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'{{short description|Device that removes dissolved gases from liquids}} {{advert|date=September 2018}}A '''deaerator''' is a device that removes oxygen and other dissolved [[gas]]es from liquids and pumpable compounds. ==Types== * The ''thermal deaerators'' {{sfn|Kent|1936|p=}}{{sfn|Babcock & Wilcox Co.|2005|p=}}{{sfn|Elliott|Chen|Swanekamp|1998|loc=Ch. 2|pp=167-}} ** The ''spray & tray-type'' (also called the ''cascade-type'') includes a vertical or horizontal domed [[wikt:deaeration|deaeration]] section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel which serves as the deaerated boiler feedwater storage tank. ** The ''spray-type'' consists only of a horizontal (or vertical) cylindrical vessel which serves as both the deaeration section, and a storage tank for boiler feedwater. * The ''vacuum deaerators'' **Dynamic deaerator for medium to high viscous products **Static deaerator for low viscous products * The ''ultrasound deaerator for very viscous products'' === Thermal deaerators === [[File:Open deaerator plant.jpg|thumb|Deaerator plant]]Thermal deaerators are commonly used to remove dissolved gases in [[feedwater]] for steam-generating [[boiler]]s. Dissolved [[oxygen]] in feedwater will cause serious corrosion damage in a boiler by attaching to the walls of metal piping and other equipment and forming [[oxide]]s (like rust). Dissolved [[carbon dioxide]] combines with water to form [[carbonic acid]] that may cause further corrosion. Most deaerators are designed to remove oxygen down to levels of 7 [[Parts per billion|ppb]] by weight or less, as well as essentially eliminating carbon dioxide.<ref name="Sterling" /><ref name="Stork" /> The deaerators in the steam generating systems of most [[thermal power plant]]s use low pressure steam obtained from an extraction point in their [[steam turbine]] system. However, the steam generators in many large industrial facilities such as [[Oil refinery|petroleum refineries]] may use whatever low-pressure steam is available. There are many different deaerators available from a number of manufacturers, and the actual construction details will vary from one manufacturer to another. Figures 1 and 2 are representative schematic diagrams that depict each of the two major types of deaerators. Cochrane and Permutit are two of the oldest Deaerator Manufacturers in the USA. [https://shr1.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Deaerator-Manufacturers.pdf] ===Spray and tray-type deaerator=== [[File:Deaerator.png|thumb|391 px|right|Figure 1: A schematic diagram of a typical tray-type deaerator.]] The typical spray & tray-type deaerator in Figure 1 has a vertical domed deaeration section mounted above a horizontal boiler feedwater storage vessel. Boiler feedwater enters the vertical deaeration section through spray valves above the perforated [[Theoretical plate|trays]] and then flows downward through the perforations. Low-pressure deaeration steam enters below the perforated trays and flows upward through the perforations. Combined action of spray valves & trays guarantees very high performance because of longer contact time between steam and water.<ref>{{cite book |title=Standards and Typical Specifications for Tray Type Deaerators |date=November 2016 |publisher=Heat Exchange Institute |edition=10th <!-- accessdate requires that you provide an url to the source accessdate=9 November 2019-->}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=November 2019}} Some designs use various types of [[packed bed]]s, rather than perforated trays, to provide good contact and mixing between the steam and the boiler feed water. The steam strips the dissolved gas from the boiler feedwater and exits via the vent valve at the top of the domed section. This vent valve should not be opened sufficiently the deaerator will not work properly, causing high oxygen content in the feed water going to the boilers. Should the boiler not have an oxygen-content analyser, a high level in the boiler chlorides may indicate the vent valve not being far enough open. Some designs may include a vent condenser to trap and recover any water [[Entrainment (engineering)|entrained]] in the vented gas. The vent line usually includes a valve and just enough steam is allowed to escape with the vented gases to provide a small visible telltale plume of steam. The deaerated water flows down into the horizontal storage vessel from where it is pumped to the steam generating boiler system. Low-pressure heating steam, which enters the horizontal vessel through a [[Sparge Pipe|sparge pipe]] in the bottom of the vessel, is provided to keep the stored boiler feedwater warm. External [[Thermal insulation|insulation]] of the vessel is typically provided to minimize heat loss. ====Spray-type deaerator==== [[Image:SprayDeaerator.png|right|thumb|287px|Figure 2: A schematic diagram of a typical spray-type deaerator.]] As shown in Figure 2, the typical spray-type deaerator is a horizontal vessel which has a preheating section (E) and a deaeration section (F). The two sections are separated by a baffle (C). Low-pressure steam enters the vessel through a sparger in the bottom of the vessel. The boiler feedwater is sprayed into section (E) where it is preheated by the rising steam from the sparger. The purpose of the feedwater spray nozzle (A) and the preheat section is to heat the boiler feedwater to its [[Boiling point#Saturation temperature and pressure|saturation temperature]] to facilitate stripping out the dissolved gases in the following deaeration section. The preheated feedwater then flows into the deaeration section (F), where it is deaerated by the steam rising from the sparger system. The gases stripped out of the water exit via the vent at the top of the vessel. Again, some designs may include a vent condenser to trap and recover any water entrained in the vented gas. Also again, the vent line usually includes a valve and just enough steam is allowed to escape with the vented gases to provide a small and visible telltale plume of steam. The deaerated boiler feedwater is pumped from the bottom of the vessel to the steam generating boiler system. Silencers (optional) have been used for reducing venting noise levels in the Deaerator equipment industry. Welding of the steel pressure vessels during the manufacturing process sometimes require Post Weld Heat Treatment, XRAY, Dye Penetration, Ultrasonic, and other type non-destructive testing. [[ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code]], [[NACE International]], and HEI (Heat Exchange Institute) have recommendations on the type of testing required. [https://shr1.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Deaerator-Manufacturers.pdf] === Vacuum deaerator === Deaerators are also used to remove dissolved gases from products such as food, personal care products, cosmetic products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals to increase the dosing accuracy in the [[Aseptic processing|filling process]], to increase product shelf stability, to prevent oxidative effects (e.g. discolouration, changes of smell or taste, rancidity), to alter [[pH]], and to reduce packaging volume. ====Dynamic deaerator==== As shown in Figure 3,<!-- Where is Figure 3? --> the product is distributed as a thin layer on a high speed spinning disc [3] via special feed system [1]. The centrifugal force slings it through a perforated screen onto the inner wall of the vessel, which is under vacuum . Air (gas) pockets are released in the process and are drawn off by the vacuum [4]. A discharge pump [2] carries the deaerated product to the next process in the production line. For high viscous products the rotating disc is replaced with static one. [[File:Vacuum rotating disc deaerator.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 3: A schematic diagram of rotating disc deaerator]] ==Principles of operation== Thermal deaeration relies on the principle that the solubility of a gas in water decreases as the water temperature increases and approaches its [[boiling point]]. In the deaerator, water is heated up to close to its boiling point with a minimum pressure drop and minimum vent. Deaeration is done by spraying feedwater into a chamber to increase its surface area, and may involve flow over multiple layers of trays. This scrubbing (or stripping) steam is fed to the bottom of the deaeration section of the deaerator. When steam contacts the feedwater, it heats it up to its boiling point and dissolved gases are released from the feedwater and vented from the deaerator through the vent. The treated water falls into a storage tank below the deaerator.<ref name="boilersinfo.com" /><ref name="Sterling" /> ===Oxygen scavenging=== [[Oxygen scavenger|Oxygen scavenging]] chemicals are very often added to the deaerated boiler feedwater to remove any last traces of oxygen that were not removed by the deaerator. The type of chemical added depends on whether the location uses a volatile or non-volatile water treatment program. Most lower pressure systems (lower than {{convert|650|psi|abbr=on}}) use non-volatile treatment programs. The most commonly used oxygen scavenger for lower pressure systems is [[sodium sulfite]] (Na₂SO₃). It is very effective and rapidly reacts with traces of oxygen to form [[sodium sulfate]] (Na₂SO₄) which is non-scaling. Most higher pressure systems (higher than {{convert|650|psi|abbr=on}}) and all systems where certain highly alloyed materials are present are now using volatile programs, as many phosphate-based treatment programs are being phased out. Volatile programs are further broken down into oxidizing or reducing programs [(AVT(O) or AVT(R)] depending whether the environment requires an oxidizing or reducing environment to reduce the incidence of flow-accelerated corrosion. Flow-accelerated corrosion related failures have caused numerous accidents in which significant loss of property and life has occurred.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} [[Hydrazine]] (N₂H₄) is an oxygen scavenger commonly used in volatile treatment programs. Other scavengers include [[carbohydrazide]], [[diethylhydroxylamine]], [[nitrilotriacetic acid]], [[ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid]], and [[hydroquinone]]. ==See also== * [[Air preheater]] * [[Economizer]] * [[Feedwater heater]] * [[Fossil fuel power plant]] * [[Thermal power station]] * [[Degasification]] * [[Defoamer]] ==References== ===Citations=== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Sterling">{{cite web| url=http://www.sterlingdeaerator.com/principle.htm| title=The Deaerating Principle| publisher=Sterling Deaerator Company}}</ref> <ref name="Stork">{{cite web| url=https://www.stork.com/en/products-services/power-services-products/stork-thermeq/deaerators| title=Deaerators| publisher=Stork| access-date=2016-09-30| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901123425/https://www.stork.com/en/products-services/power-services-products/stork-thermeq/deaerators| archive-date=2018-09-01| url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- unused <ref name="frymakoruma.com">{{Cite web |title=Vacuum Deaerating Unit |author= |work=frymakoruma.com |date= |access-date=1 October 2019 |url= https://www.frymakoruma.com/ww-en/machine-details/vacuum-deaerating-unit/ |quote=}}</ref> --> <ref name="boilersinfo.com">{{cite web|url=https://boilersinfo.com/deaerator-working-principle/|title=Deaerator working principle|publisher=Boilers Info}}</ref> }} ===Sources=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|author=Babcock & Wilcox Co.|title=Steam: Its Generation and Use|edition=41st|year=2005|isbn=0-9634570-0-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Elliott|first1=Thomas C. |last2=Chen|first2=Kao |last3=Swanekamp|first3=Robert |title=Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYxUAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-019435-9|edition=2nd}} *{{cite book|editor-link=Robert Thurston Kent|editor-first=Robert Thurston |editor-last=Kent|title=Kents' Mechanical Engineers' Handbook in two volumes|edition=11th |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=1936|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==External links== *[http://www.awt.org Association of Water Technologies] *[https://www.deaerator.it/deaerator/ Deaerator design] *[https://www.frymakoruma.com/ww-en/machine-details/vacuum-deaerating-unit/ Vacuum deaerator] [[Category:Power station technology]] [[Category:Chemical equipment]] [[Category:Nuclear power plant components]] [[Category:Gas-liquid separation]]'