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'{{short description|Historic Iberian state}} {{About|the Andalusian state reigning 1230 to 1492|earlier Arabs taifa|Taifa of Granada|the post-1492 Christian kingdom|Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)}} {{Expand Arabic|مملكة غرناطة|date=April 2020}} {{more footnotes|date=November 2018}} {{Infobox country | native_name = {{lang|ar|إمارة غرﻧﺎﻃﺔ}}<br />''Imarat Gharnāṭah'' | conventional_long_name = Emirate of Granada | common_name = Granada | era = [[Late Middle Ages]] | status = Tributary state | status_text = Tributary state of the [[Crown of Castile]] (intermittent) | empire = Crown of Castile | government_type = [[Hereditary monarchy]] <!--- Rise and fall, events, years and dates --->| year_start = 1230 | year_end = 1492 | event_end = [[Granada War|Castilian conquest]] <!-- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities "p1" to "p5" and "s1" to "s8" -->| p1 = Almohad Caliphate | s1 = Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile) | image_flag = Royal Standard of Nasrid Dynasty Kingdom of Grenade.svg | flag_border = no | flag_type = Flag | image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Emirate of Granada (1013-1492).svg | image_map = Emirate of Granada.svg | image_map_caption = Territory of the Nasrid Kingdom from the 13th to 15th centuries | national_motto = ''{{ill|Wa lā gāliba illā-llāh|fr}}'' ({{lang-ar| ولا غالب إلا الله|lit=There is no victor but God}}) | common_languages = Official language:<br>[[Classical Arabic]]<br>Other languages: [[Andalusi Arabic]], [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] | capital = [[Granada]] | religion = Majority religion:<br>[[Sunni Islam]]<br>Minority religions:<br>[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]<br>[[Judaism]] <!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies --->| leader1 = [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad I]] | leader2 = [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]] | year_leader1 = 1238–1273 | year_leader2 = 1487–1492 | title_leader = [[Sultan]] | today = {{plainlist| *[[Spain]] *[[Gibraltar]] *[[Morocco]]}} | demonym = | area_km2 = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = <!--- Area and population of a given year ---> | stat_year1 = 1314 | stat_area1 = | stat_pop1 = 255,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Callaghan |first1=Joseph F. |title=A History of Medieval Spain |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-9264-8 |page=460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA3p6v3UxyIC |access-date=6 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> }} {{History of al-Andalus}} The '''[[Emirate]] of Granada''' ({{lang-ar|إمارة غرﻧﺎﻃﺔ}}, [[Arabic transliteration|trans.]] ''Imārat Ġarnāṭah''), also known as the '''Nasrid Kingdom of Granada''' ({{lang-es|Reino Nazarí de Granada}}), was an [[Emirate|Islamic realm]] in southern [[Iberia]] during the [[Late Middle Ages]]. It was the last independent [[Muslim state|<nowiki>[[Arabs state]]</nowiki>]] in [[Western Europe]].{{sfn|Miranda|1970|p=429}} Muslims had been present in the Iberian Peninsula, which they called ''[[Al-Andalus]]'', since the early eighth century. At its greatest geographical extent, Muslim-controlled territory occupied most of the peninsula and part of present-day southern [[France]].<ref>Fernando Luis Corral (2009). "The Christian Frontier against al-Andalus (Muslim Spain): concept and politics during the reigns of King Fernando I of Castile and Leon and his successors until 1230". In Natalie Fryde; Dirk Reitz (eds.). ''Walls, Ramparts, and Lines of Demarcation: Selected Studies from Antiquity to Modern Times''. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 67. {{ISBN|978-3-8258-9478-8}}.</ref> From the ninth to the tenth century, under the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], the region was one of the most prosperous and advanced in Europe. Conflict with the northern Christian kingdoms was recurrent, while mounting civil strife led to a [[Taifa|fragmenting of Muslim states]] in the early eleventh century. This marked a precipitous decline in Muslim power and facilitated the centuries-long Christian ''[[Reconquista]].'' By 1230, the [[Almohad Caliphate]] in Morocco ruled the remaining Muslim territories in southern Iberia, which roughly corresponded to the modern Spanish provinces of [[Province of Granada|Granada]], [[Province of Almería|Almería]], and [[Province of Málaga|Málaga]]. Exploiting the Almohad's dynastic strife, the ambitious [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad ibn al-Ahmar]] rose to power and established the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]] dynasty over these lands. By 1250, the emirate was the last Muslim polity in the peninsula. Although effectively a vassal of the rising Crown of Castile, for over two centuries, Granada enjoyed considerable cultural and economic prosperity; much of the famed [[Alhambra]] palace complex was built during this period, and the Nasrids would be the longest-lived Muslim dynasty in Iberia. Nascent Christian power in Iberia meant that Granada's existence was always precarious. In 1491, after a decade of intermittent warfare known as the [[Granada War]], the emirate was [[Treaty of Granada (1491)|forced to capitulate]] to the [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Catholic Monarchs]]. The following year, [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]], the last Nasrid ruler of Granada, formally relinquished his sovereignty and surrendered his territories to Castile, eventually moving to North Africa in exile. This marked the end of independent Muslim rule in Iberia. == Tributary state == With the [[Reconquista]] in full swing after the conquest of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] in June 1236, Mohammed I ibn Nasr aligned Granada with [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] in 1246,{{sfn|Miranda|1970|p=429}} thereby making it a [[tributary state]], or ''[[taifa]]'', under the [[Crown of Castile]]. Granada remained a tributary state for the next 250 years, with Nasrid emirs paying tribute to Castilian kings mostly in the form of [[gold]] from present-day [[Mali]] and [[Burkina Faso]], brought to Iberia by the merchant routes in the [[Sahara]]. The Nasrids also provided military assistance to Castile for its other conquests.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}} In 1306, Granada conquered [[Ceuta]], but lost control of the city in 1309 to the [[Kingdom of Fez]] which was assisted by the [[Crown of Aragon]]. Granada re-captured Ceuta a year later, but again lost it in 1314. Granada again held the city from 1315 to 1327. In 1384, Granada again re-took Ceuta but lost it finally to the Kingdom of Fez in 1386. Ceuta would be taken by the [[Portuguese Empire]] in 1415 and come into the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1580. Granada's peace with Castile broke down on various occasions. Granada lost territory to Castile at the [[Battle of Teba]] in 1330. In 1340, Granada under [[Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada|Yusuf I]] supported the failed [[Marinid dynasty|Marinid]] invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, which ended at the [[Battle of Río Salado]]. == Regional entrepôt == [[File:Spain and Western North Africa 1360.jpg|thumb|left|Granada and its surrounding states in 1360]] Granada's status as a tributary state and its favorable geographic location, with the [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] as a natural barrier, helped to prolong Nasrid rule and allowed the Emirate to prosper as a regional [[entrepôt]] with the [[Maghreb]] and the rest of Africa. The city of Granada was one of the largest cities during this time: it accepted numerous Muslim refugees expelled from Christian controlled areas, doubling the size of the city<ref>[http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Granada.pdf Granada- The Last Refuge of Muslims in Spain] by Salah Zaimeche</ref> and even becoming the largest city of Europe in 1450 in terms of population. During this time there were 137 mosques in the Medina of [[Granada]].<ref name="b2">{{cite web |title=Minaret of San Juan De Los Reyes and Mosque of The Conversos |url=http://legadonazari.blogspot.com/2014/06/alminar-de-san-juan-de-los-reyes-y.html |website=legadonazari.blogspot.com |access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref> Granada also served as a refuge for Muslims fleeing during the [[Reconquista]]. Regardless of its comparative prosperity, intra-political strife was constant. Skirmishes along the [[border of Granada]] occurred frequently and territory was gradually lost to Castile. Granada was tightly integrated in Mediterranean trade networks and heavily financed by [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] bankers aiming to gain control of the gold trade carried in through [[Trans-Saharan trade]] routes.<ref name="Page 120">{{cite book|last=Arrighi|first=Giovanni|title=The Long Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/longtwentiethcen00arri_968|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-84467-304-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/longtwentiethcen00arri_968/page/n135 120]}}</ref> However, after [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] opened direct trade routes to [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] by sea in the 15th century, Granada became less important as a regional commercial center. With the [[Kingdom of Castile#Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon|union of Castile and Aragon]] in 1469, these kingdoms set their sights on annexing Granada. [[File:Muhammad V Nasrid gold coin.jpg|thumb|left|upright|0.8|[[Dinar|Gold coin]] minted by [[Muhammad V of Granada|Muhammad V]].]] == Fall of Granada == The war of Granada would offer an opportunity for Ferdinand and Isabella to harness the restless Castilian nobility against a common enemy and instill subjects with a sense of loyalty to the crown.<ref name="Page 103">{{cite book|last=Barton|first=Simon|title=A History of Spain|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-20012-8|page=103}}</ref> The Emirate's attack on the Castilian frontier town of [[Zahara de la Sierra|Zahara]] in December 1481 led to a prolonged war.<ref name="Page 103" /> The [[Granada War]] began in 1482, with Christian forces capturing [[Alhama de Granada]] in February 1482. This marked the beginning of a grinding 10-year war. The Christian force was made up of troops provided by Castilian nobles, towns, and the [[Hermandad|''Santa Hermandad'']], as well as Swiss mercenaries.<ref name="Page 104">{{cite book|last=Barton|first=Simon|title=History of Spain|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-20012-8|page=104}}</ref> The Catholic Church also encouraged other Christian countries to offer their troops and their finances to the war effort. Meanwhile, [[civil war]] erupted in Granada as a result of succession struggles in the Nasrid ruling house. Castile used this internal strife as an opportunity to push further into Granada. By 1491, the city of Granada itself lay under siege. On November 25, 1491, the [[Treaty of Granada]] was signed, setting out the conditions for surrender. On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim leader, [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]], known as ''Boabdil'' to the Spanish, gave up complete control of Granada, to [[Ferdinand V of Spain|Ferdinand]] and [[Isabella I of Spain|Isabella]], ''[[Los Reyes Católicos]]'' ("The Catholic Monarchs"). == Aftermath == {{refimprove section|date=June 2013}} The Christian ousting of Muslim rule on the Iberian Peninsula with the conquest of Granada did not extinguish the spirit of the ''Reconquista''. Isabella urged Christians to pursue a conquest of Africa.<ref name="Page 105">{{cite book|last=Barton|first=Simon|title=A History of Spain|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-20012-8|page=105}}</ref> About 200,000 Muslims are thought to have emigrated{{dubious|date=June 2013}} to North Africa after the fall of Granada. Initially, under the [[Treaty of Granada|conditions of surrender]], the Muslims who remained were guaranteed their property, laws, customs, and religion. This however, was not the case, causing the Muslims to rebel against their Christian rulers, culminating with [[Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501)|an uprising in 1500]]. The rebellion was seen as a chance to formally end the treaty of Granada, and the rights of Muslims and Jews were withdrawn. Muslims in the area were given the choice of expulsion or conversion. In 1568–1571, the descendants of the converted Muslims [[Morisco revolt|revolted again]], leading to their [[expulsion of the Moriscos|expulsion]] from the former Emirate to [[North Africa]] and [[Anatolia]]. For Jews as well, a period of religious tolerance under Muslim rule in Spain came to an end with their [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|expulsion]] by the Christian monarchy in 1492. == Culture == === Literature === [[Ibn al-Khatib]] was a polymath and poet of the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid period]]. He authored many works in various fields, and his poetry is carved into the walls of the Alhambra palace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/November-2015/Travelers-of-Al-Andalus-Part-VI-The-Double-Lives|title=Travelers of Al-Andalus, Part VI: The Double Lives of Ibn al-Khatib – AramcoWorld|website=www.aramcoworld.com|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> === Architecture === [[File:CoA Nasrid kings Alhambra Granada Spain.jpg|thumb|Detail of the coat of arms of the Emirate of Granada carved into the walls of the [[Alhambra|Alhambra palace]].]] The architecture of Nasrid Granada embraced extensive surface decoration in wood stucco, and zillij tiling, as well as making use of elaborate ''muqarnas'' sculpting in many buildings. The Nasrids' most famous architectural legacy is the [[Alhambra]], a hilltop palace district protected by heavy fortifications and containing some of the most famous and best-preserved palaces of western Islamic architecture, including what is known today as the [[Court of the Myrtles|Comares Palace]] and the [[Court of the Lions|Courtyard of the Lions]]. The palace complex was developped throughout the period but the most important contributions were generally made during the rule of [[Yusuf I of Granada|Yusuf I]] and [[Muhammad V of Granada|Muhammad V]]. The summer palace and gardens known as the [[Generalife]] were also created nearby, in a tradition reminiscent of the Almohad-era [[Agdal Gardens]] of Marrakesh and the [[Mosara Garden|Marinid Royal Gardens]] of Fes. Other notable buildings and structures known from this era are the [[Madrasa of Granada|Madrasa al-Yusufiyya]] (now known as the Palacio del Madraza), the Funduq al-Jadida (now known as the [[Corral del Carbón]]), parts of Granada's city walls, the Alcazar Génil, and the Cuarto Réal de Santo Domingo in Granada, in addition to many various other fortifications and smaller monuments across the former emirate's territory.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan M.|title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780300218701}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Barrucand|first=Marianne|title=Moorish architecture in Andalusia|last2=Bednorz|first2=Achim|publisher=Taschen|year=1992|isbn=3822876348}}</ref> === Music === [[Gharnati music]] ({{Lang|ar|الطرب الغرناطي}}) is a variety of [[Andalusian classical music|Andalusi music]] that originated Granada and moved to North Africa where it survives to this day.<ref>{{Cite book|last=مؤلفين|first=مجموعة|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jb1mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT578 |title=التاريخ الشفوي (المجلد الثاني): مقاربات في الحقل الاجتماعي – الأنثروبولوجي|last2=السياسات|first2=المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة|date=2015-01-01|publisher=المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات|isbn=978-614-445-023-9|language=ar}}</ref> == Military == {{further|Volunteers of the Faith}} [[File:CSM 185 (187).jpg|thumb|left|[[Muhammad I of Granada]] leading his troops during the [[Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266]], illustrated in the contemporary ''[[Cantigas de Santa Maria]]''.{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2011|p=42}} ]] Constantly under threat by both the Christian kingdoms to the north and the Muslim [[Marinid Sultanate]] to the south, the population of the Emirate of Granada developed a "siege mentality".{{sfn|Nicolle|McBride|2001|p=38}} The country consequently maintained a strong military. Its border territories were dotted with castles maintained by frontier warriors (''thagri'') led by armoured elite warriors who were influenced by and comparable to the Christian [[knight]]s. However, the core of the emirate's army consisted of highly mobile light cavalry as well as light infantry.{{sfn|Nicolle|McBride|2001|p=38}} The Granadan army was ethnically and culturally mixed. A large part were recruited locally through the ''[[jund]]'' system in which families with military obligations were registered and conscripted for service. In addition, the Granadan rulers encouraged North African warriors to migrate to the country and serve as ''[[Ghazi (warrior)|ghazi]]''. These immigrants were mostly Zanata Berbers and eventually organized as [[Volunteers of the Faith]], a factually autonomus and very powerful unit within the Granadan military. The status of the Volunteers was eventually reduced by Emir [[Muhammad V of Granada]] who reformed the military, and instead strengthened the Andalusian components of the Granadan military. The smallest part of the regular Granadan military were Christians and ex-Christians who had been hired by the emirs or defected to them. These were often Spanish knights and termed [[Mamluk]]s; these warriors were organized as elite bodyguards by some emirs. To augmente their army, the Granadans also hired foreign mercenaries.{{sfn|Nicolle|McBride|2001|p=38}} In regard to its organization, the Granadan military was formally headed by the emir and divided into several units. The frontier areas were possibly commanded by ''[[rais]]'', while each important frontier garrison was led by a ''shaykh khassa''. The army was divided into major divisions, each led by a ''[[Wali (administrative title)|wali]]'', under whom [[emir]]s served as leaders for 5,000 troops, followed by ''[[qaid]]'' leading 1,000, ''naqib'' leading 200, and finally ''[[Nazir (title)|nazir]]'' leading eight. The Volunteers of the Faith were initially commanded by the ''shaykh al-ghuzat''. In addition, there existed a [[Gendarmerie]]-like ''shurta'' in Granada city, commanded by the ''sahib al-shurta''.{{sfn|Nicolle|McBride|2001|p=38}} The Granadan army was usually accompanied by a corps of guides (''dalil''), religious figures who tended to morale, armourers, medics, and some poets as well as orators.{{sfn|Nicolle|McBride|2001|p=39}} ==List of the sultans of Granada== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Years !! Ruler !! Reign |- | 1238–1272 || [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad I ibn Nasr]] || |- | 1273–1302 || [[Muhammad II of Granada|Muhammad II al-Faqih]] || |- | 1302–1309 || [[Muhammad III of Granada|Muhammad III]] || |- | 1309–1314 || [[Nasr of Granada|Nasr]] || |- | 1314–1325 || [[Ismail I of Granada|Ismail I]] || |- | 1325–1333 || [[Muhammad IV of Granada|Muhammad IV]] || |- | 1333–1354 || [[Yusuf I of Granada|Yusuf I]] || |- | 1354–1359 || [[Muhammad V of Granada|Muhammad V]] || |- | 1359–1360 || [[Ismail II of Granada|Ismail II]] || |- | 1360–1362 || [[Muhammad VI of Granada|Muhammad VI]]|| |- | 1362–1391 || [[Muhammad V of Granada|Muhammad V]] || Second |- | 1391–1392 || [[Yusuf II of Granada|Yusuf II]] || |- | 1392–1408 || [[Muhammad VII of Granada|Muhammad VII]] || |- | 1408–1417 || [[Yusuf III of Granada|Yusuf III]] || |- | 1417–1419 || [[Muhammad VIII of Granada|Muhammad VIII]] || |- | 1419–1427 || [[Muhammad IX of Granada|Muhammad IX]] || |- | 1427–1429 || [[Muhammad VIII of Granada|Muhammad VIII]] || Second |- | 1430–1431 || [[Muhammad IX of Granada|Muhammad IX]] || Second |- | 1432-1432 || [[Yusuf IV of Granada|Yusuf IV]] || |- | 1432–1445 || [[Muhammad IX of Granada|Muhammad IX]]|| Third |- | 1445–1446 || [[Yusuf V of Granada|Yusuf V]] || |- | 1446–1448 || [[Muhammad X of Granada|Muhammad X]] || |- | 1448–1453 || [[Muhammad IX of Granada|Muhammad IX]] || Fourth |- | 1453–1454 || [[Muhammad XI of Granada|Muhammad XI]] || |- | 1454–1461 || [[Abu Nasr Sa'd of Granada|Sa'd]] || |- | 1462–1463 || [[Yusuf V of Granada|Yusuf V]] || Second |- | 1464–1482 || [[Abu'l-Hasan Ali of Granada|Ali Abu'l-Hasan ]] || |- | 1482–1483 || [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII Abu Abdallah]] || |- | 1483–1485 || [[Abu'l-Hasan Ali of Granada|Ali Abu'l-Hasan]] || Second |- | 1485–1486 || [[Muhammad XIII of Granada|Muhammad XIII Abu Abdallah]] || |- | 1486–1492 || [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII Abu Abdallah]] || Second |} == See also == *[[Nasrid dynasty]] *[[Romance of Abenamar]] *[[Taifa of Granada]] *[[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]] * [[Border of Granada]] *[[Emirate of Córdoba]] == References == {{reflist}} ===Works cited=== *{{cite book |chapter=The Iberian Peninsula and Sicily |first=Ambroxio Huici |last=Miranda |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |editor-first1=P.M |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first3=Bernard |editor-last3=Lewis |volume=Vol. 2A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1970 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Nicolle |first1 = David |last2 = McBride |first2 = Angus |title= The Moors & The Islamic West. 7th–15th Centuries AD |date= 2001 |publisher= Osprey Publishing |location= Oxford |isbn= 1-85532-964-6 }} * {{cite book |last = O'Callaghan |first = Joseph F. |title= The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NOiAzwEJgaYC |date= 2011 |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press |location= Philadelphia |isbn= 978-0-8122-0463-6 }} == Further reading == * {{Cite book|title=A History of Islamic Spain|first=W. Montgomery|last=Watt|author-link=William Montgomery Watt|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=1965|isbn=0-7486-0847-8}} * {{Cite book|first=Rachel|last=Arié|title=L’Espagne musulmane au Temps des Nasrides (1232–1492)|publisher=De Boccard|year=1990|edition=2nd|isbn= 2-7018-0052-8|language=fr}} * {{Cite book|last=Bueno|first=Francisco|title=Los Reyes de la Alhambra. Entre la historia y la leyenda|publisher=Miguel Sánchez|year=2004|isbn=84-7169-082-9|language=es}} * {{Cite book|last=Cortés Peña|first=Antonio Luis|first2=Bernard |last2=Vincent|title=Historia de Granada. 4 vols.|publisher=Editorial Don Quijote|year=1983–1987|language=es}} * {{Cite book|last=Cristobal Torrez Delgado|title=El Reino Nazari de Granada|year=1982|language=es}} * {{Cite book|title=The Alhambra. Vol 1. From the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354)|first=Antonio|last=Fernández Puertas|publisher=Saqi Books|year=1997|isbn=0-86356-466-6}} * {{Cite book|title=The Alhambra. Vol. 2. (1354–1391)|first=Antonio|last=Fernández Puertas|publisher=Saqi Books|isbn=0-86356-467-4}} * {{Cite book|title=Islamic Spain 1250 to 1500|first=Leonard Patrick|last=Harvey|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1992|isbn=0-226-31962-8}} *Kennedy, Hugh (1996). ''Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus''. Longman. *O'Callaghan, Joseph F. ''The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada''. University of Pennsylvania Press. == External links == {{commons category|Emirate of Granada}} *[http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Granada.pdf Granada- The Last Refuge of Muslims in Spain] by Salah Zaimeche *{{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090427093923/http://www.liceus.com/cgi-bin/gba/4010.asp Al-Ándalus III: el Sultanato De Granada (1232–1492) y Una Breve Reseña Sobre la Alhambra] *{{in lang|es}} R.H. Shamsuddín Elía, Historia de Al-Andalus, Boletín N° 53 -08/2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010027/http://www.islamyal-andalus.org/control/noticia.php?id=1142 ''Al-Ándalus III: El Sultanato De Granada (1232–1492)''] *{{in lang|es}} Nicolás Homar Vives, [http://www.homar.org/genealog/iv_europa_i/ibe18a.htm Genealogy of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada] *{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081113170329/http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_musulmanes/Espagne.htm Genealogy of the muslim dynasties in Spain] *{{in lang|ar}} [http://www.hukam.net/family.php?fam=211 {{lang|ar|بنو نصر/النصريون/بنو الأحمر في غرناطة}}] ''Les Nasrides, Les Banû al-Ahmar à Grenade'' {{coord|37|11|N|3|36|W|type:city_source:kolossus-hewiki|display=title}} {{Spanish Kingdoms |state=expanded}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Emirate Of Granada}} [[Category:Emirate of Granada| ]] [[Category:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula|Granada]] [[Category:Former Muslim countries in Europe]] [[Category:Former Arab states]] [[Category:History of Andalusia]] [[Category:1238 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1492 disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:1492 disestablishments in Spain]]'