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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Shortugai
| native_name =
| alternate_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = Afghanistan
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|37|19|30|N|69|31|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Takhar Province]], [[Afghanistan]]
| region =
| type = Settlement
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area = Approximately {{convert|4|ha|abbr=on}}
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built =
| abandoned =
| epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" -->
| cultures = [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations =
| archaeologists =
| condition =
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| notes =
}}
[[File:Shorugai.jpg|thumb|Part of the excavations]]
'''Shortugai''' (Shortughai) was a trading colony of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] (or Harappan Civilization) established around 2000 BC on the [[Oxus]] river (Amu Darya) near the [[lapis lazuli]] mines in northern [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Kenoyer | first = Jonathan Mark | authorlink = Jonathan Mark Kenoyer | title = Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilization | year = 1998 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-577940-1 | quote =Another source of gold was along the Oxus river valley in northern Afghanistan where a trading colony of the Indus cities has been discovered at Shortughai. Situated far from the Indus Valley itself, this settlement may have been established to obtain gold, copper, tin and lapis lazuli, as well as other exotic goods from Central Asia. | page = 96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite document | last1=Bowersox | first1=Gary W. | author-link= | last2=Chamberlin | first2=Bonita E. Ph. D. | author2-link= | year=1995 | title=Gemstones of Afghanistan | location=Tucson, AZ | publisher=Geoscience Press | pages=52 }}. "During the height of the Indus valley civilization about 2000 B.C., the Harappan colony of Shortugai was established near the lapis mines."</ref> It is considered to be the northernmost settlement of the Indus Valley Civilization.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYelDQAAQBAJ&q=shortugai+northernmost&pg=PT23|title=A History of India|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|date=2016-05-27|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317242123|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEXjAAAAMAAJ&q=shortugai+northernmost|title=Oriens antiquus|date=1986|publisher=Centro per le antichità e la storia dell'arte del Vicino Oriente.|language=en}}</ref> According to Bernard Sergent, "not one of the standard characteristics of the Harappan cultural complex is missing from it".<ref>Bernard Sergent. Genèse de l'Inde, quoted by Elst 1999</ref>
The town consists of two hills called A and B by the excavators. One of them was once the town proper, the other one the citadel. Each of them is about 2 hectares large.
==Findings==
The Shortugai site was discovered in 1976 and, since then, excavators were able to find carnelian and lapis lazuli beads, bronze objects, [[terracotta]] figurines.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Indus: Lost Civilizations|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2015|isbn=9781780235028|location=London|pages=92}}</ref> Other typical finds of the Indus Valley Civilization include one seal with a short inscription<ref>Francfort: ''Fouilles de Shortughai'', pl. 75, no. 7</ref> and a rhinoceros motif,<ref name=":0" /> clay models of cattle with carts<ref>Francfort: ''Fouilles de Shortughai'', pls. 81-82</ref> and painted pottery.<ref>Francfort: ''Fouilles de Shortughai'', pls. 59-61</ref> Pottery with Harappan design, jars, beakers, bronze objects, gold pieces, lapis lazuli beads, other types of beads, drill heads, shell bangles etc. are other findings.<ref name=singh/> Square seals with animal motiff and script confirms this as a site belonging to Indus Valley Civilisation (not just having contact with IVC).<ref name=singh/>
Bricks had typical Harappan measurements.
==Dryland farming==
A ploughed field with flax seeds in this site indicate dry land farming and irrigation canals dug to bring water from [[Kokcha]] (25 km distance) also indicate efforts put in agriculture.<ref name =singh/> There are several theories that explain the existence of canal irrigation system in the area. The first involves the suggestion that the Indus settlers brought the technology with them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives|last=McIntosh|first=Jane|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=9781576079072|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=115}}</ref> Another theory proposes that the canal was part of the influence of the [[Namazga-Tepe|Namazga culture]], which flourished in the adjacent southern [[Turkmenistan|Turkmenia]].<ref name=":1" />
==Trading post==
Shortugai was a trading post of Harappan times and it seems to be connected with lapis lazuli mines located in the surrounding area.<ref name=singh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131711200|pages=169|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=shortughai}}</ref> It also might have connections with tin trade (found at Afghanistan) and camel trade,<ref name=singh/> along with other Afghan valuables.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives|last=McIntosh|first=Jane|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=1576079651|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=135}}</ref> There are archaeologists who raise the issue of the absence of coinage and of an agreed decipherment despite the extensive trade networks controlled and operated by the settlement.<ref name=":0" />
==References==
<references/>
== Further reading ==
{{commons category}}
*[[Henri-Paul Francfort]]: ''Fouilles de Shortughai, Recherches sur L'Asie Centrale Protohistorique Paris'': Diffusion de Boccard, 1989
{{Indus Valley Civilization}}
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Afghanistan]]
{{hist-stub}}' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'Shortugai
Shortugai is located in AfghanistanShortugai
Shown within Afghanistan
Location
Takhar Province, Afghanistan
Coordinates
37°19′30″N 69°31′30″E
Type
Settlement
Area
Approximately 4 ha (9.9 acres)
History
Cultures
Indus Valley Civilization
==Findings==
The Shortugai site was discovered in 1976 and, since then, excavators were able to find carnelian and lapis lazuli beads, bronze objects, [[terracotta]] figurines.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Indus: Lost Civilizations|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2015|isbn=9781780235028|location=London|pages=92}}</ref> Other typical finds of the Indus Valley Civilization include one seal with a short inscription<ref>Francfort: ''Fouilles de Shortughai'', pl. 75, no. 7</ref> and a rhinoceros motif,<ref name=":0" /> clay models of cattle with carts<ref>Francfort: ''Fouilles de Shortughai'', pls. 81-82</ref> and painted pottery.<ref>Francfort: ''Fouilles de Shortughai'', pls. 59-61</ref> Pottery with Harappan design, jars, beakers, bronze objects, gold pieces, lapis lazuli beads, other types of beads, drill heads, shell bangles etc. are other findings.<ref name=singh/> Square seals with animal motiff and script confirms this as a site belonging to Indus Valley Civilisation (not just having contact with IVC).<ref name=singh/>
Bricks had typical Harappan measurements.
==Dryland farming==
A ploughed field with flax seeds in this site indicate dry land farming and irrigation canals dug to bring water from [[Kokcha]] (25 km distance) also indicate efforts put in agriculture.<ref name =singh/> There are several theories that explain the existence of canal irrigation system in the area. The first involves the suggestion that the Indus settlers brought the technology with them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives|last=McIntosh|first=Jane|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=9781576079072|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=115}}</ref> Another theory proposes that the canal was part of the influence of the [[Namazga-Tepe|Namazga culture]], which flourished in the adjacent southern [[Turkmenistan|Turkmenia]].<ref name=":1" />
==Trading post==
Shortugai was a trading post of Harappan times and it seems to be connected with lapis lazuli mines located in the surrounding area.<ref name=singh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131711200|pages=169|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=shortughai}}</ref> It also might have connections with tin trade (found at Afghanistan) and camel trade,<ref name=singh/> along with other Afghan valuables.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives|last=McIntosh|first=Jane|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=1576079651|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=135}}</ref> There are archaeologists who raise the issue of the absence of coinage and of an agreed decipherment despite the extensive trade networks controlled and operated by the settlement.<ref name=":0" />
==References==
<references/>
== Further reading ==
{{commons category}}
*[[Henri-Paul Francfort]]: ''Fouilles de Shortughai, Recherches sur L'Asie Centrale Protohistorique Paris'': Diffusion de Boccard, 1989
{{Indus Valley Civilization}}
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Afghanistan]]
{{hist-stub}}' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,46 +1,16 @@
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-[[File:Shorugai.jpg|thumb|Part of the excavations]]
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-'''Shortugai''' (Shortughai) was a trading colony of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] (or Harappan Civilization) established around 2000 BC on the [[Oxus]] river (Amu Darya) near the [[lapis lazuli]] mines in northern [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Kenoyer | first = Jonathan Mark | authorlink = Jonathan Mark Kenoyer | title = Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilization | year = 1998 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-577940-1 | quote =Another source of gold was along the Oxus river valley in northern Afghanistan where a trading colony of the Indus cities has been discovered at Shortughai. Situated far from the Indus Valley itself, this settlement may have been established to obtain gold, copper, tin and lapis lazuli, as well as other exotic goods from Central Asia. | page = 96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite document | last1=Bowersox | first1=Gary W. | author-link= | last2=Chamberlin | first2=Bonita E. Ph. D. | author2-link= | year=1995 | title=Gemstones of Afghanistan | location=Tucson, AZ | publisher=Geoscience Press | pages=52 }}. "During the height of the Indus valley civilization about 2000 B.C., the Harappan colony of Shortugai was established near the lapis mines."</ref> It is considered to be the northernmost settlement of the Indus Valley Civilization.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYelDQAAQBAJ&q=shortugai+northernmost&pg=PT23|title=A History of India|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|date=2016-05-27|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317242123|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEXjAAAAMAAJ&q=shortugai+northernmost|title=Oriens antiquus|date=1986|publisher=Centro per le antichità e la storia dell'arte del Vicino Oriente.|language=en}}</ref> According to Bernard Sergent, "not one of the standard characteristics of the Harappan cultural complex is missing from it".<ref>Bernard Sergent. Genèse de l'Inde, quoted by Elst 1999</ref>
-
-The town consists of two hills called A and B by the excavators. One of them was once the town proper, the other one the citadel. Each of them is about 2 hectares large.
+Shortugai
+Shortugai is located in AfghanistanShortugai
+Shown within Afghanistan
+Location
+Takhar Province, Afghanistan
+Coordinates
+37°19′30″N 69°31′30″E
+Type
+Settlement
+Area
+Approximately 4 ha (9.9 acres)
+History
+Cultures
+Indus Valley Civilization
==Findings==
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>Shortugai
Shortugai is located in AfghanistanShortugai
Shown within Afghanistan
Location
Takhar Province, Afghanistan
Coordinates
37°19′30″N 69°31′30″E
Type
Settlement
Area
Approximately 4 ha (9.9 acres)
History
Cultures
Indus Valley Civilization
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Findings"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Findings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Dryland_farming"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Dryland farming</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Trading_post"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Trading post</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Findings">Findings</span></h2>
<p>The Shortugai site was discovered in 1976 and, since then, excavators were able to find carnelian and lapis lazuli beads, bronze objects, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> figurines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup> Other typical finds of the Indus Valley Civilization include one seal with a short inscription<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> and a rhinoceros motif,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup> clay models of cattle with carts<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> and painted pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Pottery with Harappan design, jars, beakers, bronze objects, gold pieces, lapis lazuli beads, other types of beads, drill heads, shell bangles etc. are other findings.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-5">[5]</a></sup> Square seals with animal motiff and script confirms this as a site belonging to Indus Valley Civilisation (not just having contact with IVC).<sup id="cite_ref-singh_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-5">[5]</a></sup>
Bricks had typical Harappan measurements.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dryland_farming">Dryland farming</span></h2>
<p>A ploughed field with flax seeds in this site indicate dry land farming and irrigation canals dug to bring water from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kokcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokcha">Kokcha</a> (25 km distance) also indicate efforts put in agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-5">[5]</a></sup> There are several theories that explain the existence of canal irrigation system in the area. The first involves the suggestion that the Indus settlers brought the technology with them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></sup> Another theory proposes that the canal was part of the influence of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga culture</a>, which flourished in the adjacent southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Trading_post">Trading post</span></h2>
<p>Shortugai was a trading post of Harappan times and it seems to be connected with lapis lazuli mines located in the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-5">[5]</a></sup> It also might have connections with tin trade (found at Afghanistan) and camel trade,<sup id="cite_ref-singh_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-5">[5]</a></sup> along with other Afghan valuables.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> There are archaeologists who raise the issue of the absence of coinage and of an agreed decipherment despite the extensive trade networks controlled and operated by the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Andrew (2015). <i>The Indus: Lost Civilizations</i>. London: Reaktion Books. p. 92. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780235028" title="Special:BookSources/9781780235028"><bdi>9781780235028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus%3A+Lost+Civilizations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781780235028&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShortugai" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r982806391">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francfort: <i>Fouilles de Shortughai</i>, pl. 75, no. 7</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francfort: <i>Fouilles de Shortughai</i>, pls. 81-82</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francfort: <i>Fouilles de Shortughai</i>, pls. 59-61</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-singh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singh_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=shortughai"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century</i></a>. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 169. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131711200" title="Special:BookSources/9788131711200"><bdi>9788131711200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India+%3A+from+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+century&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788131711200&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26q%3Dshortughai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShortugai" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2008" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Jane (2008). <i>The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 115. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079072" title="Special:BookSources/9781576079072"><bdi>9781576079072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus+Valley%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781576079072&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShortugai" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2005" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Jane (2005). <i>Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 135. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576079651" title="Special:BookSources/1576079651"><bdi>1576079651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1576079651&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShortugai" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shortugai" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shortugai"><span style="">Shortugai</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henri-Paul_Francfort" title="Henri-Paul Francfort">Henri-Paul Francfort</a>: <i>Fouilles de Shortughai, Recherches sur L'Asie Centrale Protohistorique Paris</i>: Diffusion de Boccard, 1989</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indus_Valley_Civilisation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Template:Indus Valley Civilisation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Template talk:Indus Valley Civilisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Indus_Valley_Civilisation&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indus_Valley_Civilisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">History and culture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Periodisation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation">Periodisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulli_culture" title="Kulli culture">Kulli Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amri_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Amri Culture">Amri Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bara_culture" title="Bara culture">Bara Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harappan_architecture" title="Harappan architecture">Harappan architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanitation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation">Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Bath,_Mohenjo-daro" title="Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro">Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Inventions_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Category:Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation">Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Language and script</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus script</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Indus Valley sites in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nausharo" title="Nausharo">Nausharo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chanhudaro" title="Chanhudaro">Chanhudaro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lakhueen-jo-daro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhueen-jo-daro">Lakhueen-jo-daro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirak" title="Pirak">Pirak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kot_Diji" title="Kot Diji">Kot Diji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rehman_Dheri" title="Rehman Dheri">Rehman Dheri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amri_(Pre-Harappa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amri (Pre-Harappa)">Amri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sutkagan_Dor" title="Sutkagan Dor">Sutkagan Dor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sokhta_Koh" title="Sokhta Koh">Sokhta Koh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tharro_Hills" title="Tharro Hills">Tharro Hills</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pir_Shah_Jurio" title="Pir Shah Jurio">Pir Shah Jurio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allahdino" title="Allahdino">Allahdino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balakot" title="Balakot">Balakot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ongar,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ongar, Sindh">Ongar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganeriwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganeriwala">Ganeriwala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nindowari" title="Nindowari">Nindowari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judeir-jo-daro" title="Judeir-jo-daro">Judeir-jo-daro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dabarkot" title="Dabarkot">Dabarkot</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Indus Valley sites in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gola_Dhoro" title="Gola Dhoro">Gola Dhoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhagatrav" title="Bhagatrav">Bhagatrav</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rangpur,_Gujarat" title="Rangpur, Gujarat">Rangpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jognakhera" title="Jognakhera">Jognakhera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surkotada" title="Surkotada">Surkotada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manda,_Jammu" title="Manda, Jammu">Manda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alamgirpur" title="Alamgirpur">Alamgirpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malwan" title="Malwan">Malwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kunal,_Haryana" title="Kunal, Haryana">Kunal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rakhigarhi" title="Rakhigarhi">Rakhigarhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rupnagar" title="Rupnagar">Rupnagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rupar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupar">Rupar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hulas" title="Hulas">Hulas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanmer" title="Kanmer">Kanmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oriyo_timbo" title="Oriyo timbo">Oriyo timbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dher_Majra" title="Dher Majra">Dher Majra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lohari_Ragho" title="Lohari Ragho">Lohari Ragho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuntasi" title="Kuntasi">Kuntasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loteshwar" title="Loteshwar">Loteshwar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandi,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Mandi, Uttar Pradesh">Mandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farmana" title="Farmana">Farmana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganeshwar_Civilzation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganeshwar Civilzation">Ganeshwar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sothi_(archaeology)" title="Sothi (archaeology)">Sothi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siswal" title="Siswal">Siswal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanauli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanauli">Sanauli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanghol" title="Sanghol">Sanghol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pabumath" title="Pabumath">Pabumath</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nagwada" title="Nagwada">Nagwada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babar_Kot" title="Babar Kot">Babar Kot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balu,_Haryana" class="mw-redirect" title="Balu, Haryana">Balu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bara,_Punjab" title="Bara, Punjab">Bara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bargaon_(archaeological_site)" title="Bargaon (archaeological site)">Bargaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhagwanpura,_Haryana" title="Bhagwanpura, Haryana">Bhagwanpura</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banawali" title="Banawali">Banawali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rojdi" title="Rojdi">Rojdi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kotla_Nihang_Khan" title="Kotla Nihang Khan">Kotla Nihang Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerala-no-dhoro" title="Kerala-no-dhoro">Kerala-no-dhoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitathal" title="Mitathal">Mitathal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desalpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Desalpur">Desalpur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Indus Valley sites in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shortugai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><br />
</p>
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' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1607955273 |