radio-stations.org Online-Radio-Stations.org] - The Web Radio Tuner has a comprehensive list of over 50.000 radio stations', 153 => '*[http://www.unwantedemissions.com/ UnwantedEmissions.com] - A general reference to radio spectrum allocations', 154 => '*[http://www.navidiku.rs/radio-stanice/ Radio stanice] - Search for radio stations throughout the Europe', 155 => '*[http://www.radioemisoraslatinas.com/ Radio Emisoras Latinas] - has a directory with thousands of Latin America Radio Stations', 156 => '*[http://www.myfmradiolive.com/ MY FM Radio Live] - MY FM Radio Live - Internet radio broadcast', 157 => '{{refend}}', 158 => '', 159 => '{{Broadcasting}}', 160 => '{{Navboxes', 161 => '|list1=', 162 => '{{Africa in topic|List of radio stations in}}', 163 => '{{Asia in topic|List of radio stations in}}', 164 => '{{Europe in topic|List of radio stations in}}', 165 => '{{North America in topic|List of radio stations in}}', 166 => '{{South America in topic|List of radio stations in}}', 167 => '* [[:Category:Lists of radio stations]] by [[:Category:Radio stations by city|city]], [[:Category:Radio stations by country|country]], [[:Category:Radio stations by format|format]], [[:Category:Radio stations by language|language]], [[:Category:Radio stations by owner|owner]], [[:Category:Radio stations by year of establishment|year of establishment]]', 168 => '}}', 169 => '', 170 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Radio Broadcasting}}', 171 => '[[Category:Radio broadcasting| ]]' ]