Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox |name = Florida History Navbar |bodystyle = vcard |title = |titlestyle = |above = '''History of Florida''' |abovestyle = background:#4682b4; |image = [[File:Seal of Florida.svg|150px]] |imagestyle = |caption = The [[Seal of Florida]] reflects the state's [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] ancestry |captionstyle = |headerstyle = background:#4682b4; |labelstyle = |datastyle = |header1 = Historical Periods |label2 = Pre-history |data2 = until 1497 |label3 = [[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish Rule]] |data3 = 1513&ndash;1763 |label4 = [[Kingdom of Great Britian|British Rule]] |data4 = 1763&ndash;1783 |label5 = Spanish Rule |data5 = 1783&ndash;1821 |label6 = [[U.S. Territory|U.S. Territorial Period]] |data6 = 1822&ndash;1845 |label7 = [[U.S. State|Statehood]] |data7 = 1845&ndash;present |header8 = Major Events |label9 = [[American Revolutionary War]] |data9 = 1775&ndash;1783 |label10 = [[War of 1812]] |data10 = 1811-1814 |label11 = [[First Seminole War]] |data11 = 1817-1818 |label12 = Capitol moved to <br />[[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]] |data12 = 1824 |label13 = [[Second Seminole War]] |data13 = 1835-1842 |label14 = [[Constitution of Florida|Constitutional convention]] |data14 = 1838 |label15 = [[Third Seminole War]] |data15 = 1855-1858 |label16 = [[Confederate States of America|Ordinance of Secession]] |data16 = 1861 |label17 = [[Florida in the American Civil War|Civil War]] |data17 = 1861&ndash;1865 |label18 = [[Constitution of Florida|3^rd Constitution]] |data18 = 1865 |label19 = [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] |data19 = 1865&ndash;1868 |label20 = [[Constitution of Florida|4^th Constitution]] |data20 = 1868 |label21 = [[Constitution of Florida|5^th Constitution]] |data21 = 1885 |label22 = [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] |data22 = 1910&ndash;1930 |label23 = [[Florida land boom of the 1920s|Land Boom]] |data23 = 1925&ndash;1929 |label24 = [[Constitution of Florida|6^th Constitution]] |data24 = 1968 |label25 = ''[[Gore v. Harris]]''<br />[[United States presidential election in Florida, 2000|2000 Presidential Election]] |data25 = 2000 }} The '''History of Florida''' can be traced back to when the first [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] began to inhabit the peninsula as early as 14,000 years ago. Recorded history begins with the arrival of Europeans to [[Florida]], beginning with the Spanish explorer [[Juan Ponce de León]], who explored the area in 1513. Since that time Florida has had a long history of immigration, including French and Spanish settlement during the 16th century, as well as immigration from new Native American groups. Florida was under colonial rule by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] and [[British Empire|Great Britain]] during the 18th and 19th centuries before becoming a territory of the [[United States]] in 1822. Two decades later, in 1845, Florida was admitted to the union as America's 27th [[U.S. state]]. Florida's nickname, the "Sunshine State" due to its generally warm [[climate]], has fostered developments and migrations throughout the state's history, and particularly in the 20th and 21st centuries that have created a diverse population and an urbanized economy. As of 2008, the [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates that the state population was 18,328,340, ranking Florida as the fourth most populous state in the U.S.<ref>behind [[California]], [[Texas]], and [[New York]]</ref><ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=n&_lang=en&mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_US9S&format=US-9S&_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1-R&ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&geo_id=01000US United States population by states], United States Census Bureau.</ref> ==Early history== [[Image:Shell Midden, Enterprise, FL.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Shell midden at [[Enterprise, Florida|Enterprise]] in 1875]] The first land animals entered Florida approximately 24.8 million years ago. Prior to that time, Florida was [[Orange Island (Florida)|Orange Island]], a low-relief island sitting atop the carbonate [[Florida Platform]]. [[Paleo-Indians]] entered what is now Florida at least 14,000 years ago.<ref>Purdy: 2 states that the evidence for the presence of humans in Florida by 14,000 years ago is "indisputable".</ref> Due to the large amount of water locked up in [[glacier]]s during the [[Wisconsin glaciation]], the sea level may have been 100 metres (more than 300 feet) lower than present levels. As a result, the Florida peninsula had a land area about twice what it is today. Florida also had a drier and cooler climate than in more recent times. There were few flowing rivers or [[wetland]]s. Across large areas of Florida, fresh water was available only in [[sinkhole]]s and [[limestone]] catchment basins. As a result, most paleo-Indian activity was around the watering holes. Sinkholes and basins in the beds of modern rivers (such as the [[Page-Ladson prehistory site]] in the [[Aucilla River]]) have yielded a rich trove of paleo-Indian [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]], including [[Clovis point]]s.<ref>Milanich 1998:3-12</ref> Excavations at an ancient stone [[quarry]] (the Container Corporation of America site in [[Marion County, Florida|Marion County]]) yielded "crude stone implements" showing signs of extensive wear from deposits below those holding Paleo-Indian artifacts. [[Thermoluminescence dating]] and [[weathering]] analysis independently gave dates of 26,000 to 28,000 years ago for the creation of the artifacts. The findings are controversial, and funding has not been available for follow-up studies.<ref>Purdy: 106-15</ref> As the glaciers began retreating about 8000 [[Before Christ|BC]], the climate of Florida became warmer and wetter, and the sea level rose. The paleo-Indian culture was replaced by, or evolved into, the [[Archaic period in the Americas|Early Archaic culture]]. With an increase in population and more water available, the people occupied many more locations, as evidenced by numerous artifacts. [[Archeology|Archaeologists]] have learned much about the Early Archaic people of Florida from the spectacular discoveries made at [[Windover archaeological site|Windover Pond]]. The Early Archaic period evolved into the Middle Archaic period around 5000 BC. People started living in villages near wetlands and favored sites that were likely occupied for multiple generations. The Late Archaic period started about 3000 BC, when Florida's climate had reached current conditions and the sea had risen close to its present level. People commonly occupied both fresh and saltwater wetlands. Large shell [[middens]] accumulated during this period. Many people lived in large villages with purpose-built [[mound]]s, such as at the [[Horr's Island archaeological site|Horr's Island]], which had the largest permanently occupied community in the Archaic period in the southeastern United States. It also has the oldest [[burial mound]] in the [[East]], dating to about 1450 BC. People began creating fired pottery in Florida by 2000 BC. By about 500 BC, the Archaic culture, which had been fairly uniform across Florida, began to fragment into regional cultures.<ref>Milanich 1998:12-37</ref> The post-Archaic cultures of eastern and southern Florida developed in relative isolation. It is likely that the peoples living in those areas at the time of first European contact were direct descendants of the inhabitants of the areas in late Archaic times. The cultures of the Florida panhandle and the north and central [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf]] coast of the Florida peninsula were strongly influenced by the [[Mississippian culture]]. Continuity in cultural history suggests that the peoples of those areas were also descended from the inhabitants of the Archaic period. In the panhandle and the northern part of the peninsula, people adopted cultivation of [[maize]]. Its cultivation was restricted or absent among the tribes who lived south of the [[Timucua language|Timucuan]]-speaking people (i.e., south of a line approximately from present-day [[Daytona Beach, Florida]] to a point on or north of Tampa Bay.)<ref>Milanich 1998:38-132</ref> Peoples in southern Florida depended on the rich estuarine environment and developed a highly complex society without agriculture. ===Native American tribes=== [[Image:Flindians1723.JPG‎|thumb|200px|[[Bernard Picart]] Copper Plate Engraving of Florida Indians, Circa 1721 "Cérémonies et Coutumes Religieuses de tous les Peuples du Monde" (Private Collection of L.S. Morgan, [[St. Augustine Beach]], Fla.)]] {{See also|List of Indian tribes in Florida}} {{See also|Indigenous people of the Everglades region}} At the time of first European contact, Florida was inhabited by an estimated 350,000 people belonging to a number of tribes. The Spanish recorded nearly one hundred names of groups they encountered, ranging from organized political entities such as the [[Apalachee]], with a population of around 50,000, to villages with no known political affiliation. There were an estimated 150,000 speakers of dialects of the [[Timucua language]], but the [[Timucua]] were only organized as groups of villages and did not share a common culture. Other tribes in Florida at the time of first contact included the [[Ais (tribe)|Ais]], [[Calusa]], [[Jaega]], [[Mayaimi]], [[Tequesta]] and [[Tocobaga]]. The populations of all of these tribes decreased markedly during the period of Spanish control of Florida, mostly due to epidemics of newly introduced [[infectious diseases]], to which the Native Americans had no natural [[immunity]]. At the beginning of the 18th century, when the indigenous peoples were already much reduced, tribes from areas to the north of Florida, supplied with arms and occasionally accompanied by [[white (people)|white]] colonists from the [[Province of Carolina]], raided throughout Florida. They burned villages, wounded many of the inhabitants and carried captives back to [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charles Towne]] to be sold into [[slavery]]. Most of the villages in Florida were abandoned and the survivors sought refuge at [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] or in isolated spots around the state. Many tribes became extinct during this period and by the end of the eighteenth century. Some of the Apalachee eventually reached Louisiana, where they survived as a distinct group for at least another century. The Spanish evacuated the few surviving members of the Florida tribes to [[Cuba]] in 1763 when Spain transferred the territory of Florida to the [[British Empire]] following the latter's victory in the [[Seven Years War]]. In the aftermath, the [[Seminole]], originally an offshoot of the [[Creek people]] who absorbed other groups, developed as a distinct tribe in Florida during the 18th century through the process of [[ethnogenesis]]. They are now represented in the Seminole Nation of [[Oklahoma]], the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and the [[Miccosukee]] Tribe of Indians of Florida. ==Colonialism: Battleground for Europe== ===First Spanish rule=== {{Main|Spanish Florida}} [[File:Juan Ponce de León.jpg|thumb|200px|Juan Ponce de León]] [[File:Florida worship french column 1591.jpeg|thumb|200px|Timucua Indians at a column erected by the French in 1562]] [[File:1527-TeraFlorida.jpg|thumb|left|200px|1527 map by [[Vesconte Maggiolo]] showing the east coast of [[North America]] with "Tera Florida" at the top and "Lavoradore" at the bottom.]] [[File:Florida Moyne 1591.jpeg|thumb|200px|1591 map of Florida by [[Jacques Le Moyne|Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues]]]] According to popular legend, unlikely to be true, Juan Ponce de León discovered Florida while searching for the [[Fountain of Youth]]. Although it is often stated that he sighted the peninsula for the first time on March 27, 1513, and thought it was an island, he probably saw one of the Bahama islands.<ref>[http://www.floridahistory.org/floridians/conquis.htm FloridaHistory.org], retrieved June 17, 2006.</ref> He landed on the east coast of the newly discovered land on April 2. He named the land ''La Pascua Florida'', or "Flowery Easter," probably due to the abundant [[flora (plants)|plant life]] in the area or to the fact that he arrived during the Spanish [[Easter]] feast, [[Pascua Florida]]. Ponce de León may not have been the first European to reach Florida, as he claimed he encountered at least one Indian who could speak Spanish <ref>Hale G. Smith and Marc Gottlob. 1978."Spanish-Indian Relationships: Synoptic History and Archaeological Evidence, 1500-1763", in Milanich, Jerald and Samuel Proctor. ''Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period.'' Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-0535-3</ref> Ponce de León returned with equipment and settlers to start a colony in 1521, but they were driven off by repeated attacks from the native population. The earliest records of inland Florida are those of conquest survivors. [[Pánfilo de Narváez]]'s [[Narváez expedition|expedition]] explored Florida's west coast in 1528 but was lost at sea upon his attempted seaward escape to Mexico. One of his expedition's officers, [[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca]], survived nine years' trudging between Florida and Mexico, returned to Spain and published his observations. He inspired [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto's]] invasion of Florida in 1539. Members of his expedition later published details of Florida's natives, their lifestyles and behavior. In 1559 [[Tristán de Luna y Arellano]] established a brief settlement in [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]] but after a violent hurricane destroyed the area it was abandoned in 1561.<ref name= "Bense p. 6">{{harvnb|Bense|1999|p=6}}</ref> The French began taking an interest in the area as well, leading the Spanish to accelerate their [[French colonization of the Americas|colonization plans]]. [[Jean Ribault]] led a largely [[Huguenot]] expedition to Florida in 1562, and his associate [[René Goulaine de Laudonnière]] founded [[Fort Caroline]] in what is now [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] in 1564 as a haven for the [[Huguenot]]s.<ref name= "Rowland p. 26">[[#refRowlandMooreRogers1996|Rowland-Moore-Rogers 1996]], p. 26.</ref> Further down the coast the Spanish founded in 1565 by [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]], San Agustín ([[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]])<ref name= "Rowland p. 27">[[#refRowlandMooreRogers1996|Rowland-Moore-Rogers 1996]], p. 27.</ref> is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in any U.S. state; it is second oldest only to [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] in the United States' current territory. From this base of operations, the Spanish began building [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] missions. On September 20, 1565, Menéndez de Avilés attacked Fort Caroline, killing all the French Huguenot soldiers defending it (sparing only a few Catholics), and renamed the fort San Mateo.<ref name= "Rowland p. 28">[[#refRowlandMooreRogers1996|Rowland-Moore-Rogers 1996]], p. 28.</ref> Two years later, [[Dominique de Gourgues]] recaptured the settlement from the Spanish and slaughtered all of the Spanish defenders. After the initial destruction of Fort Caroline, St. Augustine became the most important settlement in Florida. It was little more than a fortress for many years, and was frequently attacked and burned, with most residents killed or fled. It was notably devastated in 1586, when English sea captain and sometime pirate Sir [[Francis Drake]] plundered and burned the city. [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] missionaries used St. Augustine as a base of operations and established missions throughout what is today the southeastern United States. Missionaries converted 26,000 natives by 1655, but a revolt in 1656 and an epidemic in 1659 proved devastating. Pirate attacks were unrelenting against small outposts and even St. Augustine itself. Throughout the 17th century, English settlers in [[Virginia]] and the [[Carolinas]] gradually pushed the boundaries of Spanish territory south, while the French settlements along the [[Mississippi River]] encroached on the western borders of the Spanish claim. In 1702, English Colonel [[James Moore (South Carolina politician)|James Moore]] and allied [[Yamasee]] and [[Creek people|Creek Indians]] attacked and razed the town of St. Augustine, but they could not gain control of the fort. In 1704, Moore and his soldiers began burning Spanish missions in north Florida and executing Indians friendly with the Spanish. The collapse of the Spanish mission system and the defeat of the Spanish-allied [[Apalachee]] Indians (the [[Apalachee massacre]]) opened Florida up to [[Indian slavery|slave raids]], which reached to the Florida Keys and decimated the native population.<ref>Gallay, pp. 144-147</ref> The [[Yamasee War]] of 1715-1717 resulted in numerous Indian refugees, such as the Yamasee, moving south to Florida. In 1719, the French captured the Spanish settlement at Pensacola.<ref name= "Wharton p. 95">{{harvnb|Wharton|1821|p=95}}</ref> The British and their colonies made war repeatedly against the Spanish, especially in 1702, and captured St Augustine in 1740. The British were angry that Spanish officials tolerated and invited runaway slaves into Florida. Invading [[Seminoles]] killed off most of the local Indians. Florida had about 3,000 Spanish inhabitants when Britain took control in 1763. Nearly all quickly left. Even though in 1783 control of Florida was restored to Spain after the [[Battle of Pensacola (1781)]], Spain sent no more settlers or missionaries. ===British rule=== [[Image:West Florida Map 1767.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The expanded West Florida territory in 1767.]] In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] for control of [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], which [[Battle of Havana (1762)|had been captured]] by the British during the [[Seven Years' War]]. It was part of a large expansion of British territory following the [[Great Britain in the Seven Years War|country's victory in the Seven Years War]]. Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba. The British divided the territory into [[East Florida]] and [[West Florida]]. They began aggressive recruitment programs designed to attract settlers to the area, offering free land and backing for export-oriented businesses. East Florida was the site of the largest single importation of white settlers in the colonial period; Dr [[Andrew Turnbull]] transplanted around 1500 [[indentured]] settlers, from [[Minorca]], [[Majorca]], [[Ibiza]], [[Smyrna]], [[Crete]], [[Mani Peninsula]], and [[Sicily]], to grow [[hemp]], [[sugarcane]], [[indigo]], and to produce [[rum]]. Settled at [[New Smyrna Beach, Florida|New Smyrna]], within months the colony suffered major losses primarily due to insect-borne diseases and Native American raids. Most crops did not do well in the sandy Florida soil. Those that survived rarely equaled the quality produced in other colonies. The colonists tired of their servitude and Turnbull's rule. On several occasions, he used [[African]] [[slaves]] to whip his unruly settlers. The settlement collapsed and the survivors fled to safety with the British authorities in St. Augustine. Their descendants survive to this day, as does the name New Smyrna. In 1767, the British moved the northern boundary of West Florida to a line extending from the mouth of the [[Yazoo River]] east to the [[Chattahoochee River]] (32° 28′north latitude), consisting of approximately the lower third of the present states of [[Mississippi]] and [[Alabama]]. During this time, Creek Indians migrated into Florida and formed the Seminole tribe. The two Floridas remained loyal to Great Britain throughout the [[American Revolutionary War]]. However, Spain (participating indirectly in the war as an ally of France) captured [[Battle of Pensacola (1781)|Pensacola]] from the British in 1781. In 1783, the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] ended the Revolutionary War and returned all of Florida to Spanish control, but without specifying the boundaries. The Spanish wanted the expanded boundary, while the new United States demanded the old boundary at the [[31st parallel north]]. In the [[Treaty of San Lorenzo]] of 1795, Spain recognized the 31st parallel as the boundary. ===Second Spanish rule=== {{Main|Royal Governor of La Florida}} [[Image:East and West Florida 1810.jpg|thumb|300px|right|East and West Florida in 1810]] Spanish presence was minor during that empire's second rule over Florida. Spain offered extremely lucrative free land packages in Florida as a means of attracting settlers, and foreigners came in droves, especially from the United States. The territory became a haven for escaped slaves and a base for Indian attacks against the U.S., and the U.S. demanded Spain reform. There were almost no Spanish settlers and only a few soldiers. In the meantime, American settlers established a foothold in the area and ignored Spanish officials. British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for exactly ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of [[West Florida]] on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]] (now in [[Louisiana]]), and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the "[[Bonnie Blue Flag]]". Throughout this period, Spain offered land grants to anyone who settled in Florida. As a result, hundreds of Americans came into the colony. Once Florida became a U.S. Territory, these grants—which the U.S. agreed to honor if found valid—caused years of litigation as settlers attempted to prove the validity of their claims. On October 27, 1810, parts of West Florida were annexed by proclamation of U.S. President [[James Madison]], who claimed the region as part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. At first, purchase negotiator [[Fulwar Skipwith]] and the West Florida government were opposed to the proclamation, preferring to negotiate terms to join the Union. However, [[William C. C. Claiborne]], who was sent to take possession of the territory, refused to recognize the legitimacy of the West Florida government. Skipwith proclaimed that he was ready to "die in defense of the Lone Star flag." However, Skipwith and the legislature eventually backed down, and agreed to accept Madison's proclamation. Possession was taken of [[St. Francisville, Louisiana|St. Francisville]] on December 6, 1810, and of Baton Rouge on December 10, 1810. These portions were incorporated into the newly formed [[Territory of Orleans]]. The U.S. annexed the Mobile District of West Florida to the [[Mississippi Territory]] in 1812. Spain continued to dispute the area, though the United States gradually increased the area it occupied. After settler attacks on Indian towns, [[Seminole]] Indians based in [[East Florida]] began raiding [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] settlements, purportedly at the behest of the Spanish. The [[United States Army]] led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by [[Andrew Jackson]] that became known as the [[First Seminole War]]. Following the war, the United States effectively controlled East Florida. The [[Adams-Onís Treaty]] was signed between the United States and Spain on February 22, 1819 and took effect on July 10, 1821. According to the terms of the treaty, the United States acquired Florida and, in exchange, renounced all claims to [[Texas]]. [[Andrew Jackson]] formally took control of Florida from Spanish authorities on July 17, 1821 at [[Pensacola]]. ==American Frontier== ===Florida Territory=== {{Main|Florida Territory}} [[File:Andrew Jackson.jpg|thumb|150px|Andrew Jackson served as the first military [[Governor of Florida]]]] [[Florida Territory|Florida]] became an [[organized territory]] of the United States on March 30, 1822. The Americans merged [[East Florida]] and [[West Florida]] (although the majority of West Florida was annexed to [[Territory of Orleans]] and [[Mississippi Territory]]), and established a new capital in [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]], conveniently located halfway between the East Florida capital of St. Augustine and the West Florida capital of Pensacola. The boundaries of Florida's first two counties, [[Escambia County, Florida|Escambia]] and [[St. Johns County, Florida|St. Johns]], approximately coincided with the boundaries of West and East Florida respectively. [[Image:Osceola.png|thumb|left|Seminole leader Osceola]] As settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from their lands in Florida. Many settlers in Florida developed plantation agriculture, similar to other areas of the Deep South. To the consternation of new landowners, the Seminoles harbored and integrated [[Black Seminoles|runaway blacks]], and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the United States government signed the [[Treaty of Payne's Landing]] with some of the Seminole chiefs, promising them lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida voluntarily. Many Seminoles left then, while those who remained prepared to defend their claims to the land. White settlers pressured the government to remove all of the Indians, by force if necessary, and in 1835, the U.S. Army arrived to enforce the treaty. The [[Second Seminole War]] began at the end of 1835 with the [[Dade Massacre]], when Seminoles ambushed Army troops marching from [[Fort Brooke]] (Tampa) to reinforce [[Fort King]] (Ocala). They killed or mortally wounded all but one of the 108 troops. Between 900 and 1,500 Seminole Indian warriors effectively employed guerrilla tactics against United States Army troops for seven years. [[Osceola]], a charismatic young war leader, came to symbolize the war and the Seminoles after he was arrested by deception while attending truce negotiations in 1837. First imprisoned at [[Fort Marion]], he died of [[malaria]] at [[Fort Moultrie]] in [[South Carolina]] less than 3 months after his capture. The war dragged on until 1842. The U.S. government is estimated to have spent between US$20 million and US$40 million on the war, at the time an astronomical sum. Almost all of the Seminoles were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi; about 300 were allowed to remain in the [[Everglades]]. ===Statehood=== [[File:Florida Capitol 1845.jpg|thumb|The brick [[Florida State Capitol|Capitol]] as built in 1845]] On March 3, 1845, Florida became the 27th state of the United States of America. Its first governor was [[William Dunn Moseley]]. Almost half the state's population were enslaved African Americans working on large cotton and sugar plantations.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Like the people who held them, many slaves had come from the coastal areas of Georgia and the Carolinas. They were part of the [[Gullah]]-Gee Chee culture of the [[Low Country]]. Others were enslaved African Americans from the Upper South who had been sold to traders taking slaves to the Deep South.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} In the 1850s white settlers were again encroaching on lands used by Seminoles.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} The United States government decided to make another attempt to move the remaining Seminoles to the West.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Increased Army patrols led to hostilities. The [[Seminole Wars#Third Seminole War|Third Seminole War]] lasted from 1855 to 1858. At its end, US forces estimated only 100 Seminoles were left in Florida. In 1859, 75 Seminoles surrendered and were sent to the West, but some Seminoles continued to live in the Everglades. On the eve of the Civil War, Florida had the least population of the Southern states. It was invested in plantation agriculture. By 1860 Florida had only 140,424 people, of whom 44% were enslaved. There were fewer than 1000 [[free black|free people of color]] before the Civil War.<ref>[http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php Historical Census Browser, accessed 10/31/2007]</ref> ===Civil War, Reconstruction and Jim Crow=== {{Main|Florida in the American Civil War}} {{Main|Disfranchisement after the Civil War}} [[File:Battle of Olustee.jpg|thumb|right|225px|The [[Battle of Olustee]] was the only major Civil War battle fought in Florida]] Following [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s election in 1860, Florida joined other Southern states in seceding from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]. [[Secession]] took place January 10, 1861 and, after less than a month as an independent republic, Florida became one of the founding members of the [[Confederate States of America]]. As Florida was an important supply route for the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate Army]], Union forces operated a blockade around the entire state. Union troops occupied major ports such as [[Cedar Key, Florida|Cedar Key]], [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], [[Key West, Florida|Key West]], and Pensacola. Though numerous skirmishes occurred in Florida, including the [[Battle of Natural Bridge]], the [[Battle of Marianna]] and the [[Battle of Gainesville]], the only major battle was the [[Battle of Olustee]] near [[Lake City, Florida|Lake City]]. After meeting the requirements of [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]], including ratifying amendments to the [[United States Constitution|US Constitution]], Florida was readmitted to the United States on July 25, 1868. This did not end the struggle for political power among groups in the state. After [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]], conservative white Democrats strove for power until they regained it in 1877. This was accomplished partly through violent actions by white paramilitary groups targeting black freedmen and their allies to discourage them from voting. From 1885 to 1889, after regaining power, the white-dominated state legislature passed statutes to reduce voting by blacks and poor whites, which had threatened white Democratic power with a populist coalition.<!---but they already had power. why would they have to do this? Goes on but doesn't develop thinking much IMO---> As these groups were stripped from voter rolls, white Democrats established power in a one-party state, as happened across the South.<!---this kind of repeats itself. Needs rewriting IMO and a reference so it doesn't sound so [[WP:OR]]---> By 1900 the state's African Americans numbered more than 200,000; 44 percent of the total population. This was the same proportion as before the Civil War, and they were effectively disfranchised.<ref>[http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state/php Historical Census Browser, 1900 US Census, University of Virginia], accessed 15 March 2008</ref> Not being able to vote meant they could not sit on juries, and were not elected to local, state or federal offices. They were not recruited for law enforcement or other government positions. White Democrats proceeded to pass [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow legislation]] establishing racial segregation in public facilities and transportation. Without political representation, African Americans were shortchanged in the state. For more than six decades, white Democrats controlled virtually all the state's seats in Congress, which were apportioned based on the total population of the state rather than only on those voting. ==Modern History== ===Great Migration, Racism and the Great Depression=== {{See also|Rosewood, Florida}} [[File:Rosewood Florida rc12408.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=A black and white photograph of ashes from a burned building with several people standing nearby; trees in the distance|The remains of Sarah Carrier's house after the [[Rosewood massacre]]]] After WWI there was a rise in [[lynchings]] and other racial violence directed by whites against blacks in the state, as well as across the South and in northern cities. It was due in part from strains of rapid social and economic changes, as well as competition for jobs. Whites continued to resort to lynchings to keep dominance, and tensions rose. White mobs committed murders, accompanied by wholesale destruction of black houses, churches and schools, in the small communities of [[Ocoee, Florida|Ocoee]], November 1920; [[Perry, Florida|Perry]] in December 1922; and [[Rosewood, Florida|Rosewood]] in January 1923. The governor appointed a special grand jury and special prosecuting attorney to investigate Rosewood and [[Levy County]], but the jury did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute. Rosewood was never resettled. To escape segregation, lynchings, and civil right suppression, forty thousand African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] from 1910-1940. That was one-fifth of their population in 1900. They sought better lives, including decent-paying jobs, better education for their children, and the chance to vote and participate in political life. Many were recruited for jobs with the Pennsylvania Railroad.<ref>[http://mailer.fsu.edu/~mjones/rosewood/rosewood.html Maxine D. Rogers, et al., ''Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida in January 1923'', Dec 1993, p.5], accessed 28 March 2008</ref> The 1920s were a prosperous time for much of the nation. Florida's new railroads opened up large areas to development, spurring the [[Florida land boom of the 1920s]]. Investors of all kinds, mostly from outside Florida, raced to buy and sell rapidly appreciating land in newly platted communities such as Miami and Palm Beach. A majority of the people who bought land in Florida were able to do so without stepping foot in the state, by hiring people to speculate and buy the land for them. By 1925, the market ran out of buyers to pay the high prices and soon the boom became a bust. The [[1926 Miami Hurricane]] further depressed the real estate market. The [[Great Depression]] arrived in 1929; however, by that time, economic decay already consumed much of Florida from the land boom that collapsed four years earlier.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} ===Tourism destination=== {{See also|Orlando, Florida}} [[File:Winter in Florida.jpg|thumb|175px|Tourists hunting in 1893]] During the late 19th century, Florida became a popular tourist destination as [[railroad]]s expanded into the area. Railroad magnate [[Henry Plant]] built at [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] the luxurious [[Tampa Bay Hotel]], which later became the campus for the [[University of Tampa]]. [[Henry Flagler]] built the [[Florida East Coast Railway]] from [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] to [[Key West]]. Along the route he provided for his passengers grand accommodations, including [[Ponce de León Hotel|The Ponce de León Hotel]] in St. Augustine, [[Ormond Hotel|The Ormond Hotel]] in [[Ormond Beach, Florida|Ormond Beach]], [[Royal Poinciana Hotel|The Royal Poinciana Hotel]] and [[Breakers Hotel|The Breakers Hotel]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]], and [[Royal Palm Hotel (Miami)|The Royal Palm Hotel]] in [[Miami, Florida|Miami]]. [[File:Cindyrella's Castle @ Magic Kingdom.jpg|left|thumb|175px|[[Magic Kingdom]] at [[Walt Disney World Resort]]]] In February 1888, Florida had a special tourist: President [[Grover Cleveland]], the first lady and his party visited Florida for a couple of days. He visited the Subtropical Exposition in Jacksonville where he made a speech supporting tourism to the state; then, he took a train to St. Augustine, meeting Henry Flagler; and then a train to [[Titusville, Florida|Titusville]], where he boarded a steamboat and visited Rockledge. On his return trip, he visited [[Sanford, Florida|Sanford]] and [[Winter Park, Florida|Winter Park]]. Florida's first theme parks emerged in the 1930s and included [[Cypress Gardens]] (1936) near [[Winter Haven, Florida|Winter Haven]] and [[Marineland (Florida)|Marineland]] (1938) near St. Augustine. In the 1960s [[Walt Disney]] chose Central Florida as the site of his planned [[Walt Disney World Resort]] and began purchasing land. To avoid generating land speculation, he used [[dummy corporation]]s and willing associates to acquire 27,400 acres (110&nbsp;km², 43&nbsp;mi²). In 1971, [[the Magic Kingdom]], the first component of the resort, opened and began the dramatic transformation of the [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] area into an international resort destination with a wide variety of themed parks. The Orlando area features theme parks including [[Universal Orlando Resort]], [[SeaWorld]], and [[Wet 'n Wild - Orlando|Wet 'n Wild]]. ===Military and space industry=== [[File:Aerial View of Launch Complex 39.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kennedy Space Center]]]] Starting in the early twentieth century and accelerating as [[World War II]] dawned, the state became a major hub for the [[United States Armed Forces]]. [[Naval Air Station Pensacola]] was originally established as a naval station in 1826 and became the first American naval aviation facility in 1917. The entire nation mobilized for World War II and many bases were established in Florida, including [[Naval Air Station Jacksonville]], [[Naval Station Mayport]], [[Naval Air Station Cecil Field]], [[Naval Air Station Whiting Field]] and [[Homestead Air Force Base]]. [[Eglin Air Force Base]] and [[MacDill Air Force Base]] (now the home of [[U.S. Central Command]]) were also developed during this time. During the [[Cold War]], Florida's coastal access and proximity to Cuba encouraged the development of these and other military facilities. Since the end of the Cold War, the military has closed some facilities, including major bases at Homestead and Cecil Field, but its presence is still significant in the economy. Due to the low latitude of the state, it was chosen in 1949 as a test site for the country's nascent missile program. [[Patrick Air Force Base]] and the [[Cape Canaveral, Florida|Cape Canaveral]] launch site began to take shape as the 1950s progressed. By the early 1960s, the [[Space Race]] was in full swing. As programs were expanded and employees joined, the space program generated a huge boom in the communities around Cape Canaveral. This area is now collectively known as the [[Space Coast]] and features the [[Kennedy Space Center]]. It is also a major center of the [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace industry]]. To date, all manned orbital spaceflights launched by the United States, including the only men to visit the [[Moon]], have been launched from Kennedy Space Center. ===Migrations and the Civil Rights Movement=== [[File:Five flags of Florida.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Five flags of Florida, not including the current [[Florida State Flag|State Flag]].]] Florida's populations have been rapidly changing. After World War II, Florida was transformed as [[air conditioning]] and the [[Interstate highway]] system encouraged in-migration from the north. In 1950, Florida was ranked twentieth among the states in population; 50 years later it was ranked fourth.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t2/tab01.pdf Census.gov]</ref> Due to low tax rates and warm climate, Florida became the destination for many retirees from the Northeast, Midwest and Canada. The [[Cuban Revolution]] of 1959 led to a large wave of Cuban immigration into South Florida, which transformed Miami into a major center of commerce, finance and transportation for all of Latin America. Immigration from [[Haiti]], other [[Caribbean]] states, and Central and South America continues to the present day. Like other states in the South, Florida had many African American leaders who were active in the Civil Rights Movement. In the 1940s and '50s, a new generation started working on issues. Harry Moore built the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] ([[NAACP]]) in Florida, rapidly increasing its membership to 10,000. Because Florida's voter laws were not as restrictive as those of Georgia and Alabama, he also had some success in registering black voters. In the 1940s he increased voter registration among blacks from 5 to 31% of those age-eligible.<ref>[http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis51.htm "Harry and Harriette Moore", Civil Rights Movement Veterans], accessed 30 March 2008,</ref> The state had white groups who resisted change to the point of attacking and killing blacks. In December 1951 was the notorious bombing of the house of activists [[Harry Charles Moore|Harry Moore]] and his wife Harriette, who both died of injuries from the blast. Although their murders were not solved then, a state investigation in 2006 reported they had been killed by an independent unit of the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. Numerous bombings were directed against African Americans in 1951-1952 in Florida.<ref>John Egerton, ''Speak Now Against the Day: The Generation Before the Civil Rights Movement in the South''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994, pp. 562-563</ref> The state's population had changed markedly by in-migration of new groups, as well as outmigration of African Americans, 40,000 of whom moved north in earlier decades of the twentieth century during the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]].<ref>[http://mailer.fsu.edu/~mjones/rosewood/rosewood.html Maxine D. Rogers, et al., ''Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida in January 1923'', Dec 1993], accessed 28 March 2008</ref> By 1960 African Americans in Florida numbered 880,186 citizens, but represented only 18% of the state's population.<ref>[http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state/php Historical Census Browser, 1960 US Census, University of Virginia], accessed 13 March 2008</ref> This was a much smaller proportion than in 1900, when according to the census, they comprised 44% of the state's population but numbered 231,209 persons. Since the 19th century, educated black middle classes had developed in numerous cities. By their leadership in Florida and other states, African Americans gained national support and passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, which protected voting for all citizens. In the years after such legislation, African Americans and other minorities in the South began to vote and participate more fully in the political process. The state created a Civil Service in the constitutional rewrite of 1968.<ref>[http://www.law.fsu.edu/crc/conhist/1968con.html Law.fsu.edu]</ref> Until that time, every time a cabinet officer or governor changed, "three fourths of the employees lost their jobs."<ref>{{cite news | first=Bill | last=Cotterell | title=Legendary legislator Horne dies at 84 | url=| work= | publisher=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages= 6B| date=1 May 2009 | id= | accessdate=}}</ref> ===2000 Presidential election controversy=== [[File:Butterfly large.jpg|thumb|195px|"[[Butterfly ballot]]"]] {{Main|United States presidential election in Florida, 2000}} Florida became the battleground of the controversial [[2000 US presidential election]] which took place on November 7, 2000, when a count of the popular votes held on Election Day was extremely close triggering automatic recounts. These recounts triggered accusations of fraud, manipulation and brought to light voting irregularities. Subsequent recount efforts degenerated into arguments over mispunched ballots, "[[hanging chad]]s," and controversial decisions by the [[Florida Secretary of State]] [[Katherine Harris]] and the [[Florida Supreme Court]]. Ultimately, the [[United States Supreme Court]] ruled in [[Bush v. Gore]] to end all recounts, allowing Secretary of State Harris to certify the election results. The final official Florida count gave the victory to [[George W. Bush]] over [[Al Gore]] by 537 votes, a 0.009% margin of difference. The process was extremely divisive, and led to calls for [[electoral reform in Florida]]. ===Everglades, Hurricanes, Drilling and the environment=== [[File:Destruction following hurricane andrew.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Destruction in [[Lakes by the Bay, Florida|Lakes by the Bay]] near Miami following Hurricane Andrew]] Florida has historically been at risk from hurricanes and tropical storms. These have presented higher risks and property damage as the concentration of population and development has increased along Florida's coastal areas. Not only are more people and property at risk, but development has overtaken the natural system of wetlands and waterways, which used to absorb some of the storms' energy. [[Hurricane Andrew]] in 1992 struck [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]], just south of Miami, and was, until Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the most expensive natural disaster in US history. Besides heavy property damage, the hurricane nearly destroyed the region's insurance industry. The western panhandle of the state was damaged heavily in [[1995 Atlantic hurricane season|1995]], with storms [[1995 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Allison|Allison]], [[Hurricane Erin (1995)|Erin]], and [[Hurricane Opal|Opal]] hitting the area within the span of a few months. The storms increased in strength as the season went on, culminating with Opal's landfall as a Category 3 in October. Florida also suffered heavily during the [[2004 Atlantic hurricane season]], when four major storms struck the state. [[Hurricane Charley]] made landfall in the Charlotte County area and cut northward through the peninsula, [[Hurricane Frances]] struck the Atlantic coast and drenched most of central Florida with heavy rains, [[Hurricane Ivan]] caused heavy damage in the western Panhandle, and [[Hurricane Jeanne]] caused damage to the same area as Frances, including compounded beach erosion. Damage from all four storms was estimated to be at least $22 billion, with some estimates going as high as $40 billion. In 2005, South Florida was struck twice, by [[Hurricane Katrina]] and [[Hurricane Wilma]], while the panhandle was struck by [[Hurricane Dennis]]. Environmental issues include preservation and restoration of the Everglades, which has moved slowly. There has been pressure by industry groups to drill for [[Crude oil|oil]] in the eastern [[Gulf of Mexico]] but so far, large-scale drilling off the coasts of Florida has been prevented. Governor [[Charlie Crist]] requested that the federal government declare the state an agricultural disaster area because of 13 straight days of freezing weather during the growing season in January, 2010.<ref>{{Cite news | first= | last= | title=Crist wants ag disaster declared in Florida | url=http://www.abcactionnews.com/news/national/story/Crist-wants-ag-disaster-declared-in-Florida/LKG_5mjyM0KQcqpawqnCUg.cspx| work=Florida Today| publisher=Associated Press | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages= 6B | date=16 January 2010 | id= | accessdate=}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Florida}} {{Main|Historical outline of Florida}} * [[History of the Southern United States]] * [[Indigenous people of the Everglades region]] * [[Royal Governor of La Florida|List of Royal Governors of La Florida]] * [[Maritime History of Florida]] ; History of places in Florida *[[History of Florida State University]] *[[History of Fort Lauderdale, Florida]] *[[History of Jacksonville, Florida]] *[[History of Miami, Florida]] *[[History of Pensacola, Florida]] *[[History of Tallahassee, Florida]] *[[History of Tampa, Florida]] *[[History of the University of Florida]] ==Bibliography== ;Notes {{Reflist|2}} ;References *{{Cite book |ref=harv|last=Bense|first=Judith Ann| authorlink = | title = Archaeology of colonial Pensacola|edition=1999|year=1999| publisher = University Press of Florida| isbn= 0813016614 }} <small>- Total pages: 294 </small> *Gallay, Alan. ''The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717''. [[Yale University Press]]. 2002. ISBN 0-300-10193-7. *Milanich, Jerald T. ''Florida's Indians From Ancient Time to the Present''. University Press of Florida. 1998. *Milanich, Jerald T.. ''Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe''. University Press of Florida. 1995. ISBN 0-8130-1360-7 *Purdy, Barbara A. ''Florida's People During the Last Ice Age''. University Press of Florida. 2008. ISBN 978—0-8130-3204-7 *<cite id=refRowlandMooreRogers1996>{{cite book | last = Rowland, Lawrence Sanders| authorlink = |last2=Moore, Alexander ;Rogers, George C.| authorlink2 =| title = The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514-1861|edition= 1996| publisher = University of South Carolina Press| isbn= 1570030901 }} <small>- Total pages: 521 </small></cite> *{{Cite book |ref=harv|last=Wharton|first=Edith | authorlink = | title = The North American review, Volume 13|edition=1821|year=1821| publisher = O. Everett| isbn= }} <small>- Total pages: 514</small> ==Further reading== {{Politics of Florida}} ===Surveys=== *Burnett, Gene M. ''Florida's Past: People and Events That Shaped the State''. Pineapple Press: 1998. ISBN 1-56164-115-4. * Colburn, David R. and deHaven-Smith, Lance. ''Government in the Sunshine State: Florida since Statehood.'' (1999). 168 pp. * Colburn, David R. and Landers, Jane L., eds. ''The African American Heritage of Florida.'' (1995). 392 pp. * Fernald, Edward A. and Purdum, Elizabeth, eds. ''Atlas of Florida.'' (1992). 280 pp. *Gannon, Michael. ''The New History of Florida''. [[University Press of Florida]]: 1996. ISBN 0-8130-1415-8. 480pp ** Gannon, Michael. ''Florida: A Short History‎'' (2003) 192 pages * George, Paul S., ed. ''A Guide to the History of Florida.'' (1989). 300 pp. ===Indians and colonial=== *Brown, Robin C. ''Florida's First People: 12,000 Years of Human History''. [[Pineapple Press]]: 1994. ISBN 1-56164-032-8. *Henderson, Ann L., and Gary R. Mormino. ''Spanish Pathways in Florida: 1492-1992''. Pineapple Press: 1991. ISBN 1-56164-004-2. *Landers, Jane. ''Black Society in Spanish Florida''. [[University of Illinois Press]]: 1999. ISBN 0-252-06753-3 * Milanich, Jerald T. ''Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present.'' (1998). 224 pp. ===To 1900=== * Baptist, Edward E. ''Creating an Old South: Middle Florida's Plantation Frontier before the Civil War.'' (2002) 408 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=9052 online review] * Brown, Canter, Jr. ''Ossian Bingley Hart: Florida's Loyalist Reconstruction Governor.'' (1997). 320 pp. on reconstruction * Hoffman, Paul E. ''Florida's Frontiers.'' (History of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier series.) (2002). 470 pp. * Nulty, William H. ''Confederate Florida: The Road to Olustee.'' (1990). * Revels, Tracy J. ''Grander in Her Daughters: Florida's Women during the Civil War.'' (2004) 221 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=10988 online review] * Rivers, Larry Eugene. ''Slavery in Florida: Territorial Days to Emancipation.'' (2000). 369 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=6308 online review] * Rivers, Larry Eugene, and Brown, Canter, Jr. ''Laborers in the Vineyard of the Lord: The Beginnings of the AME Church in Florida, 1865-1895.'' (2001). 244 pp. history of the leading black denomination; [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=6811 online review] * Brown, Canter Jr. and Larry Eugene Rivers. ''For a Great and Grand Purpose: The Beginnings of the AMEZ Church in Florida, 1864-1905.''(2004) 268ppl the other large black church [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=10833 online review] * Sprague, John T. ''The Florida War.'' (1964), on Seminole war 597 pp. *Taylor, Robert A., and Lewis N. Wynne. ''Florida in the Civil War''. [[Arcadia Publishing]]: 2002. ISBN 0-7385-1491-8. * Taylor, Robert A. ''Rebel Storehouse: Florida in the Confederate Economy.'' (1995). 218 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=170 online review] ===20th century=== * Akin, Edward N. ''Flagler: Rockefeller Partner and Florida Baron.'' (1988). 305 pp. * Colburn, David R. and deHaven-Smith, Lance. ''Florida's Megatrends: Critical Issues in Florida.'' (2002). 161 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=6760 online review] * Colburn, David R. ''From Yellow Dog Democrats to Red State Republicans: Florida and Its Politics since 1940.'' (2007) 272pp [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=14680 online review] * Colburn, David R. and Scher, Richard K. ''Florida's Gubernatorial Politics in the Twentieth Century.'' (1980). 342 pp. * Crispell, Brian Lewis. ''Testing the Limits: George Armistead Smathers and Cold War America.'' (1999). 234 pp. politics in 1950s and 1960s * Danese, Tracy E. ''Claude Pepper and Ed Ball: Politics, Purpose, and Power.'' (2000). 300 pp. politics of 1950s * Flynt, Wayne. ''Cracker Messiah: Governor Sidney J. Catts of Florida.'' (1977). 359 pp. Democratic governor 1917-21 * Kallina, Edmund F., Jr. ''Claude Kirk and the Politics of Confrontation.'' (1993). 253 pp. Republican governor 1967-71 * Kleinberg, Eliot. ''War in Paradise: Stories of World War II in Florida.'' (1999). 96pp. * Klingman, Peter D. ''Neither Dies nor Surrenders: A History of the Republican Party in Florida, 1867-1970.'' (1984). 233 pp. * McCarthy, Kevin M. ''Baseball in Florida.'' (1996). 272 pp. * Manley, Walter M., and Canter Brown. ''The Supreme Court of Florida, 1917-1972.'' (2006). 428 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=22804 online review] * Newton, Michael. ''The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida.'' (2001). 260 pp. * Mormino, Gary. ''Land of Sunshine, State of Dreams: A Social History of Modern Florida.'' (2005) 474 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=12147 online review] *Peirce, Neal R. ''The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States''. 1974 * Riley, Nano, and Davida Johns. ''Florida's Farmworkers in the Twenty-First Century'' (2002) 225pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=8418 online review] * Rowe, Anne E. ''The Idea of Florida in the American Literary Imagination.'' (1986). 159 pp. * Stuart, John A., and John F. Stack, eds. ''The New Deal in South Florida: Design, Policy, and Community Building, 1933-1940.'' 263 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=23065 online review] * Vickers, Raymond B. ''Panic in Paradise: Florida's Banking Crash of 1926.'' (1994). 336 pp. * Wagy, Tom R. ''Governor LeRoy Collins of Florida: Spokesman of the New South.'' (1985). 264 pp. Democratic governor 1955-61 ===Cities, regions, social history === * Bartley, Abel A. ''Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics, and Social Development in Jacksonville, Florida, 1940-1970.'' (2000). 177 pp. [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2Fbook%2Fkeeping-the-faith-race-politics-and-social-development-in-jacksonville-florida-1940-1970-by-abel-a-bartley-jon-l-wakelyn.jsp&ei=xlY1Spa9PJHstAPuk9XyCg&usg=AFQjCNEIO696pJuywxVTs_uGu7wEw-k_JQ online edition] * Brown, Canter, Jr. ''Tampa in the Civil War and Reconstruction.'' (2000). 246 pp. * Brown, Canter, Jr. ''In the Midst of All That Makes Life Worth Living: Polk County, Florida, to 1940.'' (2001). 325 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=6024 online review] ** Brown, Canter, Jr. ''None Can Have Richer Memories: Polk County, Florida 1940-2000'' (2005) [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=10976 online review] * Croucher, Sheila L. ''Imagining Miami: Ethnic Politics in a Postmodern World.'' (1997). 235 pp. * Drobney, Jeffrey. ''Lumbermen and Log Sawyers: Life, Labor, and Culture in the North Florida Timber Industry, 1830-1930.'' (1997). 241 pp. * Dunn, Marvin. ''Black Miami in the Twentieth Century.'' (1997). 414 pp. * Faherty, William Barnaby ''Florida's Space Coast: The Impact of NASA on the Sunshine State.'' (2002) 224pp [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=8438 online review] * García, María Cristina. ''Havana USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959-1994.'' (1996). 290 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=2223 online review] * Hann, John H. ''Apalachee: The Land between the Rivers.'' (1988). 450 pp. * Kerstein, Robert. ''Politics and Growth in Twentieth-Century Tampa.'' (2001). 440 pp. * McNally, Michael J. ''Catholic Parish Life on Florida's West Coast, 1860-1968.'' (1996). 503 pp. * McNally, Michael J. ''Catholicism in South Florida, 1868-1968.'' (1982). 316 pp. * Moore, Deborah Dash. ''To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A.'' (1994). 358 pp. * Mormino, Gary Ross and Pozzetta, George E. ''The Immigrant World of Ybor City: Italians and Their Latin Neighbors in Tampa, 1885-1985.'' (1987). 368 pp. * Muir, Helen. ''Miami, USA.'' (1953) 355 pp. * Portes, Alejandro and Stepick, Alex. ''City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami.'' (1993). 281 pp. * Portes, Alejandro and Rumbaut, Rubén G. ''Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation.'' (2001). 406 pp. children of immigrants in Miami ===Environment=== * Barnes, Jay. ''Florida's Hurricane History.'' (1998). 330 pp. * Barnett, Cynthia. ''Mirage: Florida and the Vanishing Water of the Eastern U.S.'' (2007). 240 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=23145 online review] * Grunwald, Michael, “Swamped: Harry Truman, South Florida, and the Changing Political Geography of American Conservation,” in ''The Environmental Legacy of Harry S. Truman,'' ed. Karl Boyd Brooks, pp 75–88. (Kirksville: Truman State University Press, 2009) . xxxvi, 145 pp. isbn 978-1-931112-93-2 * McCally, David. ''The Everglades: An Environmental History.'' (1999). 215 pp. * Miller, James J. ''An Environmental History of Northeast Florida.'' (1998). 223 pp. * Provenzo, Eugene F., and Asterie Baker Provenzo. ''In the Eye of Hurricane Andrew.'' (2002). 184 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=6839 online review] * Williams, John M. and Duedall, Iver W. ''Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, 1871-2001.'' (2002). 176 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=6853 online review] ===Primary sources=== * Romans, Bernard. ''A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida.'' ed. by Kathryn E. Holland Braund, (1999). 442 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=6604 online review] travel in 1770s ==External links== * [http://www.stpt.usf.edu/coas/florida_studies/index.htm USF Florida Studies Program] *[http://floridahistory.com/ Spanish Exploration and Conquest of Florida] *[http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/SpanishLandGrants/ Online collection of Spanish Land Grants; made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida.] *[http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/ Florida Bureau of Archeological Research] *[http://www.floridamemory.com/ Florida Memory Project] over 300,000 photographs and documents from the State Archives of Florida. *[http://www.floridamemory.com/FloridaHighlights/AdmitUnion/AdmitUnion.cfm Act Establishing Florida Statehood, 1845] From the State Library & Archives of Florida. *[http://www.floridamemory.com/FloridaHighlights/secession.cfm Ordinance of Secession, 1861] From the State Library & Archives of Florida. * [[W. S. Simkins]], "[[s:William Stewart Simkins 1914 Thanksgiving Day observance address|Why the Ku Klux]]," 4 ''The Alcalde'' (June 1916): 735-748. [http://www.houseofrussell.com/legalhistory/alh/docs/simkins.html online]; Simkins (1842–1929) was an organizer of the [[KKK]] in Florida in 1868, and a law professor when he wrote this memoir. * [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?wpa:167:./temp/~ammem_8gRh::@@@mdb=mcc,gottscho,detr,nfor,wpa,aap,cwar,bbpix,cowellbib,calbkbib,consrvbib,bdsbib,dag,fsaall,gmd,pan,vv,presp,varstg,suffrg,nawbib,horyd,wtc,toddbib,mgw,ncr,ngp,musdibib,hlaw,papr,lhbumbib,rbpebib,lbcoll,alad,hh,aaodyssey,magbell,bbcards,dcm,raelbib,runyon,dukesm,lomaxbib,mtj,gottlieb,aep,qlt,coolbib,fpnas,aasm,scsm,denn,relpet,amss,aaeo,cola,tccc,curt,mharendt,lhbcbbib,eaa,haybib,mesnbib,fine,cwnyhs,svybib,mmorse,afcwwgbib,mymhiwebib,uncall,mfd,afcwip,mtaft,manz,llstbib,fawbib,berl,fmuever,cdn,upboverbib,mussm,cic,afcpearl,awh,awhbib,sgp,wright,lhbtnbib,afcesnbib,hurstonbib,mreynoldsbib,spaldingbib,sgproto,mffbib,afc911bib,mjm,mnwp,rbcmillerbib,molden,ww2map,hawp,omhbib,rbaapcbib,mal,ncpsbib,ncpm,lhbprbib,ftvbib,afcreed,aipn,cwband,flwpabib,wpapos,cmns,psbib,pin,coplandbib The Story of Immokalee] 1938 [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]] interview covering Florida's slave era and post-[[American Civil War|Civil War]] Reconstruction up through [[Great Depression]]. Electronic record maintained by [[Library of Congress]]. Accessed January 15, 2007. {{U.S. political divisions histories}} {{Florida}} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Florida}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:History of Florida| ]] [[ang:Stǣr Floridan]] [[fr:Histoire de la Floride]] [[ja:フロリダ州の歴史]]'