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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Genus of mammals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Howler monkey<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=148–152|id=12100374}}</ref>
| image = Alouatta guariba.jpg
| image_caption = [[Brown howler]]
| parent_authority = [[Édouard Louis Trouessart|Trouessart]], 1897 (1825)
| taxon = Alouatta
| authority = [[Bernard Germain Etienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacepede|Lacepede]], 1799
| type_species = ''[[red-handed howler|Alouatta belzebul]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Alouatta arctoidea]] <br/> [[Alouatta belzebul]] <br/> [[Alouatta caraya]] <br/> [[Alouatta coibensis]] <br/> [[Alouatta discolor]] <br/> [[Alouatta guariba]] <br/> [[Alouatta juara]] <br/> [[Alouatta macconnelli]] <br/> [[Alouatta nigerrima]] <br/> [[Alouatta palliata]] <br/> [[Alouatta pigra]] <br/> [[Alouatta puruensis]] <br/> [[Alouatta sara]] <br/> [[Alouatta seniculus]] <br/> [[Alouatta ululata]]''
| synonyms =
'''''Mycetes''''' <small>Illiger, 1811</small><br/>
'''''Stentor''''' <small>É. Geoffroy, 1812</small>
| range_map =Alouatta range map.png
| range_map_caption = Howler monkeys distribution
}}
'''Howler monkeys''' ([[genus]] '''''Alouatta''''' [[monotypic]] in [[subfamily]] '''Alouattinae''') are among the largest of the [[New World monkey]]s. They are famous for their loud howls, which can travel 5 km through dense rain forest. These monkeys are native to [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]]n forests. Threats include human predation, [[habitat destruction]], and [[captivity (animal)|capture]] for pets or zoo animals. Fifteen [[species]] are recognized. Previously classified in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Cebidae]], they are now placed in the family [[Atelidae]].
==Classification==
* ''A. palliata'' group
** [[Coiba Island howler]], ''Alouatta coibensis''
*** ''[[Alouatta coibensis coibensis]]''
*** [[Azuero howler]], ''Alouatta coibensis trabeata''
** [[Mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata''
*** [[Ecuadorian mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata aequatorialis''
*** [[Golden-mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata palliata''
*** [[Mexican howler monkey]], ''Alouatta palliata mexicana''
** [[Guatemalan black howler]], ''Alouatta pigra''
* ''A. seniculus'' group
** [[Ursine howler]], ''Alouatta arctoidea''
** [[Red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta belzebul''
** [[Spix's red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta discolor''
** [[Brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba''
*** [[Northern brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba guariba''
*** [[Southern brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba clamitans''
** [[Juruá red howler]], ''Alouatta juara''
** [[Guyanan red howler]], ''Alouatta macconnelli''
** [[Amazon black howler]], ''Alouatta nigerrima''
** [[Purus red howler]], ''Alouatta puruensis''
** [[Bolivian red howler]], ''Alouatta sara''
** [[Venezuelan red howler]], ''Alouatta seniculus''
** [[Maranhão red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta ululata''
* ''A. caraya'' group
** [[Black howler]], ''Alouatta caraya''
==Anatomy and physiology==
[[File:Allouataadulto 500px.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Male [[mantled howler]]]]
Howler monkeys have short snouts and wide-set, round nostrils. Their noses are very keen, and they can smell out food (primarily fruit and nuts) up to 2 km away. Their noses are usually roundish snout-type, and the nostrils have many sensory hairs growing from the interior. They range in size from {{convert|56|to|92|cm|in|abbr=on}}, excluding their tails, which can be equally as long, in fact in some cases the tail has been found to be almost five times the body length.{{cn|date=September 2020}} This is a prime characteristic. Like many New World monkeys, they have [[prehensile tail]]s, which they use for picking fruit and nuts from trees. Unlike other [[New World monkey#Characteristics|New World monkey]]s, both male and female howler monkeys have [[trichromat]]ic color vision.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jacobs|first=G. H.|author2=Neitz, M. |author3=Deegan, J. F. |author4=Neitz, J. |year=1996|title=Trichromatic colour vision in New World monkeys|journal=Nature|issue= 6587|pages=156–158|doi=10.1038/382156a0|volume=382|pmid=8700203}}</ref> This has [[Evolution of color vision in primates|evolved independently]] from other New World monkeys due to [[gene duplication]].<ref name=Lucas2003>{{cite journal |author1=Lucas, P. W. |author2=N. J. Dominy | year = 2003 | title = Evolution and function of routine trichromatic vision in primates | journal = Evolution | volume = 57 |pages = 2636–43 | pmid = 14686538 | issue = 11 | doi=10.1554/03-168}}</ref> They have lifespans of 15 to 20 years. Howler species are dimorphic and can also be dichromatic (i.e. ''Alouatta caraya''). Males are typically 1.5 to 2.0 kg heavier than females.
The [[hyoid]] of ''Alouatta'' is [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]], one of the few cases of postcranial pneumaticity outside the [[Saurischia]]. The volume of the hyoid of male howler monkeys is negatively correlated with the dimensions of their testes.<ref name=Dunnetal2015>{{cite journal |author1 = Dunn, J. C. |author2 =Halenar, L. B. |author3 =Davies, T. G. |author4 =Cristobal-Azkarate, J. |author5 =Reby, D. |author6 =Sykes, D. |author7 =Dengg, S. |author8 =Fitch, W. T. |author9 =Knapp, L. A. | year = 2015 | title = Evolutionary Trade-Off between Vocal Tract and Testes Dimensions in Howler Monkeys | journal = Current Biology | volume = 25 |pages = 2839–44 | issue = 21 | doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.029 | pmid=26592343 | pmc=4635310}}</ref>
===Locomotion===
Howler monkeys generally move quadrupedally on the tops of branches, usually grasping a branch with at least two hands or one hand and the tail at all times. Their strong prehensile tails are able to support their entire body weight. Fully grown adult howler monkeys do not often rely on their tails for full-body support, but juveniles do so more frequently.
==Behaviour==
[[File:Alouatta sara (Bolivian red howler).jpg|thumb|200px|left|A [[Bolivian red howler]] (''Alouatta sara'')]]
===Social systems===
Most howler species live in groups of six to 15 animals, with one to three adult males and multiple females. Mantled howler monkeys are an exception, commonly living in groups of 15 to 20 individuals with more than three adult males. The number of males in a given group is inversely correlated with the size of their hyoids and is positively correlated with testes size. This results in two distinct groups, wherein one male with a larger hyoid and smaller testes copulates exclusively with a group of females. The other group has more males, which have smaller hyoids, and larger testes, and free [[copulation (zoology)|copulation]] occurs among the group. The larger the number of males, the smaller the hyoid, and the larger the testes.<ref name=Dunnetal2015 /> Unlike most New World monkeys, in which one sex remains in natal groups, juveniles of both sexes emigrate from their natal groups,<ref name=Sussman>{{cite book | author = Sussman, R. | title = Primate Ecology and Social Structure, Vol. 2: New World Monkeys, Revised First Edition | pages = 142–145| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall |date=July 2003 | isbn = 978-0-536-74364-0}}</ref> such that howler monkeys could spend the majority of their adult lives in association with unrelated monkeys.
Physical fighting among group members is infrequent and generally of short duration, but serious injuries can result. Both males and females rarely fight with each other, but physical aggression is even more rare between sexes.<ref name=Sussman/><ref>{{cite book |author = Crockett | chapter = Family Feuds | title = Primate Anthology, The: Essays on Primate Behavior, Ecology and Conservation from Natural History | pages = 32 |editor1=Ciochon, R. L. |editor2=Nisbett, R. A. | publisher = Prentice Hall | isbn = 978-0-13-613845-7 | date = 1997-10-02}}</ref> Group size varies by species and by location, with an approximate ratio of one male to four females.<ref name=Sussman/>
===Communication===
[[File:howler monkey.jpg|thumb|A pair of [[Alouatta caraya|black howler monkeys]] (''Alouatta caraya'') vocalising]]
[[File:Howler monkey.ogg|Howler monkey growls]]
As their name suggests, vocal [[Animal communication|communication]] forms an important part of their [[social behavior]]. They each have an enlarged basihyal or [[hyoid bone]], which helps them make their loud vocalizations. Group males generally call at dawn and dusk, as well as interspersed times throughout the day. Their main vocals consist of loud, deep, guttural growls or "howls". Howler monkeys are widely considered to be the loudest land animals. According to ''Guinness Book of World Records'', their vocalizations can be heard clearly for {{Convert|3|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/black-howler-monkey | title=Black howler monkey| website=Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute| date=4 April 2016| accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> The function of howling is thought to relate to intergroup spacing and territory protection, as well as possibly to mate-guarding.
===Diet and feeding===
[[File:Ursine howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus arctoide) 2.jpg|thumb|An [[ursine howler]]]]
These large and slow-moving monkeys are the only [[folivore]]s of the New World monkeys. Howlers eat mainly top canopy [[leaf|leaves]], together with [[fruit]], buds, [[flower]]s, and [[Nut (fruit)|nut]]s. They need to be careful not to eat too many leaves of certain species in one sitting, as some contain [[toxin]]s that can poison them.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Glander, Kenneth E. | title = Poison in a monkey's Garden of Eden | journal = Natural History |date=March 1977 | pages = 146–151 | volume = 86|url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/7016/77%20Glander%20poison.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Howler monkeys are also known to occasionally raid birds' nests and chicken coops and consume the eggs.<ref name="BBC Earth News">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8270000/8270801.stm], additional text.</ref>
==Relationship with humans==
While seldom aggressive, howler monkeys do not take well to captivity and are of surly disposition. However, the [[black howler]] (''Alouatta caraya'') is a relatively common pet monkey in contemporary [[Argentina]] due to its gentle nature, in comparison to the [[capuchin monkey]]'s aggressive tendencies, in spite of its lesser intelligence, as well as the liabilities of the size of its droppings and the males' loud vocalisations.
[[John Lloyd Stephens]] described the howler monkeys at the Maya ruins of [[Copán]] as "grave and solemn, almost emotionally wounded, as if officiating as the guardians of consecrated ground". To the Mayas of the Classic period, they were the divine patrons of the artisans, especially scribes and sculptors. They were seen as gods in some tribes, and the long, sleek tail was worshipped for its beauty. Copán, in particular, is famous for its representations of [[howler monkey gods]]. Two howler monkey brothers play a role in the myth of the [[Maya Hero Twins]] included in the ''[[Popol Vuh]]'', a widely feared tale of soul and passion.
{{clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Alouattinae}}
{{Wikispecies|Alouatta}}
{{Commons category|Alouatta|howler monkeys}}
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/alouatta Primate Info Net ''Alouatta'' Factsheets]
* [http://www.monteverdeinfo.com/sounds/howler_monkey.mp3 Howler monkey audio recording]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090801031146/http://www.belizezoo.org/zoo/zoo/mammals/how/how1.html Information about howler monkeys from Belize Zoo (photos, video and audio included)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425105823/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/SmallMammals/Exhibits/HowlerMonkeys/LoudestAnimal/default.cfm "The Loudest Animal in the New World," Smithsonian National Zoological Park]
{{Atelidae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q504247}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
[[Category:Folivores]]
[[Category:Howler monkeys| ]]
[[Category:Mammals of Guyana]]
[[Category:Primates of Central America]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '[[Alouatta caraya]] <br/> [[Alouatta coibensis]] <br/> [[Alouatta discolor]] <br/> [[Alouatta guariba]] <br/> [[Alouatta juara]] <br/> [[Alouatta macconnelli]] <br/> [[Alouatta nigerrima]] <br/> [[Alouatta palliata]] <br/> [[Alouatta pigra]] <br/> [[Alouatta puruensis]] <br/> [[Alouatta sara]] <br/> [[Alouatta seniculus]] <br/> [[Alouatta ululata]]''
| synonyms =
'''''Mycetes''''' <small>Illiger, 1811</small><br/>
'''''Stentor''''' <small>É. Geoffroy, 1812</small>
| range_map =Alouatta range map.png
| range_map_caption = Howler monkeys distribution
}}
'''Howler monkeys''' ([[genus]] '''''Alouatta''''' [[monotypic]] in [[subfamily]] '''Alouattinae''') are among the largest of the [[New World monkey]]s. They are famous for their loud howls, which can travel 5 km through dense rain forest. These monkeys are native to [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]]n forests. Threats include human predation, [[habitat destruction]], and [[captivity (animal)|capture]] for pets or zoo animals. Fifteen [[species]] are recognized. Previously classified in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Cebidae]], they are now placed in the family [[Atelidae]].
==Classification==
* ''A. palliata'' group
** [[Coiba Island howler]], ''Alouatta coibensis''
*** ''[[Alouatta coibensis coibensis]]''
*** [[Azuero howler]], ''Alouatta coibensis trabeata''
** [[Mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata''
*** [[Ecuadorian mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata aequatorialis''
*** [[Golden-mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata palliata''
*** [[Mexican howler monkey]], ''Alouatta palliata mexicana''
** [[Guatemalan black howler]], ''Alouatta pigra''
* ''A. seniculus'' group
** [[Ursine howler]], ''Alouatta arctoidea''
** [[Red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta belzebul''
** [[Spix's red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta discolor''
** [[Brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba''
*** [[Northern brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba guariba''
*** [[Southern brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba clamitans''
** [[Juruá red howler]], ''Alouatta juara''
** [[Guyanan red howler]], ''Alouatta macconnelli''
** [[Amazon black howler]], ''Alouatta nigerrima''
** [[Purus red howler]], ''Alouatta puruensis''
** [[Bolivian red howler]], ''Alouatta sara''
** [[Venezuelan red howler]], ''Alouatta seniculus''
** [[Maranhão red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta ululata''
* ''A. caraya'' group
** [[Black howler]], ''Alouatta caraya''
==Anatomy and physiology==
[[File:Allouataadulto 500px.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Male [[mantled howler]]]]
Howler monkeys have short snouts and wide-set, round nostrils. Their noses are very keen, and they can smell out food (primarily fruit and nuts) up to 2 km away. Their noses are usually roundish snout-type, and the nostrils have many sensory hairs growing from the interior. They range in size from {{convert|56|to|92|cm|in|abbr=on}}, excluding their tails, which can be equally as long, in fact in some cases the tail has been found to be almost five times the body length.{{cn|date=September 2020}} This is a prime characteristic. Like many New World monkeys, they have [[prehensile tail]]s, which they use for picking fruit and nuts from trees. Unlike other [[New World monkey#Characteristics|New World monkey]]s, both male and female howler monkeys have [[trichromat]]ic color vision.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jacobs|first=G. H.|author2=Neitz, M. |author3=Deegan, J. F. |author4=Neitz, J. |year=1996|title=Trichromatic colour vision in New World monkeys|journal=Nature|issue= 6587|pages=156–158|doi=10.1038/382156a0|volume=382|pmid=8700203}}</ref> This has [[Evolution of color vision in primates|evolved independently]] from other New World monkeys due to [[gene duplication]].<ref name=Lucas2003>{{cite journal |author1=Lucas, P. W. |author2=N. J. Dominy | year = 2003 | title = Evolution and function of routine trichromatic vision in primates | journal = Evolution | volume = 57 |pages = 2636–43 | pmid = 14686538 | issue = 11 | doi=10.1554/03-168}}</ref> They have lifespans of 15 to 20 years. Howler species are dimorphic and can also be dichromatic (i.e. ''Alouatta caraya''). Males are typically 1.5 to 2.0 kg heavier than females.
The [[hyoid]] of ''Alouatta'' is [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]], one of the few cases of postcranial pneumaticity outside the [[Saurischia]]. The volume of the hyoid of male howler monkeys is negatively correlated with the dimensions of their testes.<ref name=Dunnetal2015>{{cite journal |author1 = Dunn, J. C. |author2 =Halenar, L. B. |author3 =Davies, T. G. |author4 =Cristobal-Azkarate, J. |author5 =Reby, D. |author6 =Sykes, D. |author7 =Dengg, S. |author8 =Fitch, W. T. |author9 =Knapp, L. A. | year = 2015 | title = Evolutionary Trade-Off between Vocal Tract and Testes Dimensions in Howler Monkeys | journal = Current Biology | volume = 25 |pages = 2839–44 | issue = 21 | doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.029 | pmid=26592343 | pmc=4635310}}</ref>
===Locomotion===
Howler monkeys generally move quadrupedally on the tops of branches, usually grasping a branch with at least two hands or one hand and the tail at all times. Their strong prehensile tails are able to support their entire body weight. Fully grown adult howler monkeys do not often rely on their tails for full-body support, but juveniles do so more frequently.
==Behaviour==
[[File:Alouatta sara (Bolivian red howler).jpg|thumb|200px|left|A [[Bolivian red howler]] (''Alouatta sara'')]]
===Social systems===
Most howler species live in groups of six to 15 animals, with one to three adult males and multiple females. Mantled howler monkeys are an exception, commonly living in groups of 15 to 20 individuals with more than three adult males. The number of males in a given group is inversely correlated with the size of their hyoids and is positively correlated with testes size. This results in two distinct groups, wherein one male with a larger hyoid and smaller testes copulates exclusively with a group of females. The other group has more males, which have smaller hyoids, and larger testes, and free [[copulation (zoology)|copulation]] occurs among the group. The larger the number of males, the smaller the hyoid, and the larger the testes.<ref name=Dunnetal2015 /> Unlike most New World monkeys, in which one sex remains in natal groups, juveniles of both sexes emigrate from their natal groups,<ref name=Sussman>{{cite book | author = Sussman, R. | title = Primate Ecology and Social Structure, Vol. 2: New World Monkeys, Revised First Edition | pages = 142–145| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall |date=July 2003 | isbn = 978-0-536-74364-0}}</ref> such that howler monkeys could spend the majority of their adult lives in association with unrelated monkeys.
Physical fighting among group members is infrequent and generally of short duration, but serious injuries can result. Both males and females rarely fight with each other, but physical aggression is even more rare between sexes.<ref name=Sussman/><ref>{{cite book |author = Crockett | chapter = Family Feuds | title = Primate Anthology, The: Essays on Primate Behavior, Ecology and Conservation from Natural History | pages = 32 |editor1=Ciochon, R. L. |editor2=Nisbett, R. A. | publisher = Prentice Hall | isbn = 978-0-13-613845-7 | date = 1997-10-02}}</ref> Group size varies by species and by location, with an approximate ratio of one male to four females.<ref name=Sussman/>
===Communication===
[[File:howler monkey.jpg|thumb|A pair of [[Alouatta caraya|black howler monkeys]] (''Alouatta caraya'') vocalising]]
[[File:Howler monkey.ogg|Howler monkey growls]]
As their name suggests, vocal [[Animal communication|communication]] forms an important part of their [[social behavior]]. They each have an enlarged basihyal or [[hyoid bone]], which helps them make their loud vocalizations. Group males generally call at dawn and dusk, as well as interspersed times throughout the day. Their main vocals consist of loud, deep, guttural growls or "howls". Howler monkeys are widely considered to be the loudest land animals. According to ''Guinness Book of World Records'', their vocalizations can be heard clearly for {{Convert|3|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/black-howler-monkey | title=Black howler monkey| website=Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute| date=4 April 2016| accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> The function of howling is thought to relate to intergroup spacing and territory protection, as well as possibly to mate-guarding.
===Diet and feeding===
[[File:Ursine howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus arctoide) 2.jpg|thumb|An [[ursine howler]]]]
These large and slow-moving monkeys are the only [[folivore]]s of the New World monkeys. Howlers eat mainly top canopy [[leaf|leaves]], together with [[fruit]], buds, [[flower]]s, and [[Nut (fruit)|nut]]s. They need to be careful not to eat too many leaves of certain species in one sitting, as some contain [[toxin]]s that can poison them.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Glander, Kenneth E. | title = Poison in a monkey's Garden of Eden | journal = Natural History |date=March 1977 | pages = 146–151 | volume = 86|url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/7016/77%20Glander%20poison.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Howler monkeys are also known to occasionally raid birds' nests and chicken coops and consume the eggs.<ref name="BBC Earth News">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8270000/8270801.stm], additional text.</ref>
==Relationship with humans==
While seldom aggressive, howler monkeys do not take well to captivity and are of surly disposition. However, the [[black howler]] (''Alouatta caraya'') is a relatively common pet monkey in contemporary [[Argentina]] due to its gentle nature, in comparison to the [[capuchin monkey]]'s aggressive tendencies, in spite of its lesser intelligence, as well as the liabilities of the size of its droppings and the males' loud vocalisations.
[[John Lloyd Stephens]] described the howler monkeys at the Maya ruins of [[Copán]] as "grave and solemn, almost emotionally wounded, as if officiating as the guardians of consecrated ground". To the Mayas of the Classic period, they were the divine patrons of the artisans, especially scribes and sculptors. They were seen as gods in some tribes, and the long, sleek tail was worshipped for its beauty. Copán, in particular, is famous for its representations of [[howler monkey gods]]. Two howler monkey brothers play a role in the myth of the [[Maya Hero Twins]] included in the ''[[Popol Vuh]]'', a widely feared tale of soul and passion.
{{clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Alouattinae}}
{{Wikispecies|Alouatta}}
{{Commons category|Alouatta|howler monkeys}}
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/alouatta Primate Info Net ''Alouatta'' Factsheets]
* [http://www.monteverdeinfo.com/sounds/howler_monkey.mp3 Howler monkey audio recording]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090801031146/http://www.belizezoo.org/zoo/zoo/mammals/how/how1.html Information about howler monkeys from Belize Zoo (photos, video and audio included)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425105823/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/SmallMammals/Exhibits/HowlerMonkeys/LoudestAnimal/default.cfm "The Loudest Animal in the New World," Smithsonian National Zoological Park]
{{Atelidae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q504247}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
[[Category:Folivores]]
[[Category:Howler monkeys| ]]
[[Category:Mammals of Guyana]]
[[Category:Primates of Central America]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,15 +1,3 @@
-{{Short description|Genus of mammals}}
-{{Automatic taxobox
-| name = Howler monkey<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=148–152|id=12100374}}</ref>
-| image = Alouatta guariba.jpg
-| image_caption = [[Brown howler]]
-| parent_authority = [[Édouard Louis Trouessart|Trouessart]], 1897 (1825)
-| taxon = Alouatta
-| authority = [[Bernard Germain Etienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacepede|Lacepede]], 1799
-| type_species = ''[[red-handed howler|Alouatta belzebul]]''
-| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766
-| subdivision_ranks = Species
-| subdivision =
-''[[Alouatta arctoidea]] <br/> [[Alouatta belzebul]] <br/> [[Alouatta caraya]] <br/> [[Alouatta coibensis]] <br/> [[Alouatta discolor]] <br/> [[Alouatta guariba]] <br/> [[Alouatta juara]] <br/> [[Alouatta macconnelli]] <br/> [[Alouatta nigerrima]] <br/> [[Alouatta palliata]] <br/> [[Alouatta pigra]] <br/> [[Alouatta puruensis]] <br/> [[Alouatta sara]] <br/> [[Alouatta seniculus]] <br/> [[Alouatta ululata]]''
+[[Alouatta caraya]] <br/> [[Alouatta coibensis]] <br/> [[Alouatta discolor]] <br/> [[Alouatta guariba]] <br/> [[Alouatta juara]] <br/> [[Alouatta macconnelli]] <br/> [[Alouatta nigerrima]] <br/> [[Alouatta palliata]] <br/> [[Alouatta pigra]] <br/> [[Alouatta puruensis]] <br/> [[Alouatta sara]] <br/> [[Alouatta seniculus]] <br/> [[Alouatta ululata]]''
| synonyms =
'''''Mycetes''''' <small>Illiger, 1811</small><br/>
' |
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0 => '[[Alouatta caraya]] <br/> [[Alouatta coibensis]] <br/> [[Alouatta discolor]] <br/> [[Alouatta guariba]] <br/> [[Alouatta juara]] <br/> [[Alouatta macconnelli]] <br/> [[Alouatta nigerrima]] <br/> [[Alouatta palliata]] <br/> [[Alouatta pigra]] <br/> [[Alouatta puruensis]] <br/> [[Alouatta sara]] <br/> [[Alouatta seniculus]] <br/> [[Alouatta ululata]]'''
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11 => '| subdivision =',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_caraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta caraya">Alouatta caraya</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_coibensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta coibensis">Alouatta coibensis</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_discolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta discolor">Alouatta discolor</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_guariba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta guariba">Alouatta guariba</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_juara" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta juara">Alouatta juara</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_macconnelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta macconnelli">Alouatta macconnelli</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_nigerrima" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta nigerrima">Alouatta nigerrima</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_palliata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta palliata">Alouatta palliata</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_pigra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta pigra">Alouatta pigra</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_puruensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta puruensis">Alouatta puruensis</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_sara" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta sara">Alouatta sara</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_seniculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta seniculus">Alouatta seniculus</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_ululata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta ululata">Alouatta ululata</a><i></i>
| synonyms =
<i><b>Mycetes</b></i> <small>Illiger, 1811</small><br />
<i><b>Stentor</b></i> <small>É. Geoffroy, 1812</small>
| range_map =Alouatta range map.png
| range_map_caption = Howler monkeys distribution
}}
<b>Howler monkeys</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Alouatta</b></i> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <b>Alouattinae</b>) are among the largest of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">New World monkeys</a>. They are famous for their loud howls, which can travel 5 km through dense rain forest. These monkeys are native to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> forests. Threats include human predation, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">capture</a> for pets or zoo animals. Fifteen <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> are recognized. Previously classified in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cebidae" title="Cebidae">Cebidae</a>, they are now placed in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Anatomy and physiology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Locomotion"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Locomotion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Behaviour"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Behaviour</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Social_systems"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Social systems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Communication"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Communication</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Diet_and_feeding"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Diet and feeding</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Relationship_with_humans"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship with humans</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification">Classification</span></h2>
<ul><li><i>A. palliata</i> group
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coiba_Island_howler" title="Coiba Island howler">Coiba Island howler</a>, <i>Alouatta coibensis</i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_coibensis_coibensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta coibensis coibensis">Alouatta coibensis coibensis</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azuero_howler" title="Azuero howler">Azuero howler</a>, <i>Alouatta coibensis trabeata</i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mantled_howler" title="Mantled howler">Mantled howler</a>, <i>Alouatta palliata</i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecuadorian_mantled_howler" title="Ecuadorian mantled howler">Ecuadorian mantled howler</a>, <i>Alouatta palliata aequatorialis</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden-mantled_howler" title="Golden-mantled howler">Golden-mantled howler</a>, <i>Alouatta palliata palliata</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexican_howler_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican howler monkey">Mexican howler monkey</a>, <i>Alouatta palliata mexicana</i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guatemalan_black_howler" title="Guatemalan black howler">Guatemalan black howler</a>, <i>Alouatta pigra</i></li></ul></li>
<li><i>A. seniculus</i> group
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursine_howler" title="Ursine howler">Ursine howler</a>, <i>Alouatta arctoidea</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red-handed_howler" title="Red-handed howler">Red-handed howler</a>, <i>Alouatta belzebul</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spix%27s_red-handed_howler" title="Spix's red-handed howler">Spix's red-handed howler</a>, <i>Alouatta discolor</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brown_howler" title="Brown howler">Brown howler</a>, <i>Alouatta guariba</i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_brown_howler" title="Northern brown howler">Northern brown howler</a>, <i>Alouatta guariba guariba</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_brown_howler" title="Southern brown howler">Southern brown howler</a>, <i>Alouatta guariba clamitans</i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juru%C3%A1_red_howler" title="Juruá red howler">Juruá red howler</a>, <i>Alouatta juara</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guyanan_red_howler" title="Guyanan red howler">Guyanan red howler</a>, <i>Alouatta macconnelli</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amazon_black_howler" title="Amazon black howler">Amazon black howler</a>, <i>Alouatta nigerrima</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purus_red_howler" title="Purus red howler">Purus red howler</a>, <i>Alouatta puruensis</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivian_red_howler" title="Bolivian red howler">Bolivian red howler</a>, <i>Alouatta sara</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venezuelan_red_howler" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan red howler">Venezuelan red howler</a>, <i>Alouatta seniculus</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o_red-handed_howler" title="Maranhão red-handed howler">Maranhão red-handed howler</a>, <i>Alouatta ululata</i></li></ul></li>
<li><i>A. caraya</i> group
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_howler" title="Black howler">Black howler</a>, <i>Alouatta caraya</i></li></ul></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Allouataadulto_500px.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Allouataadulto_500px.jpg/170px-Allouataadulto_500px.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Allouataadulto_500px.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Male <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mantled_howler" title="Mantled howler">mantled howler</a></div></div></div>
<p>Howler monkeys have short snouts and wide-set, round nostrils. Their noses are very keen, and they can smell out food (primarily fruit and nuts) up to 2 km away. Their noses are usually roundish snout-type, and the nostrils have many sensory hairs growing from the interior. They range in size from 56 to 92 cm (22 to 36 in), excluding their tails, which can be equally as long, in fact in some cases the tail has been found to be almost five times the body length.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is a prime characteristic. Like many New World monkeys, they have <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehensile_tail" title="Prehensile tail">prehensile tails</a>, which they use for picking fruit and nuts from trees. Unlike other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_World_monkey#Characteristics" title="New World monkey">New World monkeys</a>, both male and female howler monkeys have <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trichromat" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichromat">trichromatic</a> color vision.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> This has <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">evolved independently</a> from other New World monkeys due to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">gene duplication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas2003-2">[2]</a></sup> They have lifespans of 15 to 20 years. Howler species are dimorphic and can also be dichromatic (i.e. <i>Alouatta caraya</i>). Males are typically 1.5 to 2.0 kg heavier than females.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoid">hyoid</a> of <i>Alouatta</i> is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skeletal_pneumaticity" title="Skeletal pneumaticity">pneumatized</a>, one of the few cases of postcranial pneumaticity outside the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a>. The volume of the hyoid of male howler monkeys is negatively correlated with the dimensions of their testes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunnetal2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunnetal2015-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Locomotion">Locomotion</span></h3>
<p>Howler monkeys generally move quadrupedally on the tops of branches, usually grasping a branch with at least two hands or one hand and the tail at all times. Their strong prehensile tails are able to support their entire body weight. Fully grown adult howler monkeys do not often rely on their tails for full-body support, but juveniles do so more frequently.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Behaviour">Behaviour</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alouatta_sara_(Bolivian_red_howler).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg/200px-Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alouatta_sara_(Bolivian_red_howler).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivian_red_howler" title="Bolivian red howler">Bolivian red howler</a> (<i>Alouatta sara</i>)</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Social_systems">Social systems</span></h3>
<p>Most howler species live in groups of six to 15 animals, with one to three adult males and multiple females. Mantled howler monkeys are an exception, commonly living in groups of 15 to 20 individuals with more than three adult males. The number of males in a given group is inversely correlated with the size of their hyoids and is positively correlated with testes size. This results in two distinct groups, wherein one male with a larger hyoid and smaller testes copulates exclusively with a group of females. The other group has more males, which have smaller hyoids, and larger testes, and free <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulation</a> occurs among the group. The larger the number of males, the smaller the hyoid, and the larger the testes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunnetal2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunnetal2015-3">[3]</a></sup> Unlike most New World monkeys, in which one sex remains in natal groups, juveniles of both sexes emigrate from their natal groups,<sup id="cite_ref-Sussman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussman-4">[4]</a></sup> such that howler monkeys could spend the majority of their adult lives in association with unrelated monkeys.
</p><p>Physical fighting among group members is infrequent and generally of short duration, but serious injuries can result. Both males and females rarely fight with each other, but physical aggression is even more rare between sexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sussman_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussman-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Group size varies by species and by location, with an approximate ratio of one male to four females.<sup id="cite_ref-Sussman_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussman-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Communication">Communication</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Howler_monkey.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Howler_monkey.jpg/220px-Howler_monkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="816" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Howler_monkey.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A pair of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_caraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta caraya">black howler monkeys</a> (<i>Alouatta caraya</i>) vocalising</div></div></div>
<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" style="width:220px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="24.822131519274" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Howler_monkey.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Howler_monkey.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (72 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="71659" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Howler_monkey.ogg/Howler_monkey.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="132952" /></audio></div>
<p>As their name suggests, vocal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">communication</a> forms an important part of their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">social behavior</a>. They each have an enlarged basihyal or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid bone</a>, which helps them make their loud vocalizations. Group males generally call at dawn and dusk, as well as interspersed times throughout the day. Their main vocals consist of loud, deep, guttural growls or "howls". Howler monkeys are widely considered to be the loudest land animals. According to <i>Guinness Book of World Records</i>, their vocalizations can be heard clearly for 3 mi (4.8 km).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> The function of howling is thought to relate to intergroup spacing and territory protection, as well as possibly to mate-guarding.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ursine_howler_monkey_(Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide)_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29_2.jpg/220px-Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="2157" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ursine_howler_monkey_(Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide)_2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursine_howler" title="Ursine howler">ursine howler</a></div></div></div>
<p>These large and slow-moving monkeys are the only <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folivore" title="Folivore">folivores</a> of the New World monkeys. Howlers eat mainly top canopy <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, together with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, buds, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>. They need to be careful not to eat too many leaves of certain species in one sitting, as some contain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> that can poison them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Howler monkeys are also known to occasionally raid birds' nests and chicken coops and consume the eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Earth_News_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Earth_News-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</span></h2>
<p>While seldom aggressive, howler monkeys do not take well to captivity and are of surly disposition. However, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_howler" title="Black howler">black howler</a> (<i>Alouatta caraya</i>) is a relatively common pet monkey in contemporary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> due to its gentle nature, in comparison to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capuchin_monkey" title="Capuchin monkey">capuchin monkey</a>'s aggressive tendencies, in spite of its lesser intelligence, as well as the liabilities of the size of its droppings and the males' loud vocalisations.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens">John Lloyd Stephens</a> described the howler monkeys at the Maya ruins of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a> as "grave and solemn, almost emotionally wounded, as if officiating as the guardians of consecrated ground". To the Mayas of the Classic period, they were the divine patrons of the artisans, especially scribes and sculptors. They were seen as gods in some tribes, and the long, sleek tail was worshipped for its beauty. Copán, in particular, is famous for its representations of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howler_monkey_gods" title="Howler monkey gods">howler monkey gods</a>. Two howler monkey brothers play a role in the myth of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_Hero_Twins" title="Maya Hero Twins">Maya Hero Twins</a> included in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i>, a widely feared tale of soul and passion.
</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsNeitz,_M.Deegan,_J._F.Neitz,_J.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, G. H.; Neitz, M.; Deegan, J. F.; Neitz, J. (1996). "Trichromatic colour vision in New World monkeys". <i>Nature</i>. <b>382</b> (6587): 156–158. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F382156a0">10.1038/382156a0</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8700203">8700203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Trichromatic+colour+vision+in+New+World+monkeys&rft.volume=382&rft.issue=6587&rft.pages=156-158&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F382156a0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8700203&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft.au=Neitz%2C+M.&rft.au=Deegan%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Neitz%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r982806391">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lucas2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucas2003_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLucas,_P._W.N._J._Dominy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas, P. W.; N. J. Dominy (2003). "Evolution and function of routine trichromatic vision in primates". <i>Evolution</i>. <b>57</b> (11): 2636–43. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1554%2F03-168">10.1554/03-168</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14686538">14686538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+function+of+routine+trichromatic+vision+in+primates&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2636-43&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1554%2F03-168&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14686538&rft.au=Lucas%2C+P.+W.&rft.au=N.+J.+Dominy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Dunnetal2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunnetal2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunnetal2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDunn,_J._C.Halenar,_L._B.Davies,_T._G.Cristobal-Azkarate,_J.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, J. C.; Halenar, L. B.; Davies, T. G.; Cristobal-Azkarate, J.; Reby, D.; Sykes, D.; Dengg, S.; Fitch, W. T.; Knapp, L. A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4635310">"Evolutionary Trade-Off between Vocal Tract and Testes Dimensions in Howler Monkeys"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>25</b> (21): 2839–44. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.09.029">10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.029</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4635310">4635310</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26592343">26592343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Trade-Off+between+Vocal+Tract+and+Testes+Dimensions+in+Howler+Monkeys&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2839-44&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4635310&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26592343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.09.029&rft.au=Dunn%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Halenar%2C+L.+B.&rft.au=Davies%2C+T.+G.&rft.au=Cristobal-Azkarate%2C+J.&rft.au=Reby%2C+D.&rft.au=Sykes%2C+D.&rft.au=Dengg%2C+S.&rft.au=Fitch%2C+W.+T.&rft.au=Knapp%2C+L.+A.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4635310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sussman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sussman_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sussman_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sussman_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSussman,_R.2003" class="citation book cs1">Sussman, R. (July 2003). <i>Primate Ecology and Social Structure, Vol. 2: New World Monkeys, Revised First Edition</i>. Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 142–145. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-536-74364-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-536-74364-0"><bdi>978-0-536-74364-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primate+Ecology+and+Social+Structure%2C+Vol.+2%3A+New+World+Monkeys%2C+Revised+First+Edition&rft.pages=142-145&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003-07&rft.isbn=978-0-536-74364-0&rft.au=Sussman%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCrockett1997" class="citation book cs1">Crockett (2 October 1997). "Family Feuds". In Ciochon, R. L.; Nisbett, R. A. (eds.). <i>Primate Anthology, The: Essays on Primate Behavior, Ecology and Conservation from Natural History</i>. Prentice Hall. p. 32. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-613845-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-613845-7"><bdi>978-0-13-613845-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Feuds&rft.btitle=Primate+Anthology%2C+The%3A+Essays+on+Primate+Behavior%2C+Ecology+and+Conservation+from+Natural+History&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1997-10-02&rft.isbn=978-0-13-613845-7&rft.au=Crockett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/black-howler-monkey">"Black howler monkey"</a>. <i>Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute</i>. 4 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian%E2%80%99s+National+Zoo+%26+Conservation+Biology+Institute&rft.atitle=Black+howler+monkey&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalzoo.si.edu%2Fanimals%2Fblack-howler-monkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGlander,_Kenneth_E.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Glander, Kenneth E. (March 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/7016/77%20Glander%20poison.pdf?sequence=1">"Poison in a monkey's Garden of Eden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Natural History</i>. <b>86</b>: 146–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+History&rft.atitle=Poison+in+a+monkey%27s+Garden+of+Eden&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=146-151&rft.date=1977-03&rft.au=Glander%2C+Kenneth+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdukespace.lib.duke.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10161%2F7016%2F77%2520Glander%2520poison.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC_Earth_News-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Earth_News_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8270000/8270801.stm">[1]</a>, additional text.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alouattinae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alouattinae">Alouattinae</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alouatta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alouatta">Alouatta</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alouatta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alouatta"><span style="">howler monkeys</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/alouatta">Primate Info Net <i>Alouatta</i> Factsheets</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monteverdeinfo.com/sounds/howler_monkey.mp3">Howler monkey audio recording</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090801031146/http://www.belizezoo.org/zoo/zoo/mammals/how/how1.html">Information about howler monkeys from Belize Zoo (photos, video and audio included)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425105823/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/SmallMammals/Exhibits/HowlerMonkeys/LoudestAnimal/default.cfm">"The Loudest Animal in the New World," Smithsonian National Zoological Park</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_species_of_family_Atelidae" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Atelidae_nav" title="Template:Atelidae nav"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Atelidae_nav" title="Template talk:Atelidae nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Atelidae_nav&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_species_of_family_Atelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant species of family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Mammalia_*_Order:_Primates_*_Suborder:_Haplorrhini">
<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>
<li>Phylum: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>
<li>Class: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li>
<li>Order: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li>
<li>Suborder: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haplorrhini" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplorrhini">Haplorrhini</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alouattinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alouatta(Howler_monkeys)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alouatta</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(Howler monkeys)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><u><i>A. palliata</i> group</u>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coiba_Island_howler" title="Coiba Island howler">Coiba Island howler (<i>A. coibensis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mantled_howler" title="Mantled howler">Mantled howler (<i>A. palliata</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guatemalan_black_howler" title="Guatemalan black howler">Guatemalan black howler (<i>A. pigra</i>)</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><u><i>A. seniculus</i> group</u>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursine_howler" title="Ursine howler">Ursine howler (<i>A. arctoidea</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red-handed_howler" title="Red-handed howler">Red-handed howler (<i>A. belzebul</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spix%27s_red-handed_howler" title="Spix's red-handed howler">Spix's red-handed howler (<i>A. discolor</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brown_howler" title="Brown howler">Brown howler (<i>A. guariba</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juru%C3%A1_red_howler" title="Juruá red howler">Juruá red howler (<i>A. juara</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guyanan_red_howler" title="Guyanan red howler">Guyanan red howler (<i>A. macconnelli</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amazon_black_howler" title="Amazon black howler">Amazon black howler (<i>A. nigerrima</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purus_red_howler" title="Purus red howler">Purus red howler (<i>A. puruensis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivian_red_howler" title="Bolivian red howler">Bolivian red howler (<i>A. sara</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venezuelan_red_howler" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan red howler">Venezuelan red howler (<i>A. seniculus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o_red-handed_howler" title="Maranhão red-handed howler">Maranhão red-handed howler (<i>A. ululata</i>)</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><u><i>A. caraya</i> group</u>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_howler" title="Black howler">Black howler (<i>A. caraya</i>)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atelinae" title="Atelinae">Atelinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">Ateles</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(Spider monkeys)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red-faced_spider_monkey" title="Red-faced spider monkey">Red-faced spider monkey (<i>A. paniscus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White-bellied_spider_monkey" title="White-bellied spider monkey">White-bellied spider monkey (<i>A. belzebuth</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_spider_monkey" title="Peruvian spider monkey">Peruvian spider monkey (<i>A. chamek</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brown_spider_monkey" title="Brown spider monkey">Brown spider monkey (<i>A. hybridus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White-cheeked_spider_monkey" title="White-cheeked spider monkey">White-cheeked spider monkey (<i>A. marginatus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black-headed_spider_monkey" title="Black-headed spider monkey">Black-headed spider monkey (<i>A. fusciceps</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey" title="Geoffroy's spider monkey">Geoffroy's spider monkey (<i>A. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muriqui" title="Muriqui">Brachyteles</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(Muriquis)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_muriqui" title="Southern muriqui">Southern muriqui (<i>B. arachnoides</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_muriqui" title="Northern muriqui">Northern muriqui (<i>B. hypoxanthus</i>)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">Lagothrix</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(Woolly monkeys)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brown_woolly_monkey" title="Brown woolly monkey">Brown woolly monkey (<i>L. lagotricha</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gray_woolly_monkey" title="Gray woolly monkey">Gray woolly monkey (<i>L. cana</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombian_woolly_monkey" title="Colombian woolly monkey">Colombian woolly monkey (<i>L. lugens</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silvery_woolly_monkey" title="Silvery woolly monkey">Silvery woolly monkey (<i>L. poeppigii</i>)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow-tailed_woolly_monkey" title="Yellow-tailed woolly monkey">Oreonax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow-tailed_woolly_monkey" title="Yellow-tailed woolly monkey">Yellow-tailed woolly monkey (<i>O. flavicauda</i>)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:New_World_monkeys" title="Category:New World monkeys">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Taxon_identifiers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504247" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q504247">Q504247</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alouatta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alouatta">Alouatta</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alouattinae/">Alouattinae</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/41553">41553</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ALOUG">1ALOUG</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=92602">92602</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2436647">2436647</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/43434">43434</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1007369">1007369</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=572810">572810</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=12100374">12100374</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9499">9499</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1609844052 |