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The '''Southern Paiute people''' is a tribe of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] that have lived in the [[Colorado River]] basin of southern [[Nevada]], northern [[Arizona]], and southern Utah. Bands of Southern Paiute live in scattered locations throughout this territory and have been granted federal recognition on several reservations.
The first European contact with the Southern Paiute occurred in 1776, when fathers [[Silvestre Vélez de Escalante]] and [[Francisco Atanasio Domínguez]] encountered them during an attempt to find an overland route to the [[Spanish missions in California|missions of California]]. They noted that some of the Southern Paiute men "had thick beards and were thought to look more in appearance like Spanish men than native Americans".{{efn|1={{harvtxt|Warner|1995|pp=187–193}} cites {{harvtxt|Dominguez|de Escalante|1776}}}} Before this date, the Southern Paiute suffered slave raids by the [[Navajo people|Navajo]] and the [[Ute Tribe|Ute]]. The arrival of Spanish and later Euro-American explorers into their territory increased slave raiding by other tribes. In 1851, [[Mormon]] settlers strategically occupied Paiute water sources, which created a dependency relationship{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}. But, the presence of Mormon settlers soon ended the slave raids, and relations between the Paiutes and the Mormons were basically peaceful. The Mormon [[missionary]] [[Jacob Hamblin]] worked at diplomatic efforts. The introduction of European settlers and agricultural practices (most especially large herds of [[cattle]]) made it difficult for the Southern Paiute to continue their traditional lifestyle, as it drove away the game and reduced their ability to hunt, as well as to gather natural foods.
Today Southern Paiute communities are located at [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Pahrump, Nevada|Pahrump]], and [[Moapa Town, Nevada|Moapa]], in [[Nevada]]; [[Cedar City, Utah|Cedar City]], [[Kanosh, Utah|Kanosh]], [[Koosharem, Utah|Koosharem]], Shivwits, and Indian Peaks, in [[Utah]]; at [[Kaibab, Arizona|Kaibab]] and Willow Springs, in [[Arizona]].
== Public relations ==
Due to the policies, treaties, and mistreatment experienced by the Southern Paiute, their history is that of tragedy, dependency, and portrays the consequences of US paternalistic policy towards Native American tribes.<ref>https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1048&context=usupress_pubs</ref> Yet through it all the Southern Paiutes have portrayed remarkable resilience in preserving their culture, religion, and pride. Even though they've been marginalized and almost decimated from the world population, they managed to make a remarkable retaliation, preserving their priceless culture and heritage.
=== Early policy ===
Prior to the 1850s the Paiute people lived relatively peacefully with the other Native American groups. These groups included the Navajo, Ute, and Hopi tribes.<ref name=holt>Holt, R. L. (October). [http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/american_indians/paiuteindians.html Paiute Indians]. Retrieved October 12, 2018.</ref> Though there was the occasional tension and violent outbreaks between the two groups, Paiutes were mainly able to live in peace with other tribes and settlers due to their loose social structure. Most Paiutes lived in small familial groups, and only gathered together in large settings for matters of trade and commerce.<ref name=holt/> Prior to the 1850s their biggest antagonist raiders from competing tribes; such as the Navajos, Utes, and Hopis. The Navajos were particularly notorious for intruding on Paiute grazing land and engaging in brutal raids to capture Paiute women and children for slave trade.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 30028366|title = You Can't Get There from Here: Southern Paiute Testimony as Intercultural Communication|journal = Anthropological Linguistics|volume = 34|issue = 1/4|pages = 19–44|last1 = Bunte|first1 = Pamela|last2 = Franklin|first2 = Robert|year = 1992}}</ref>
Though these raids were harmful, what really crippled the Paiute's was the “settling” of their tribal lands by US citizens. The most prominent groups to migrate to Paiute lands were members and missionaries from [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints#Pioneer era|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]] and silver miners in [[Pioche, Nevada]]. To the Paiute people the settling of their lands not only brought a clash of economies and culture, but also a "degradation" of their sacred land. Prior to the 1860s, there had been no long-term development of the land. Most of the non-native contact they had was with transient militants or traders.<ref name=reeve>{{Cite book | jstor=10.5406/j.ctt1xcnr6| title=Making Space on the Western Frontier| last1=Reeve| first1=W. Paul| year=2006| publisher=University of Illinois Press| chapter=Mormons, Miners, and Southern Paiutes| isbn=9780252031267}}</ref> Paiutes fought hard to defend their ancestral lands, and at first were successful in driving the settlers out. But in 1869, a rich investor by the name of François Louis Alfred Pioche poured out investment in that town and it seemingly grew overnight to be a booming mining town. In the beginning of its founding, this town depended upon cheap Paiute labor to work in the mines. This caused a dramatic decline in the Paiute population.<ref name=reeve/> Another problem the Paiute people faced with these permanent settlers was their desire to “Americanize” the Paiute children. Paiute children were mandated to attend American schools where it was attempted to eradicate their old cultural traditions and tendencies. They were forced to learn about US history through the eyes of the US historians; causing them to forget their own culture and changing their historical memories of important coinciding events.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3641716|title = American Indians, Economic Development, and Self-Determination in the 1960s|journal = Pacific Historical Review|volume = 69|issue = 3|pages = 431–463|last1 = Riggs|first1 = Christopher K.|year = 2000|doi = 10.2307/3641716}}</ref> The Paiutes, a population of thousands of people, rapidly dwindled to be around sparsely 800 people.<ref>[https://www.utahpaiutes.org/news-2/history/Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah: History] Utahpaiutes.org. Retrieved 7 January 2019.</ref> Due to forced relocation, disease, and forced assimilation as time went on the Southern Paiute people started to disappear from the history books.
=== Modern relations ===
In the 1950s the Paiutes fell victim to "[[Indian termination policy]]". These policies stripped the Paiutes of their health and educational benefits, federal tax protection, and agricultural assistance. This policy harmed the Paiute people by leaving them on their own in a weak and unstable state.<ref>Holt, Ronald L. “Paiute Indians.” Utah Department of Heritage and Arts, 17 Aug. 2016, heritage.utah.gov/history/uhg-first-peoples-paiute-indians.</ref> In the 1980s the first attempt of reconciliation was made in the [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/96/hr4996 Restoration Act]. This act "legally" created the "Paiute Tribe" in the eyes of the US legislator. It united the five main bands into one tribe; the Cedars, Indian Peaks, Kanosh, Koosharem, and Shivwits,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.utahpaiutes.org/news-2/history/ | title=Our History - the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah}}</ref> and restored them to a system of federal aid and support.
== Culture ==
=== Basket weaving ===
One of the most important skills the women of the Paiute tribes had was their basket weaving skills. They would often use red-stemmed willows to weave their baskets. These skills were used in almost every aspect of their lives, and the skill is believed to have been passed down from mother to daughter for at least 9,000 years. When they would go to gather and forage they would carry large conical baskets on their back to collect things. Specific tools were created
[[File:Hat,_Southern_Paiute,_collected_1876_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC05567.JPG|thumb|Hat, Southern Paiute, collected 1876 - Native American collection - Peabody Museum, Harvard University - DSC05567]]
including ones to strip fruit off of bushes and trees, ones used for [[winnowing]], and ones used to get to roots better. They would also tightly weave these big baskets with clay and [[resin]] to create cooking pots and water jugs. Oftentimes, smaller tools were left behind, whereas bigger products such as cooking pots went with the families as they moved around. Based on the region the families were located determined different uses for the weaving. For instance, those who lived by marshes learned to create [[Duck decoy (model)|duck decoys]], nets, and rafts to better hunt the water fowl. Another use for this skill was to create their houses. They would use long thin grasses to tightly weave stalks of [[Typha|Cattails]] together, and in doing so they created these long board-like sections of grasses that they would set up around long willow limbs stuck in the ground.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://byu.kanopy.com/video/earth-our-home|title=The Earth is Our Home [Video file]|last=Patapoff|first=E. (Director)|date=1979|website=Kanopy|language=English|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref>
=== Traditional diet ===
A staple food for the Southern Paiutes was the [[Bitterroot|Bitter root]]. They also depended on [[Daucus carota|Wild carrot]], Wild onion, and [[Prunus virginiana|chokecherries]]. Chokecherries were useful in more ways than one- their stems were brewed to make a sweet drink, and their berries would be crushed, then dried to be saved for later. When [[Aphid]]s came and swarmed the cane plants, they would leave small drops of nectar where they punctured the cane stalk. Knowing this the Southern Paiute women would take the cane rods and beat them until the small dried droplets came loose. These droplets were then tossed in a winnowing dish to be separated from the remnants of the cane. Often these small particles were the main income of sweetness for the people.<ref name=":0" /> Another seed they would gather are waada seeds, minuscule black
[[File:Paiute_indian_woman_grinding_acorns_for_flour,_Lemoore,_Kings_County,_ca.1900_(CHS-922).jpg|thumb|Paiute Indian woman grinding acorns for flour, Lemoore, Kings County, ca.1900 (CHS-922)]] seeds that would be ground up into meal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/pacific/crm/oe/oeprojects/OEEWWada.htm|title=Rock Art of the Malheur Marshlands The Wada'Tika: Ancestors of Today's Burns Paiute Tribe, Oregon|last=Cultural Resources Management program|date=2012|website=US Fish and Wildlife Service|access-date=2018-11-12}}</ref> Those who lived in a region with an adequate water supply would set up farms, complete with ditch irrigation. The biggest crops were maize, squash and wheat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allison|first=James R.|last2=Meegan|first2=Cathryn M.|last3=Murray|first3=Shawn Sabrina|date=2008|title=Archaeology and Archaeobotany of Southern Paiute Horticulture in the St. George Basin, Southwestern Utah|journal=Kiva|volume=73|issue=4|pages=417–449|jstor=30246559|doi=10.1179/kiv.2008.73.4.003}}</ref> The men were the primary hunters, they would hunt waterfowl, rabbits, bighorn sheep and other mammals in the regions they passed through.<ref name=":1" />
===Paiute Archery===
====Bows====
There is a bow collected by the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in 1872.<ref>Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue Number E-12034-0.</ref> Made from a hardwood branch, possibly [[Mesquite]] or [[Cercocarpus|mountain mahogany]], and is 38 5/8 inches from tip to tip. The bow is round in cross section, and the string is two ply sinew. It has a sinew back, and the sinew has been stained with a reddish brown ochre. The bow is utiitarian and still has carving marks, as to be expected of a practical weapon in a hostile and harsh desert environment.<ref name="Primitive Archer">Berger, Billy. 2010. "Treasures of the Smithsonian. Part V. Archery of the Southwestern United States: Paiute. " [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881085890 Primitive Archer]. Volume 18 (5). October–November 2010. Pages 2025.</ref>
Another photograph is taken of a Paiute bow and arrow.<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1006831501 Photograph of Willard George Shooting a Bow and Arrow (Neb.), 1899-1900]. University of Nevada, Las Vegas University Libraries, n.d. Notes: Taken in Nebraska, Willard George (left) is showing a relative how to shoot a Paiute bow and arrow.</ref>
====Arrows====
A set of Paiute arrows was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1874.<ref>Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue number E-14539.</ref> Only one arrow has a point. The arrowhead is attached by pine pitch glue. There are sinew wrappings behind the point, but they are to prevent the shaft from splitting when the target is hit. The feathers are hawk and buzzard.<ref name="Primitive Archer"/>
====Quivers and Bowcases====
A Paiute arrow quiver was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1872.<ref>Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue Number E-12038-0.</ref> The quiver is made of deerskin with thick hair still on the case, showing the deer was killed in the winter, and is sewn with two ply sinew, much like the bowstring. "The quiver is plain, with no decoration, as would be expected of a desert dwelling culture."<ref name="Primitive Archer"/>
=== Organization of the Southern Paiute people ===
One important aspect of gathering food was the social aspect, often families would come together for foraging and games and then depart and go their different ways. The Southern Paiutes weren't actually split up into tribes, oftentimes their groups were made up of small family units that would occasionally come together with others to socialize. You would have about 10-50 people in each group, and in each group everyone was related to each other. Family ties were really important to these groups—it would often determine where they would go and who would support each other—so marriages were very important to the Southern Paiutes. The leader of the group was called a Headman, and he would be old enough to know a lot about the land, but young enough to still participate in the tribes activities, and he usually had several different family ties within the group. His job was to wake early in the morning, and using his knowledge he would make specific suggestions of what he thought the tribe should do that day, and if people thought his observations were astute they would follow him, if not then they wouldn't. His suggestions would be based on the weather, season, and abundance of food. If over time they stopped following his ideas and instead turned to another, then the Headman leader title would move onto that person. The Headman also was supposed to settle any disputes that came up.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CixmFMIDfhoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Boundaries+between#v=onepage&q=Headman&f=false|title=Boundaries between : the Southern Paiutes, 1775-1995|last=Knack|first=Martha C.|date=2004|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=9780803278189|location=|pages=20–25|oclc=}}</ref> Oftentimes different sub-units of the Southern Paiutes would be classified by the settlers coming in from Europe based on what they ate. So you had those who ate waada seeds, those who ate trout, those who ate cattails, etc.<ref name=":0" />
=== Holy land traditions ===
The Southern Paiute people believe in Puaxant Tuvip, or power land. It is their holy land that links to many significant landmarks in the Southern Paiutes memory and stories. For instance Nuvagantu, or [[Mount Charleston|Mt. Charleston]] in Nevada is a holy landmark that the Southern Paiute people believe was where they were created. These holy lands were places that the separate families or tribes would come to barter, trade, socialize and perform religious ceremonies. Another large landmark that is culturally significant to the Southern Paiutes is the [[Colorado River|Colorado river]] and the [[Grand Canyon]]. The modern-day importance of these Holy Lands is that the Southern Paiutes claim the supernaturally given right to know what happens and the impacts of any projects that occur in their holy lands.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stoffle|first=Richard W.|last2=Halmo|first2=David B.|last3=Austin|first3=Diane E.|date=1997|title=Cultural Landscapes and Traditional Cultural Properties: A Southern Paiute View of the Grand Canyon and Colorado River|journal=American Indian Quarterly|volume=21|issue=2|pages=229|doi=10.2307/1185646|issn=0095-182X|jstor=1185646}}</ref>
=== Modern-day flag ===
The Paiutes have a flag that was officially confirmed in 1997. Within it are several symbolisms for the tribe. First the colors, white symbolizes purity, the red and black are both for strength and power, and the yellow for healing and life. The biggest symbol is the eagle which represents their deity, then there are a
[[File:Flag_of_the_Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah.png|thumb|Flag of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah]]
series of images that relate to traditional songs and games the Southern Paiutes would play, the arrowheads that they were known for. Overall the image is supposed to represent a warrior's shield with the five eagle feathers hanging on the bottom representing the 5 modern-day tribes of the Southern Paiutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.utahpaiutes.org/about/paiutelogo.aspx|title=Paiute logo and flag information|last=Healy|first=Donald|date=2008|website=Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah}}</ref>
== Traditional Southern Paiute bands ==
The Southern Paiute traditionally had 16 to 31 subgroups, bands, or tribes.{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}}
* '''Ankakkani'kacimi''' ('''Un-ka-ka'-ni-guts, Unka-kanig-its''', '''Oaw'tuhus'eng'''), "Yellow Mouth of Canyon People" in present [[Long Valley (Kane County, Utah)|Long Valley]]
* '''Antarianunts''' (Ute name with ending ''unts''); Paiute name '''Yantar<s>i</s>i''', mixed Southern Paiute-Ute band from [[Escalante River]] east to Colorado River and southeast to [[Henry Mountains]], Utah{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}}
* Beaver band ('''K<sup>w</sup>i?umpací<s>i</s>i''', '''Kwiumpus''', '''Quiumputs)''', "''[[Frasera speciosa]]'' people", lived in [[Beaver Valley (Utah)|Beaver Valley]] along [[Beaver River (Utah)|Beaver River]] near today's [[Beaver, Utah]],{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}} some intermarried with the [[Pahvant]] [[Ute people|Ute]] band to the north living in the deserts near [[Sevier Lake]]
* Cedar band ('''Ankappanukkic<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>)''', '''Unkapanukuints''', "Red-stream people", or '''Suh’dutsing''', "Cedar people" from near [[Cedar City, Utah]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}}
* Gunlock band ('''Matooshats''', '''Matissatï''' was the name given them by the southwards living ''St. George band/Uainuints'', they instead bestowed the term to Southern Paiute bands northeast of them), lived near [[Gunlock, Utah|Gunlock]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}} in southwest Utah
* '''[[Kaibab Paiute|Kaibab]]''' ('''Kaipapic<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>''', '''Kaivavwits''', '''Kaibabits''', '''Kaipa'pici''', '''Kaivavituvingui''', "Mountain Lying Down People" the [[Kaibab Plateau]] and [[Kaibab National Forest]] in northern Arizona are named after them{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}}
* Indian Peak Band ('''Kwee’choovunt'''), "Peak People"
* '''Kaiparowits''', "mountain home of the people", lived along the [[Escalante River]] and were hunting the [[Kaiparowits Plateau]] in Utah,{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}} therefore also known as Escalante band
* [[Las Vegas Paiute|Las Vegas band]] ('''N<s>i</s>pakant<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>''', '''Nuaguntits'''), "People of [[Mount Charleston|Charleston Peak]]"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}}
* '''[[Moapa Band of Paiute Indians|Moapa]]''' ('''Moapats'''), "Muddy Creek Paiute"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}}
* '''Pahranagat''' ('''Pata?nikic<s>i</s>'''), "Person who sticks his feet in the water, named for the [[Pahranagat Valley]], Nevada{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}}
* '''Panaca''' ('''Tsouwaraits''', '''Matisabits'''), named for [[Panaca, Nevada]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}}
* '''Panguitch''' ('''Pakiucimi'''), "fish people", named for [[Panguitch, Utah]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}}
* [[San Juan Paiute|San Juan band]] ('''Kwaiantikowkets'''), "People being over on the opposite side", from the [[San Juan River (Colorado River)|San Juan River]] in northern Arizona{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}}
* '''[[Shivwits]]''' ('''Sipicimi''', '''Shebits''', '''Sübüts'''), "People who live in the East"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}} or '''See’veetseng''', "Whitish Earth People"
* '''Uinkaret''' ('''Yipinkat<s>i</s>t<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>'''), "People of Mount Trumbull"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}}
* '''Uainuints''' ('''Uenuwunts''', also known as '''Tonaquints''', hunted and farmed from [[Hebron, Utah|Hebron]] (Shoal Creek Fort), [[Enterprise, Utah|Enterprise]] and Pinto southward along the [[Santa Clara River (Utah)|Santa Clara River]] (also called ''Tonaquint River'') to his mouth into the [[Virgin River]] south of today's [[Saint George, Utah]], therefore called St. George Band){{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}}
== Contemporary Southern Paiute federally recognized tribes ==
* [[Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation, Arizona]]—[[Kaibab Indian Reservation]], [[Arizona]]
* [[Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians of the Las Vegas Indian Colony]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]]
* [[Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation]], [[Moapa River Indian Reservation]], [[Moapa, Nevada]]
* [[Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah]], [[Cedar City, Utah]]
** [[Cedar City Band of Paiutes]]
** [[Kanosh Band of Paiutes]]
** [[Koosharem Band of Paiutes]]
** [[Indian Peaks Band of Paiutes]]
** [[Shivwits Band of Paiutes]]
* [[San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona]], [[Tuba City, Arizona]]
== Notable Southern Paiutes ==
* [[Tony Tillohash]], linguist and politician
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Sources ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book
| title = Derrotero de los Padres Fray Francisco Atanacio Domínguez, and Fr. Silvestre Vélez, de Escalante, en sus exploraciónes, desde las missiones de Zuñy del Nuevo Mexico, hasta las ymmediaciones de Monte Rey de California
| first1 = Atanasio
| last1 = Dominguez
| first2 = Silvestre <!--{{sfn|Dominguez|de Escalante|1776
}} -->
| last2 = Vélez de Escalante
| date = 1776
| url = http://mith.umd.edu/eada/gateway/diario/diary.html
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite web
| last1 = Hogan
| first1 = C. Michael
| title = Morro Creek – Ancient Village or Settlement in United States in The West
| date = 2008
| work = The Megalith Portal
| editor1-first = A.
| editor1-last = Burnham
| url = http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524184144/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502
| archivedate = {{date|24 may 2013 }}
| url-status = live
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
| last1 = Kelly
| first1 = Isabel T.
| last2 = Fowler
| first2 = Catherine S.
| author2-link = Catherine S. Fowler
| date = 1986
| chapter = Southern Paiute
| pages = 368–397
| editor1-last = d'Azevedo
| editor1-first = Warren L.
| encyclopedia = [[Handbook of North American Indians]]
| volume = '''11''' Great Basin
| others = [[William C. Sturtevant]], general editor
| publisher = Smithsonian Institution
| isbn = 978-0-16-004581-3
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Kroeber
| first1 = Alfred L.
| author1-link = Alfred L. Kroeber
| date = 1925
| title = Handbook of the Indians of California
| publisher = Government Printing Office
| series = Bulletin (Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology)
| volume = 78
| location = Washington, D. C.
| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/87612#page/7/mode/1up
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1 = Pritzker
|first1 = Barry M.
|date = 2000
|encyclopedia = A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
|publisher = OUP
|isbn = 978-0-19-513877-1
|ref = harv
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit
}}
* {{Cite book
| translator1-last = Chávez
| translator1-first = Angélico
| editor1-last = Warner
| editor1-first = Ted J.
| others = foreword by Robert Himmerich y Valencia
| date = 1995
| title = The Domínguez–Escalante journal : their expedition through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in 1776
| publisher = University of Utah Press
| isbn = 978-0-87480-447-8
| ref = harv
| title-link = Dominguez–Escalante Expedition
}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Dutton
| first1 = Bertha Pauline
| date = 1976
| title = The Ranchería, Ute, and Southern Paiute Peoples
| publisher = Prentice-Hall
| edition = 2nd
| isbn = 978-0-13-752923-0
| ref = harv
}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Paiute}}
=== Tribes ===
* [http://www.utahpaiutes.org/ Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah]
=== Language ===
* [https://www.ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla%3A124402 Southern Paiute Collection of Charles Cairns] at [[Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America|AILLA]]—contains audio recordings of words, phrases, and a story in the Southern Paiute language.
=== Other ===
* [https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1506652361/removing-classrooms-from-the-battlefield-liberty "Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice", 2008 ''BYU Law Review'' 377]
* "The Piutes and the Legacy of [[Richard Henry Pratt]]"{{clarify|date=May 2014}}
* [http://www.kaibabpaiute-nsn.gov/spc/SPC2temp_Paiute_Map.jpg Traditional Southern Paiute Territory: Band Divisions]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140520001435/http://library.dixie.edu/special_collections/Juanita%20Brooks%20lectures/lecture_images/2007%20-%20map.png Southern Paiute Tribal Boundary]
{{Indigenous People of AZ}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Paiute| ]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Arizona]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Nevada]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Utah]]
[[Category:Indigenous weapons of the Americas]]
[[Category:Archery in the United States]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '[[File:MEME|thumb|LOL]]
'''''Italic text'''
[[File:MEME|thumb]]
''[[File:Southern Paiutes.jpg|thumb|[[Moapa Band of Paiute Indians|Moapa]] Southern Paiute, Paiute woman and girl wearing traditional Paiute basket hats. Baby swaddled in rabbit robes in [[cradleboard]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]]]
The '''Southern Paiute people''' is a tribe of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] that have lived in the [[Colorado River]] basin of southern [[Nevada]], northern [[Arizona]], and southern Utah. Bands of Southern Paiute live in scattered locations throughout this territory and have been granted federal, SIKE YOUR SOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO DUMB.
The first European contact with the Southern Paiute occurred in 1776, when fathers [[Silvestre Vélez de Escalante]] and [[Francisco Atanasio Domínguez]] encountered them during an attempt to find an overland route to the [[Spanish missions in California|missions of California]]. They noted that some of the Southern Paiute men "had thick beards and were thought to look more in appearance like Spanish men than native Americans".{{efn|1={{harvtxt|Warner|1995|pp=187–193}} cites {{harvtxt|Dominguez|de Escalante|1776}}}} Before this date, the Southern Paiute suffered slave raids by the [[Navajo people|Navajo]] and the [[Ute Tribe|Ute]]. The arrival of Spanish and later Euro-American explorers into their territory increased slave raiding by other tribes. In 1851, [[Mormon]] settlers strategically occupied Paiute water sources, which created a dependency relationship{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}. But, the presence of Mormon settlers soon ended the slave raids, and relations between the Paiutes and the Mormons were basically peaceful. The Mormon [[missionary]] [[Jacob Hamblin]] worked at diplomatic efforts. The introduction of European settlers and agricultural practices (most especially large herds of [[cattle]]) made it difficult for the Southern Paiute to continue their traditional lifestyle, as it drove away the game and reduced their ability to hunt, as well as to gather natural foods.
Today Southern Paiute communities are located at [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Pahrump, Nevada|Pahrump]], and [[Moapa Town, Nevada|Moapa]], in [[Nevada]]; [[Cedar City, Utah|Cedar City]], [[Kanosh, Utah|Kanosh]], [[Koosharem, Utah|Koosharem]], Shivwits, and Indian Peaks, in [[Utah]]; at [[Kaibab, Arizona|Kaibab]] and Willow Springs, in [[Arizona]].
== Public relations ==
Due to the policies, treaties, and mistreatment experienced by the Southern Paiute, their history is that of tragedy, dependency, and portrays the consequences of US paternalistic policy towards Native American tribes.<ref>https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1048&context=usupress_pubs</ref> Yet through it all the Southern Paiutes have portrayed remarkable resilience in preserving their culture, religion, and pride. Even though they've been marginalized and almost decimated from the world population, they managed to make a remarkable retaliation, preserving their priceless culture and heritage.
=== Early policy ===
Prior to the 1850s the Paiute people lived relatively peacefully with the other Native American groups. These groups included the Navajo, Ute, and Hopi tribes.<ref name=holt>Holt, R. L. (October). [http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/american_indians/paiuteindians.html Paiute Indians]. Retrieved October 12, 2018.</ref> Though there was the occasional tension and violent outbreaks between the two groups, Paiutes were mainly able to live in peace with other tribes and settlers due to their loose social structure. Most Paiutes lived in small familial groups, and only gathered together in large settings for matters of trade and commerce.<ref name=holt/> Prior to the 1850s their biggest antagonist raiders from competing tribes; such as the Navajos, Utes, and Hopis. The Navajos were particularly notorious for intruding on Paiute grazing land and engaging in brutal raids to capture Paiute women and children for slave trade.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 30028366|title = You Can't Get There from Here: Southern Paiute Testimony as Intercultural Communication|journal = Anthropological Linguistics|volume = 34|issue = 1/4|pages = 19–44|last1 = Bunte|first1 = Pamela|last2 = Franklin|first2 = Robert|year = 1992}}</ref>
Though these raids were harmful, what really crippled the Paiute's was the “settling” of their tribal lands by US citizens. The most prominent groups to migrate to Paiute lands were members and missionaries from [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints#Pioneer era|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]] and silver miners in [[Pioche, Nevada]]. To the Paiute people the settling of their lands not only brought a clash of economies and culture, but also a "degradation" of their sacred land. Prior to the 1860s, there had been no long-term development of the land. Most of the non-native contact they had was with transient militants or traders.<ref name=reeve>{{Cite book | jstor=10.5406/j.ctt1xcnr6| title=Making Space on the Western Frontier| last1=Reeve| first1=W. Paul| year=2006| publisher=University of Illinois Press| chapter=Mormons, Miners, and Southern Paiutes| isbn=9780252031267}}</ref> Paiutes fought hard to defend their ancestral lands, and at first were successful in driving the settlers out. But in 1869, a rich investor by the name of François Louis Alfred Pioche poured out investment in that town and it seemingly grew overnight to be a booming mining town. In the beginning of its founding, this town depended upon cheap Paiute labor to work in the mines. This caused a dramatic decline in the Paiute population.<ref name=reeve/> Another problem the Paiute people faced with these permanent settlers was their desire to “Americanize” the Paiute children. Paiute children were mandated to attend American schools where it was attempted to eradicate their old cultural traditions and tendencies. They were forced to learn about US history through the eyes of the US historians; causing them to forget their own culture and changing their historical memories of important coinciding events.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3641716|title = American Indians, Economic Development, and Self-Determination in the 1960s|journal = Pacific Historical Review|volume = 69|issue = 3|pages = 431–463|last1 = Riggs|first1 = Christopher K.|year = 2000|doi = 10.2307/3641716}}</ref> The Paiutes, a population of thousands of people, rapidly dwindled to be around sparsely 800 people.<ref>[https://www.utahpaiutes.org/news-2/history/Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah: History] Utahpaiutes.org. Retrieved 7 January 2019.</ref> Due to forced relocation, disease, and forced assimilation as time went on the Southern Paiute people started to disappear from the history books.
=== Modern relations ===
In the 1950s the Paiutes fell victim to "[[Indian termination policy]]". These policies stripped the Paiutes of their health and educational benefits, federal tax protection, and agricultural assistance. This policy harmed the Paiute people by leaving them on their own in a weak and unstable state.<ref>Holt, Ronald L. “Paiute Indians.” Utah Department of Heritage and Arts, 17 Aug. 2016, heritage.utah.gov/history/uhg-first-peoples-paiute-indians.</ref> In the 1980s the first attempt of reconciliation was made in the [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/96/hr4996 Restoration Act]. This act "legally" created the "Paiute Tribe" in the eyes of the US legislator. It united the five main bands into one tribe; the Cedars, Indian Peaks, Kanosh, Koosharem, and Shivwits,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.utahpaiutes.org/news-2/history/ | title=Our History - the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah}}</ref> and restored them to a system of federal aid and support.
== Culture ==
=== Basket weaving ===
One of the most important skills the women of the Paiute tribes had was their basket weaving skills. They would often use red-stemmed willows to weave their baskets. These skills were used in almost every aspect of their lives, and the skill is believed to have been passed down from mother to daughter for at least 9,000 years. When they would go to gather and forage they would carry large conical baskets on their back to collect things. Specific tools were created
[[File:Hat,_Southern_Paiute,_collected_1876_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC05567.JPG|thumb|Hat, Southern Paiute, collected 1876 - Native American collection - Peabody Museum, Harvard University - DSC05567]]
including ones to strip fruit off of bushes and trees, ones used for [[winnowing]], and ones used to get to roots better. They would also tightly weave these big baskets with clay and [[resin]] to create cooking pots and water jugs. Oftentimes, smaller tools were left behind, whereas bigger products such as cooking pots went with the families as they moved around. Based on the region the families were located determined different uses for the weaving. For instance, those who lived by marshes learned to create [[Duck decoy (model)|duck decoys]], nets, and rafts to better hunt the water fowl. Another use for this skill was to create their houses. They would use long thin grasses to tightly weave stalks of [[Typha|Cattails]] together, and in doing so they created these long board-like sections of grasses that they would set up around long willow limbs stuck in the ground.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://byu.kanopy.com/video/earth-our-home|title=The Earth is Our Home [Video file]|last=Patapoff|first=E. (Director)|date=1979|website=Kanopy|language=English|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref>
=== Traditional diet ===
A staple food for the Southern Paiutes was the [[Bitterroot|Bitter root]]. They also depended on [[Daucus carota|Wild carrot]], Wild onion, and [[Prunus virginiana|chokecherries]]. Chokecherries were useful in more ways than one- their stems were brewed to make a sweet drink, and their berries would be crushed, then dried to be saved for later. When [[Aphid]]s came and swarmed the cane plants, they would leave small drops of nectar where they punctured the cane stalk. Knowing this the Southern Paiute women would take the cane rods and beat them until the small dried droplets came loose. These droplets were then tossed in a winnowing dish to be separated from the remnants of the cane. Often these small particles were the main income of sweetness for the people.<ref name=":0" /> Another seed they would gather are waada seeds, minuscule black
[[File:Paiute_indian_woman_grinding_acorns_for_flour,_Lemoore,_Kings_County,_ca.1900_(CHS-922).jpg|thumb|Paiute Indian woman grinding acorns for flour, Lemoore, Kings County, ca.1900 (CHS-922)]] seeds that would be ground up into meal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/pacific/crm/oe/oeprojects/OEEWWada.htm|title=Rock Art of the Malheur Marshlands The Wada'Tika: Ancestors of Today's Burns Paiute Tribe, Oregon|last=Cultural Resources Management program|date=2012|website=US Fish and Wildlife Service|access-date=2018-11-12}}</ref> Those who lived in a region with an adequate water supply would set up farms, complete with ditch irrigation. The biggest crops were maize, squash and wheat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allison|first=James R.|last2=Meegan|first2=Cathryn M.|last3=Murray|first3=Shawn Sabrina|date=2008|title=Archaeology and Archaeobotany of Southern Paiute Horticulture in the St. George Basin, Southwestern Utah|journal=Kiva|volume=73|issue=4|pages=417–449|jstor=30246559|doi=10.1179/kiv.2008.73.4.003}}</ref> The men were the primary hunters, they would hunt waterfowl, rabbits, bighorn sheep and other mammals in the regions they passed through.<ref name=":1" />
===Paiute Archery===
====Bows====
There is a bow collected by the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in 1872.<ref>Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue Number E-12034-0.</ref> Made from a hardwood branch, possibly [[Mesquite]] or [[Cercocarpus|mountain mahogany]], and is 38 5/8 inches from tip to tip. The bow is round in cross section, and the string is two ply sinew. It has a sinew back, and the sinew has been stained with a reddish brown ochre. The bow is utiitarian and still has carving marks, as to be expected of a practical weapon in a hostile and harsh desert environment.<ref name="Primitive Archer">Berger, Billy. 2010. "Treasures of the Smithsonian. Part V. Archery of the Southwestern United States: Paiute. " [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881085890 Primitive Archer]. Volume 18 (5). October–November 2010. Pages 2025.</ref>
Another photograph is taken of a Paiute bow and arrow.<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1006831501 Photograph of Willard George Shooting a Bow and Arrow (Neb.), 1899-1900]. University of Nevada, Las Vegas University Libraries, n.d. Notes: Taken in Nebraska, Willard George (left) is showing a relative how to shoot a Paiute bow and arrow.</ref>
====Arrows====
A set of Paiute arrows was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1874.<ref>Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue number E-14539.</ref> Only one arrow has a point. The arrowhead is attached by pine pitch glue. There are sinew wrappings behind the point, but they are to prevent the shaft from splitting when the target is hit. The feathers are hawk and buzzard.<ref name="Primitive Archer"/>
====Quivers and Bowcases====
A Paiute arrow quiver was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1872.<ref>Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue Number E-12038-0.</ref> The quiver is made of deerskin with thick hair still on the case, showing the deer was killed in the winter, and is sewn with two ply sinew, much like the bowstring. "The quiver is plain, with no decoration, as would be expected of a desert dwelling culture."<ref name="Primitive Archer"/>
=== Organization of the Southern Paiute people ===
One important aspect of gathering food was the social aspect, often families would come together for foraging and games and then depart and go their different ways. The Southern Paiutes weren't actually split up into tribes, oftentimes their groups were made up of small family units that would occasionally come together with others to socialize. You would have about 10-50 people in each group, and in each group everyone was related to each other. Family ties were really important to these groups—it would often determine where they would go and who would support each other—so marriages were very important to the Southern Paiutes. The leader of the group was called a Headman, and he would be old enough to know a lot about the land, but young enough to still participate in the tribes activities, and he usually had several different family ties within the group. His job was to wake early in the morning, and using his knowledge he would make specific suggestions of what he thought the tribe should do that day, and if people thought his observations were astute they would follow him, if not then they wouldn't. His suggestions would be based on the weather, season, and abundance of food. If over time they stopped following his ideas and instead turned to another, then the Headman leader title would move onto that person. The Headman also was supposed to settle any disputes that came up.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CixmFMIDfhoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Boundaries+between#v=onepage&q=Headman&f=false|title=Boundaries between : the Southern Paiutes, 1775-1995|last=Knack|first=Martha C.|date=2004|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=9780803278189|location=|pages=20–25|oclc=}}</ref> Oftentimes different sub-units of the Southern Paiutes would be classified by the settlers coming in from Europe based on what they ate. So you had those who ate waada seeds, those who ate trout, those who ate cattails, etc.<ref name=":0" />
=== Holy land traditions ===
The Southern Paiute people believe in Puaxant Tuvip, or power land. It is their holy land that links to many significant landmarks in the Southern Paiutes memory and stories. For instance Nuvagantu, or [[Mount Charleston|Mt. Charleston]] in Nevada is a holy landmark that the Southern Paiute people believe was where they were created. These holy lands were places that the separate families or tribes would come to barter, trade, socialize and perform religious ceremonies. Another large landmark that is culturally significant to the Southern Paiutes is the [[Colorado River|Colorado river]] and the [[Grand Canyon]]. The modern-day importance of these Holy Lands is that the Southern Paiutes claim the supernaturally given right to know what happens and the impacts of any projects that occur in their holy lands.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stoffle|first=Richard W.|last2=Halmo|first2=David B.|last3=Austin|first3=Diane E.|date=1997|title=Cultural Landscapes and Traditional Cultural Properties: A Southern Paiute View of the Grand Canyon and Colorado River|journal=American Indian Quarterly|volume=21|issue=2|pages=229|doi=10.2307/1185646|issn=0095-182X|jstor=1185646}}</ref>
=== Modern-day flag ===
The Paiutes have a flag that was officially confirmed in 1997. Within it are several symbolisms for the tribe. First the colors, white symbolizes purity, the red and black are both for strength and power, and the yellow for healing and life. The biggest symbol is the eagle which represents their deity, then there are a
[[File:Flag_of_the_Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah.png|thumb|Flag of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah]]
series of images that relate to traditional songs and games the Southern Paiutes would play, the arrowheads that they were known for. Overall the image is supposed to represent a warrior's shield with the five eagle feathers hanging on the bottom representing the 5 modern-day tribes of the Southern Paiutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.utahpaiutes.org/about/paiutelogo.aspx|title=Paiute logo and flag information|last=Healy|first=Donald|date=2008|website=Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah}}</ref>
== Traditional Southern Paiute bands ==
The Southern Paiute traditionally had 16 to 31 subgroups, bands, or tribes.{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}}
* '''Ankakkani'kacimi''' ('''Un-ka-ka'-ni-guts, Unka-kanig-its''', '''Oaw'tuhus'eng'''), "Yellow Mouth of Canyon People" in present [[Long Valley (Kane County, Utah)|Long Valley]]
* '''Antarianunts''' (Ute name with ending ''unts''); Paiute name '''Yantar<s>i</s>i''', mixed Southern Paiute-Ute band from [[Escalante River]] east to Colorado River and southeast to [[Henry Mountains]], Utah{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}}
* Beaver band ('''K<sup>w</sup>i?umpací<s>i</s>i''', '''Kwiumpus''', '''Quiumputs)''', "''[[Frasera speciosa]]'' people", lived in [[Beaver Valley (Utah)|Beaver Valley]] along [[Beaver River (Utah)|Beaver River]] near today's [[Beaver, Utah]],{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}} some intermarried with the [[Pahvant]] [[Ute people|Ute]] band to the north living in the deserts near [[Sevier Lake]]
* Cedar band ('''Ankappanukkic<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>)''', '''Unkapanukuints''', "Red-stream people", or '''Suh’dutsing''', "Cedar people" from near [[Cedar City, Utah]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}}
* Gunlock band ('''Matooshats''', '''Matissatï''' was the name given them by the southwards living ''St. George band/Uainuints'', they instead bestowed the term to Southern Paiute bands northeast of them), lived near [[Gunlock, Utah|Gunlock]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}} in southwest Utah
* '''[[Kaibab Paiute|Kaibab]]''' ('''Kaipapic<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>''', '''Kaivavwits''', '''Kaibabits''', '''Kaipa'pici''', '''Kaivavituvingui''', "Mountain Lying Down People" the [[Kaibab Plateau]] and [[Kaibab National Forest]] in northern Arizona are named after them{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}}
* Indian Peak Band ('''Kwee’choovunt'''), "Peak People"
* '''Kaiparowits''', "mountain home of the people", lived along the [[Escalante River]] and were hunting the [[Kaiparowits Plateau]] in Utah,{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}} therefore also known as Escalante band
* [[Las Vegas Paiute|Las Vegas band]] ('''N<s>i</s>pakant<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>''', '''Nuaguntits'''), "People of [[Mount Charleston|Charleston Peak]]"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}}
* '''[[Moapa Band of Paiute Indians|Moapa]]''' ('''Moapats'''), "Muddy Creek Paiute"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}}
* '''Pahranagat''' ('''Pata?nikic<s>i</s>'''), "Person who sticks his feet in the water, named for the [[Pahranagat Valley]], Nevada{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}}
* '''Panaca''' ('''Tsouwaraits''', '''Matisabits'''), named for [[Panaca, Nevada]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}}
* '''Panguitch''' ('''Pakiucimi'''), "fish people", named for [[Panguitch, Utah]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}}
* [[San Juan Paiute|San Juan band]] ('''Kwaiantikowkets'''), "People being over on the opposite side", from the [[San Juan River (Colorado River)|San Juan River]] in northern Arizona{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}}
* '''[[Shivwits]]''' ('''Sipicimi''', '''Shebits''', '''Sübüts'''), "People who live in the East"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}} or '''See’veetseng''', "Whitish Earth People"
* '''Uinkaret''' ('''Yipinkat<s>i</s>t<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>'''), "People of Mount Trumbull"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}}
* '''Uainuints''' ('''Uenuwunts''', also known as '''Tonaquints''', hunted and farmed from [[Hebron, Utah|Hebron]] (Shoal Creek Fort), [[Enterprise, Utah|Enterprise]] and Pinto southward along the [[Santa Clara River (Utah)|Santa Clara River]] (also called ''Tonaquint River'') to his mouth into the [[Virgin River]] south of today's [[Saint George, Utah]], therefore called St. George Band){{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}}
== Contemporary Southern Paiute federally recognized tribes ==
* [[Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation, Arizona]]—[[Kaibab Indian Reservation]], [[Arizona]]
* [[Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians of the Las Vegas Indian Colony]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]]
* [[Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation]], [[Moapa River Indian Reservation]], [[Moapa, Nevada]]
* [[Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah]], [[Cedar City, Utah]]
** [[Cedar City Band of Paiutes]]
** [[Kanosh Band of Paiutes]]
** [[Koosharem Band of Paiutes]]
** [[Indian Peaks Band of Paiutes]]
** [[Shivwits Band of Paiutes]]
* [[San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona]], [[Tuba City, Arizona]]
== Notable Southern Paiutes ==
* [[Tony Tillohash]], linguist and politician
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Sources ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book
| title = Derrotero de los Padres Fray Francisco Atanacio Domínguez, and Fr. Silvestre Vélez, de Escalante, en sus exploraciónes, desde las missiones de Zuñy del Nuevo Mexico, hasta las ymmediaciones de Monte Rey de California
| first1 = Atanasio
| last1 = Dominguez
| first2 = Silvestre <!--{{sfn|Dominguez|de Escalante|1776
}} -->
| last2 = Vélez de Escalante
| date = 1776
| url = http://mith.umd.edu/eada/gateway/diario/diary.html
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite web
| last1 = Hogan
| first1 = C. Michael
| title = Morro Creek – Ancient Village or Settlement in United States in The West
| date = 2008
| work = The Megalith Portal
| editor1-first = A.
| editor1-last = Burnham
| url = http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524184144/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502
| archivedate = {{date|24 may 2013 }}
| url-status = live
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
| last1 = Kelly
| first1 = Isabel T.
| last2 = Fowler
| first2 = Catherine S.
| author2-link = Catherine S. Fowler
| date = 1986
| chapter = Southern Paiute
| pages = 368–397
| editor1-last = d'Azevedo
| editor1-first = Warren L.
| encyclopedia = [[Handbook of North American Indians]]
| volume = '''11''' Great Basin
| others = [[William C. Sturtevant]], general editor
| publisher = Smithsonian Institution
| isbn = 978-0-16-004581-3
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Kroeber
| first1 = Alfred L.
| author1-link = Alfred L. Kroeber
| date = 1925
| title = Handbook of the Indians of California
| publisher = Government Printing Office
| series = Bulletin (Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology)
| volume = 78
| location = Washington, D. C.
| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/87612#page/7/mode/1up
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1 = Pritzker
|first1 = Barry M.
|date = 2000
|encyclopedia = A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
|publisher = OUP
|isbn = 978-0-19-513877-1
|ref = harv
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit
}}
* {{Cite book
| translator1-last = Chávez
| translator1-first = Angélico
| editor1-last = Warner
| editor1-first = Ted J.
| others = foreword by Robert Himmerich y Valencia
| date = 1995
| title = The Domínguez–Escalante journal : their expedition through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in 1776
| publisher = University of Utah Press
| isbn = 978-0-87480-447-8
| ref = harv
| title-link = Dominguez–Escalante Expedition
}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Dutton
| first1 = Bertha Pauline
| date = 1976
| title = The Ranchería, Ute, and Southern Paiute Peoples
| publisher = Prentice-Hall
| edition = 2nd
| isbn = 978-0-13-752923-0
| ref = harv
}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Paiute}}
=== Tribes ===
* [http://www.utahpaiutes.org/ Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah]
=== Language ===
* [https://www.ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla%3A124402 Southern Paiute Collection of Charles Cairns] at [[Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America|AILLA]]—contains audio recordings of words, phrases, and a story in the Southern Paiute language.
=== Other ===
* [https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1506652361/removing-classrooms-from-the-battlefield-liberty "Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice", 2008 ''BYU Law Review'' 377]
* "The Piutes and the Legacy of [[Richard Henry Pratt]]"{{clarify|date=May 2014}}
* [http://www.kaibabpaiute-nsn.gov/spc/SPC2temp_Paiute_Map.jpg Traditional Southern Paiute Territory: Band Divisions]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140520001435/http://library.dixie.edu/special_collections/Juanita%20Brooks%20lectures/lecture_images/2007%20-%20map.png Southern Paiute Tribal Boundary]
{{Indigenous People of AZ}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Paiute| ]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Arizona]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Nevada]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Utah]]
[[Category:Indigenous weapons of the Americas]]
[[Category:Archery in the United States]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-[[File:Southern Paiutes.jpg|thumb|[[Moapa Band of Paiute Indians|Moapa]] Southern Paiute, Paiute woman and girl wearing traditional Paiute basket hats. Baby swaddled in rabbit robes in [[cradleboard]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]]]
+[[File:MEME|thumb|LOL]]
+'''''Italic text'''
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+''[[File:Southern Paiutes.jpg|thumb|[[Moapa Band of Paiute Indians|Moapa]] Southern Paiute, Paiute woman and girl wearing traditional Paiute basket hats. Baby swaddled in rabbit robes in [[cradleboard]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]]]
-The '''Southern Paiute people''' is a tribe of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] that have lived in the [[Colorado River]] basin of southern [[Nevada]], northern [[Arizona]], and southern Utah. Bands of Southern Paiute live in scattered locations throughout this territory and have been granted federal recognition on several reservations.
+The '''Southern Paiute people''' is a tribe of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] that have lived in the [[Colorado River]] basin of southern [[Nevada]], northern [[Arizona]], and southern Utah. Bands of Southern Paiute live in scattered locations throughout this territory and have been granted federal, SIKE YOUR SOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO DUMB.
The first European contact with the Southern Paiute occurred in 1776, when fathers [[Silvestre Vélez de Escalante]] and [[Francisco Atanasio Domínguez]] encountered them during an attempt to find an overland route to the [[Spanish missions in California|missions of California]]. They noted that some of the Southern Paiute men "had thick beards and were thought to look more in appearance like Spanish men than native Americans".{{efn|1={{harvtxt|Warner|1995|pp=187–193}} cites {{harvtxt|Dominguez|de Escalante|1776}}}} Before this date, the Southern Paiute suffered slave raids by the [[Navajo people|Navajo]] and the [[Ute Tribe|Ute]]. The arrival of Spanish and later Euro-American explorers into their territory increased slave raiding by other tribes. In 1851, [[Mormon]] settlers strategically occupied Paiute water sources, which created a dependency relationship{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}. But, the presence of Mormon settlers soon ended the slave raids, and relations between the Paiutes and the Mormons were basically peaceful. The Mormon [[missionary]] [[Jacob Hamblin]] worked at diplomatic efforts. The introduction of European settlers and agricultural practices (most especially large herds of [[cattle]]) made it difficult for the Southern Paiute to continue their traditional lifestyle, as it drove away the game and reduced their ability to hunt, as well as to gather natural foods.
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<p><i><b>Italic text</b></i>
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<i><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Southern_Paiutes.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Southern_Paiutes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="285" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Southern_Paiutes.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moapa_Band_of_Paiute_Indians" title="Moapa Band of Paiute Indians">Moapa</a> Southern Paiute, Paiute woman and girl wearing traditional Paiute basket hats. Baby swaddled in rabbit robes in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cradleboard" title="Cradleboard">cradleboard</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas</a></div></div></div></i>
<p>The <b>Southern Paiute people</b> is a tribe of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> that have lived in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> basin of southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, northern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, and southern Utah. Bands of Southern Paiute live in scattered locations throughout this territory and have been granted federal, SIKE YOUR SOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO DUMB.
</p><p>The first European contact with the Southern Paiute occurred in 1776, when fathers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silvestre_V%C3%A9lez_de_Escalante" title="Silvestre Vélez de Escalante">Silvestre Vélez de Escalante</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Atanasio_Dom%C3%ADnguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Atanasio Domínguez">Francisco Atanasio Domínguez</a> encountered them during an attempt to find an overland route to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">missions of California</a>. They noted that some of the Southern Paiute men "had thick beards and were thought to look more in appearance like Spanish men than native Americans".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></sup> Before this date, the Southern Paiute suffered slave raids by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Tribe">Ute</a>. The arrival of Spanish and later Euro-American explorers into their territory increased slave raiding by other tribes. In 1851, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> settlers strategically occupied Paiute water sources, which created a dependency relationship<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. But, the presence of Mormon settlers soon ended the slave raids, and relations between the Paiutes and the Mormons were basically peaceful. The Mormon <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacob_Hamblin" title="Jacob Hamblin">Jacob Hamblin</a> worked at diplomatic efforts. The introduction of European settlers and agricultural practices (most especially large herds of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>) made it difficult for the Southern Paiute to continue their traditional lifestyle, as it drove away the game and reduced their ability to hunt, as well as to gather natural foods.
</p><p>Today Southern Paiute communities are located at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahrump,_Nevada" title="Pahrump, Nevada">Pahrump</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moapa_Town,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Moapa Town, Nevada">Moapa</a>, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cedar_City,_Utah" title="Cedar City, Utah">Cedar City</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanosh,_Utah" title="Kanosh, Utah">Kanosh</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koosharem,_Utah" title="Koosharem, Utah">Koosharem</a>, Shivwits, and Indian Peaks, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>; at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaibab,_Arizona" title="Kaibab, Arizona">Kaibab</a> and Willow Springs, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Public_relations"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Public relations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_policy"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early policy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Modern_relations"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern relations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Basket_weaving"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Basket weaving</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Traditional_diet"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Traditional diet</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Paiute_Archery"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Paiute Archery</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Bows"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bows</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Arrows"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Arrows</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Quivers_and_Bowcases"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Quivers and Bowcases</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Organization_of_the_Southern_Paiute_people"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Organization of the Southern Paiute people</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Holy_land_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Holy land traditions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Modern-day_flag"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Modern-day flag</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Traditional_Southern_Paiute_bands"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Traditional Southern Paiute bands</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Contemporary_Southern_Paiute_federally_recognized_tribes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary Southern Paiute federally recognized tribes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Notable_Southern_Paiutes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notable Southern Paiutes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Tribes"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tribes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_relations">Public relations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Public relations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Due to the policies, treaties, and mistreatment experienced by the Southern Paiute, their history is that of tragedy, dependency, and portrays the consequences of US paternalistic policy towards Native American tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></sup> Yet through it all the Southern Paiutes have portrayed remarkable resilience in preserving their culture, religion, and pride. Even though they've been marginalized and almost decimated from the world population, they managed to make a remarkable retaliation, preserving their priceless culture and heritage.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_policy">Early policy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early policy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Prior to the 1850s the Paiute people lived relatively peacefully with the other Native American groups. These groups included the Navajo, Ute, and Hopi tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-holt_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt-3">[2]</a></sup> Though there was the occasional tension and violent outbreaks between the two groups, Paiutes were mainly able to live in peace with other tribes and settlers due to their loose social structure. Most Paiutes lived in small familial groups, and only gathered together in large settings for matters of trade and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-holt_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt-3">[2]</a></sup> Prior to the 1850s their biggest antagonist raiders from competing tribes; such as the Navajos, Utes, and Hopis. The Navajos were particularly notorious for intruding on Paiute grazing land and engaging in brutal raids to capture Paiute women and children for slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Though these raids were harmful, what really crippled the Paiute's was the “settling” of their tribal lands by US citizens. The most prominent groups to migrate to Paiute lands were members and missionaries from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#Pioneer_era" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a> and silver miners in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pioche,_Nevada" title="Pioche, Nevada">Pioche, Nevada</a>. To the Paiute people the settling of their lands not only brought a clash of economies and culture, but also a "degradation" of their sacred land. Prior to the 1860s, there had been no long-term development of the land. Most of the non-native contact they had was with transient militants or traders.<sup id="cite_ref-reeve_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeve-5">[4]</a></sup> Paiutes fought hard to defend their ancestral lands, and at first were successful in driving the settlers out. But in 1869, a rich investor by the name of François Louis Alfred Pioche poured out investment in that town and it seemingly grew overnight to be a booming mining town. In the beginning of its founding, this town depended upon cheap Paiute labor to work in the mines. This caused a dramatic decline in the Paiute population.<sup id="cite_ref-reeve_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeve-5">[4]</a></sup> Another problem the Paiute people faced with these permanent settlers was their desire to “Americanize” the Paiute children. Paiute children were mandated to attend American schools where it was attempted to eradicate their old cultural traditions and tendencies. They were forced to learn about US history through the eyes of the US historians; causing them to forget their own culture and changing their historical memories of important coinciding events.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></sup> The Paiutes, a population of thousands of people, rapidly dwindled to be around sparsely 800 people.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> Due to forced relocation, disease, and forced assimilation as time went on the Southern Paiute people started to disappear from the history books.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_relations">Modern relations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern relations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the 1950s the Paiutes fell victim to "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_termination_policy" title="Indian termination policy">Indian termination policy</a>". These policies stripped the Paiutes of their health and educational benefits, federal tax protection, and agricultural assistance. This policy harmed the Paiute people by leaving them on their own in a weak and unstable state.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> In the 1980s the first attempt of reconciliation was made in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/96/hr4996">Restoration Act</a>. This act "legally" created the "Paiute Tribe" in the eyes of the US legislator. It united the five main bands into one tribe; the Cedars, Indian Peaks, Kanosh, Koosharem, and Shivwits,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> and restored them to a system of federal aid and support.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Basket_weaving">Basket weaving</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Basket weaving">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>One of the most important skills the women of the Paiute tribes had was their basket weaving skills. They would often use red-stemmed willows to weave their baskets. These skills were used in almost every aspect of their lives, and the skill is believed to have been passed down from mother to daughter for at least 9,000 years. When they would go to gather and forage they would carry large conical baskets on their back to collect things. Specific tools were created
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hat,_Southern_Paiute,_collected_1876_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC05567.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hat%2C_Southern_Paiute%2C_collected_1876_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05567.JPG/220px-Hat%2C_Southern_Paiute%2C_collected_1876_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05567.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hat%2C_Southern_Paiute%2C_collected_1876_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05567.JPG/330px-Hat%2C_Southern_Paiute%2C_collected_1876_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05567.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hat%2C_Southern_Paiute%2C_collected_1876_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05567.JPG/440px-Hat%2C_Southern_Paiute%2C_collected_1876_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05567.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hat,_Southern_Paiute,_collected_1876_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC05567.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hat, Southern Paiute, collected 1876 - Native American collection - Peabody Museum, Harvard University - DSC05567</div></div></div>
<p>including ones to strip fruit off of bushes and trees, ones used for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winnowing" title="Winnowing">winnowing</a>, and ones used to get to roots better. They would also tightly weave these big baskets with clay and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> to create cooking pots and water jugs. Oftentimes, smaller tools were left behind, whereas bigger products such as cooking pots went with the families as they moved around. Based on the region the families were located determined different uses for the weaving. For instance, those who lived by marshes learned to create <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duck_decoy_(model)" title="Duck decoy (model)">duck decoys</a>, nets, and rafts to better hunt the water fowl. Another use for this skill was to create their houses. They would use long thin grasses to tightly weave stalks of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Typha" title="Typha">Cattails</a> together, and in doing so they created these long board-like sections of grasses that they would set up around long willow limbs stuck in the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Traditional_diet">Traditional diet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Traditional diet">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A staple food for the Southern Paiutes was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bitterroot" title="Bitterroot">Bitter root</a>. They also depended on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daucus_carota" title="Daucus carota">Wild carrot</a>, Wild onion, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prunus_virginiana" title="Prunus virginiana">chokecherries</a>. Chokecherries were useful in more ways than one- their stems were brewed to make a sweet drink, and their berries would be crushed, then dried to be saved for later. When <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">Aphids</a> came and swarmed the cane plants, they would leave small drops of nectar where they punctured the cane stalk. Knowing this the Southern Paiute women would take the cane rods and beat them until the small dried droplets came loose. These droplets were then tossed in a winnowing dish to be separated from the remnants of the cane. Often these small particles were the main income of sweetness for the people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a></sup> Another seed they would gather are waada seeds, minuscule black
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Paiute_indian_woman_grinding_acorns_for_flour,_Lemoore,_Kings_County,_ca.1900_(CHS-922).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Paiute_indian_woman_grinding_acorns_for_flour%2C_Lemoore%2C_Kings_County%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-922%29.jpg/220px-Paiute_indian_woman_grinding_acorns_for_flour%2C_Lemoore%2C_Kings_County%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Paiute_indian_woman_grinding_acorns_for_flour%2C_Lemoore%2C_Kings_County%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-922%29.jpg/330px-Paiute_indian_woman_grinding_acorns_for_flour%2C_Lemoore%2C_Kings_County%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-922%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Paiute_indian_woman_grinding_acorns_for_flour%2C_Lemoore%2C_Kings_County%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-922%29.jpg/440px-Paiute_indian_woman_grinding_acorns_for_flour%2C_Lemoore%2C_Kings_County%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3771" data-file-height="4943" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Paiute_indian_woman_grinding_acorns_for_flour,_Lemoore,_Kings_County,_ca.1900_(CHS-922).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Paiute Indian woman grinding acorns for flour, Lemoore, Kings County, ca.1900 (CHS-922)</div></div></div><p> seeds that would be ground up into meal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[10]</a></sup> Those who lived in a region with an adequate water supply would set up farms, complete with ditch irrigation. The biggest crops were maize, squash and wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> The men were the primary hunters, they would hunt waterfowl, rabbits, bighorn sheep and other mammals in the regions they passed through.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Paiute_Archery">Paiute Archery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paiute Archery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Bows">Bows</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bows">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>There is a bow collected by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> Made from a hardwood branch, possibly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">Mesquite</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cercocarpus" title="Cercocarpus">mountain mahogany</a>, and is 38 5/8 inches from tip to tip. The bow is round in cross section, and the string is two ply sinew. It has a sinew back, and the sinew has been stained with a reddish brown ochre. The bow is utiitarian and still has carving marks, as to be expected of a practical weapon in a hostile and harsh desert environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Primitive_Archer_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primitive_Archer-14">[13]</a></sup>
Another photograph is taken of a Paiute bow and arrow.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Arrows">Arrows</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arrows">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>A set of Paiute arrows was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> Only one arrow has a point. The arrowhead is attached by pine pitch glue. There are sinew wrappings behind the point, but they are to prevent the shaft from splitting when the target is hit. The feathers are hawk and buzzard.<sup id="cite_ref-Primitive_Archer_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primitive_Archer-14">[13]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Quivers_and_Bowcases">Quivers and Bowcases</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Quivers and Bowcases">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>A Paiute arrow quiver was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> The quiver is made of deerskin with thick hair still on the case, showing the deer was killed in the winter, and is sewn with two ply sinew, much like the bowstring. "The quiver is plain, with no decoration, as would be expected of a desert dwelling culture."<sup id="cite_ref-Primitive_Archer_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primitive_Archer-14">[13]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Organization_of_the_Southern_Paiute_people">Organization of the Southern Paiute people</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organization of the Southern Paiute people">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>One important aspect of gathering food was the social aspect, often families would come together for foraging and games and then depart and go their different ways. The Southern Paiutes weren't actually split up into tribes, oftentimes their groups were made up of small family units that would occasionally come together with others to socialize. You would have about 10-50 people in each group, and in each group everyone was related to each other. Family ties were really important to these groups—it would often determine where they would go and who would support each other—so marriages were very important to the Southern Paiutes. The leader of the group was called a Headman, and he would be old enough to know a lot about the land, but young enough to still participate in the tribes activities, and he usually had several different family ties within the group. His job was to wake early in the morning, and using his knowledge he would make specific suggestions of what he thought the tribe should do that day, and if people thought his observations were astute they would follow him, if not then they wouldn't. His suggestions would be based on the weather, season, and abundance of food. If over time they stopped following his ideas and instead turned to another, then the Headman leader title would move onto that person. The Headman also was supposed to settle any disputes that came up.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> Oftentimes different sub-units of the Southern Paiutes would be classified by the settlers coming in from Europe based on what they ate. So you had those who ate waada seeds, those who ate trout, those who ate cattails, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Holy_land_traditions">Holy land traditions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Holy land traditions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Southern Paiute people believe in Puaxant Tuvip, or power land. It is their holy land that links to many significant landmarks in the Southern Paiutes memory and stories. For instance Nuvagantu, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Charleston" title="Mount Charleston">Mt. Charleston</a> in Nevada is a holy landmark that the Southern Paiute people believe was where they were created. These holy lands were places that the separate families or tribes would come to barter, trade, socialize and perform religious ceremonies. Another large landmark that is culturally significant to the Southern Paiutes is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado river</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>. The modern-day importance of these Holy Lands is that the Southern Paiutes claim the supernaturally given right to know what happens and the impacts of any projects that occur in their holy lands.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern-day_flag">Modern-day flag</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern-day flag">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Paiutes have a flag that was officially confirmed in 1997. Within it are several symbolisms for the tribe. First the colors, white symbolizes purity, the red and black are both for strength and power, and the yellow for healing and life. The biggest symbol is the eagle which represents their deity, then there are a
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_the_Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah.png/220px-Flag_of_the_Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_the_Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah.png/330px-Flag_of_the_Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_the_Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah.png/440px-Flag_of_the_Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="343" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Flag of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah</div></div></div>
<p>series of images that relate to traditional songs and games the Southern Paiutes would play, the arrowheads that they were known for. Overall the image is supposed to represent a warrior's shield with the five eagle feathers hanging on the bottom representing the 5 modern-day tribes of the Southern Paiutes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Traditional_Southern_Paiute_bands">Traditional Southern Paiute bands</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Traditional Southern Paiute bands">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Southern Paiute traditionally had 16 to 31 subgroups, bands, or tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394-21">[20]</a></sup>
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<ul><li><b>Ankakkani'kacimi</b> (<b>Un-ka-ka'-ni-guts, Unka-kanig-its</b>, <b>Oaw'tuhus'eng</b>), "Yellow Mouth of Canyon People" in present <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_Valley_(Kane_County,_Utah)" title="Long Valley (Kane County, Utah)">Long Valley</a></li>
<li><b>Antarianunts</b> (Ute name with ending <i>unts</i>); Paiute name <b>Yantar<s>i</s>i</b>, mixed Southern Paiute-Ute band from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Escalante_River" title="Escalante River">Escalante River</a> east to Colorado River and southeast to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Mountains" title="Henry Mountains">Henry Mountains</a>, Utah<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394-21">[20]</a></sup></li>
<li>Beaver band (<b>K<sup>w</sup>i?umpací<s>i</s>i</b>, <b>Kwiumpus</b>, <b>Quiumputs)</b>, "<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frasera_speciosa" title="Frasera speciosa">Frasera speciosa</a></i> people", lived in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beaver_Valley_(Utah)" title="Beaver Valley (Utah)">Beaver Valley</a> along <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beaver_River_(Utah)" title="Beaver River (Utah)">Beaver River</a> near today's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beaver,_Utah" title="Beaver, Utah">Beaver, Utah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394-21">[20]</a></sup> some intermarried with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahvant" title="Pahvant">Pahvant</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a> band to the north living in the deserts near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sevier_Lake" title="Sevier Lake">Sevier Lake</a></li>
<li>Cedar band (<b>Ankappanukkic<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>)</b>, <b>Unkapanukuints</b>, "Red-stream people", or <b>Suh’dutsing</b>, "Cedar people" from near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cedar_City,_Utah" title="Cedar City, Utah">Cedar City, Utah</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394-21">[20]</a></sup></li>
<li>Gunlock band (<b>Matooshats</b>, <b>Matissatï</b> was the name given them by the southwards living <i>St. George band/Uainuints</i>, they instead bestowed the term to Southern Paiute bands northeast of them), lived near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunlock,_Utah" title="Gunlock, Utah">Gunlock</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395-22">[21]</a></sup> in southwest Utah</li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaibab_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaibab Paiute">Kaibab</a></b> (<b>Kaipapic<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s></b>, <b>Kaivavwits</b>, <b>Kaibabits</b>, <b>Kaipa'pici</b>, <b>Kaivavituvingui</b>, "Mountain Lying Down People" the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaibab_Plateau" title="Kaibab Plateau">Kaibab Plateau</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaibab_National_Forest" title="Kaibab National Forest">Kaibab National Forest</a> in northern Arizona are named after them<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395-22">[21]</a></sup></li>
<li>Indian Peak Band (<b>Kwee’choovunt</b>), "Peak People"</li>
<li><b>Kaiparowits</b>, "mountain home of the people", lived along the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Escalante_River" title="Escalante River">Escalante River</a> and were hunting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaiparowits_Plateau" title="Kaiparowits Plateau">Kaiparowits Plateau</a> in Utah,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395-22">[21]</a></sup> therefore also known as Escalante band</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Las_Vegas_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas Paiute">Las Vegas band</a> (<b>N<s>i</s>pakant<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s></b>, <b>Nuaguntits</b>), "People of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Charleston" title="Mount Charleston">Charleston Peak</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395-22">[21]</a></sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moapa_Band_of_Paiute_Indians" title="Moapa Band of Paiute Indians">Moapa</a></b> (<b>Moapats</b>), "Muddy Creek Paiute"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395-22">[21]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Pahranagat</b> (<b>Pata?nikic<s>i</s></b>), "Person who sticks his feet in the water, named for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahranagat_Valley" title="Pahranagat Valley">Pahranagat Valley</a>, Nevada<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395-22">[21]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Panaca</b> (<b>Tsouwaraits</b>, <b>Matisabits</b>), named for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panaca,_Nevada" title="Panaca, Nevada">Panaca, Nevada</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396-23">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Panguitch</b> (<b>Pakiucimi</b>), "fish people", named for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panguitch,_Utah" title="Panguitch, Utah">Panguitch, Utah</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396-23">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Juan_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan Paiute">San Juan band</a> (<b>Kwaiantikowkets</b>), "People being over on the opposite side", from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan River (Colorado River)">San Juan River</a> in northern Arizona<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396-23">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivwits" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivwits">Shivwits</a></b> (<b>Sipicimi</b>, <b>Shebits</b>, <b>Sübüts</b>), "People who live in the East"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396-23">[22]</a></sup> or <b>See’veetseng</b>, "Whitish Earth People"</li>
<li><b>Uinkaret</b> (<b>Yipinkat<s>i</s>t<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s></b>), "People of Mount Trumbull"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396-23">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Uainuints</b> (<b>Uenuwunts</b>, also known as <b>Tonaquints</b>, hunted and farmed from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebron,_Utah" title="Hebron, Utah">Hebron</a> (Shoal Creek Fort), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enterprise,_Utah" title="Enterprise, Utah">Enterprise</a> and Pinto southward along the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santa_Clara_River_(Utah)" title="Santa Clara River (Utah)">Santa Clara River</a> (also called <i>Tonaquint River</i>) to his mouth into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virgin_River" title="Virgin River">Virgin River</a> south of today's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_George,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint George, Utah">Saint George, Utah</a>, therefore called St. George Band)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396-23">[22]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary_Southern_Paiute_federally_recognized_tribes">Contemporary Southern Paiute federally recognized tribes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contemporary Southern Paiute federally recognized tribes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaibab_Band_of_Paiute_Indians_of_the_Kaibab_Indian_Reservation,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation, Arizona">Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation, Arizona</a>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaibab_Indian_Reservation" title="Kaibab Indian Reservation">Kaibab Indian Reservation</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Las_Vegas_Tribe_of_Paiute_Indians_of_the_Las_Vegas_Indian_Colony" title="Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians of the Las Vegas Indian Colony">Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians of the Las Vegas Indian Colony</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moapa_Band_of_Paiute_Indians_of_the_Moapa_River_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation">Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moapa_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Moapa River Indian Reservation">Moapa River Indian Reservation</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moapa,_Nevada" title="Moapa, Nevada">Moapa, Nevada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah" title="Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah">Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cedar_City,_Utah" title="Cedar City, Utah">Cedar City, Utah</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cedar_City_Band_of_Paiutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar City Band of Paiutes">Cedar City Band of Paiutes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanosh_Band_of_Paiutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanosh Band of Paiutes">Kanosh Band of Paiutes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koosharem_Band_of_Paiutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Koosharem Band of Paiutes">Koosharem Band of Paiutes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Peaks_Band_of_Paiutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Peaks Band of Paiutes">Indian Peaks Band of Paiutes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivwits_Band_of_Paiutes" title="Shivwits Band of Paiutes">Shivwits Band of Paiutes</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Juan_Southern_Paiute_Tribe_of_Arizona" title="San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona">San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuba_City,_Arizona" title="Tuba City, Arizona">Tuba City, Arizona</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_Southern_Paiutes">Notable Southern Paiutes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable Southern Paiutes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tony_Tillohash" title="Tony Tillohash">Tony Tillohash</a>, linguist and politician</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1995">Warner (1995</a>, pp. 187–193) cites <a href="#CITEREFDominguezde_Escalante1776">Dominguez & de Escalante (1776)</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFDominguezde_Escalante1776 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1048&context=usupress_pubs">https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1048&context=usupress_pubs</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-holt-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holt_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holt_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, R. L. (October). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/american_indians/paiuteindians.html">Paiute Indians</a>. Retrieved October 12, 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBunteFranklin1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bunte, Pamela; Franklin, Robert (1992). "You Can't Get There from Here: Southern Paiute Testimony as Intercultural Communication". <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>34</b> (1/4): 19–44. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/30028366">30028366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=You+Can%27t+Get+There+from+Here%3A+Southern+Paiute+Testimony+as+Intercultural+Communication&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=19-44&rft.date=1992&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30028366&rft.aulast=Bunte&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-reeve-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reeve_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reeve_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReeve2006" class="citation book cs1">Reeve, W. Paul (2006). "Mormons, Miners, and Southern Paiutes". <i>Making Space on the Western Frontier</i>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252031267" title="Special:BookSources/9780252031267"><bdi>9780252031267</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt1xcnr6">10.5406/j.ctt1xcnr6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mormons%2C+Miners%2C+and+Southern+Paiutes&rft.btitle=Making+Space+on+the+Western+Frontier&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fj.ctt1xcnr6&rft.isbn=9780252031267&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=W.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRiggs2000" class="citation journal cs1">Riggs, Christopher K. (2000). "American Indians, Economic Development, and Self-Determination in the 1960s". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>69</b> (3): 431–463. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3641716">10.2307/3641716</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/3641716">3641716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=American+Indians%2C+Economic+Development%2C+and+Self-Determination+in+the+1960s&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-463&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3641716&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3641716&rft.aulast=Riggs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utahpaiutes.org/news-2/history/Paiute">Indian Tribe of Utah: History</a> Utahpaiutes.org. Retrieved 7 January 2019.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, Ronald L. “Paiute Indians.” Utah Department of Heritage and Arts, 17 Aug. 2016, heritage.utah.gov/history/uhg-first-peoples-paiute-indians.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utahpaiutes.org/news-2/history/">"Our History - the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History+-+the+Paiute+Indian+Tribe+of+Utah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utahpaiutes.org%2Fnews-2%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPatapoff1979" class="citation web cs1">Patapoff, E. (Director) (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://byu.kanopy.com/video/earth-our-home">"The Earth is Our Home [Video file]"</a>. <i>Kanopy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kanopy&rft.atitle=The+Earth+is+Our+Home+%5BVideo+file%5D&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Patapoff&rft.aufirst=E.+%28Director%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbyu.kanopy.com%2Fvideo%2Fearth-our-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCultural_Resources_Management_program2012" class="citation web cs1">Cultural Resources Management program (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/pacific/crm/oe/oeprojects/OEEWWada.htm">"Rock Art of the Malheur Marshlands The Wada'Tika: Ancestors of Today's Burns Paiute Tribe, Oregon"</a>. <i>US Fish and Wildlife Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.atitle=Rock+Art+of+the+Malheur+Marshlands+The+Wada%27Tika%3A+Ancestors+of+Today%27s+Burns+Paiute+Tribe%2C+Oregon&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Cultural+Resources+Management+program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fpacific%2Fcrm%2Foe%2Foeprojects%2FOEEWWada.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAllisonMeeganMurray2008" class="citation journal cs1">Allison, James R.; Meegan, Cathryn M.; Murray, Shawn Sabrina (2008). "Archaeology and Archaeobotany of Southern Paiute Horticulture in the St. George Basin, Southwestern Utah". <i>Kiva</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 417–449. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fkiv.2008.73.4.003">10.1179/kiv.2008.73.4.003</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/30246559">30246559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kiva&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+Archaeobotany+of+Southern+Paiute+Horticulture+in+the+St.+George+Basin%2C+Southwestern+Utah&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=417-449&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fkiv.2008.73.4.003&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30246559&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.au=Meegan%2C+Cathryn+M.&rft.au=Murray%2C+Shawn+Sabrina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue Number E-12034-0.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Primitive_Archer-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Primitive_Archer_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Primitive_Archer_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Primitive_Archer_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berger, Billy. 2010. "Treasures of the Smithsonian. Part V. Archery of the Southwestern United States: Paiute. " <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881085890">Primitive Archer</a>. Volume 18 (5). October–November 2010. Pages 2025.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1006831501">Photograph of Willard George Shooting a Bow and Arrow (Neb.), 1899-1900</a>. University of Nevada, Las Vegas University Libraries, n.d. Notes: Taken in Nebraska, Willard George (left) is showing a relative how to shoot a Paiute bow and arrow.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue number E-14539.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue Number E-12038-0.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKnack2004" class="citation book cs1">Knack, Martha C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=CixmFMIDfhoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Boundaries+between#v=onepage&q=Headman&f=false"><i>Boundaries between : the Southern Paiutes, 1775-1995</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 20–25. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803278189" title="Special:BookSources/9780803278189"><bdi>9780803278189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries+between+%3A+the+Southern+Paiutes%2C+1775-1995&rft.pages=20-25&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780803278189&rft.aulast=Knack&rft.aufirst=Martha+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DCixmFMIDfhoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DBoundaries%2Bbetween%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DHeadman%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStoffleHalmoAustin1997" class="citation journal cs1">Stoffle, Richard W.; Halmo, David B.; Austin, Diane E. (1997). "Cultural Landscapes and Traditional Cultural Properties: A Southern Paiute View of the Grand Canyon and Colorado River". <i>American Indian Quarterly</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 229. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1185646">10.2307/1185646</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0095-182X">0095-182X</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/1185646">1185646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Indian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Cultural+Landscapes+and+Traditional+Cultural+Properties%3A+A+Southern+Paiute+View+of+the+Grand+Canyon+and+Colorado+River&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0095-182X&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1185646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1185646&rft.aulast=Stoffle&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=Halmo%2C+David+B.&rft.au=Austin%2C+Diane+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHealy2008" class="citation web cs1">Healy, Donald (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utahpaiutes.org/about/paiutelogo.aspx">"Paiute logo and flag information"</a>. <i>Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paiute+Indian+Tribe+of+Utah&rft.atitle=Paiute+logo+and+flag+information&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utahpaiutes.org%2Fabout%2Fpaiutelogo.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986394_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKellyFowler1986">Kelly & Fowler 1986</a>, p. 394.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986395_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKellyFowler1986">Kelly & Fowler 1986</a>, p. 395.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyFowler1986396_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKellyFowler1986">Kelly & Fowler 1986</a>, p. 396.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDominguezVélez_de_Escalante1776" class="citation book cs1">Dominguez, Atanasio; Vélez de Escalante, Silvestre (1776). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mith.umd.edu/eada/gateway/diario/diary.html"><i>Derrotero de los Padres Fray Francisco Atanacio Domínguez, and Fr. Silvestre Vélez, de Escalante, en sus exploraciónes, desde las missiones de Zuñy del Nuevo Mexico, hasta las ymmediaciones de Monte Rey de California</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Derrotero+de+los+Padres+Fray+Francisco+Atanacio+Dom%C3%ADnguez%2C+and+Fr.+Silvestre+V%C3%A9lez%2C+de+Escalante%2C+en+sus+exploraci%C3%B3nes%2C+desde+las+missiones+de+Zu%C3%B1y+del+Nuevo+Mexico%2C+hasta+las+ymmediaciones+de+Monte+Rey+de+California&rft.date=1776&rft.aulast=Dominguez&rft.aufirst=Atanasio&rft.au=V%C3%A9lez+de+Escalante%2C+Silvestre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmith.umd.edu%2Feada%2Fgateway%2Fdiario%2Fdiary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHogan2008" class="citation web cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Burnham, A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502">"Morro Creek – Ancient Village or Settlement in United States in The West"</a>. <i>The Megalith Portal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524184144/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Megalith+Portal&rft.atitle=Morro+Creek+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Village+or+Settlement+in+United+States+in+The+West&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D18502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKellyFowler1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kelly, Isabel T.; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_S._Fowler" title="Catherine S. Fowler">Fowler, Catherine S.</a> (1986). "Southern Paiute". In d'Azevedo, Warren L. (ed.). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians" title="Handbook of North American Indians">Handbook of North American Indians</a></i>. <b>11</b> Great Basin. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_C._Sturtevant" title="William C. Sturtevant">William C. Sturtevant</a>, general editor. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 368–397. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004581-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004581-3"><bdi>978-0-16-004581-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southern+Paiute&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.pages=368-397&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-16-004581-3&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Isabel+T.&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Catherine+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKroeber1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_L._Kroeber" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred L. Kroeber">Kroeber, Alfred L.</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/87612#page/7/mode/1up"><i>Handbook of the Indians of California</i></a>. Bulletin (Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology). <b>78</b>. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Indians+of+California&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.+C.&rft.series=Bulletin+%28Smithsonian+Institution.+Bureau+of+American+Ethnology%29&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Kroeber&rft.aufirst=Alfred+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F87612%23page%2F7%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPritzker2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pritzker, Barry M. (2000). <i>A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples</i>. OUP. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1"><bdi>978-0-19-513877-1</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit">https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513877-1&rft.aulast=Pritzker&rft.aufirst=Barry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanen0000prit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFWarner1995" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Ted J., ed. (1995). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominguez%E2%80%93Escalante_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominguez–Escalante Expedition"><i>The Domínguez–Escalante journal : their expedition through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in 1776</i></a>. Translated by Chávez, Angélico. foreword by Robert Himmerich y Valencia. University of Utah Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-447-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-447-8"><bdi>978-0-87480-447-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dom%C3%ADnguez%E2%80%93Escalante+journal+%3A+their+expedition+through+Colorado%2C+Utah%2C+Arizona%2C+and+New+Mexico+in+1776&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-447-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047268"/><div class="refbegin reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDutton1976" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, Bertha Pauline (1976). <i>The Ranchería, Ute, and Southern Paiute Peoples</i> (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-752923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-752923-0"><bdi>978-0-13-752923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rancher%C3%ADa%2C+Ute%2C+and+Southern+Paiute+Peoples&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-13-752923-0&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Bertha+Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Paiute+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paiute" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paiute"><span style="">Paiute</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tribes">Tribes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tribes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utahpaiutes.org/">Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla%3A124402">Southern Paiute Collection of Charles Cairns</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archive_of_the_Indigenous_Languages_of_Latin_America" title="Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America">AILLA</a>—contains audio recordings of words, phrases, and a story in the Southern Paiute language.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Paiute_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1506652361/removing-classrooms-from-the-battlefield-liberty">"Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice", 2008 <i>BYU Law Review</i> 377</a></li>
<li>"The Piutes and the Legacy of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Henry_Pratt" title="Richard Henry Pratt">Richard Henry Pratt</a>"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaibabpaiute-nsn.gov/spc/SPC2temp_Paiute_Map.jpg">Traditional Southern Paiute Territory: Band Divisions</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520001435/http://library.dixie.edu/special_collections/Juanita%20Brooks%20lectures/lecture_images/2007%20-%20map.png">Southern Paiute Tribal Boundary</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Arizona&#124;link=Arizona_Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Template:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Template talk:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Arizona&#124;link=Arizona_Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona"><img alt="Arizona" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples native to Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Southern Paiute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pima_people" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tewa" title="Tewa">Tewa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/O%CA%BCodham" class="mw-redirect" title="Oʼodham">Oʼodham</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono Oʼodham people">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pima_people" title="Pima people">Akimel O'odham</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto Apache</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Southern Ute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yavapai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai people">Yavapai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zuni" title="Zuni">Zuni</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures in Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Ancestral_Puebloan_dwellings_in_Arizona" title="List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Arizona">dwellings</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salado_culture" title="Salado culture">Salado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_Arizona" title="List of Indian reservations in Arizona">List of Indian reservations in Arizona</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12635135#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12635135#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12635135#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh96003533">sh96003533</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1602276694 |