Examine individual changes

'{{short description|Upland area of the Pennines in Northern England}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} {{Use British English|date=August 2012}} [[File:2015 Swaledale from Kisdon Hill.jpg|thumb|[[Swaledale]] ]] The '''Yorkshire Dales''' is an upland area of the [[Pennines]] in the [[Historic counties of England|historic county]] of [[Yorkshire]], England, most of it in the [[Yorkshire Dales National Park]] created in 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshire.com/places/yorkshire-dales|title=Yorkshire Dales Area|website=Yorkshire.com|access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> The Dales comprise river valleys and the hills rising from the [[Vale of York]] westwards to the hilltops of the Pennine [[Drainage divide|watershed]]. In [[Ribblesdale]], [[Dentdale]] and [[Garsdale]], the area extends westwards across the watershed, but most of the valleys drain eastwards to the Vale of York, into the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|Ouse]] and the [[Humber]]. The extensive [[limestone]] cave systems are a major area for caving in the UK<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/visit-the-dales/get-outdoors-dales/adventure-activities/caving|date=1 March 2016 |publisher=Yorkshire Dales |title=Get Outdoors|access-date=12 January 2019 |quote=There are over 2500 known caves in the Dales including the longest system in Britain}}</ref> and numerous walking trails run through the hills and dales.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 of the best walks in the Yorkshire Dales|date=2 May 2012|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/may/02/top-10-walks-yorkshire-dales|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 January 2019 }}</ref> ==Etymology== The word ''[[Dale (landform)|dale]]'', like ''dell'', is derived from the Old English word dæl. It has cognates in the [[North Germanic languages|Nordic]]/[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] words for valley (''dal'', ''tal''), and occurs in valley names across Yorkshire and Northern England.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ekwall|first1=Eilert|title=The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names|date=1960|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-869103-3|page=138|edition=4}}</ref> Usage here may have been reinforced by Nordic languages during the time of the [[Danelaw]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Booth|first1=Michael|title=The Almost Nearly Perfect People|date=2015|publisher=Vintage Books|location=London|isbn=9780099546078|page=9|edition=1|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Most of the dales are named after their river or stream (e.g., [[Arkengarthdale]], formed by [[Arkle Beck]]). The best-known exception is [[Wensleydale]], which is named after the small village and former market town of [[Wensley, North Yorkshire|Wensley]], rather than the [[River Ure]], although an older name for the dale is Yoredale.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rhea|first1=Nicholas|title=Why call it Wensleydale?|url=http://www.darlingtonandstocktontimes.co.uk/weekend/countrymansdiary/8620446.Why_call_it_Wensleydale_/|access-date=10 April 2018|work=Darlington and Stockton Times|date=5 November 2010}}</ref> River valleys all over [[Yorkshire]] are called "(name of river)+[[Valley|dale]]"—but only the more northern valleys (and only the upper, rural, reaches) are included in the term "The Dales".<ref>{{cite web|title=Yorkshire Dales guide - where, how and what|url=http://www.yorkshiredales.net/guide/|website=www.yorkshiredales.net|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> ==Geography== {{see also|List of Yorkshire Dales}} The Yorkshire Dales are surrounded by the [[North Pennines]] and [[Orton Fells]] in the north, the Vales of [[Vale of York|York]] and [[Vale of Mowbray|Mowbray]] in the east, the [[South Pennines]] in the south, and the [[Lake District]] and [[Howgill Fells]] to the west. They spread to the north from the market and [[spa town]]s of [[Settle, North Yorkshire|Settle]], [[Skipton]], and [[Harrogate]] in North Yorkshire, to the southern boundary in [[Wharfedale]] and [[Airedale]]. [[Natural England]] define the area as most of the [[Yorkshire Dales National Park]] with fringes of the [[Nidderdale AONB]], but without the towns listed above apart from Settle.{{sfn|NE 21|2013|p=3}} The lower reaches of Airedale and Wharfedale are not usually included in the area, and [[Calderdale]], south of [[Airedale]] and in the South Pennines, is not often considered part of the Dales even though it is a dale, is in Yorkshire, and its upper reaches are as scenic and rural as many further north.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dales - Yorkshire Dales|url=http://www.yorkshiredales.co.uk/the-dales/|website=yorkshiredales.co.uk|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> Additionally, although the National Park includes the Howgill Fells and Orton Fells,<ref>{{cite web |title=Yorkshire Dales expand into Lancashire in national parks land grab |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/01/yorkshire-dales-expand-lancashire-national-parks-extension-leck-fell |website=The Guardian |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> they are not usually considered part of the Dales. Most of the larger southern dales, Ribblesdale, Malhamdale and Airedale, Wharfedale and Nidderdale, run roughly parallel from north to south. The more northerly dales, Wensleydale and [[Swaledale]] run generally from west to east.{{sfn|NE 21|2013|p=25}} There are many other smaller or lesser known dales such as [[Arkengarthdale]], [[Bishopdale, North Yorkshire|Bishopdale]], Clapdale, [[Coverdale (dale)|Coverdale]], [[Kingsdale]], [[Littondale]], [[Langstrothdale]], [[Raydale]], [[Waldendale]] and the [[Washburn Valley]] whose tributary streams and rivers feed into the larger valleys, and [[Barbondale]], [[Dentdale]], [[Deepdale]] and [[Garsdale]] which feed west to the [[River Lune]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chrystal|first1=Paul|title=The Place Names of Yorkshire; Cities, Towns, Villages, Rivers and Dales, some Pubs too, in Praise of Yorkshire Ales|date=2017|publisher=Stenlake|location=Catrine|isbn=9781840337532|pages=102&ndash;104|edition=1}}</ref> The characteristic scenery of the Dales is green upland pastures separated by [[dry-stone wall]]s and grazed by sheep and cattle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Managing the environment {{!}} Conflicts of land use {{!}} Limestone landscapes {{!}} Geology of Britain {{!}} British Geological Survey (BGS)|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/limestoneLandscapes/resourcesConflictsSustainability/managingEnvironment.html|website=www.bgs.ac.uk|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> A survey carried out in 1988, estimated that there were just over {{convert|8,000|km|order=flip|0}} of dry-stone walling in the Yorkshire Dales.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lloyd |first1=Chris |title=A dale, from wall to hall |work=Darlington & Stockton Times |issue=49-2018 |date=7 December 2018 |page=35|issn=2516-5348}}</ref> Many upland areas consist of heather moorland, used for grouse shooting from 12 August (the [[Glorious Twelfth]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Warning volleys fired as war of words erupts over grouse shoot|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/environment/warning-volleys-fired-as-war-of-words-erupts-over-grouse-shoot-1-8699083|access-date=10 April 2018|work=The Yorkshire Post|date=12 August 2017}}</ref> ==Cultural aspects== [[File:Typical yorkshire village B 9079.jpg|thumb|right|A typical village in the agricultural area of the Yorkshire Dales]] Much of the rural area is used for agriculture, with residents living in small villages and hamlets or in farmsteads. Miles of dry stone walls and much of the traditional architecture has remained,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshirenet.co.uk/yorkshire-dales/landscape/|title=Yorkshire Dales, Northern England - landscape and history|work=Yorkshire Net|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> including some field barns, though many are no longer in active use. Breeding of sheep and rearing of cattle remains common.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshiredalesmanagementplan.org.uk/about-the-yorkshire-dales-national-park/special-qualities-of-the-yorkshire-dales-national-park|title=Yorkshire Dales National Park - Special qualities of the Yorkshire Dales National Park|publisher=Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority |access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> To supplement their incomes, many farmers have diversified, with some providing accommodations for tourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/education/clips/zhpd7ty|title=Higher Geography - Yorkshire Dales - agriculture|work=BBC Bitesize|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> A number of agricultural shows are held each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshirenet.co.uk/yorkshire-attractions/agricultural-shows/|title=Yorkshire Agricultural Shows Guide|work=Yorkshire Net|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> Lead mining was common in some hi areas of the Dales in the 19th century, particularly during 1821 to 1861, and some industrial remains can still be found, such as the Grassington miners’ cottages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/aug/04/yorkshire-dales-mine-site-preserved|title=Historic Yorkshire Dales lead mine site to be preserved|first=Martin|last=Wainwright|date=4 August 2010|work=The Guardian|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> Certain former mining sites are maintained by [[Historic England]]. The Grassington Moor Lead Mining Trail, with its many remaining structures,<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.thedevonshiregrassington.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/tt_grassington_walk_2018.pdf|work=Wharfedale wander|title=A walk from The Devonshire, Grassington|format=PDF|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> has received funding from a variety of sources. The Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority provides a mobile-device software app for those who wish to explore the relevant areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/living-and-working/other-services/press-office/news/recent/new-app-helps-lead-mining-come-to-life-in-national-park|title=New app helps lead mining come to life in National Park|publisher=Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority |access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> ==Tourism== [[File:Field barn muker 9118.jpg|thumb|Tourists approaching a field barn in [[Muker]]]] In this primarily agricultural area, tourism has become an important contributor to the economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/looking-after/achievingourvision/economy|title=Economy|publisher=Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority |access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> In 2016, there were 3.8 million visits to the Yorkshire Dales National Park including 0.48 million who stayed at least one night. The park authority estimates that this contributed £252 million to the economy and provided 3,583 full-time equivalent jobs. The wider Yorkshire Dales area received 9.7 million visitors who contributed £644 million to the economy.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/764708/Trends-in-tourism-in-the-Yorkshire-Dales_2010-16.pdf|title=Trends in tourism in the Yorkshire Dales 2010 to 2016|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> [[File:Pub bullshead Hawes 177.jpg|thumb|A traditional pub with rooms to let in Hawes, in the Dales of North Yorkshire]] Visitors are often attracted by the hiking trails,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/articles/the-best-hikes-to-take-in-the-yorkshire-dales/|title=The Best Hikes to Take in the Yorkshire Dales|first=Emma|last=Lavelle|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> including some that lead to beautiful waterfalls<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/articles/seven-dramatic-waterfalls-you-have-to-see-in-the-yorkshire-dales/|title=Seven Dramatic Waterfalls You Have to See in the Yorkshire Dales|first=Emma|last=Lavelle|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> and by the picturesque villages and small towns. These include [[Kirkby Lonsdale]] (just outside the area), [[Hawes]], [[Appletreewick]], [[Masham]], [[Clapham, North Yorkshire|Clapham]], [[Long Preston]] and [[Malham]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/articles/the-most-beautiful-villages-in-englands-yorkshire-dales/|title=The Most Beautiful Villages in England's Yorkshire Dales|first=Emma|last=Lavelle|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> The 73 mile-long [[Settle–Carlisle line]] railway, operated by [[Network Rail]], runs through the National Park using tunnels and viaducts, including Ribblehead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/visit-the-dales|date=7 March 2018 |publisher=Yorkshire Dales |access-date=12 January 2019 |title=Visit the Dales}}</ref> [[File:Aysgarth Falls 9190.jpg|thumb|A small section of Aysgarth Falls]] The top-rated attractions according to travellers using the [[Trip Advisor]] site include [[Aysgarth Falls]], [[Malham Cove]] (scenic walking areas), [[Ingleborough]] (hiking trails) and [[Ribblehead Viaduct]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tripadvisor.ca/Attractions-g186347-Activities-Yorkshire_Dales_National_Park_North_Yorkshire_England.html |title=Attractions|access-date=12 January 2019 |publisher=Trip Advisor}}</ref> ==Geology== {{main|Geology of Yorkshire}} {{Panorama|image=Western Face of Thwaites scars.jpg|height=350px|caption=Cliffs of [[Carboniferous Limestone]] are a common geological feature in the Yorkshire Dales; this [[panoramic image]] shows the western face of [[Thwaites Scars]] taken from Long Lane.}} The dales are 'U' and 'V' shaped valleys, the former enlarged and shaped by [[glacier]]s, mainly in the most recent [[Devensian]] [[ice age]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ashbourn|first1=Julian|title=Geological landscapes of Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/geologicallandsc00ashb|url-access=limited|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-90-481-8860-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/geologicallandsc00ashb/page/n157 143]|edition=1}}</ref> The underlying rock is mainly [[Carboniferous Limestone]], which results in a large areas of [[karst]] topography,{{sfn|NE 21|2013|p=3}} in places overlain with [[shale]] and [[sandstone]] and topped with [[Millstone Grit]],{{sfn|NE 21|2013|p=6}} although to the north and west of the [[Dent Fault]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Underhill|first1=J. R.|last2=Gayer|first2=R. A.|last3=Woodcock|first3=N. H.|last4=Donnelly|first4=R.|last5=Jolley|first5=E. J.|last6=Stimpson|first6=I. G.|title=The Dent Fault System, northern England—reinterpreted as a major oblique-slip fault zone|url=http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/145/2/303|website=lyellcollection.org|publisher=Journal of the Geological Society|access-date=10 April 2018|pages=303–316|doi=10.1144/gsjgs.145.2.0303|date=1 April 1988}}</ref> the hills are formed from older [[Silurian]] and [[Ordovician]] rocks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Out of Oblivion: A landscape through time|url=http://www.outofoblivion.org.uk/geology.asp|website=www.outofoblivion.org.uk|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gorges {{!}} Topographical features created by erosion {{!}} Limestone topography {{!}} Limestone landscapes {{!}} Geology of Britain {{!}} British Geological Survey (BGS)|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/limestoneLandscapes/limestoneTopography/Gorges.html|website=www.bgs.ac.uk|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> ==Cave systems== [[File:Gaping Gill.jpg|thumb|right|Gaping Gill]] <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[File:Gaping Gill Floor.jpg|thumb|right|Impressive size of Gaping Gill]] --> The underlying limestone in parts of the Dales has extensive cave systems, including the {{convert|87|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=off}} long [[Three Counties System]], making it a major area for [[caving]] in the UK. There are over 2500 known caves;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/visit-the-dales/get-outdoors-dales/adventure-activities/caving|date=1 March 2016 |title=Get Outdoors|publisher=Yorkshire Dales |access-date=12 January 2019 |quote=There are over 2500 known caves in the Dales including the longest system in Britain}}</ref> some are open to the public for tours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshire.com/outdoors/rocksports/caving-and-show-caves |title=Caves and Caving in the Yorkshire Dales|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906111433/http://www.yorkshire.com/outdoors/rocksports/caving-and-show-caves |archive-date=6 September 2011 }}</ref> Visitors can try caving at one of the show caves: White Scar Cave, Ingleborough Cave or Stump Cross Caverns near Greenhow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/visit-the-dales/things-to-see-and-do/top-10-places-to-see/our-show-caves|date=1 March 2016 |title=Our show caves|publisher=Yorkshire Dales |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref> The systems include: * [[Gaping Gill|Gaping Gill System]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krol|first1=Charlotte|title=Yorkshire cave twice the height of Niagara Falls open to public for abseiling|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/wellbeing/outdoors/11630162/Potholers-winched-inside-epic-Gaping-Gill-cave-for-first-time.html|access-date=10 April 2018|work=The Telegraph|date=26 May 2015}}</ref> * [[Alum Pot]] System<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ward|first1=David|title=Man and woman found drowned in flooded cave|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/dec/29/uknews4.mainsection3|access-date=10 April 2018|work=The Guardian|date=29 December 2007}}</ref> * [[Mossdale Caverns]]<ref>{{cite news|title=What lies beneath: Mossdale caving disaster|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/what-lies-beneath-mossdale-caving-disaster-794268.html|access-date=10 April 2018|work=The Independent|date=15 March 2008}}</ref> * [[Leck Fell|Leck Fell Caves]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Matthew|title=Your pictures of the newly enlarged Yorkshire Dales and Lake District|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2016/aug/04/your-pictures-of-the-newly-enlarged-yorkshire-dales-and-lake-district|work=The Guardian|date=4 August 2016|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> * [[Easegill System]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Three Counties system|url=http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/visit-the-dales/discover-the-dales/caves-and-potholes/ease-gill-system|website=yorkshiredales.org.uk|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> * [[White Scar Caves]] in [[Chapel-le-Dale]] near [[Ingleton, North Yorkshire|Ingleton]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitescarcave.co.uk/frame.htm |title=White Scar Caves|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019003419/http://www.whitescarcave.co.uk/frame.htm |archive-date=19 October 2008 }}</ref> * [[Ingleborough Cave]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ingleboroughcave.co.uk/|title=Welcome to Ingleborough Cave|website=Ingleboroughcave.co.uk|access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> in Clapdale near [[Clapham, North Yorkshire|Clapham]] * [[Stump Cross Caverns]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stumpcrosscaverns.co.uk/|title=Stump Cross Caverns|website=Stumpcrosscaverns.co.uk|access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> near [[Pateley Bridge]] * [[Nidderdale Caves|Goyden System]] near [[Pateley Bridge]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dooks|first1=Brian|title=Tranquillity returns to site that claimed a young boy's life|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/tranquillity-returns-to-site-that-claimed-a-young-boy-s-life-1-2590339|access-date=10 April 2018|work=The Yorkshire Post|date=16 November 2005}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> High Barn - geograph.org.uk - 168529.jpg|thumb|Typical Dales barn, near [[Selside, North Yorkshire|Selside]] Janet's Foss 2.jpg|Janet's Foss, near [[Malham]] Ingleborough whole.JPG|[[Ingleborough]] as seen from the peat bog below </gallery> ==See also== * [[List of peaks in the Yorkshire Dales]] * ''[[All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)|All Creatures Great and Small]]'' * ''[[Emmerdale]]'' ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== *{{cite report|title=NCA Profile: 21. Yorkshire Dales (NE399)|publisher=Natural England|url=http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/4674002?category=587130|date=13 January 2013|format=PDF|access-date=10 April 2018|ref={{Harvid|NE 21|2013}} }} ==External links== {{commons category|Yorkshire Dales}} {{Wikivoyage|Yorkshire Dales}} * [http://www.yorkshire.com/yorkshire-dales Yorkshire Dales Tourist Board] * [http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/ Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority] * [http://www.yorkshiredales.co.uk/ Yorkshire Dales Community Pages] * [http://www.yds.org.uk Yorkshire Dales Society] * [http://www.yorkshiredalesriverstrust.org.uk/ Yorkshire Dales Rivers Trust] <!-- Please bear in mind that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and not a directory. It may be that one or two links will add something to a page however they must only be placed on the relevant page and will always be subject to review by wikipedians.--> {{coord|54|16|N|2|05|W|region:GB_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}} [[Category:Yorkshire Dales| ]] [[Category:Valleys of North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Valleys of West Yorkshire]] [[Category:Valleys of Cumbria]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in West Yorkshire]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Cumbria]] [[Category:Parks and open spaces in Cumbria]] [[Category:Parks and open spaces in North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Natural regions of England]]'