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'{{short description|One of the four Inns of Court in London, England}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} [[File:Middle Temple Hall Exterior, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|Middle Temple Hall]] [[File:Fountain Court London.jpg|thumb|Fountain Court, at the heart of Middle Temple]] '''The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple''', commonly known simply as '''Middle Temple''', is one of the four [[Inns of Court]] exclusively entitled to [[Call to the bar|call]] their members to the English Bar as [[barrister]]s, the others being the [[Inner Temple]], [[Gray's Inn]] and [[Lincoln's Inn]]. It is located in the wider [[Temple, London|Temple]] area of London, near the [[Royal Courts of Justice]], and within the [[City of London]]. == History == [[File:Middle Temple by Thomas Shepherd c.1830.jpg|thumb|Part of Middle Temple, [[circa|c.]] 1830, as drawn by Thomas Shepherd. The [[great hall]] is beneath the [[cupola]].]] [[File:MiddleTempleLibrary-London-Railton-1892.jpg|thumb|Middle Temple Library, 1892, by Herbert Railton]] During the 12th and early 13th centuries the law was taught, in the [[City of London]], primarily by the clergy. But a [[papal bull]] in 1218 prohibited the clergy from practising in the secular courts (where the English [[common law]] system operated, as opposed to the Roman [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] favoured by the Church). As a result, law began to be practised and taught by laymen instead of by clerics. To protect their schools from competition, first [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] and later [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] issued proclamations prohibiting the teaching of the civil law within the City of London.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bellot |first= Hugh H.L.|title=The Inner and Middle Temple: Legal, Literary and Historical Associations|url= https://archive.org/stream/innermiddletempl00bell |publisher= Methuen & Co|location=London|year=1902|ref= harv | page = 32}}</ref> The common law lawyers migrated to the hamlet of [[Holborn]], as it was easy to get to the law courts at [[Westminster Hall]] and was just outside the City.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Watt|first1 =Francis | first2 = Dunbar Plunket | last2 = Barton | first3 = Charles | last3 = Benham |title=The Story of the Inns of Court|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location= Boston|year=1928|oclc= 77565485}}</ref> They were based in [[guild]]s, which in time became the inns of court.<ref>Bellot, p. 36</ref> The Middle Temple is the western part of "[[Temple, London|The Temple]]", which was the headquarters of the [[Knights Templar]] until they were dissolved in 1312. There have been lawyers in the Temple since 1320, when they were the tenants of the [[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster|Earl of Lancaster]], who had held the Temple since 1315.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 20.</ref> The Temple later belonged to the [[Knights Hospitallers]]. In 1346 the knights again leased the premises to the lawyers – the eastern part (which became [[Inner Temple]]) to lawyers from [[Thavie's Inn]], an [[Inns of Chancery|Inn of Chancery]] in Holborn, and the western part to lawyers from St George's Inn.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 22.</ref> The [[Saint George's Cross|Cross of St George]] is still part of the arms of Middle Temple today. All of the inn's records were burned during the [[Peasants' Revolt]] of 1381.<ref>Bellot, p. 118.</ref> After [[Henry VIII]] seized the Temple from the Knights Hospitallers in 1540, each Inn continued to hold its share of the Temple as tenants of the Crown for £10 a year,<ref>Bellot (1902), pp. 19–25.</ref> until it was granted to them jointly in 1608 by [[James I of England |James I]], to be held in perpetuity so long as they continue to provide education and accommodation to lawyers and students and maintain the Temple Church and its Master.<ref name="Royal">{{cite web|url= http://www.middletemple.org.uk/library-archive/archive-information-contacts/archive-month/june-2017-royalty-and-inn |title=June 2017: Royalty and the Inn |website= Middle Temple}}</ref> The [[Temple Church]], consecrated in 1185, still stands as a "[[Royal Peculiar]]" (extra-diocesan) church of the Inner and Middle Temples.<ref>[https://www.innertemplelibrary.org.uk/inner-temple/history/temple-church/ "Temple Church"] Inner Temple Library, retrieved 5 August 2018.</ref> Much of the Middle Temple was destroyed in a fire in 1678, which caused more damage to the Inn than the [[Great Fire of London |Great Fire of 1666]]. The Thames being frozen over, beer from the Temple cellars was used to fight the fire, which was eventually only contained by blowing up some buildings with gunpowder. The Lord Mayor of London tried to exploit the occasion to assert his own jurisdiction over the Temple – which was independent of the City – and on being thwarted in this endeavour, he turned back a fire engine which was on its way to the fire from the City.<ref>Bellot (1902), pp. 324–25.</ref> The Inns served as colleges for the education of lawyers until they stopped being responsible for [[legal education]] in 1852, although they continue to provide training in areas such as advocacy and ethics for students, [[Pupillage|pupil barristers]] and newly qualified barristers. Most of the Inn is occupied by barristers' offices, known as [[Chambers (law)|chambers]]. One of the Middle Temple's main functions now is to provide education and support to new members of the profession. This is done through advocacy training, the provision of scholarships (over £1 million in 2011), subsidised accommodation both in the Temple and in Clapham,<ref>[http://www.middletemple.org.uk/Scholarships/Accommodation.html Middle Temple accommodation for students (accessed 26 April 2007)] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080531164938/http://www.middletemple.org.uk/Scholarships/Accommodation.html |date=31 May 2008}}</ref> and by providing events where junior members may meet senior colleagues for help and advice.{{clear |left}} In 2008 the 400th anniversary of the charter of James I was celebrated by [[Elizabeth II]] issuing new [[letters patent]] confirming the original grant.<ref name="Royal"/> == Buildings == The Middle Temple owns 43 buildings, many of which are [[listed building]]s. The ones in the Temple itself are still held under the 1608 [[letters patent]] of James I, but some others just outside the Temple were bought subsequently.<ref>[http://www.middletemple.org.uk/estates-services/buildings "Buildings,"] Middle Temple website, retrieved 12 November 2017.</ref> Some buildings are modern, replacing ones which were destroyed in [[The Blitz]], but others date back to the 16th century. (There is a list [http://www.middletemple.org.uk/estates-services/buildings here], showing the dates of construction, architect, and listed status.) The Inn is also jointly responsible, with Inner Temple, for [[Temple Church]] and the Master's House next to the church, a Georgian townhouse built in 1764.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 231</ref> === The Hall === [[File:cmglee London Middle Temple hall.jpg|thumb|left|Interior of the hall and its double-hammerbeam roof]] Construction of Middle Temple Hall began in 1562 and was completed in 1572. Its [[hammerbeam roof]] has been said to be the best in London.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 281</ref> [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;I]] visited the hall in 1578, unannounced, to inspect the new building and listen to a debate between barristers. This is the earliest known visit of a reigning monarch to an Inn of Court.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Sir John |date=2017 |journal=The Law Quarterly Review |volume=133 |title=A Royal visit to the Temple in 1578 |pages=535-537}}</ref> One of the tables at the end of the hall is traditionally said to have been made from the timbers of the ''[[Golden Hinde]]'', the ship used by [[Francis Drake|Sir Francis Drake]] to circumnavigate the world.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 282</ref> Above the table is a massive painting of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] by [[Anthony van Dyck]], and also portraits of Charles II, James II, William III, Elizabeth I, Queen Anne and George I.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 283</ref> On the walls are panels bearing the coats of arms of Readers (senior members<ref group=note>Readers are [[Bencher]]s of the Inn, who traditionally were appointed to give a 'Reading.'</ref>) dating back to 1597.<ref>[http://www.middletemple.org.uk/about-us/history/middle-temple-hall "Middle Temple Hall,"] Middle Temple website, retrieved 3 November 2017.</ref> The first recorded performance of Shakespeare's play ''[[Twelfth Night]]'' occurred in the hall on 2 February 1602.<ref>[https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/photograph-of-middle-temple-hall-the-location-for-the-first-recorded-performance-of-twelfth-night British library website] (retrieved 3 November 2017).</ref> Shakespeare himself was probably present.<ref>Bellot (1902), pp. 286-288</ref> The hall survived the Great Fire of London in 1666, but was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. Middle Temple Hall is at the heart of the Inn, and the Inn's student members are required to attend a minimum of 12 qualifying sessions there. Qualifying sessions, formerly known as "dinners", combine collegiate and educational elements and will usually combine a dinner or reception with lectures, debates, [[Moot court|mooting]], or musical performances. Middle Temple Hall is also a popular venue for banqueting, weddings, receptions and parties. In recent years, it has become a much-used film location—the cobbled streets, historic buildings and gas lighting give it a unique atmosphere. === Library === Little is known about the original library, which was probably just a room in a barristers' chambers. All the books were stolen prior to the reign of Henry VIII. In 1625 a new library was established at the site of what is now Garden Court, and in 1641 it was enlarged when a member of the Inn, [[Robert Ashley (writer)|Robert Ashley]], died and left his collection of books and £300 to the Inn. This library was demolished in 1830. After an interval of three decades, a new library was built, in a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]] designed by architect H. R. Abraham. It was opened by [[Edward VII|The Prince of Wales]] on 31 October 1861.<ref>Bellot (1902), pp. 290-293</ref> This Victorian library was badly damaged during the London [[The Blitz|Blitz]] in 1940, and was demolished following the war. A new Library was constructed in the 1950s to a design by [[Edward Maufe]] and opened by the [[Queen Mother]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middletemple.org.uk/library-and-archive/library/history-of-the-library |title=History of the Library|publisher= Middle Temple |accessdate= 26 September 2019}}</ref> The building still houses the Inn's library and archives as well as various administrative offices, and is now known as the Ashley Building. Middle Temple Library possesses [[Emery Molyneux]]'s [[Emery Molyneux#Middle Temple globes|terrestrial and celestial globes]], which are of particular historical [[cartography|cartographical]] value. === Gatehouse === The present gatehouse, on [[Fleet Street]] on the northern boundary of the Inn, was built in 1684 by [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]]. It replaced an earlier one which had been allowed to decay until it had to be demolished.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 269</ref> It leads into Middle Temple Lane, which proceeds southwards through the Inn to end at gates on the [[Victoria Embankment]], south of the Temple. All of the buildings in the Temple lying west of the lane belong to Middle Temple; the buildings to the east belong to one inn or the other. === Chambers === ==== West of Middle Temple Lane ==== Proceeding south from the Fleet Street gatehouse, Middle Temple Lane passes Brick Court to the west, so called because it is said to consist of the first brick buildings to be built in the Temple, in the reign of Elizabeth I. [[William Blackstone|Sir William Blackstone]] worked here before becoming the first professor to lecture in law at Oxford University. The poet and playwright [[Oliver Goldsmith]] also lived here from 1765 (having earlier resided in Garden Court), and is buried in the Temple Church. Blackstone, living on the floor below Goldsmith's chambers, complained about the noise made by Goldsmith's raucous parties, which were attended by many celebrities of the time, including [[Samuel Johnson]]. Blackstone later moved to Pump Court; whether because of the parties or for some other reason is unknown.<ref>Bellot (1902), pp. 276-280</ref> Next to Brick Court are the buildings called Essex Court, which actually form part of the same courtyard. The earliest record of Essex Court is from 1640, but the original buildings were replaced in 1656 and 1677.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 301</ref> Today Essex Court and Brick Court are occupied by barristers' chambers. Through a passageway to the west is New Court, built by Wren, and a gate leading out of the Temple into [[Devereux Court]] and Essex Street. (Another passageway to the north leads through [[Outer Temple]] to Fleet Street.) {{wikisource|The Vow of the Peacock and Other Poems/The Middle Temple Gardens|'The Middle Temple Gardens',<br> a poem by L. E. L.}} South of New Court and Essex Court lies Fountain Court. The fountain there was described by [[Charles Dickens]] in ''[[Martin Chuzzlewit]]''.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 275</ref> In her notes to her poem ''The Middle Temple Gardens'', [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] says of it: 'it is the poetry of the place, or, rather, the voice of the poetry with which it is filled'. To the south of Fountain Court are, from west to east, Garden Court (where the old library used to be), Middle Temple Gardens (which extend to the southern perimeter of the Temple), and Middle Temple Hall. The current buildings of Garden Court, which lie along the western edge of the Temple, were constructed in 1883.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 293</ref> South of Garden Court are Blackstone House, Queen Elizabeth Building, and a gate leading out of the Temple (and a short distance from [[Temple tube station]]). South of the hall, and east of the gardens, are Plowden Buildings, built in 1831, which contain the Treasurer's office. South of that is the current library, and then, at the end of Middle Temple Lane, are the buildings called Temple Gardens, built on both sides of the lane by both inns in 1861.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 294</ref> The western part belongs to Middle Temple, and the eastern part is Inner Temple's. The lane passes through the middle of Temple Gardens via an archway and leads out of the Temple. ==== East of the lane ==== Along the east side of Middle Temple Lane (proceeding northwards from the southern archway), the buildings belong to Inner Temple, until the lane reaches Lamb Buildings. Lamb Buildings belong to Middle Temple, which bought the land from Inner Temple after the Great Fire of 1666. Inner Temple needed the money because it found itself short of funds due to the extensive property destruction. Lamb Buildings are built on the site of Caesar's Buildings, which were destroyed in the fire, and which had belonged to Inner Temple.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 304</ref> The [[Lamb of God]] is the symbol of Middle Temple and is engraved above the entrances to the building. Behind Lamb Buildings, further east, is Elm Court, built in 1880.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 298</ref> The buildings on the south and east sides of Elm Court are part of Inner Temple; the west and north buildings are Middle Temple. Further north is [[Pump Court]], one of the oldest courts in the Temple.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 300</ref> Most of the buildings here belong to Middle Temple, except those in the north west corner. Further east are Middle Temple's [[cloister]]s, leading to Church Court between Temple Church and Inner Temple Hall. North of Pump Court is Inner Temple's Hare Court, and then more buildings belonging to Middle Temple, until the lane ends at the gate to Fleet Street. Parallel with and to the east of Middle Temple Lane lies Inner Temple Lane, which runs from Fleet Street to Church Court. On the east side of Inner Temple Lane, and opposite Hare Court, is Goldsmith Building, so named because of its proximity to Goldsmith's tomb in the adjacent Temple Church. Despite its location in the Inner Temple, Goldsmith Building actually belongs to Middle Temple, for reasons which are no longer remembered. It was built in 1861.<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 303</ref> == Structure and governance == The Inn's supreme body is its Parliament, which is made up of the [[Bencher]]s (judges and senior barristers), who are elected for life, and headed by a Treasurer who is elected annually. The Parliament approves the Inn's budget and authorises the [[Call to the bar|Call]] of student members to the Bar.<ref>[http://www.middletemple.org.uk/about-us/governance/parliament "Parliament,"] Middle Temple website, retrieved 30 October 2017.</ref> Members of the [[British royal family|Royal family]] who are made honorary benchers are known as "Royal Benchers". The first of these was Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, made a Royal Bencher when he opened the newly-constructed library in 1861.<ref name="Royal"/> The Inn is run from day to day by an Executive Committee and four other committees, which are accountable to the Parliament.<ref>[http://www.middletemple.org.uk/about-us/governance/standing-committees "Standing Committees,"] Middle Temple website, retrieved 30 October 2017.</ref> The Executive Committee consists of 14 voting members (including the Treasurer and the Deputy Treasurer) and two non-voting members (including the Under Treasurer).<ref>[http://www.middletemple.org.uk/about-us/governance/executive-committee "Executive Committee,"] Middle Temple website, retrieved 30 October 2017.</ref> The Treasurer for 2020 is the [[Brian Leveson|Right Honourable Sir Brian Leveson]].<ref>[http://www.middletemple.org.uk/about-us/governance/officers-of-the-inn "Officers of the Inn,"] Middle Temple website, retrieved 29 January 2020.</ref> The Under Treasurer and Chief Executive is Victoria Wallace, who was appointed in 2020.<ref>[https://www.middletemple.org.uk/about-us/governance/executive-management "The Executive Management of the Inn," Middle Temple website, retrieved 14 July 2020.]</ref> === Liberty === Middle Temple (like the Inner Temple) is one of the few remaining [[Liberty (division)|liberties]], an old name for a geographic division. It is an independent [[extra-parochial area]],<ref>[http://www.agi.org.uk/SITE/UPLOAD/DOCUMENT/Events/AGI2009/papers/MartinLaker.pdf Association for Geographic Information]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} What place is that then?</ref> historically not governed by the [[City of London Corporation]]<ref>[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/localact1996/pdf/ukla_19960004_en.pdf City of London (Approved Premises for Marriage) Act 1996] "By ancient custom the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple and the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple exercise powers within the areas of the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple respectively ('the Temples') concerning (''inter alia'') the regulation and governance of the Temples"</ref> (and is today regarded as a local authority for most purposes)<ref>[http://www.middletemple.org.uk/the_inn/middle-temple-as-a-local-authority.html Middle Temple as a local authority] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930021928/http://www.middletemple.org.uk/the_inn/middle-temple-as-a-local-authority.html |date=30 September 2012 }}</ref> and equally outside the [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction]] of the [[Bishop of London]]. The Middle Temple's functions as a local council are set out in the [[Temples Order 1971]].<ref>{{Whatdotheyknow.com|http://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/119646/response/291403/attach/2/Temples%20Order%201971.pdf|Temples Order 1971|119646|Under-Treasurer of the Middle Temple|16 September 2012}}</ref> It geographically falls within the boundaries and wards of the City, but can be thought of as an independent [[enclave]]. Some of the Inn's buildings (those along Essex Street, Devereux Court and the Queen Elizabeth Building near the Embankment) lie just outside the liberty of the Middle Temple and the City's boundary, and are actually situated in the [[City of Westminster]]. Quadrant House (7–15 Fleet Street) was acquired by the Middle Temple in 1999, and after five years of conversion is now a barristers' chambers.<ref>[http://www.buildingtalk.com/news/szo/szo107.html Building talk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025429/http://www.buildingtalk.com/news/szo/szo107.html |date=5 December 2008 }} Major £12m Fleet Street refurbishment (2005)</ref> This lies outside the liberty (though immediately adjacent to it) but is within the City of London. === Badge and coat of arms === [[File:Bloye shield on Fountain Court, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham 3.JPG|thumb|120px|Coat of arms]] The badge of the Middle Temple consists of the [[Lamb of God]] with a flag bearing the [[Saint George's Cross]]. This symbol appears in the centre of the Inn's [[coat of arms]], against a background consisting of the same cross (a red cross on a white field). The cross, and the lamb with the flag, each were symbols of the [[Knights Templar]].<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 28</ref> == Notable members == {{See also|Category:Members of the Middle Temple}} * [[Edmund Plowden|Sir Edmund Plowden]] * [[John Popham (judge)|Sir John Popham]] * [[Walter Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]]<ref>Bellot (1902), p. 290</ref> * [[Arthur Onslow]] * [[William Blackstone|Sir William Blackstone]]<ref>Odgers, William Blake (1918). "Sir William Blackstone". ''Yale Law Journal''. The Yale Law Journal Company, Inc. 27 (1), p. 601</ref> === Royal benchers === * [[Edward VII|The Prince of Wales]] (later Edward VII) (1861; served as Treasurer in 1866)<ref name="Royal" /><ref group=note>The Prince's appointment as Treasurer was honourary, and the office's functions were performed by the Deputy Treasurer.</ref> * [[Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale]] (1885)<ref>[https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/pdf/10.1680/imotp.1892.20207 ''Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers'' vol. 108, 1892]</ref> * [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]] (1944)<ref name="Will-Bencher">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/5762173/Prince-William-becomes-honorary-barrister.html|title=Prince William becomes honorary barrister|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=27 June 2019|quote=The Prince is the sixth member of the Royal Family to be called to the Bench as a Royal Bencher and is following in the footsteps of the Queen Mother, called in 1944, and his mother Diana, Princess of Wales, called in 1988.}}</ref> * [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] (1988)<ref name="Will-Bencher"/> * [[Prince William, Duke of Cambridge]] (2009)<ref name="Will-Bencher"/> == See also == *[[List of members of Middle Temple]] == Notes == {{Reflist|group=note}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Middle Temple}} *{{Official|http://www.middletemple.org.uk}} *[https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/offices-and-ceremonies/collections/clerk-of-the-hoc/engraving-john-hatsell/ John Hatsell: 18th Century Middle Temple - UK Parliament Living Heritage] *[https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/houseofcommons/reformacts/from-the-parliamentary-collections/wilkes1/wilkes6/ John Glynn MP & Middle Temple - UK Parliament Living Heritage] {{coord|51.5125|-0.112|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}} {{Inns of Court}} {{City of London}} {{Local authorities in London}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bar of England and Wales]] [[Category:Districts of the City of London]] [[Category:Education in the City of London]] [[Category:English law]] [[Category:Grade I listed buildings in the City of London]] [[Category:Grade I listed law buildings]] [[Category:Castles and fortifications of the Knights Templar]] [[Category:Inns of Court]] [[Category:Liberties of London]] [[Category:Libraries in the City of London]] [[Category:Local authorities in London]] [[Category:Organisations based in the City of London]] [[Category:Politics of the City of London]] [[Category:Professional education in London]] [[Category:Local precepting authorities in England]]'