Examine individual changes
This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.
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Edit summary/reason (summary) | '/* Standing Committee */ Added 2009 detainment warrant for questioning on alleged crimes related to Falun Dafa, multiple sources added' |
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{family name hatnote|[[Luo (surname)|Luo]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Luo Gan
| native_name = {{lang|zh-hans|{{nobold|罗干}}}}
| image =
| nationality = [[Republic of China|Chinese]]
| order = Secretary of the [[Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission]]
| 1blankname = General Secretary
| 1namedata = [[Jiang Zemin]]<br/>[[Hu Jintao]]
| term_start = March 1998
| term_end = October 2007
| predecessor = [[Ren Jianxin]]
| successor = [[Zhou Yongkang]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1935|7|18}}
| birth_place = [[Jinan]], [[Shandong]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| party = [[Communist Party of China]]|
}}
{{Chinese
|title=Luo Gan
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-->|s=罗干|t=羅幹|p=Luó Gàn
}}
'''Luo Gan''' ({{zh|s=罗干|t=羅幹}}; born July 18, 1935) is a retired Chinese politician. Between 2002 and 2007, Luo was one of China's top leaders, serving as a member of the nine-man [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China|Politburo Standing Committee]], and as the [[Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the Communist Party of China Central Committee|Secretary of Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission]] (''Zhengfawei''), which became one of China's most powerful political offices, and well-funded bureaucracies, during Luo's term. In his ''Zhengfawei'' role, Luo held oversight for many law-enforcement institutions, including the police, public security officers, armed police, labor camps, prisons, and the judicial system. Luo retired from politics in 2007.
==Early career==
Luo Gan was born in [[Jinan]], Shandong province. In 1953, he began studying engineering at the [[University of Science and Technology Beijing|Beijing Steel and Iron Institute]]. A year later, he was selected as part of a Chinese contingent to go study at [[University of Leipzig|Karl Marx University]] in [[Leipzig]], East Germany where he studied German language. He interned at the Leipzig steel and metalworks plant. He then continued studying machine works at [[Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg]]. Luo joined the Communist Party of China in 1960, while still in Germany. It was said that Luo had stellar grades and won the Agricola prize for academic achievement while studying in Germany.<ref name="april16">{{cite news|title=罗干出书谈政法综治工作 或解密内情|url=http://china.dwnews.com/news/2015-04-16/59647852.html|work=Duowei|date=April 16, 2015}}</ref>
Upon returning to China, Luo continued to work in the steel industry, first being sent to the [[First Ministry of Machine-Building of the PRC|First Ministry of Machine-Building]], a state-run department in charge of machines, telecommunications, and shipbuilding. There he worked as a technician and project leader in its mechanics department. As a technical specialist, Luo, like many others in his field, were displaced from their posts during much of the [[Cultural Revolution]], and sent to perform manual labour at a [[May Seventh Cadre Schools|May 7 Cadre School]]. In 1970, Luo returned to work in Henan province, working for a government machine-building project in [[Luohe]], then transferred to [[Zhengzhou]].<ref name="april16"/>
==Rise to power==
In October 1978, as part of a nationwide reshuffle following the demise of the [[Gang of Four]], former First Machine-Building minister [[Duan Junyi]] took on the post of party chief of central [[Henan]] Province. While in Henan, Duan was eager to promote his former associates, including Luo Gan. In 1980, Luo was made head of the provincial science and technology commission, and also a leader in the provincial trade office. A year later, Luo was made Vice Governor of Henan.<ref name="april16"/>
In 1983, Luo was sent to Beijing and became deputy chairman of the [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]], the state-sponsored trade union group. As a major leader of the ACFTU, Luo was in charge of the day-to-day management of the organization. As a result of his tenure in the union, Luo was made Minister of Labour in March 1988. In December 1988, Luo took over duties of the [[Secretary-General of the State Council]] as a result of the illness of his predecessor [[Chen Junsheng]].<ref name=xinhua>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-01/16/content_240564.htm Profile of Luo Gan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110010157/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-01/16/content_240564.htm |date=2007-11-10 }}, Xinhua.</ref>
During his term as a minister, Luo had developed a close relationship with [[Li Peng]] came to be considered one of Li's protégés. Luo was appointed a [[State Councilor]], a position with equivalent rank but slightly lesser responsibility compared as a Vice-Premier, in 1993.<ref name=xinhua/> He served in the position until 2003. In September 1997 at the 15th Party Congress, Luo advanced further, being named a Secretary of the Central Secretariat, the Secretary of the [[Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission]] (''Zhengfawei''), and a member of the [[15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China]], joining the inner sanctum of party leaders.<ref name=xinhua/>
Luo oversaw a diverse portfolio with jurisdiction over law enforcement and internal security, as well as "comprehensive social management", a nebulous new phrase that essentially meant asserting control and preventing organized protests and social disturbances; as part of his responsibilities, he was tasked by [[Jiang Zemin]] to head the [[610 Office]], an extrajudicial organ established to suppress the spiritual group [[Falun Gong]]. As a result of his role, Luo faced heavy criticism from Falun Gong adherents.<ref name="rfa">{{cite news|title=罗干强调加强严打四种势力和法轮功|url=http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/79545-20020409.html|work=Radio Free Asia|date=April 9, 2004}}</ref>
==Standing Committee==
Luo entered the [[Politburo Standing Committee]] in 2002, at the [[16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China]] at the age of 67. The Standing Committee was expanded from seven members to nine in 2002, some say as a result of then-Party General Secretary [[Jiang Zemin]] attempting to stack the body with his supporters. Luo, then branded by overseas media as an associate of Li Peng, became a major beneficiary of this increase in membership. That he held a seat on the nation's highest ruling council, coupled with the relative weakness of the new party General Secretary [[Hu Jintao]], as well as the general focus placed by the Communist Party on internal security and combating dissent to party authority, vastly increased the power of the ''Zhengfawei'' portfolio. Regarded as the "security chief" of the country, Luo implemented the "strike hard" anti-crime campaign, increasing the harshness of sentences; some suggest that this policy led to increased executions; it was said that Luo had personally directed the suppression of illegal organisations and protests such as that at the [[Pubugou Dam]] protest in 2004.<ref name="wenxue">{{cite news|title=川民暴动，共军入川：未知胡温在哪里“执政为民”？|url=http://www.wenxuecity.com/news/2004/11/08/19632.html|work=Voice of America via Wenxuecity}}</ref>
Luo's term as ''Zhengfawei'' chief was also characterized by proponents of the [[Weiquan movement]] as having further solidified party control over legal and judicial affairs, and thus impeding progress on human rights and legal freedoms. During his tenure, Luo was seen to have warned party officials to rein in judicial independence and but also pay heed to the international implications of legal activities in China, while also expanding "rule by law".<ref name="feb3">{{cite news|last1=Kahn|first1=Joseph|title=Chinese Official Warns Against Independence of Courts|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/03/world/asia/03china.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=February 3, 2007}}</ref>
Luo retired from public life at the age of 72, after the [[17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China|17th Party Congress]] in October 2007. By 2007, rules related to mandated retirement age have been largely entrenched within the Communist Party hierarchy. Luo, as the oldest member of the Standing Committee by that time, naturally must retire. His ''Zhengfawei'' portfolio was then inherited by [[Zhou Yongkang]], a former oil baron who went on to oversee an even greater expansion of powers of the portfolio. Zhou was eventually convicted on corruption charges and sentenced to prison.
Luo largely disappeared from the public eye following his retirement in 2007. In 2015, the Chinese authorities published ''Luo Gan on Law and Politics Work in China'' ({{lang|zh-hans|罗干谈政法综治工作}}), a compilation of Luo's thoughts on law enforcement work during his tenure. Luo also made a public appearance at the [[2015 China Victory Day Parade]].
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*[http://www.chinavitae.com/biography_display.php?id=27 Luo Gan biography @ China Vitae, online database of China VIPs]
{{s-start}}
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{{16th Politburo of the Communist Party of China}}
{{15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China}}
{{State councillors}}{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Luo, Gan}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Communist Party of China politicians from Shandong]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jinan]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Shandong]]
[[Category:Members of the 16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China]]
[[Category:Members of the 15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China]]
[[Category:State councillors of China]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{family name hatnote|[[Luo (surname)|Luo]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Luo Gan
| native_name = {{lang|zh-hans|{{nobold|罗干}}}}
| image =
| nationality = [[Republic of China|Chinese]]
| order = Secretary of the [[Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission]]
| 1blankname = General Secretary
| 1namedata = [[Jiang Zemin]]<br/>[[Hu Jintao]]
| term_start = March 1998
| term_end = October 2007
| predecessor = [[Ren Jianxin]]
| successor = [[Zhou Yongkang]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1935|7|18}}
| birth_place = [[Jinan]], [[Shandong]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| party = [[Communist Party of China]]|
}}
{{Chinese
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|collapse=no
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|piccap=piccap
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|picsize2=200px (Default is 260px)
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|c=Chinese (Use when traditional = simplified)
-->|s=罗干|t=羅幹|p=Luó Gàn
}}
'''Luo Gan''' ({{zh|s=罗干|t=羅幹}}; born July 18, 1935) is a retired Chinese politician. Between 2002 and 2007, Luo was one of China's top leaders, serving as a member of the nine-man [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China|Politburo Standing Committee]], and as the [[Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the Communist Party of China Central Committee|Secretary of Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission]] (''Zhengfawei''), which became one of China's most powerful political offices, and well-funded bureaucracies, during Luo's term. In his ''Zhengfawei'' role, Luo held oversight for many law-enforcement institutions, including the police, public security officers, armed police, labor camps, prisons, and the judicial system. Luo retired from politics in 2007.
==Early career==
Luo Gan was born in [[Jinan]], Shandong province. In 1953, he began studying engineering at the [[University of Science and Technology Beijing|Beijing Steel and Iron Institute]]. A year later, he was selected as part of a Chinese contingent to go study at [[University of Leipzig|Karl Marx University]] in [[Leipzig]], East Germany where he studied German language. He interned at the Leipzig steel and metalworks plant. He then continued studying machine works at [[Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg]]. Luo joined the Communist Party of China in 1960, while still in Germany. It was said that Luo had stellar grades and won the Agricola prize for academic achievement while studying in Germany.<ref name="april16">{{cite news|title=罗干出书谈政法综治工作 或解密内情|url=http://china.dwnews.com/news/2015-04-16/59647852.html|work=Duowei|date=April 16, 2015}}</ref>
Upon returning to China, Luo continued to work in the steel industry, first being sent to the [[First Ministry of Machine-Building of the PRC|First Ministry of Machine-Building]], a state-run department in charge of machines, telecommunications, and shipbuilding. There he worked as a technician and project leader in its mechanics department. As a technical specialist, Luo, like many others in his field, were displaced from their posts during much of the [[Cultural Revolution]], and sent to perform manual labour at a [[May Seventh Cadre Schools|May 7 Cadre School]]. In 1970, Luo returned to work in Henan province, working for a government machine-building project in [[Luohe]], then transferred to [[Zhengzhou]].<ref name="april16"/>
==Rise to power==
In October 1978, as part of a nationwide reshuffle following the demise of the [[Gang of Four]], former First Machine-Building minister [[Duan Junyi]] took on the post of party chief of central [[Henan]] Province. While in Henan, Duan was eager to promote his former associates, including Luo Gan. In 1980, Luo was made head of the provincial science and technology commission, and also a leader in the provincial trade office. A year later, Luo was made Vice Governor of Henan.<ref name="april16"/>
In 1983, Luo was sent to Beijing and became deputy chairman of the [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]], the state-sponsored trade union group. As a major leader of the ACFTU, Luo was in charge of the day-to-day management of the organization. As a result of his tenure in the union, Luo was made Minister of Labour in March 1988. In December 1988, Luo took over duties of the [[Secretary-General of the State Council]] as a result of the illness of his predecessor [[Chen Junsheng]].<ref name=xinhua>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-01/16/content_240564.htm Profile of Luo Gan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110010157/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-01/16/content_240564.htm |date=2007-11-10 }}, Xinhua.</ref>
During his term as a minister, Luo had developed a close relationship with [[Li Peng]] came to be considered one of Li's protégés. Luo was appointed a [[State Councilor]], a position with equivalent rank but slightly lesser responsibility compared as a Vice-Premier, in 1993.<ref name=xinhua/> He served in the position until 2003. In September 1997 at the 15th Party Congress, Luo advanced further, being named a Secretary of the Central Secretariat, the Secretary of the [[Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission]] (''Zhengfawei''), and a member of the [[15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China]], joining the inner sanctum of party leaders.<ref name=xinhua/>
Luo oversaw a diverse portfolio with jurisdiction over law enforcement and internal security, as well as "comprehensive social management", a nebulous new phrase that essentially meant asserting control and preventing organized protests and social disturbances; as part of his responsibilities, he was tasked by [[Jiang Zemin]] to head the [[610 Office]], an extrajudicial organ established to suppress the spiritual group [[Falun Gong]]. As a result of his role, Luo faced heavy criticism from Falun Gong adherents.<ref name="rfa">{{cite news|title=罗干强调加强严打四种势力和法轮功|url=http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/79545-20020409.html|work=Radio Free Asia|date=April 9, 2004}}</ref>
==Standing Committee==
Luo entered the [[Politburo Standing Committee]] in 2002, at the [[16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China]] at the age of 67. The Standing Committee was expanded from seven members to nine in 2002, some say as a result of then-Party General Secretary [[Jiang Zemin]] attempting to stack the body with his supporters. Luo, then branded by overseas media as an associate of Li Peng, became a major beneficiary of this increase in membership. That he held a seat on the nation's highest ruling council, coupled with the relative weakness of the new party General Secretary [[Hu Jintao]], as well as the general focus placed by the Communist Party on internal security and combating dissent to party authority, vastly increased the power of the ''Zhengfawei'' portfolio. Regarded as the "security chief" of the country, Luo implemented the "strike hard" anti-crime campaign, increasing the harshness of sentences; some suggest that this policy led to increased executions; it was said that Luo had personally directed the suppression of illegal organisations and protests such as that at the [[Pubugou Dam]] protest in 2004.<ref name="wenxue">{{cite news|title=川民暴动，共军入川：未知胡温在哪里“执政为民”？|url=http://www.wenxuecity.com/news/2004/11/08/19632.html|work=Voice of America via Wenxuecity}}</ref>
Luo's term as ''Zhengfawei'' chief was also characterized by proponents of the [[Weiquan movement]] as having further solidified party control over legal and judicial affairs, and thus impeding progress on human rights and legal freedoms. During his tenure, Luo was seen to have warned party officials to rein in judicial independence and but also pay heed to the international implications of legal activities in China, while also expanding "rule by law".<ref name="feb3">{{cite news|last1=Kahn|first1=Joseph|title=Chinese Official Warns Against Independence of Courts|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/03/world/asia/03china.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=February 3, 2007}}</ref>
Luo retired from public life at the age of 72, after the [[17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China|17th Party Congress]] in October 2007. By 2007, rules related to mandated retirement age have been largely entrenched within the Communist Party hierarchy. Luo, as the oldest member of the Standing Committee by that time, naturally must retire. His ''Zhengfawei'' portfolio was then inherited by [[Zhou Yongkang]], a former oil baron who went on to oversee an even greater expansion of powers of the portfolio. Zhou was eventually convicted on corruption charges and sentenced to prison.
Luo largely disappeared from the public eye following his retirement in 2007. In 2015, the Chinese authorities published ''Luo Gan on Law and Politics Work in China'' ({{lang|zh-hans|罗干谈政法综治工作}}), a compilation of Luo's thoughts on law enforcement work during his tenure. Luo also made a public appearance at the [[2015 China Victory Day Parade]].
In december 17th of 2009, Argentinian Federal Judge Octavio Araoz de Lamadrid issued a national and international Interpol warrant for the detention of Luo Gan, along with [[Jiang Zemin]]. The warrant was issued with basis on the investigation of 17 testimonies of Falun Dafa practicioners victims of persecution, along with reports by Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and the UN detailed in case Nº 17885/2005. <ref name="dec22">{{cite news|title=El Juez Federal Octavio Araoz de Lamadrid libró órdenes de captura internacional por delitos de Lesa Humanidad cometidos en al República Popular China|url=http://www.noticiasjudiciales.info/Ediciones_Anteriores/Noticias_del_Dia/El_Juez_Federal_Octavio_Araoz_de_Lamadrid_libro_ordenes_de_captura_internacional_por_delitos_de_Lesa_Humanidad_cometidos_en_la_Republica_Popular_China|work=Noticias Judiciales|date=December 22, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="dec27">{{cite news|title=Crisis con China por el pedido de captura de un ex presidente|url=https://www.treslineas.com.ar/crisis-china-pedido-captura-presidente-n-196121.html|work=Tres Lineas|date=December 29, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="dec28">{{cite news|title=Defienden fallo con pedido de captura para ex jerarcas del partido comunista chino|url=http://masquenoticiasblog.blogspot.com/2009/12/defienden-fallo-con-pedido-de-captura.html|work=Mas que noticias|date=December 28, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="dec25">{{cite news|title=Justicia Argentina emite orden de captura contra ex líderes chinos|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzTm5Wr7I-o|work=China en Foco - NTD|date=December 25, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="272">{{cite news|title=Una piedra en el camino que llevará a la presidenta Cristina Kirchner a China|url=https://www.ellitoral.com.ar/corrientes/2009-12-27-21-0-0-una-piedra-en-el-camino-que-llevara-a-la-presidenta-cristina-kirchner-a-china|work=El Litoral|date=December 27, 2009}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*[http://www.chinavitae.com/biography_display.php?id=27 Luo Gan biography @ China Vitae, online database of China VIPs]
{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box | before = [[Ma Wenrui]] | title = Minister of Labor| years = 1988 | after = [[Ruan Chongwu]]}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box | before = [[Ren Jianxin]] | title = Secretary of [[Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission]] | years = 1998–2007 | after = [[Zhou Yongkang]] }}
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{{16th Politburo of the Communist Party of China}}
{{15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China}}
{{State councillors}}{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Luo, Gan}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Communist Party of China politicians from Shandong]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jinan]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Shandong]]
[[Category:Members of the 16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China]]
[[Category:Members of the 15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China]]
[[Category:State councillors of China]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -58,4 +58,6 @@
Luo largely disappeared from the public eye following his retirement in 2007. In 2015, the Chinese authorities published ''Luo Gan on Law and Politics Work in China'' ({{lang|zh-hans|罗干谈政法综治工作}}), a compilation of Luo's thoughts on law enforcement work during his tenure. Luo also made a public appearance at the [[2015 China Victory Day Parade]].
+
+In december 17th of 2009, Argentinian Federal Judge Octavio Araoz de Lamadrid issued a national and international Interpol warrant for the detention of Luo Gan, along with [[Jiang Zemin]]. The warrant was issued with basis on the investigation of 17 testimonies of Falun Dafa practicioners victims of persecution, along with reports by Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and the UN detailed in case Nº 17885/2005. <ref name="dec22">{{cite news|title=El Juez Federal Octavio Araoz de Lamadrid libró órdenes de captura internacional por delitos de Lesa Humanidad cometidos en al República Popular China|url=http://www.noticiasjudiciales.info/Ediciones_Anteriores/Noticias_del_Dia/El_Juez_Federal_Octavio_Araoz_de_Lamadrid_libro_ordenes_de_captura_internacional_por_delitos_de_Lesa_Humanidad_cometidos_en_la_Republica_Popular_China|work=Noticias Judiciales|date=December 22, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="dec27">{{cite news|title=Crisis con China por el pedido de captura de un ex presidente|url=https://www.treslineas.com.ar/crisis-china-pedido-captura-presidente-n-196121.html|work=Tres Lineas|date=December 29, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="dec28">{{cite news|title=Defienden fallo con pedido de captura para ex jerarcas del partido comunista chino|url=http://masquenoticiasblog.blogspot.com/2009/12/defienden-fallo-con-pedido-de-captura.html|work=Mas que noticias|date=December 28, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="dec25">{{cite news|title=Justicia Argentina emite orden de captura contra ex líderes chinos|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzTm5Wr7I-o|work=China en Foco - NTD|date=December 25, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="272">{{cite news|title=Una piedra en el camino que llevará a la presidenta Cristina Kirchner a China|url=https://www.ellitoral.com.ar/corrientes/2009-12-27-21-0-0-una-piedra-en-el-camino-que-llevara-a-la-presidenta-cristina-kirchner-a-china|work=El Litoral|date=December 27, 2009}}</ref>
== References ==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 12712 |
Old page size (old_size) | 10807 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 1905 |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luo_(surname)" title="Luo (surname)">Luo</a></i>.</div>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%;"><div style="display:inline-block; font-size:130%;" class="fn">Luo Gan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname"><span lang="zh-Hans" title="Chinese-language text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">罗干</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Secretary of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 1998 – October 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">General Secretary</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ren_Jianxin" title="Ren Jianxin">Ren Jianxin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang" title="Zhou Yongkang">Zhou Yongkang</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Born</th><td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1935-07-18</span>) </span>July 18, 1935<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 85)</span><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Nationality</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Political party</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party of China</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:#b0c4de">Luo Gan</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;" title="Chinese-language text">羅幹</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;" title="Chinese-language text">罗干</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn" title="Chinese-language romanization">Luó Gàn</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Luo Gan</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">罗干</span>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">羅幹</span>; born July 18, 1935) is a retired Chinese politician. Between 2002 and 2007, Luo was one of China's top leaders, serving as a member of the nine-man <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China">Politburo Standing Committee</a>, and as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_and_Legislative_Affairs_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the Communist Party of China Central Committee">Secretary of Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission</a> (<i>Zhengfawei</i>), which became one of China's most powerful political offices, and well-funded bureaucracies, during Luo's term. In his <i>Zhengfawei</i> role, Luo held oversight for many law-enforcement institutions, including the police, public security officers, armed police, labor camps, prisons, and the judicial system. Luo retired from politics in 2007.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early career</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Rise_to_power"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rise to power</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Standing_Committee"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Standing Committee</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_career">Early career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luo_Gan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Luo Gan was born in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a>, Shandong province. In 1953, he began studying engineering at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_Beijing" title="University of Science and Technology Beijing">Beijing Steel and Iron Institute</a>. A year later, he was selected as part of a Chinese contingent to go study at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">Karl Marx University</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, East Germany where he studied German language. He interned at the Leipzig steel and metalworks plant. He then continued studying machine works at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Bergakademie_Freiberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg">Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg</a>. Luo joined the Communist Party of China in 1960, while still in Germany. It was said that Luo had stellar grades and won the Agricola prize for academic achievement while studying in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-april16_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-april16-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Upon returning to China, Luo continued to work in the steel industry, first being sent to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Ministry_of_Machine-Building_of_the_PRC" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ministry of Machine-Building of the PRC">First Ministry of Machine-Building</a>, a state-run department in charge of machines, telecommunications, and shipbuilding. There he worked as a technician and project leader in its mechanics department. As a technical specialist, Luo, like many others in his field, were displaced from their posts during much of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, and sent to perform manual labour at a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/May_Seventh_Cadre_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="May Seventh Cadre Schools">May 7 Cadre School</a>. In 1970, Luo returned to work in Henan province, working for a government machine-building project in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luohe" title="Luohe">Luohe</a>, then transferred to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-april16_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-april16-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luo_Gan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise to power">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In October 1978, as part of a nationwide reshuffle following the demise of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>, former First Machine-Building minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duan_Junyi" title="Duan Junyi">Duan Junyi</a> took on the post of party chief of central <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> Province. While in Henan, Duan was eager to promote his former associates, including Luo Gan. In 1980, Luo was made head of the provincial science and technology commission, and also a leader in the provincial trade office. A year later, Luo was made Vice Governor of Henan.<sup id="cite_ref-april16_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-april16-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1983, Luo was sent to Beijing and became deputy chairman of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a>, the state-sponsored trade union group. As a major leader of the ACFTU, Luo was in charge of the day-to-day management of the organization. As a result of his tenure in the union, Luo was made Minister of Labour in March 1988. In December 1988, Luo took over duties of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General of the State Council</a> as a result of the illness of his predecessor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chen_Junsheng" title="Chen Junsheng">Chen Junsheng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-xinhua_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>During his term as a minister, Luo had developed a close relationship with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a> came to be considered one of Li's protégés. Luo was appointed a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_Councilor" class="mw-redirect" title="State Councilor">State Councilor</a>, a position with equivalent rank but slightly lesser responsibility compared as a Vice-Premier, in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-xinhua_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-2">[2]</a></sup> He served in the position until 2003. In September 1997 at the 15th Party Congress, Luo advanced further, being named a Secretary of the Central Secretariat, the Secretary of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission</a> (<i>Zhengfawei</i>), and a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China</a>, joining the inner sanctum of party leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-xinhua_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Luo oversaw a diverse portfolio with jurisdiction over law enforcement and internal security, as well as "comprehensive social management", a nebulous new phrase that essentially meant asserting control and preventing organized protests and social disturbances; as part of his responsibilities, he was tasked by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> to head the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a>, an extrajudicial organ established to suppress the spiritual group <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a>. As a result of his role, Luo faced heavy criticism from Falun Gong adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-rfa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfa-3">[3]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Standing_Committee">Standing Committee</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luo_Gan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Standing Committee">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Luo entered the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo Standing Committee">Politburo Standing Committee</a> in 2002, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China">16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China</a> at the age of 67. The Standing Committee was expanded from seven members to nine in 2002, some say as a result of then-Party General Secretary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> attempting to stack the body with his supporters. Luo, then branded by overseas media as an associate of Li Peng, became a major beneficiary of this increase in membership. That he held a seat on the nation's highest ruling council, coupled with the relative weakness of the new party General Secretary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, as well as the general focus placed by the Communist Party on internal security and combating dissent to party authority, vastly increased the power of the <i>Zhengfawei</i> portfolio. Regarded as the "security chief" of the country, Luo implemented the "strike hard" anti-crime campaign, increasing the harshness of sentences; some suggest that this policy led to increased executions; it was said that Luo had personally directed the suppression of illegal organisations and protests such as that at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pubugou_Dam" title="Pubugou Dam">Pubugou Dam</a> protest in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-wenxue_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wenxue-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Luo's term as <i>Zhengfawei</i> chief was also characterized by proponents of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weiquan_movement" title="Weiquan movement">Weiquan movement</a> as having further solidified party control over legal and judicial affairs, and thus impeding progress on human rights and legal freedoms. During his tenure, Luo was seen to have warned party officials to rein in judicial independence and but also pay heed to the international implications of legal activities in China, while also expanding "rule by law".<sup id="cite_ref-feb3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feb3-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Luo retired from public life at the age of 72, after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China">17th Party Congress</a> in October 2007. By 2007, rules related to mandated retirement age have been largely entrenched within the Communist Party hierarchy. Luo, as the oldest member of the Standing Committee by that time, naturally must retire. His <i>Zhengfawei</i> portfolio was then inherited by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang" title="Zhou Yongkang">Zhou Yongkang</a>, a former oil baron who went on to oversee an even greater expansion of powers of the portfolio. Zhou was eventually convicted on corruption charges and sentenced to prison.
</p><p>Luo largely disappeared from the public eye following his retirement in 2007. In 2015, the Chinese authorities published <i>Luo Gan on Law and Politics Work in China</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans" title="Chinese-language text">罗干谈政法综治工作</span>), a compilation of Luo's thoughts on law enforcement work during his tenure. Luo also made a public appearance at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2015_China_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2015 China Victory Day Parade">2015 China Victory Day Parade</a>.
</p><p>In december 17th of 2009, Argentinian Federal Judge Octavio Araoz de Lamadrid issued a national and international Interpol warrant for the detention of Luo Gan, along with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>. The warrant was issued with basis on the investigation of 17 testimonies of Falun Dafa practicioners victims of persecution, along with reports by Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and the UN detailed in case Nº 17885/2005. <sup id="cite_ref-dec22_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec22-6">[6]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-dec27_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec27-7">[7]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-dec28_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec28-8">[8]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-dec25_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec25-9">[9]</a></sup> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The <code><ref></code> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_ref_numeric_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error ref numeric key">help page</a>).
</span>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luo_Gan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-april16-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-april16_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-april16_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-april16_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.dwnews.com/news/2015-04-16/59647852.html">"罗干出书谈政法综治工作 或解密内情"</a>. <i>Duowei</i>. April 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duowei&rft.atitle=%E7%BD%97%E5%B9%B2%E5%87%BA%E4%B9%A6%E8%B0%88%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E7%BB%BC%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C+%E6%88%96%E8%A7%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%86%85%E6%83%85&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchina.dwnews.com%2Fnews%2F2015-04-16%2F59647852.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuo+Gan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-xinhua-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xinhua_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xinhua_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xinhua_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-01/16/content_240564.htm">Profile of Luo Gan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071110010157/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-01/16/content_240564.htm">Archived</a> 2007-11-10 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-rfa-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfa_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/79545-20020409.html">"罗干强调加强严打四种势力和法轮功"</a>. <i>Radio Free Asia</i>. April 9, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.atitle=%E7%BD%97%E5%B9%B2%E5%BC%BA%E8%B0%83%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E4%B8%A5%E6%89%93%E5%9B%9B%E7%A7%8D%E5%8A%BF%E5%8A%9B%E5%92%8C%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE%E5%8A%9F&rft.date=2004-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fmandarin%2Fyataibaodao%2F79545-20020409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuo+Gan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-wenxue-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wenxue_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wenxuecity.com/news/2004/11/08/19632.html">"川民暴动，共军入川：未知胡温在哪里"执政为民"？"</a>. <i>Voice of America via Wenxuecity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America+via+Wenxuecity&rft.atitle=%E5%B7%9D%E6%B0%91%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%A8%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%86%9B%E5%85%A5%E5%B7%9D%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%AA%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%A1%E6%B8%A9%E5%9C%A8%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E2%80%9C%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%BA%E6%B0%91%E2%80%9D%EF%BC%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wenxuecity.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F11%2F08%2F19632.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuo+Gan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-feb3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-feb3_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKahn2007" class="citation news cs1">Kahn, Joseph (February 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/03/world/asia/03china.html?_r=0">"Chinese Official Warns Against Independence of Courts"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chinese+Official+Warns+Against+Independence+of+Courts&rft.date=2007-02-03&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F03%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F03china.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuo+Gan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-dec22-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dec22_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noticiasjudiciales.info/Ediciones_Anteriores/Noticias_del_Dia/El_Juez_Federal_Octavio_Araoz_de_Lamadrid_libro_ordenes_de_captura_internacional_por_delitos_de_Lesa_Humanidad_cometidos_en_la_Republica_Popular_China">"El Juez Federal Octavio Araoz de Lamadrid libró órdenes de captura internacional por delitos de Lesa Humanidad cometidos en al República Popular China"</a>. <i>Noticias Judiciales</i>. December 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Noticias+Judiciales&rft.atitle=El+Juez+Federal+Octavio+Araoz+de+Lamadrid+libr%C3%B3+%C3%B3rdenes+de+captura+internacional+por+delitos+de+Lesa+Humanidad+cometidos+en+al+Rep%C3%BAblica+Popular+China&rft.date=2009-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticiasjudiciales.info%2FEdiciones_Anteriores%2FNoticias_del_Dia%2FEl_Juez_Federal_Octavio_Araoz_de_Lamadrid_libro_ordenes_de_captura_internacional_por_delitos_de_Lesa_Humanidad_cometidos_en_la_Republica_Popular_China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuo+Gan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-dec27-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dec27_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treslineas.com.ar/crisis-china-pedido-captura-presidente-n-196121.html">"Crisis con China por el pedido de captura de un ex presidente"</a>. <i>Tres Lineas</i>. December 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tres+Lineas&rft.atitle=Crisis+con+China+por+el+pedido+de+captura+de+un+ex+presidente&rft.date=2009-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treslineas.com.ar%2Fcrisis-china-pedido-captura-presidente-n-196121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuo+Gan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-dec28-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dec28_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://masquenoticiasblog.blogspot.com/2009/12/defienden-fallo-con-pedido-de-captura.html">"Defienden fallo con pedido de captura para ex jerarcas del partido comunista chino"</a>. <i>Mas que noticias</i>. December 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mas+que+noticias&rft.atitle=Defienden+fallo+con+pedido+de+captura+para+ex+jerarcas+del+partido+comunista+chino&rft.date=2009-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmasquenoticiasblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F12%2Fdefienden-fallo-con-pedido-de-captura.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuo+Gan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-dec25-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dec25_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzTm5Wr7I-o">"Justicia Argentina emite orden de captura contra ex líderes chinos"</a>. <i>China en Foco - NTD</i>. December 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+en+Foco+-+NTD&rft.atitle=Justicia+Argentina+emite+orden+de+captura+contra+ex+l%C3%ADderes+chinos&rft.date=2009-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DfzTm5Wr7I-o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuo+Gan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luo_Gan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinavitae.com/biography_display.php?id=27">Luo Gan biography @ China Vitae, online database of China VIPs</a></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Minister of Labor</b><br />1988
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruan_Chongwu" title="Ruan Chongwu">Ruan Chongwu</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ren_Jianxin" title="Ren Jianxin">Ren Jianxin</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Secretary of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission</a></b><br />1998–2007
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang" title="Zhou Yongkang">Zhou Yongkang</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;">Order of precedence
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Changchun" title="Li Changchun">Li Changchun</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> 9th <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China">Rank of the Communist Party of China</a><br /><small>16th <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo Standing Committee">Politburo Standing Committee</a></small></b>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a><br /><small>(Member of the Politburo)</small></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(2002–2007)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Communist Party of China"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:16th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template talk:16th Politburo of the Communist Party of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(2002–2007)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (2002–2007)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ol><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a> (<small>died 2007</small>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Changchun" title="Li Changchun">Li Changchun</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luo Gan</a></li></ol>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hui_Liangyu" title="Hui Liangyu">Hui Liangyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1942)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1942)">Liu Qi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liu_Yunshan" title="Liu Yunshan">Liu Yunshan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_Yi_(politician)" title="Wu Yi (politician)">Wu Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Lichang" title="Zhang Lichang">Zhang Lichang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang" title="Zhang Dejiang">Zhang Dejiang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chen_Liangyu" title="Chen Liangyu">Chen Liangyu</a> (<small>expelled 2006</small>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang" title="Zhou Yongkang">Zhou Yongkang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng" title="Yu Zhengsheng">Yu Zhengsheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/He_Guoqiang" title="He Guoqiang">He Guoqiang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guo_Boxiong" title="Guo Boxiong">Guo Boxiong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cao_Gangchuan" title="Cao Gangchuan">Cao Gangchuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeng_Peiyan" title="Zeng Peiyan">Zeng Peiyan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate member</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Gang_(politician)" title="Wang Gang (politician)">Wang Gang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">7th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">8th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">9th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">10th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">11th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">12th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">13th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">14th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">15th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">16th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">17th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">18th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">19th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1997–2002)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:15th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template talk:15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1997–2002)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1997–2002)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ol><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Lanqing" title="Li Lanqing">Li Lanqing</a></li></ol>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ding_Guangen" title="Ding Guangen">Ding Guangen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Changchun" title="Li Changchun">Li Changchun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Wannian" title="Zhang Wannian">Zhang Wannian</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luo Gan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xie_Fei_(politician)" title="Xie Fei (politician)">Xie Fei</a> <small>(died 1999)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ol><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_Yi_(politician)" title="Wu Yi (politician)">Wu Yi</a></li></ol>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">7th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">8th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">9th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">10th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">11th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">12th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">13th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">14th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">15th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">16th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">17th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">18th</a>→<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Communist Party of China">19th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_Councilors_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:State_councillors" title="Template:State councillors"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:State_councillors" title="Template talk:State councillors"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:State_councillors&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_Councilors_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_councillor_(China)" title="State councillor (China)">State Councilors of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a> ♀</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ji_Pengfei" title="Ji Pengfei">Ji Pengfei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huang_Hua" title="Huang Hua">Huang Hua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Jingfu" title="Zhang Jingfu">Zhang Jingfu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Aiping" title="Zhang Aiping">Zhang Aiping</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a> ♀</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ji_Pengfei" title="Ji Pengfei">Ji Pengfei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Jingfu" title="Zhang Jingfu">Zhang Jingfu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Aiping" title="Zhang Aiping">Zhang Aiping</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Bingqian" title="Wang Bingqian">Wang Bingqian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Song_Ping" title="Song Ping">Song Ping</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Bingqian" title="Wang Bingqian">Wang Bingqian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Fang_(politician)" title="Wang Fang (politician)">Wang Fang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chen_Junsheng" title="Chen Junsheng">Chen Junsheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chen_Junsheng" title="Chen Junsheng">Chen Junsheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ismail_Amat" title="Ismail Amat">Ismail Amat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peng_Peiyun" title="Peng Peiyun">Peng Peiyun</a> ♀</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luo Gan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luo Gan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ismail_Amat" title="Ismail Amat">Ismail Amat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_Yi_(politician)" title="Wu Yi (politician)">Wu Yi</a> ♀</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Zhongyu_(politician,_born_1933)" title="Wang Zhongyu (politician, born 1933)">Wang Zhongyu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chen_Zhili" title="Chen Zhili">Chen Zhili</a> ♀</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hua_Jianmin" title="Hua Jianmin">Hua Jianmin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cao_Gangchuan" title="Cao Gangchuan">Cao Gangchuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang" title="Zhou Yongkang">Zhou Yongkang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tang_Jiaxuan" title="Tang Jiaxuan">Tang Jiaxuan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liu_Yandong" title="Liu Yandong">Liu Yandong</a> ♀</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma_Kai" title="Ma Kai">Ma Kai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meng_Jianzhu" title="Meng Jianzhu">Meng Jianzhu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dai_Bingguo" title="Dai Bingguo">Dai Bingguo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:12th_State_Council" title="Template:12th State Council">12th State Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yang_Jing" title="Yang Jing">Yang Jing</a> (dismissed)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chang_Wanquan" title="Chang Wanquan">Chang Wanquan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yang_Jiechi" title="Yang Jiechi">Yang Jiechi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guo_Shengkun" title="Guo Shengkun">Guo Shengkun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Yong_(politician)" title="Wang Yong (politician)">Wang Yong</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:13th_State_Council" title="Template:13th State Council">13th State Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wei_Fenghe" title="Wei Fenghe">Wei Fenghe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Yong_(politician)" title="Wang Yong (politician)">Wang Yong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xiao_Jie" title="Xiao Jie">Xiao Jie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhao_Kezhi" title="Zhao Kezhi">Zhao Kezhi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1613315274 |