Examine individual changes

'{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}} {{Use British English|date=August 2017}} {{Infobox university | name = The Roslin Institute | image = File:Roslin Institute.JPG | logo = File:The Roslin Institute logo.gif | established = 1993 | type = | dean = | endowment = | staff = | head_label = Director | head = Professor Bruce Whitelaw | faculty = | free_label = | free = | students = | undergrad = | postgrad = | doctoral = | city = [[Midlothian]] | state = | country = Scotland, UK | campus = Easter Bush | affiliations = [[University of Edinburgh]], [[BBSRC]] | website = {{url|https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin}} | postalcode = EH25 9RG | mascot = [[Dolly the Sheep]] }} The '''Roslin Institute''' is an [[animal sciences]] research institute at Easter Bush, [[Midlothian]], Scotland, part of the [[University of Edinburgh]], and is funded by the [[Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roslin.ed.ac.uk/ |title=The Roslin Institute (University of Edinburgh) - Home Page |access-date=2011-07-26}}</ref> ==History== ===Institute of Animal Genetics (1917-1980)=== The Roslin Institute has its roots in the University of Edinburgh's Institute of Animal Genetics (IAG), which was founded in 1917 under the direction of [[Francis Albert Eley Crew]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Animal Genetics | website = University of Edinburgh Our History | url = http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Animal_Genetics | access-date = 2020-09-25}}</ref> ===Poultry Research Centre (1947-1986)=== The Poultry Research Centre (PRC) was founded in 1947 by the [[Agricultural and Food Research Council|Agricultural Research Council (ARC)]].<ref>{{cite hansard | jurisdiction = United Kingdom | house = House of Commons | date = 20 May 1977 | volume = 932 | title = Poultry Research Centre | speaker = [[Shirley Williams]] | url = https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1977-05-20/debates/71ee449a-935b-4f83-ab34-46cb8a6719d9/PoultryResearchCentre}}</ref> The new institute used expertise and material from the IAG, and its laboratories were located adjacent to the IAG's building on the university's [[King's Buildings]] campus. A second site housing larger experiments was located on the Bush Estate, south of Edinburgh.<ref name="UoE_PRC">{{cite web | title = Poultry Research Centre (1947-1986) (research institution) | url = https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/agents/corporate_entities/1097 | website = [[University of Edinburgh]] Archives Online | access-date = 2020-09-25}}</ref> In 1971, the institute's experimental facility moved from the Bush Estate to a larger site near the village of [[Roslin, Midlothian|Roslin]], and the main laboratories moved to the same site in 1980.<ref name="UoE_PRC"/> ===Animal Breeding Research Organisation (1947-1986)=== The Animal Breeding Research Organisation (ABRO) was founded at the same time as the PRC in 1947, again using the IAG's expertise. Its research focused mainly on genetic improvement of cattle, pigs and sheep.<ref name="UoE_ABRO">{{cite web | title = Animal Breeding Research Organisation. ABRO (1945-1986) | url = https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/agents/corporate_entities/1479 | website = [[University of Edinburgh]] Archives Online | access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> In the 1980s, under the direction of John King and [[Roger Burton Land|Roger Land]], ABRO's research began a shift towards [[molecular biology]], which was key in laying the groundwork for the institute's work on cloning in the 1990s.<ref name="second_creation">{{cite book | last1 = Wilmut | first1 = Ian | last2 = Campbelll | first2 = Keith | last3 = Tudge | first3 = Colin | title = The Second Creation: Dolly and the Age of Biological Control | year = 2000 | publisher = Headline Book Publishing}}</ref> ===Edinburgh Research Station, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research (1986-1993)=== In 1986, the Poultry Research Centre and the Animal Breeding Research Organisation merged with the Institute of Animal Physiology, based in [[Babraham]], Cambridgeshire, to form the Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research (IAPGR).<ref name="UoE_ABRO"/> The PRC's buildings in Roslin became the IAPGR's Edinburgh Research Station, with the former ABRO facilities progressively relocating there between 1986 and 1989.<ref name="Roslin_history">{{cite web | url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/about/history | title = History of the Institute | website = The Roslin Institute | access-date=2020-09-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325002354/https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/about/history | archive-date=2020-03-25}}</ref> ===The Roslin Institute (1993-2008)=== The IAPGR's sites at Babraham and Roslin became two independent institutes owned by the [[Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council]] in 1993 – the [[Babraham Institute]] and the Roslin Institute. Animal genetics research had been gradually consolidating on the Roslin site since 1986,<ref name="Roslin_history"/> and all agricultural research at Babraham had ceased by 1998. The institute became a company limited by guarantee and a charity registered in Scotland, with the BBSRC as its sponsor, in 1995.<ref name = "history_2009">{{cite web | title=Roslin Institute – History | url = http://www.roslin.ac.uk/information/roslin.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129033748/http://www.roslin.ac.uk/information/roslin.php | archive-date=2009-11-29 | website = Roslin Institute}}</ref> ===University of Edinburgh (2008–present)=== In 2006, the BBSRC announced that the institute would move to a new site on the University of Edinburgh's Easter Bush campus, under the direction of David Hume.<ref>{{cite web | title=First director appointed to new research centre | website=[[BBSRC]] | url=http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/media/pressreleases/06_12_20_hume.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127073815/http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/media/pressreleases/06_12_20_hume.html | archive-date=2007-01-27}}</ref> As part of the plans, the Roslin Institute merged with the Neuropathogenesis Unit of the [[Institute for Animal Health]], well known for its role in deciphering the biology of [[transmissible spongiform encephalopathy|transmissible spongiform encephalopathies]]<nowiki/>and this was headed by [[Jean Manson (scientist)|Jean Manson]]. In April 2008, the combined institute became part of the University of Edinburgh's [[Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies]], and the institute's 197 staff members became University of Edinburgh employees on 1 May.<ref name = "history_2009"/><ref>{{cite report | title=BBSRC Annual Report and Accounts 2007-2008 | publisher=[[Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council]] | date=2008 | url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/248533%2F0761.pdf}}</ref> The move to Easter Bush was completed in March 2011, with the opening of a new £60.6M building designed by [[HDR, Inc.|HDR, Inc]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/vr.d4061 | title = New home for Roslin Institute | journal = Veterinary Record | volume = 169 | issue = 2 | pages = 34–34 | year = 2011}}</ref> Under the original plans, the new institute was to be known as EBRC,<ref>{{cite report | title = BBSRC Annual Report and Accounts 2006-2007 | publisher = [[Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council]] | date = 2007 | url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/250802/0720.pdf}}</ref> but the institute ultimately retained the Roslin name. In February 2020, Bruce Whitelaw became interim director of the institute, replacing [[Eleanor Riley]], who had been director since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Eleanor Riley, Director of the Roslin Institute to step down|url=https://bbsrc.ukri.org/news/people-skills-training/2020/professor-eleanor-riley-director-of-the-roslin-institute-to-step-down/|website=[[BBSRC]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200706105644/https://bbsrc.ukri.org/news/people-skills-training/2020/professor-eleanor-riley-director-of-the-roslin-institute-to-step-down/ | archive-date = 2020-07-06 | access-date = 2020-07-06}}</ref> ==Honours== In 1996, the Institute won international fame when [[Ian Wilmut]], [[Keith Campbell (biologist)|Keith Campbell]], and their colleagues created [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the sheep]], the first [[mammal]] to be successfully [[cloning|cloned]] from an adult cell, at the Institute.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Campbell | first1 = K. H. S. | author-link1 = Keith Campbell (biologist)| last2 = McWhir | first2 = J. | last3 = Ritchie | first3 = W. A. | last4 = Wilmut | first4 = I. | author-link4 = Ian Wilmut| title = Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line | doi = 10.1038/380064a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 380 | issue = 6569 | pages = 64–66 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8598906}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Firn | first1 = D. | title = Roslin Institute upset by human cloning suggestions | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 253 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1038/6449 | pmid = 10086368 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Jayaraman | first1 = K. S. | title = India's short cow drags Roslin Institute into controversy | journal = Nature | volume = 394 | issue = 6696 | pages = 821 | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1038/29621 | pmid = 9732859 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A year later, two other sheep named [[Polly and Molly]] were cloned, each of which contained a human gene. Roslin has made many other contributions to animal science and biotechnology research, especially in the area of livestock improvement and welfare through the application of [[quantitative genetics]]. In 2007, a Roslin team developed [[genetically modified organism|genetically modified]] chickens capable of laying eggs containing proteins needed to make cancer-fighting drugs. ==Objectives== The Roslin Institute aims to enhance the lives of animals and humans through world-class research in animal biology. The principal objectives are to: * Enhance animal health and welfare through knowledge of genetic factors affecting resistance to disease. * Enhance sustainability and productivity of livestock systems and food supply chains through understanding of reproductive and [[developmental biology]]. * Enhance food safety by understanding interactions between disease-causing organisms and animals. * Enhance human health through an understanding of basic mechanisms of health and disease and comparative biology of animal species. * Identify new and emerging [[zoonosis|zoonoses]] and understand how pathogens might cross from animals to humans. * Enhance quality of life for animals by studying the mechanisms and behaviours associated with optimising their environment and life experiences. ==Research== Research at the Roslin Institute is categorised into four scientific divisions:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/research|title=Research at Roslin Institute}}</ref> * Functional Genetics and Development * Genetics and genomics * Infection and immunity * Clinical sciences Three Institute Strategic Programmes, which are funded by the [[Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council]], span the Divisions of the Institute. * Blueprints for Healthy Animals * Control of Infectious Diseases * Improving Animal Production & Welfare ==Directors== ===Poultry Research Centre=== * [[Alan William Greenwood]] (1947-1962) * Toby Christopher Carter (1962-1978) * David WF Shannon (1978-1986) ===Animal Breeding Research Organisation=== * Robert Gordon White (1947-1951) * Hugh Paterson Donald (1951-1974) * John King (1974-1982) * [[Roger Burton Land]] (1982-1986) ===Edinburgh Research Station=== * [[Roger Burton Land]] (1986-1988) * Grahame Bulfield (1988-1993) ===Roslin Institute=== * Grahame Bulfield (1993-2002)<ref>{{cite web | title = Bulfield, Grahame, 1941-: (geneticist, formerly director and chief executive, Roslin Institute, Edinburgh and vice-principal, University of Edinburgh) | website = [[University of Edinburgh]] Archives Online | url = https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/agents/people/4243 | access-date = 2020-09-26}}</ref> * [[Anthony John Clark|John Clark]] (2002-2004) * Harry Griffin (2004-2007) * David Hume (2007-2017)<ref name="hume_director">{{cite web | url = https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/archive/2017/interim-director-of-roslin-announced | website = The Roslin Institute | title = Interim director of The Roslin Institute announced | access-date=2020-09-20 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190407181800/https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/archive/2017/interim-director-of-roslin-announced | archive-date = 2019-04-07}}</ref> * Bruce Whitelaw (acting) (2017)<ref name="hume_director"/> * [[Eleanor Riley]] (2017-2020)<ref name="newdirRiley">{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/archive/2017/new-director-starts-at-roslin | title=New Director starts at The Roslin Institute |website = The Roslin Institute |access-date=2020-09-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407182543/https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/archive/2017/new-director-starts-at-roslin | archive-date=2019-04-07}}</ref> * Bruce Whitelaw (acting) (2020–)<ref name="newdirRiley"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{official website|https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin}} * [https://bbsrc.ukri.org/research/institutes/strategically-funded-institutes/ BBSRC strategically funded institutes] {{coord missing|Lothians}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Roslin Institute}} [[Category:1993 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:Agriculture in Scotland]] [[Category:Agronomy]] [[Category:Animal research institutes]] [[Category:Biotechnology in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Cloning]] [[Category:Genetic engineering and agriculture]] [[Category:Genetics or genomics research institutions]] [[Category:Microbiology institutes]] [[Category:Organisations based in Midlothian]] [[Category:Research institutes established in 1993]] [[Category:Research institutes in Scotland]] [[Category:University of Edinburgh]] [[Category:Zoology organizations]] [[Category:Animal health in Scotland]]'