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{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Hamid Gul
|native_name = {{Nastaliq|حمید گل}}
|native_name_lang =
|honorific-suffix =
|image = File:Hamid Gul portrait.jpg
|imagesize =
|smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->
|alt =
|caption =
|order = 8th
|office = Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence
|term_start = 29 March 1987
|term_end = 27 May 1989
|predecessor = [[Akhtar Abdur Rahman]]
|successor = [[Shamsur Rahman Kallu]]
|office1 = Corps Commander [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]],Multan
|term_start1 = May 1989
|term_end1 = January 1992
|office2 = Director-General of [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]]
|term_start2 = 1983
|term_end2 = 1987
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1936|11|20}}
|birth_place = [[Sargodha]], [[British Punjab]], [[British Indian Empire]]
|death_place = [[Murree]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|08|15|1936|11|20}}
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[Pakistani]]
|alma_mater = [[Pakistan Military Academy]]<br/>[[Government College University, Lahore]]
|occupation = Retired army officer and former [[spymaster]]
<!--Military service-->
|nickname =
|allegiance = {{PAK}}
|branch = {{army|PAK}}
|serviceyears = 1956–1993
|rank = [[File:OF-8 PakistanArmy.svg|28px]] [[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
|unit = [[19th Lancers]], [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Army Armoured Corps]]
|commands = 1st Armoured Division, [[Multan]]<br/>[[Director general|DG]] [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (DGMI)<br/>[[Director-General|DG]] [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI)<br/>[[II Corps (Pakistan)|II ''Strike'' Corps]], [[Multan]]
|battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br/>[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br/>[[Soviet–Afghan War]]<br/>[[Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)]]<br/>[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
|awards = Sitara-e-Basalat<br/>[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz]] (Military)
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'''Hamid Gul''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|حمید گل}}}}‎; 20 November 1936 – 15 August 2015) [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]], SBt, was a [[three-star general|three-star]] rank [[Pak Fauj|army general]] in the [[Pakistan Army]] and defence analyst. Gul was notable for serving as the Director-General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), Pakistan's premier intelligence agency, between 1987 and 1989. During his tenure, Gul played an instrumental role in directing ISI support to Afghan resistance groups against [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet forces]] in return for funds a d weapons from the USA, during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], in co-operation with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0802662.html Afghanistan War] ''Infoplease.com'', 22 July 2007</ref>
In addition, Gul was widely credited for expanding covert support to [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmiri nationalist groups]] against neighbouring rival [[India]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region from 1989,<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1698828,00.html "Bhutto Conspiracy Theories Fill the Air"] ''Time'', 28 December 2007</ref> diverting focus from the fallout of the Soviet war. Gul earned a reputation as a "Godfather" of Pakistani geostrategic policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/938886/ex-spy-master-hamid-gul-passes-away-in-murree/|title=Former ISI chief Hamid Gul passes away in Murree – The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/Pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD "Ex-Pakistan spy chief urges talks with Mullah Omar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011092214/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD |date=11 October 2012 }} CNN, 12 March 2010</ref> For his role against India, he has been considered by [[A. S. Dulat]], former director of the [[R&AW]], as "the most infamous ISI chief in Indian eyes."<ref>[https://fp.brecorder.com/2018/06/20180603376989/ "A joint venture of spooks"], ''Business Recorder''. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</ref> Following an escalation of the Kashmir militancy in India and the Taliban insurgency in [[Afghanistan]], he was even accused by the United States and India of having ties to Islamic terrorist groups, notably [[Al-Qaeda]] and the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref name="WaPoInterviewDec2008" />
In 1988 Gul also played a role in the creation of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]], a conservative political alliance formed to oppose the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]].
On 15 August 2015, he died after suffering a [[brain haemorrhage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/08/legacy-pakistan-loved-loathed-hamid-gul-150817114006616.html|title=The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
==Early life==
Gul was born on 20 November 1936 to Muhammad Khan in [[Sargodha]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj]] (now [[Pakistan]]). He got his early education from a school in his village. He briefly got admission in [[Government College Lahore]], before being admitted to [[Pakistan Military Academy]] [[Kakul]]. Gul's family were [[Pashtuns]] and belonged to the [[Yusufzai]] tribe, migrated from Swat(Buner), later settling in Sargodha in Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZV5fGNuMO1U|title=YouTube|via=YouTube}}</ref>
==Army career==
Hamid Gul was commissioned in the [[Pakistan Army]] in October 1956 with the 18th PMA Long Course in the [[19th Lancers]] regiment of the Armoured Corps. He was a squadron commander during the [[Indo-Pak War of 1965|1965 war with India]]. He attended the Command and Staff College Quetta in 1968–69. During 1972–1976, Gul directly served under [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] as a battalion commander, and then as Staff Colonel, when [[General Zia]] was GOC, 1st Armoured Division and Commander II Corps at Multan. Thus, Gul had already cemented his ties with General Zia by serving under him when both were officers in the Armoured regiments of the II Corps. Gul was promoted to [[Brigadier]] in 1978 and steadily rose to be the Martial Law Administrator of [[Bahawalpur]] and then the Commander of the 1st Armoured Division, Multan in 1982, his appointments expressly wished by Zia himself.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}
Gul was then sent to GHQ as the [[Director-General]] or DG [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (DGMI)<ref>Hamid Hussain, [http://www.viewsonnews.net/articles/South%20East%20Asia/Pakistan%20Army/undercover-chaos.html "Undercover Chaos – Role of Pakistani Armed Forces Intelligence Agencies in Domestic Arena"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624225313/http://www.viewsonnews.net/articles/South%20East%20Asia/Pakistan%20Army/undercover-chaos.html |date=24 June 2008 }} ''Defence Journal'', December 2005</ref> under General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] who then nominated him to be the ISI chief succeeding [[Akhtar Abdur Rahman|General Akhtar Abdur Rahman]] in March 1987. He was later replaced as the ISI commander by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|PM]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] in May 1989 and Gul was transferred as the commander, [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] in Multan. In this capacity, Gul conducted the [[Exercise Zarb–e–Momin|Zarb-e-Momin]] military exercise in November–December 1989, the biggest Pakistani Armed Forces show of muscle since [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistani War]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}
[[Asif Nawaz|General Asif Nawaz]] upon taking the reins of Pakistan Army in August 1991, had transferred Gul as the DG [[Heavy Industries Taxila]]. A menial job compared to Gul's stature, Gul refused to take the assignment, an act for which he was retired from the army.<ref>Ayaz Amir, [http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/20030523.htm "Another myth of independence"] ''Dawn'', 23 May 2003</ref>
==ISI Director-General (1987–1989)==
===Afghanistan and the Soviet war===
{{See also|Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan}}
During his time as head of the ISI amid the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], Gul was said to have planned and executed the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)#Battle of Jalalabad|operation to capture Jalalabad]] from the Soviet-backed [[military of Afghanistan|Afghan army]] in the spring of 1989. This switch to conventional warfare was seen as a mistake by some since the [[mujahideen]] did not have the capacity to capture a major city, and the battle did not yield expected ground results. However, the Pakistani army was intent on installing a resistance-backed government in Afghanistan, with [[Jalalabad]] as their provisional capital, [[Abdul Rasul Sayyaf]] as [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]], and [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] as [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)|Foreign Minister]].
Contrary to Pakistani expectations, this battle proved that the Afghan army could fight without Soviet help, and greatly increased the confidence of government supporters. Conversely, the morale of the mujahideen involved in the attack slumped and many local commanders of Hekmatyar and Sayyaf concluded truces with the government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rebels without a cause |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/segment_8-29-89.html |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=29 August 1989 |access-date=27 July 2007 }}</ref> In the words of Brigadier Mohammad Yousef, an officer of the ISI, "the [[jihad]] [meaning the plans for Hekmatyar to be installed as prime minister] never recovered from Jalalabad". As a result of this failure, Hamid Gul was sacked by Pakistani Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] and replaced by Shamsur Rahman Kallu, who pursued a more classical policy of support to the rebels fighting in Afghanistan.
===Domestic politics===
During his tenure as ISI chief in 1988, General Gul successfully gathered conservative politicians and helped them create [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI), a centre-right conservative coalition united against the left-leaning [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]. Gul later acknowledged his role in IJI's formation in various interviews<ref>[http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24196 Hameed Gul admits he formed IJI], [[The News (Pakistan)]], 30 August 2009</ref> for which he was harshly rebuked in one of the editorials of a major Pakistani newspaper, which asked the general to apologise first to the PPP for having done so and after that, [[Apology (act)|apologising]] for a lack of intelligence because the IJI could not maintain its two-thirds majority for long.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\02\01\story_1-2-2008_pg3_1 Editorial: What the generals must apologise for] ''Daily Times'', 1 February 2008</ref>
===Kashmir and India===
{{See also|Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India}}
According to accusations by Indian commentator B Raman, Gul actively backed [[Khalistan]]i militants. "When [[Benazir Bhutto|Bhutto]] became prime minister in 1988", Raman says, "Gul justified backing these insurgents as the only way of pre-empting a fresh Indian threat to Pakistan's territorial integrity. When she asked him to stop playing that card, he reportedly told her: Madam, keeping Punjab destabilized is equivalent to the Pakistan army having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers." "Gul strongly advocated supporting indigenous Kashmiri groups", adds Raman, "but was against infiltrating Pakistani and Afghan mercenaries into Jammu and Kashmir. He believed Pakistan would play into India's hands by doing so."<ref name="Rediff1">[http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/12inter.htm 'We are walking into the American trap'] Rediff.com, 12 February 2004</ref>
===Pan-Islamism===
Even if the ISI, under General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, was already aiming beyond the region, for instance establishing contacts with jihadi groups like the [[Abu Sayyaf]] in the [[Philippines]], it was under Hamid Gul that the ISI took a definitely [[pan-Islamist]] turn, as he not only wished for a Pakistan-led Islamic coalition against India, in his own words "a [[strategic depth]] concept that links Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan in an alliance" which "would be a jeweled [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] dagger pointed at the [[Hindu]] heart", but also called for what he perceived as the liberation of persecuted Muslim groups all over the world, such as the [[Eritreans]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Rohingyas]], [[Uzbeks]] and [[Uighurs]].<ref>Owen L. Sirrs, ''Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert action and internal operations'', Routledge (2016), p. 133</ref>
At the time of his death, journalist [[Abbas Nasir]], while offering a critical review of his life and career, said that "commitment to jihad - to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics."<ref>Abbas Nasir (17 August 2015), [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/08/legacy-pakistan-loved-loathed-hamid-gul-150817114006616.html "The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul"], ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved 2 April 2019.</ref>
==Post-Soviet war fallout==
General Gul worked closely with the [[CIA]] during the Soviet occupation of [[Afghanistan]], when he was the ISI head. However, he became dispassionate with the United States after it turned its back on [[Afghanistan]] following the 1989 Soviet withdrawal, as the United States had promised to help build a prosperous Afghanistan.<ref name="Rediff1"/> He was further disconcerted when the USA began punishing [[Pakistan]] with economic and military sanctions for its secret nuclear program. General Gul then went on to declare that "the Muslim world must stand united to confront the U.S. in its so-called [[War on Terrorism]], which is in reality a war against Muslims. Let's destroy America wherever its troops are trapped."<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-8-2003_pg7_48 God will destroy America, says Hamid Gul] ''Daily Times'', 30 August 2003</ref>
General Gul personally met [[Osama Bin Laden]] in 1993 and refused to label him a terrorist unless and until irrefutable evidence was provided linking him to alleged acts of terrorism.<ref>[http://www.robert-fisk.com/hamid_gul_interview_sept14_2001.htm Hamid Gul Interview with Tehelka.com] ''Robert-fisk.com'', 14 September 2001</ref> Only days after the [[September 11 attacks]], Gul also stated his belief that the attacks were "clearly an inside job".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/2010/07/28/UPI-interview-with-Hamid-Gul/UPI-60031280349846/|title=UPI interview with Hamid Gul}}</ref><ref>[https://soundcloud.com/guns-and-butter-1/1600-gunsbutter317-20150119-from-audioport Afghanistan Pakistan Imbroglio – Guest: General Hamid Gul. September 1, 2010.], soundcloud.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</ref><ref>[http://gunsandbutter.org/ten-topicsten-shows.htm Ten Topics/Ten Shows], gunsandbutter.org. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</ref>
==Post-retirement career==
According to Zahid Hussain, in his book ''Frontline Pakistan'', Lt. Gen. Hamid Gul and former Army chief General [[Mirza Aslam Beg]] were part of the 9 January 2001 [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]] Islamic conference held near [[Peshawar]], which was also attended by 300 leaders representing various Islamic groups. The meeting declared it a religious duty of Muslims all over the world to protect the government of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]], and the Saudi dissident [[Osama bin Laden]] it was hosting, whom they considered as a 'great Muslim warrior.'<ref name=Zahid1>''Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam'' by Zahid Hussain, Columbia University Press, 2007, page 81-82.</ref>
On 12 March 2007, Gul marched alongside activists from the liberal democratic parties and retired former senior military officers against General [[Pervez Musharraf]]. General Gul faced down riot police when they tried to arrest him at a rally outside the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] in [[Islamabad]] protesting against attempts to dismiss Chief Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]].<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21404763-2703,00.html Pakistan dictator lashes at 'plotters'] ''The Australian'', 19 March 2007</ref>
He turned against the restored Supreme Court chief justice after a bench allowed Musharraf to contest the elections in uniform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://criticalppp.com/archives/380 |title=Criticalppp|website=criticalppp.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726014905/http://criticalppp.com/archives/380|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref>
Days after the [[2007 Karachi bombings]], [[Benazir Bhutto]] in a letter to President Musharaf written on 16 October 2007 named Hamid Gul as one of the four persons including the current Intelligence Bureau (IB) Chief [[Ijaz Shah]], the then chief minister of Punjab [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]], then chief minister of Sindh [[Arbab Ghulam Rahim]], she suspected were behind the attacks.<ref>Shakeel, Syed Faisal [http://www.dawn.com/2007/12/30/top12.htm PPP demands probe based on Benazir’s letter] ''Dawn'' (Pakistan), 30 December 2007</ref> Gul responded furiously to these claims. He was arrested on 4 November by the military police in [[Islamabad]] during President Pervez Musharraf's declared [[2007 Pakistani state of emergency|state of emergency]].<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/FA95801F-E938-4CBC-9FF5-41610538A2B8.htm Al Jazeera – Reactions To Pakistan Emergency] Al Jazeera, 4 November 2007</ref>
Gul acknowledged his affiliation with [[Ummah Tameer-e-Nau]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120803612.html Former Pakistani Official Denies Links to Lashkar], [[The Washington Post]], 9 December 2008</ref> United States government prompted Gul's name in a list of 4 former ISI officers for inclusion in the list of international terrorists that was sent to UN Secretary General, but [[China]] refused.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/Hamid_Gul__LeTs_Chachu_may_get_official_terrorist_tag/articleshow/3799024.cms|title=Hamid Gul & LeT's Chachu may get official terrorist tag|work=The Economic Times|date=6 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2010/02/20102176529736333.html |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera]] |title=Hamid Gul: Taliban is the future |date=2010-02-17 |access-date=2019-07-04 }}</ref>
In 2008 Gul was informed by a senior official in Pakistan's Foreign Ministry that he had been placed on a U.S. watch list of "global terrorists", along with several others. He was shown a U.S. document that detailed several charges against him, including allegations that he had ties to al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Gul rejected these allegations.<ref name="WaPoInterviewDec2008">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120803612.html|title=Former Pakistani Intelligence Official Denies Aiding Group Tied to Mumbai Siege|first=Candace|last=Rondeaux|date=9 December 2008|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> On 14 December 2008, President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] in an interview with ''[[Newsweek]]'' described Hamid Gul as a "political ideologue" of terror rather than a physical supporter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/Pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/International/15-Dec-2008/Zardari-calls-Hamid-Gul-political-ideologue-of-terror|title=Zardari calls Hamid Gul political ideologue of terror rather than a physical supporter.|work=The Nation|date=15 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410065435/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/international/15-Dec-2008/Zardari-calls-Hamid-Gul-political-ideologue-of-terror|archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref>
According to the Daily Telegraph, following the death of Osama bin Laden, Gul opined that US forces had killed him in Afghanistan and moved the body to Abbottabad to humiliate Pakistan.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11807852/General-Hamid-Gul-Pakistan-spymaster-obituary.html|title=General Hamid Gul, Pakistan spymaster – obituary|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=17 August 2015|access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref>
==Family==
His father was a farmer who served in the British Army.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Legg |first1=Paul |title=Hamid Gul obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/hamid-gul |access-date=21 June 2020 |publisher=The Guardian |date=27 August 2015}}</ref> He was survived by his wife, who passed away in October 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wife of Gen (retd) Hamid Gul passes away |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/543324-wife-of-gen-retd-hamid-gul-passes-away |access-date=21 June 2020 |publisher=The News |date=19 October 2019}}</ref> He had two sons, Umar and Abdullah, and a daughter, Uzma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamid Gul obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/hamid-gul |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=The Guardian |date=27 August 2015}}</ref> His son, Abdullah Gul, holds the office of Chairman Tehreek-e-Jawanan Pakistan and Kashmir (TJP). His daughter Uzma is the Chairperson Jammu Kashmir Solidarity Movement & Pak Kashmir Women Alliance.
==Death==
Hamid Gul suffered a haemorrhagic stroke in Murree. According to reports, he had been suffering from [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]] and headaches for some time.<ref name="Former ISI chief Lt-Gen (Retd) Hamid Gul passes away">{{cite web|title=Former ISI chief Lt-Gen (Retd) Hamid Gul passes away|url=http://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2015/08/former-isi-chief-lt-gen-retd-hamid-gul-passes-away/|work=Raheel Amer|publisher=[[Samaa TV]]|date=15 August 2015|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> His death was condoled by the Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[Raheel Sharif]] and other high officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/938919/ex-isi-chief-strategist-hamid-gul-is-no-more/|title=Ex-ISI chief, strategist Hamid Gul is no more – The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> Gul is buried at the army cemetery in [[Westridge, Rawalpindi]].
Among his possessions was a piece of the [[Berlin Wall]], gifted to him by the Germans for "delivering the first blow" to the Soviet Union.<ref name="Telegraph" />
==Books==
*'''Īfāʼe ʻahd''' (ايفائے عهد), Lahore : ʻIlm va ʻIrfān Publishers, 2012, 192 p. <small>An account of various political changes in Pakistan; struggles of various forces to destabalize Pakistan and its security. Arranged by Mubīn G̲h̲aznavī.</small>
*'''Ek Janral se inṭarviyū''' (ايک جنرل سے انٹرويو), Lahore : ʻIlm va ʻIrfān Publishers, 2013, 200 p. <small>Collection of interviews arranged by Mubīn G̲h̲aznavī.</small>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*'''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181204221416/http://generalhamidgul.com/ Official website of Hamid Gul]'''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130627010202/http://www.pakistanileaders.com.pk/profile/Hamid_Gul Profile of Hamid Gul], Pakistanileaders.com website. Retrieved 16 August 2015
*[https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/jul/25/afghanistan-us-military#/?picture=365171692&index=36 Afghan war portraits] taken by photographer [[Declan Walsh (journalist)|Declan Walsh]] of [[Getty Images]], Gul's home in [[Rawalpindi]], The Guardian Newspaper, 25 July 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2015
*Stein, Jeff. "[http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2010/07/the_face_of_Pakistani_treacher.html The audacity of Hamid Gul]." ''[[The Washington Post]]''. 26 July 2010.
*"[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/dec/4/gulled-by-hamid-gul/ Gulled by Hamid Gul]." ''[[The Washington Times]]''. Friday 4 December 2009.
*[http://theravingreporter.com/hamid-gul-the-spy-who-went-into-the-cold/] 2007 interview with Hamid Gul, the spy who went into the cold
==Bibliography==
* Zahid Hussain. ''Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam'', New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
* [[Husain Haqqani]]. ''Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military'', Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.
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{{s-bef|before=[[Akhtar Abdur Rahman]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]|years=1987–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shamsur Rahman Kallu]]}}
{{end}}
{{Inter-Services Intelligence}}
{{Pakistan Army template}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gul, Hamid}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Directors General of Inter-Services Intelligence]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Guerrilla warfare theorists]]
[[Category:Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)]]
[[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:People from Rawalpindi]]
[[Category:People from Sargodha District]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Spymasters]]
[[Category:9/11 conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Pakistani conspiracy theorists]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Pakistani general}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Hamid Gul
|native_name = {{Nastaliq|حمید گل}}
|native_name_lang =
|honorific-suffix =
|image = File:Hamid Gul portrait.jpg
|imagesize =
|smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->
|alt =
|caption =
|order = 8th
|office = Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence
|term_start = 29 March 1987
|term_end = 27 May 1989
|predecessor = [[Akhtar Abdur Rahman]]
|successor = [[Shamsur Rahman Kallu]]
|office1 = Corps Commander [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]],Multan
|term_start1 = May 1989
|term_end1 = January 1992
|office2 = Director-General of [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]]
|term_start2 = 1983
|term_end2 = 1987
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1936|11|20}}
|birth_place = [[Sargodha]], [[British Punjab]], [[British Indian Empire]]
|death_place = [[heera mandai]], [[ Pakistan]], Pakistan
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|08|15|1936|11|20}}
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[Pakistani]]
|alma_mater = [[Pakistan Military Academy]]<br/>[[Government College University, Lahore]]
|occupation = Retired army officer and former [[spymaster]]
<!--Military service-->
|nickname =
|allegiance = {{PAK}}
|branch = {{army|PAK}}
|serviceyears = 1956–1993
|rank = [[File:OF-8 PakistanArmy.svg|28px]] [[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
|unit = [[19th Lancers]], [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Army Armoured Corps]]
|commands = 1st Armoured Division, [[Multan]]<br/>[[Director general|DG]] [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (DGMI)<br/>[[Director-General|DG]] [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI)<br/>[[II Corps (Pakistan)|II ''Strike'' Corps]], [[Multan]]
|battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br/>[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br/>[[Soviet–Afghan War]]<br/>[[Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)]]<br/>[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
|awards = Sitara-e-Basalat<br/>[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz]] (Military)
|military_blank1 =
|military_data1 =
|military_blank2 =
|military_data2 =
|military_blank3 =
|military_data3 =
|military_blank4 =
|military_data4 =
|military_blank5 =
|military_data5 =
}}
'''Hamid Gul''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|حمید گل}}}}‎; 20 November 1936 – 15 August 2015) [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]], SBt, was a [[three-star general|three-star]] rank [[Pak Fauj|army general]] in the [[Pakistan Army]] and defence analyst. Gul was notable for serving as the Director-General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), Pakistan's premier intelligence agency, between 1987 and 1989. During his tenure, Gul played an instrumental role in directing ISI support to Afghan resistance groups against [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet forces]] in return for funds a d weapons from the USA, during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], in co-operation with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0802662.html Afghanistan War] ''Infoplease.com'', 22 July 2007</ref>
In addition, Gul was widely credited for expanding covert support to [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmiri nationalist groups]] against neighbouring rival [[India]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region from 1989,<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1698828,00.html "Bhutto Conspiracy Theories Fill the Air"] ''Time'', 28 December 2007</ref> diverting focus from the fallout of the Soviet war. Gul earned a reputation as a "Godfather" of Pakistani geostrategic policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/938886/ex-spy-master-hamid-gul-passes-away-in-murree/|title=Former ISI chief Hamid Gul passes away in Murree – The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/Pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD "Ex-Pakistan spy chief urges talks with Mullah Omar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011092214/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD |date=11 October 2012 }} CNN, 12 March 2010</ref> For his role against India, he has been considered by [[A. S. Dulat]], former director of the [[R&AW]], as "the most infamous ISI chief in Indian eyes."<ref>[https://fp.brecorder.com/2018/06/20180603376989/ "A joint venture of spooks"], ''Business Recorder''. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</ref> Following an escalation of the Kashmir militancy in India and the Taliban insurgency in [[Afghanistan]], he was even accused by the United States and India of having ties to Islamic terrorist groups, notably [[Al-Qaeda]] and the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref name="WaPoInterviewDec2008" />
He was known for training and funding the extremist he had trained in heera mandai, to attack Afghansitan, he had wanted to conquer Afghansitan with the help of extremist but that dream never became a reality. Gul khan was a person known to live a lavish lifestyle.
In 1988 Gul also played a role in the creation of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]], a conservative political alliance formed to oppose the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]].
On 15 August 2015, he died after suffering a [[brain haemorrhage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/08/legacy-pakistan-loved-loathed-hamid-gul-150817114006616.html|title=The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
==Early life==
Gul was born on 20 November 1936 to Muhammad Khan in [[Sargodha]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj]] (now [[Pakistan]]). He got his early education from a school in his village. He briefly got admission in [[Government College Lahore]], before being admitted to [[Pakistan Military Academy]] [[Kakul]]. Gul's family were [[Pashtuns]] and belonged to the [[Yusufzai]] tribe, migrated from Swat(Buner), later settling in Sargodha in Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZV5fGNuMO1U|title=YouTube|via=YouTube}}</ref>
==Army career==
Hamid Gul was commissioned in the [[Pakistan Army]] in October 1956 with the 18th PMA Long Course in the [[19th Lancers]] regiment of the Armoured Corps. He was a squadron commander during the [[Indo-Pak War of 1965|1965 war with India]]. He attended the Command and Staff College Quetta in 1968–69. During 1972–1976, Gul directly served under [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] as a battalion commander, and then as Staff Colonel, when [[General Zia]] was GOC, 1st Armoured Division and Commander II Corps at Multan. Thus, Gul had already cemented his ties with General Zia by serving under him when both were officers in the Armoured regiments of the II Corps. Gul was promoted to [[Brigadier]] in 1978 and steadily rose to be the Martial Law Administrator of [[Bahawalpur]] and then the Commander of the 1st Armoured Division, Multan in 1982, his appointments expressly wished by Zia himself.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}
Gul was then sent to GHQ as the [[Director-General]] or DG [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (DGMI)<ref>Hamid Hussain, [http://www.viewsonnews.net/articles/South%20East%20Asia/Pakistan%20Army/undercover-chaos.html "Undercover Chaos – Role of Pakistani Armed Forces Intelligence Agencies in Domestic Arena"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624225313/http://www.viewsonnews.net/articles/South%20East%20Asia/Pakistan%20Army/undercover-chaos.html |date=24 June 2008 }} ''Defence Journal'', December 2005</ref> under General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] who then nominated him to be the ISI chief succeeding [[Akhtar Abdur Rahman|General Akhtar Abdur Rahman]] in March 1987. He was later replaced as the ISI commander by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|PM]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] in May 1989 and Gul was transferred as the commander, [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] in Multan. In this capacity, Gul conducted the [[Exercise Zarb–e–Momin|Zarb-e-Momin]] military exercise in November–December 1989, the biggest Pakistani Armed Forces show of muscle since [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistani War]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}
[[Asif Nawaz|General Asif Nawaz]] upon taking the reins of Pakistan Army in August 1991, had transferred Gul as the DG [[Heavy Industries Taxila]]. A menial job compared to Gul's stature, Gul refused to take the assignment, an act for which he was retired from the army.<ref>Ayaz Amir, [http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/20030523.htm "Another myth of independence"] ''Dawn'', 23 May 2003</ref>
==ISI Director-General (1987–1989)==
===Afghanistan and the Soviet war===
{{See also|Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan}}
During his time as head of the ISI amid the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], Gul was said to have planned and executed the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)#Battle of Jalalabad|operation to capture Jalalabad]] from the Soviet-backed [[military of Afghanistan|Afghan army]] in the spring of 1989. This switch to conventional warfare was seen as a mistake by some since the [[mujahideen]] did not have the capacity to capture a major city, and the battle did not yield expected ground results. However, the Pakistani army was intent on installing a resistance-backed government in Afghanistan, with [[Jalalabad]] as their provisional capital, [[Abdul Rasul Sayyaf]] as [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]], and [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] as [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)|Foreign Minister]].
Contrary to Pakistani expectations, this battle proved that the Afghan army could fight without Soviet help, and greatly increased the confidence of government supporters. Conversely, the morale of the mujahideen involved in the attack slumped and many local commanders of Hekmatyar and Sayyaf concluded truces with the government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rebels without a cause |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/segment_8-29-89.html |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=29 August 1989 |access-date=27 July 2007 }}</ref> In the words of Brigadier Mohammad Yousef, an officer of the ISI, "the [[jihad]] [meaning the plans for Hekmatyar to be installed as prime minister] never recovered from Jalalabad". As a result of this failure, Hamid Gul was sacked by Pakistani Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] and replaced by Shamsur Rahman Kallu, who pursued a more classical policy of support to the rebels fighting in Afghanistan.
===Domestic politics===
During his tenure as ISI chief in 1988, General Gul successfully gathered conservative politicians and helped them create [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI), a centre-right conservative coalition united against the left-leaning [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]. Gul later acknowledged his role in IJI's formation in various interviews<ref>[http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24196 Hameed Gul admits he formed IJI], [[The News (Pakistan)]], 30 August 2009</ref> for which he was harshly rebuked in one of the editorials of a major Pakistani newspaper, which asked the general to apologise first to the PPP for having done so and after that, [[Apology (act)|apologising]] for a lack of intelligence because the IJI could not maintain its two-thirds majority for long.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\02\01\story_1-2-2008_pg3_1 Editorial: What the generals must apologise for] ''Daily Times'', 1 February 2008</ref>
===Kashmir and India===
{{See also|Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India}}
According to accusations by Indian commentator B Raman, Gul actively backed [[Khalistan]]i militants. "When [[Benazir Bhutto|Bhutto]] became prime minister in 1988", Raman says, "Gul justified backing these insurgents as the only way of pre-empting a fresh Indian threat to Pakistan's territorial integrity. When she asked him to stop playing that card, he reportedly told her: Madam, keeping Punjab destabilized is equivalent to the Pakistan army having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers." "Gul strongly advocated supporting indigenous Kashmiri groups", adds Raman, "but was against infiltrating Pakistani and Afghan mercenaries into Jammu and Kashmir. He believed Pakistan would play into India's hands by doing so."<ref name="Rediff1">[http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/12inter.htm 'We are walking into the American trap'] Rediff.com, 12 February 2004</ref>
===Pan-Islamism===
Even if the ISI, under General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, was already aiming beyond the region, for instance establishing contacts with jihadi groups like the [[Abu Sayyaf]] in the [[Philippines]], it was under Hamid Gul that the ISI took a definitely [[pan-Islamist]] turn, as he not only wished for a Pakistan-led Islamic coalition against India, in his own words "a [[strategic depth]] concept that links Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan in an alliance" which "would be a jeweled [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] dagger pointed at the [[Hindu]] heart", but also called for what he perceived as the liberation of persecuted Muslim groups all over the world, such as the [[Eritreans]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Rohingyas]], [[Uzbeks]] and [[Uighurs]].<ref>Owen L. Sirrs, ''Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert action and internal operations'', Routledge (2016), p. 133</ref>
At the time of his death, journalist [[Abbas Nasir]], while offering a critical review of his life and career, said that "commitment to jihad - to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics."<ref>Abbas Nasir (17 August 2015), [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/08/legacy-pakistan-loved-loathed-hamid-gul-150817114006616.html "The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul"], ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved 2 April 2019.</ref>
==Post-Soviet war fallout==
General Gul worked closely with the [[CIA]] during the Soviet occupation of [[Afghanistan]], when he was the ISI head. However, he became dispassionate with the United States after it turned its back on [[Afghanistan]] following the 1989 Soviet withdrawal, as the United States had promised to help build a prosperous Afghanistan.<ref name="Rediff1"/> He was further disconcerted when the USA began punishing [[Pakistan]] with economic and military sanctions for its secret nuclear program. General Gul then went on to declare that "the Muslim world must stand united to confront the U.S. in its so-called [[War on Terrorism]], which is in reality a war against Muslims. Let's destroy America wherever its troops are trapped."<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-8-2003_pg7_48 God will destroy America, says Hamid Gul] ''Daily Times'', 30 August 2003</ref>
General Gul personally met [[Osama Bin Laden]] in 1993 and refused to label him a terrorist unless and until irrefutable evidence was provided linking him to alleged acts of terrorism.<ref>[http://www.robert-fisk.com/hamid_gul_interview_sept14_2001.htm Hamid Gul Interview with Tehelka.com] ''Robert-fisk.com'', 14 September 2001</ref> Only days after the [[September 11 attacks]], Gul also stated his belief that the attacks were "clearly an inside job".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/2010/07/28/UPI-interview-with-Hamid-Gul/UPI-60031280349846/|title=UPI interview with Hamid Gul}}</ref><ref>[https://soundcloud.com/guns-and-butter-1/1600-gunsbutter317-20150119-from-audioport Afghanistan Pakistan Imbroglio – Guest: General Hamid Gul. September 1, 2010.], soundcloud.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</ref><ref>[http://gunsandbutter.org/ten-topicsten-shows.htm Ten Topics/Ten Shows], gunsandbutter.org. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</ref>
==Post-retirement career==
According to Zahid Hussain, in his book ''Frontline Pakistan'', Lt. Gen. Hamid Gul and former Army chief General [[Mirza Aslam Beg]] were part of the 9 January 2001 [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]] Islamic conference held near [[Peshawar]], which was also attended by 300 leaders representing various Islamic groups. The meeting declared it a religious duty of Muslims all over the world to protect the government of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]], and the Saudi dissident [[Osama bin Laden]] it was hosting, whom they considered as a 'great Muslim warrior.'<ref name=Zahid1>''Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam'' by Zahid Hussain, Columbia University Press, 2007, page 81-82.</ref>
On 12 March 2007, Gul marched alongside activists from the liberal democratic parties and retired former senior military officers against General [[Pervez Musharraf]]. General Gul faced down riot police when they tried to arrest him at a rally outside the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] in [[Islamabad]] protesting against attempts to dismiss Chief Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]].<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21404763-2703,00.html Pakistan dictator lashes at 'plotters'] ''The Australian'', 19 March 2007</ref>
He turned against the restored Supreme Court chief justice after a bench allowed Musharraf to contest the elections in uniform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://criticalppp.com/archives/380 |title=Criticalppp|website=criticalppp.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726014905/http://criticalppp.com/archives/380|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref>
Days after the [[2007 Karachi bombings]], [[Benazir Bhutto]] in a letter to President Musharaf written on 16 October 2007 named Hamid Gul as one of the four persons including the current Intelligence Bureau (IB) Chief [[Ijaz Shah]], the then chief minister of Punjab [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]], then chief minister of Sindh [[Arbab Ghulam Rahim]], she suspected were behind the attacks.<ref>Shakeel, Syed Faisal [http://www.dawn.com/2007/12/30/top12.htm PPP demands probe based on Benazir’s letter] ''Dawn'' (Pakistan), 30 December 2007</ref> Gul responded furiously to these claims. He was arrested on 4 November by the military police in [[Islamabad]] during President Pervez Musharraf's declared [[2007 Pakistani state of emergency|state of emergency]].<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/FA95801F-E938-4CBC-9FF5-41610538A2B8.htm Al Jazeera – Reactions To Pakistan Emergency] Al Jazeera, 4 November 2007</ref>
Gul acknowledged his affiliation with [[Ummah Tameer-e-Nau]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120803612.html Former Pakistani Official Denies Links to Lashkar], [[The Washington Post]], 9 December 2008</ref> United States government prompted Gul's name in a list of 4 former ISI officers for inclusion in the list of international terrorists that was sent to UN Secretary General, but [[China]] refused.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/Hamid_Gul__LeTs_Chachu_may_get_official_terrorist_tag/articleshow/3799024.cms|title=Hamid Gul & LeT's Chachu may get official terrorist tag|work=The Economic Times|date=6 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2010/02/20102176529736333.html |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera]] |title=Hamid Gul: Taliban is the future |date=2010-02-17 |access-date=2019-07-04 }}</ref>
In 2008 Gul was informed by a senior official in Pakistan's Foreign Ministry that he had been placed on a U.S. watch list of "global terrorists", along with several others. He was shown a U.S. document that detailed several charges against him, including allegations that he had ties to al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Gul rejected these allegations.<ref name="WaPoInterviewDec2008">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120803612.html|title=Former Pakistani Intelligence Official Denies Aiding Group Tied to Mumbai Siege|first=Candace|last=Rondeaux|date=9 December 2008|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> On 14 December 2008, President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] in an interview with ''[[Newsweek]]'' described Hamid Gul as a "political ideologue" of terror rather than a physical supporter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/Pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/International/15-Dec-2008/Zardari-calls-Hamid-Gul-political-ideologue-of-terror|title=Zardari calls Hamid Gul political ideologue of terror rather than a physical supporter.|work=The Nation|date=15 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410065435/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/international/15-Dec-2008/Zardari-calls-Hamid-Gul-political-ideologue-of-terror|archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref>
According to the Daily Telegraph, following the death of Osama bin Laden, Gul opined that US forces had killed him in Afghanistan and moved the body to Abbottabad to humiliate Pakistan.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11807852/General-Hamid-Gul-Pakistan-spymaster-obituary.html|title=General Hamid Gul, Pakistan spymaster – obituary|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=17 August 2015|access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref>
==Family==
His father was a farmer who served in the British Army.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Legg |first1=Paul |title=Hamid Gul obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/hamid-gul |access-date=21 June 2020 |publisher=The Guardian |date=27 August 2015}}</ref> He was survived by his wife, who passed away in October 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wife of Gen (retd) Hamid Gul passes away |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/543324-wife-of-gen-retd-hamid-gul-passes-away |access-date=21 June 2020 |publisher=The News |date=19 October 2019}}</ref> He had two sons, Umar and Abdullah, and a daughter, Uzma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamid Gul obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/hamid-gul |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=The Guardian |date=27 August 2015}}</ref> His son, Abdullah Gul, holds the office of Chairman Tehreek-e-Jawanan Pakistan and Kashmir (TJP). His daughter Uzma is the Chairperson Jammu Kashmir Solidarity Movement & Pak Kashmir Women Alliance.
==Death==
Hamid Gul suffered a haemorrhagic stroke in Murree. According to reports, he had been suffering from [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]] and headaches for some time.<ref name="Former ISI chief Lt-Gen (Retd) Hamid Gul passes away">{{cite web|title=Former ISI chief Lt-Gen (Retd) Hamid Gul passes away|url=http://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2015/08/former-isi-chief-lt-gen-retd-hamid-gul-passes-away/|work=Raheel Amer|publisher=[[Samaa TV]]|date=15 August 2015|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> His death was condoled by the Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[Raheel Sharif]] and other high officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/938919/ex-isi-chief-strategist-hamid-gul-is-no-more/|title=Ex-ISI chief, strategist Hamid Gul is no more – The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> Gul is buried at the army cemetery in [[Westridge, Rawalpindi]].
Among his possessions was a piece of the [[Berlin Wall]], gifted to him by the Germans for "delivering the first blow" to the Soviet Union.<ref name="Telegraph" />
==Books==
*'''Īfāʼe ʻahd''' (ايفائے عهد), Lahore : ʻIlm va ʻIrfān Publishers, 2012, 192 p. <small>An account of various political changes in Pakistan; struggles of various forces to destabalize Pakistan and its security. Arranged by Mubīn G̲h̲aznavī.</small>
*'''Ek Janral se inṭarviyū''' (ايک جنرل سے انٹرويو), Lahore : ʻIlm va ʻIrfān Publishers, 2013, 200 p. <small>Collection of interviews arranged by Mubīn G̲h̲aznavī.</small>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*'''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181204221416/http://generalhamidgul.com/ Official website of Hamid Gul]'''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130627010202/http://www.pakistanileaders.com.pk/profile/Hamid_Gul Profile of Hamid Gul], Pakistanileaders.com website. Retrieved 16 August 2015
*[https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/jul/25/afghanistan-us-military#/?picture=365171692&index=36 Afghan war portraits] taken by photographer [[Declan Walsh (journalist)|Declan Walsh]] of [[Getty Images]], Gul's home in [[Rawalpindi]], The Guardian Newspaper, 25 July 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2015
*Stein, Jeff. "[http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2010/07/the_face_of_Pakistani_treacher.html The audacity of Hamid Gul]." ''[[The Washington Post]]''. 26 July 2010.
*"[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/dec/4/gulled-by-hamid-gul/ Gulled by Hamid Gul]." ''[[The Washington Times]]''. Friday 4 December 2009.
*[http://theravingreporter.com/hamid-gul-the-spy-who-went-into-the-cold/] 2007 interview with Hamid Gul, the spy who went into the cold
==Bibliography==
* Zahid Hussain. ''Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam'', New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
* [[Husain Haqqani]]. ''Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military'', Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.
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{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Akhtar Abdur Rahman]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]|years=1987–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shamsur Rahman Kallu]]}}
{{end}}
{{Inter-Services Intelligence}}
{{Pakistan Army template}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gul, Hamid}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Directors General of Inter-Services Intelligence]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Guerrilla warfare theorists]]
[[Category:Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)]]
[[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:People from Rawalpindi]]
[[Category:People from Sargodha District]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Spymasters]]
[[Category:9/11 conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Pakistani conspiracy theorists]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -27,5 +27,5 @@
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1936|11|20}}
|birth_place = [[Sargodha]], [[British Punjab]], [[British Indian Empire]]
-|death_place = [[Murree]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
+|death_place = [[heera mandai]], [[ Pakistan]], Pakistan
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|08|15|1936|11|20}}
|citizenship =
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@
'''Hamid Gul''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|حمید گل}}}}‎; 20 November 1936 – 15 August 2015) [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]], SBt, was a [[three-star general|three-star]] rank [[Pak Fauj|army general]] in the [[Pakistan Army]] and defence analyst. Gul was notable for serving as the Director-General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), Pakistan's premier intelligence agency, between 1987 and 1989. During his tenure, Gul played an instrumental role in directing ISI support to Afghan resistance groups against [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet forces]] in return for funds a d weapons from the USA, during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], in co-operation with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0802662.html Afghanistan War] ''Infoplease.com'', 22 July 2007</ref>
-In addition, Gul was widely credited for expanding covert support to [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmiri nationalist groups]] against neighbouring rival [[India]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region from 1989,<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1698828,00.html "Bhutto Conspiracy Theories Fill the Air"] ''Time'', 28 December 2007</ref> diverting focus from the fallout of the Soviet war. Gul earned a reputation as a "Godfather" of Pakistani geostrategic policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/938886/ex-spy-master-hamid-gul-passes-away-in-murree/|title=Former ISI chief Hamid Gul passes away in Murree – The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/Pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD "Ex-Pakistan spy chief urges talks with Mullah Omar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011092214/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD |date=11 October 2012 }} CNN, 12 March 2010</ref> For his role against India, he has been considered by [[A. S. Dulat]], former director of the [[R&AW]], as "the most infamous ISI chief in Indian eyes."<ref>[https://fp.brecorder.com/2018/06/20180603376989/ "A joint venture of spooks"], ''Business Recorder''. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</ref> Following an escalation of the Kashmir militancy in India and the Taliban insurgency in [[Afghanistan]], he was even accused by the United States and India of having ties to Islamic terrorist groups, notably [[Al-Qaeda]] and the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref name="WaPoInterviewDec2008" />
+In addition, Gul was widely credited for expanding covert support to [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmiri nationalist groups]] against neighbouring rival [[India]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region from 1989,<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1698828,00.html "Bhutto Conspiracy Theories Fill the Air"] ''Time'', 28 December 2007</ref> diverting focus from the fallout of the Soviet war. Gul earned a reputation as a "Godfather" of Pakistani geostrategic policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/938886/ex-spy-master-hamid-gul-passes-away-in-murree/|title=Former ISI chief Hamid Gul passes away in Murree – The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/Pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD "Ex-Pakistan spy chief urges talks with Mullah Omar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011092214/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD |date=11 October 2012 }} CNN, 12 March 2010</ref> For his role against India, he has been considered by [[A. S. Dulat]], former director of the [[R&AW]], as "the most infamous ISI chief in Indian eyes."<ref>[https://fp.brecorder.com/2018/06/20180603376989/ "A joint venture of spooks"], ''Business Recorder''. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</ref> Following an escalation of the Kashmir militancy in India and the Taliban insurgency in [[Afghanistan]], he was even accused by the United States and India of having ties to Islamic terrorist groups, notably [[Al-Qaeda]] and the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref name="WaPoInterviewDec2008" />
+He was known for training and funding the extremist he had trained in heera mandai, to attack Afghansitan, he had wanted to conquer Afghansitan with the help of extremist but that dream never became a reality. Gul khan was a person known to live a lavish lifestyle.
In 1988 Gul also played a role in the creation of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]], a conservative political alliance formed to oppose the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]].
+
On 15 August 2015, he died after suffering a [[brain haemorrhage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/08/legacy-pakistan-loved-loathed-hamid-gul-150817114006616.html|title=The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
' |
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0 => '|death_place = [[heera mandai]], [[ Pakistan]], Pakistan',
1 => 'In addition, Gul was widely credited for expanding covert support to [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmiri nationalist groups]] against neighbouring rival [[India]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region from 1989,<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1698828,00.html "Bhutto Conspiracy Theories Fill the Air"] ''Time'', 28 December 2007</ref> diverting focus from the fallout of the Soviet war. Gul earned a reputation as a "Godfather" of Pakistani geostrategic policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/938886/ex-spy-master-hamid-gul-passes-away-in-murree/|title=Former ISI chief Hamid Gul passes away in Murree – The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/Pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD "Ex-Pakistan spy chief urges talks with Mullah Omar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011092214/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD |date=11 October 2012 }} CNN, 12 March 2010</ref> For his role against India, he has been considered by [[A. S. Dulat]], former director of the [[R&AW]], as "the most infamous ISI chief in Indian eyes."<ref>[https://fp.brecorder.com/2018/06/20180603376989/ "A joint venture of spooks"], ''Business Recorder''. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</ref> Following an escalation of the Kashmir militancy in India and the Taliban insurgency in [[Afghanistan]], he was even accused by the United States and India of having ties to Islamic terrorist groups, notably [[Al-Qaeda]] and the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref name="WaPoInterviewDec2008" />',
2 => 'He was known for training and funding the extremist he had trained in heera mandai, to attack Afghansitan, he had wanted to conquer Afghansitan with the help of extremist but that dream never became a reality. Gul khan was a person known to live a lavish lifestyle.',
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0 => '|death_place = [[Murree]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan',
1 => 'In addition, Gul was widely credited for expanding covert support to [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmiri nationalist groups]] against neighbouring rival [[India]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region from 1989,<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1698828,00.html "Bhutto Conspiracy Theories Fill the Air"] ''Time'', 28 December 2007</ref> diverting focus from the fallout of the Soviet war. Gul earned a reputation as a "Godfather" of Pakistani geostrategic policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/938886/ex-spy-master-hamid-gul-passes-away-in-murree/|title=Former ISI chief Hamid Gul passes away in Murree – The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/Pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD "Ex-Pakistan spy chief urges talks with Mullah Omar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011092214/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD |date=11 October 2012 }} CNN, 12 March 2010</ref> For his role against India, he has been considered by [[A. S. Dulat]], former director of the [[R&AW]], as "the most infamous ISI chief in Indian eyes."<ref>[https://fp.brecorder.com/2018/06/20180603376989/ "A joint venture of spooks"], ''Business Recorder''. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</ref> Following an escalation of the Kashmir militancy in India and the Taliban insurgency in [[Afghanistan]], he was even accused by the United States and India of having ties to Islamic terrorist groups, notably [[Al-Qaeda]] and the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref name="WaPoInterviewDec2008" />'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pakistani general</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%;"><div style="display:inline-block; font-size:130%;" class="fn">Hamid Gul</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">حمید گل</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hamid_Gul_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Hamid Gul portrait.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Hamid_Gul_portrait.jpg/220px-Hamid_Gul_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="328" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">8th <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Director-General_of_Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence">Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 March 1987 – 27 May 1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akhtar_Abdur_Rahman" title="Akhtar Abdur Rahman">Akhtar Abdur Rahman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shamsur_Rahman_Kallu" title="Shamsur Rahman Kallu">Shamsur Rahman Kallu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Corps Commander <a href="/enwiki/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">II Corps</a>,Multan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 1989 – January 1992</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Director-General of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_Intelligence_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence of Pakistan">Military Intelligence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1983–1987</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Born</th><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1936-11-20</span>)</span>20 November 1936<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sargodha" title="Sargodha">Sargodha</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Punjab">British Punjab</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Died</th><td>15 August 2015<span style="display:none">(2015-08-15)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Heera_mandai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heera mandai (page does not exist)">heera mandai</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Nationality</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani">Pakistani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Military_Academy" title="Pakistan Military Academy">Pakistan Military Academy</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_College_University,_Lahore" title="Government College University, Lahore">Government College University, Lahore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Occupation</th><td>Retired army officer and former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spymaster" title="Spymaster">spymaster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Awards</th><td>Sitara-e-Basalat<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hilal-e-Imtiaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-e-Imtiaz">Hilal-e-Imtiaz</a> (Military)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Allegiance</th><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Branch/service</th><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Years of service</th><td>1956–1993</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rank</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:OF-8_PakistanArmy.svg" class="image"><img alt="OF-8 PakistanArmy.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/OF-8_PakistanArmy.svg/28px-OF-8_PakistanArmy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="71" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/OF-8_PakistanArmy.svg/42px-OF-8_PakistanArmy.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/OF-8_PakistanArmy.svg/56px-OF-8_PakistanArmy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Unit</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/19th_Lancers" title="19th Lancers">19th Lancers</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Armoured_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Armoured Corps">Army Armoured Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Commands</th><td>1st Armoured Division, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Director_general" title="Director general">DG</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_Intelligence_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence of Pakistan">Military Intelligence</a> (DGMI)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Director-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Director-General">DG</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">II <i>Strike</i> Corps</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Battles/wars</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_(1989%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)">Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Hamid Gul</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">حمید گل</span></span>‎‎; 20 November 1936 – 15 August 2015) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hilal-e-Imtiaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-e-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a>, SBt, was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three-star_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-star general">three-star</a> rank <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pak_Fauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Pak Fauj">army general</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> and defence analyst. Gul was notable for serving as the Director-General of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI), Pakistan's premier intelligence agency, between 1987 and 1989. During his tenure, Gul played an instrumental role in directing ISI support to Afghan resistance groups against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet forces</a> in return for funds a d weapons from the USA, during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, in co-operation with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition, Gul was widely credited for expanding covert support to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmiri nationalist groups</a> against neighbouring rival <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in the disputed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region from 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> diverting focus from the fallout of the Soviet war. Gul earned a reputation as a "Godfather" of Pakistani geostrategic policies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> For his role against India, he has been considered by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A._S._Dulat" title="A. S. Dulat">A. S. Dulat</a>, former director of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%26AW" class="mw-redirect" title="R&AW">R&AW</a>, as "the most infamous ISI chief in Indian eyes."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Following an escalation of the Kashmir militancy in India and the Taliban insurgency in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, he was even accused by the United States and India of having ties to Islamic terrorist groups, notably <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPoInterviewDec2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPoInterviewDec2008-6">[6]</a></sup>
He was known for training and funding the extremist he had trained in heera mandai, to attack Afghansitan, he had wanted to conquer Afghansitan with the help of extremist but that dream never became a reality. Gul khan was a person known to live a lavish lifestyle.
</p><p>In 1988 Gul also played a role in the creation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">Islami Jamhoori Ittehad</a>, a conservative political alliance formed to oppose the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>.
</p><p><br />
On 15 August 2015, he died after suffering a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brain_haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain haemorrhage">brain haemorrhage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Army_career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Army career</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#ISI_Director-General_(1987–1989)"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">ISI Director-General (1987–1989)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Afghanistan_and_the_Soviet_war"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Afghanistan and the Soviet war</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Domestic_politics"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Domestic politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Kashmir_and_India"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Kashmir and India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pan-Islamism"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Pan-Islamism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Post-Soviet_war_fallout"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Post-Soviet war fallout</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Post-retirement_career"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Post-retirement career</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Family"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Family</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h2>
<p>Gul was born on 20 November 1936 to Muhammad Khan in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sargodha" title="Sargodha">Sargodha</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> (now <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>). He got his early education from a school in his village. He briefly got admission in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_College_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Government College Lahore">Government College Lahore</a>, before being admitted to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Military_Academy" title="Pakistan Military Academy">Pakistan Military Academy</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kakul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakul">Kakul</a>. Gul's family were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> and belonged to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusufzai</a> tribe, migrated from Swat(Buner), later settling in Sargodha in Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Army_career">Army career</span></h2>
<p>Hamid Gul was commissioned in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> in October 1956 with the 18th PMA Long Course in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/19th_Lancers" title="19th Lancers">19th Lancers</a> regiment of the Armoured Corps. He was a squadron commander during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-Pak_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pak War of 1965">1965 war with India</a>. He attended the Command and Staff College Quetta in 1968–69. During 1972–1976, Gul directly served under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> as a battalion commander, and then as Staff Colonel, when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Zia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Zia">General Zia</a> was GOC, 1st Armoured Division and Commander II Corps at Multan. Thus, Gul had already cemented his ties with General Zia by serving under him when both were officers in the Armoured regiments of the II Corps. Gul was promoted to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a> in 1978 and steadily rose to be the Martial Law Administrator of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a> and then the Commander of the 1st Armoured Division, Multan in 1982, his appointments expressly wished by Zia himself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Gul was then sent to GHQ as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Director-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Director-General">Director-General</a> or DG <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_Intelligence_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence of Pakistan">Military Intelligence</a> (DGMI)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> under General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> who then nominated him to be the ISI chief succeeding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akhtar_Abdur_Rahman" title="Akhtar Abdur Rahman">General Akhtar Abdur Rahman</a> in March 1987. He was later replaced as the ISI commander by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">PM</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> in May 1989 and Gul was transferred as the commander, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">II Corps</a> in Multan. In this capacity, Gul conducted the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exercise_Zarb%E2%80%93e%E2%80%93Momin" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise Zarb–e–Momin">Zarb-e-Momin</a> military exercise in November–December 1989, the biggest Pakistani Armed Forces show of muscle since <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 Indo-Pakistani War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asif_Nawaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Asif Nawaz">General Asif Nawaz</a> upon taking the reins of Pakistan Army in August 1991, had transferred Gul as the DG <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavy_Industries_Taxila" title="Heavy Industries Taxila">Heavy Industries Taxila</a>. A menial job compared to Gul's stature, Gul refused to take the assignment, an act for which he was retired from the army.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="ISI_Director-General_.281987.E2.80.931989.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="ISI_Director-General_(1987–1989)">ISI Director-General (1987–1989)</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Afghanistan_and_the_Soviet_war">Afghanistan and the Soviet war</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan</a></div>
<p>During his time as head of the ISI amid the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, Gul was said to have planned and executed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_(1989%E2%80%931992)#Battle_of_Jalalabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)">operation to capture Jalalabad</a> from the Soviet-backed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Afghanistan">Afghan army</a> in the spring of 1989. This switch to conventional warfare was seen as a mistake by some since the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> did not have the capacity to capture a major city, and the battle did not yield expected ground results. However, the Pakistani army was intent on installing a resistance-backed government in Afghanistan, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a> as their provisional capital, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Rasul_Sayyaf" title="Abdul Rasul Sayyaf">Abdul Rasul Sayyaf</a> as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a> as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)">Foreign Minister</a>.
</p><p>Contrary to Pakistani expectations, this battle proved that the Afghan army could fight without Soviet help, and greatly increased the confidence of government supporters. Conversely, the morale of the mujahideen involved in the attack slumped and many local commanders of Hekmatyar and Sayyaf concluded truces with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> In the words of Brigadier Mohammad Yousef, an officer of the ISI, "the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> [meaning the plans for Hekmatyar to be installed as prime minister] never recovered from Jalalabad". As a result of this failure, Hamid Gul was sacked by Pakistani Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> and replaced by Shamsur Rahman Kallu, who pursued a more classical policy of support to the rebels fighting in Afghanistan.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Domestic_politics">Domestic politics</span></h3>
<p>During his tenure as ISI chief in 1988, General Gul successfully gathered conservative politicians and helped them create <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">Islami Jamhoori Ittehad</a> (IJI), a centre-right conservative coalition united against the left-leaning <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a>. Gul later acknowledged his role in IJI's formation in various interviews<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> for which he was harshly rebuked in one of the editorials of a major Pakistani newspaper, which asked the general to apologise first to the PPP for having done so and after that, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apology_(act)" title="Apology (act)">apologising</a> for a lack of intelligence because the IJI could not maintain its two-thirds majority for long.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kashmir_and_India">Kashmir and India</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_India" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India</a></div>
<p>According to accusations by Indian commentator B Raman, Gul actively backed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khalistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan">Khalistani</a> militants. "When <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Bhutto</a> became prime minister in 1988", Raman says, "Gul justified backing these insurgents as the only way of pre-empting a fresh Indian threat to Pakistan's territorial integrity. When she asked him to stop playing that card, he reportedly told her: Madam, keeping Punjab destabilized is equivalent to the Pakistan army having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers." "Gul strongly advocated supporting indigenous Kashmiri groups", adds Raman, "but was against infiltrating Pakistani and Afghan mercenaries into Jammu and Kashmir. He believed Pakistan would play into India's hands by doing so."<sup id="cite_ref-Rediff1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rediff1-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</span></h3>
<p>Even if the ISI, under General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, was already aiming beyond the region, for instance establishing contacts with jihadi groups like the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, it was under Hamid Gul that the ISI took a definitely <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan-Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Islamist">pan-Islamist</a> turn, as he not only wished for a Pakistan-led Islamic coalition against India, in his own words "a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">strategic depth</a> concept that links Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan in an alliance" which "would be a jeweled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal</a> dagger pointed at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> heart", but also called for what he perceived as the liberation of persecuted Muslim groups all over the world, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritreans">Eritreans</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rohingyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingyas">Rohingyas</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uighurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Uighurs">Uighurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the time of his death, journalist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbas_Nasir" title="Abbas Nasir">Abbas Nasir</a>, while offering a critical review of his life and career, said that "commitment to jihad - to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-Soviet_war_fallout">Post-Soviet war fallout</span></h2>
<p>General Gul worked closely with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> during the Soviet occupation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, when he was the ISI head. However, he became dispassionate with the United States after it turned its back on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> following the 1989 Soviet withdrawal, as the United States had promised to help build a prosperous Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Rediff1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rediff1-14">[14]</a></sup> He was further disconcerted when the USA began punishing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> with economic and military sanctions for its secret nuclear program. General Gul then went on to declare that "the Muslim world must stand united to confront the U.S. in its so-called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a>, which is in reality a war against Muslims. Let's destroy America wherever its troops are trapped."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>General Gul personally met <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osama_Bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Osama Bin Laden">Osama Bin Laden</a> in 1993 and refused to label him a terrorist unless and until irrefutable evidence was provided linking him to alleged acts of terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Only days after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Gul also stated his belief that the attacks were "clearly an inside job".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-retirement_career">Post-retirement career</span></h2>
<p>According to Zahid Hussain, in his book <i>Frontline Pakistan</i>, Lt. Gen. Hamid Gul and former Army chief General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Mirza Aslam Beg</a> were part of the 9 January 2001 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Haqqania" title="Darul Uloom Haqqania">Darul Uloom Haqqania</a> Islamic conference held near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, which was also attended by 300 leaders representing various Islamic groups. The meeting declared it a religious duty of Muslims all over the world to protect the government of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a>, and the Saudi dissident <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> it was hosting, whom they considered as a 'great Muslim warrior.'<sup id="cite_ref-Zahid1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahid1-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 12 March 2007, Gul marched alongside activists from the liberal democratic parties and retired former senior military officers against General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>. General Gul faced down riot police when they tried to arrest him at a rally outside the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> protesting against attempts to dismiss Chief Justice <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iftikhar_Muhammad_Chaudhry" title="Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry">Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>He turned against the restored Supreme Court chief justice after a bench allowed Musharraf to contest the elections in uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Days after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2007_Karachi_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Karachi bombings">2007 Karachi bombings</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> in a letter to President Musharaf written on 16 October 2007 named Hamid Gul as one of the four persons including the current Intelligence Bureau (IB) Chief <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ijaz_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijaz Shah">Ijaz Shah</a>, the then chief minister of Punjab <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaudhry_Pervaiz_Elahi" title="Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi">Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi</a>, then chief minister of Sindh <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arbab_Ghulam_Rahim" title="Arbab Ghulam Rahim">Arbab Ghulam Rahim</a>, she suspected were behind the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Gul responded furiously to these claims. He was arrested on 4 November by the military police in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> during President Pervez Musharraf's declared <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2007_Pakistani_state_of_emergency" title="2007 Pakistani state of emergency">state of emergency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>Gul acknowledged his affiliation with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ummah_Tameer-e-Nau" title="Ummah Tameer-e-Nau">Ummah Tameer-e-Nau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> United States government prompted Gul's name in a list of 4 former ISI officers for inclusion in the list of international terrorists that was sent to UN Secretary General, but <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> refused.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2008 Gul was informed by a senior official in Pakistan's Foreign Ministry that he had been placed on a U.S. watch list of "global terrorists", along with several others. He was shown a U.S. document that detailed several charges against him, including allegations that he had ties to al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Gul rejected these allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPoInterviewDec2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPoInterviewDec2008-6">[6]</a></sup> On 14 December 2008, President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a> in an interview with <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> described Hamid Gul as a "political ideologue" of terror rather than a physical supporter.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
According to the Daily Telegraph, following the death of Osama bin Laden, Gul opined that US forces had killed him in Afghanistan and moved the body to Abbottabad to humiliate Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Family">Family</span></h2>
<p>His father was a farmer who served in the British Army.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> He was survived by his wife, who passed away in October 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> He had two sons, Umar and Abdullah, and a daughter, Uzma.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> His son, Abdullah Gul, holds the office of Chairman Tehreek-e-Jawanan Pakistan and Kashmir (TJP). His daughter Uzma is the Chairperson Jammu Kashmir Solidarity Movement & Pak Kashmir Women Alliance.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span></h2>
<p>Hamid Gul suffered a haemorrhagic stroke in Murree. According to reports, he had been suffering from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a> and headaches for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-Former_ISI_chief_Lt-Gen_(Retd)_Hamid_Gul_passes_away_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Former_ISI_chief_Lt-Gen_(Retd)_Hamid_Gul_passes_away-35">[35]</a></sup> His death was condoled by the Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raheel_Sharif" title="Raheel Sharif">Raheel Sharif</a> and other high officials.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Gul is buried at the army cemetery in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westridge,_Rawalpindi" title="Westridge, Rawalpindi">Westridge, Rawalpindi</a>.
</p><p>Among his possessions was a piece of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, gifted to him by the Germans for "delivering the first blow" to the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span></h2>
<ul><li><b>Īfāʼe ʻahd</b> (ايفائے عهد), Lahore : ʻIlm va ʻIrfān Publishers, 2012, 192 p. <small>An account of various political changes in Pakistan; struggles of various forces to destabalize Pakistan and its security. Arranged by Mubīn G̲h̲aznavī.</small></li>
<li><b>Ek Janral se inṭarviyū</b> (ايک جنرل سے انٹرويو), Lahore : ʻIlm va ʻIrfān Publishers, 2013, 200 p. <small>Collection of interviews arranged by Mubīn G̲h̲aznavī.</small></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0802662.html">Afghanistan War</a> <i>Infoplease.com</i>, 22 July 2007</span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1698828,00.html">"Bhutto Conspiracy Theories Fill the Air"</a> <i>Time</i>, 28 December 2007</span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/938886/ex-spy-master-hamid-gul-passes-away-in-murree/">"Former ISI chief Hamid Gul passes away in Murree – The Express Tribune"</a>. 16 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+ISI+chief+Hamid+Gul+passes+away+in+Murree+%E2%80%93+The+Express+Tribune&rft.date=2015-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F938886%2Fex-spy-master-hamid-gul-passes-away-in-murree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/Pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD">"Ex-Pakistan spy chief urges talks with Mullah Omar"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011092214/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD">Archived</a> 11 October 2012 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN, 12 March 2010</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fp.brecorder.com/2018/06/20180603376989/">"A joint venture of spooks"</a>, <i>Business Recorder</i>. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WaPoInterviewDec2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPoInterviewDec2008_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPoInterviewDec2008_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRondeaux2008" class="citation web cs1">Rondeaux, Candace (9 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120803612.html">"Former Pakistani Intelligence Official Denies Aiding Group Tied to Mumbai Siege"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Former+Pakistani+Intelligence+Official+Denies+Aiding+Group+Tied+to+Mumbai+Siege&rft.date=2008-12-09&rft.aulast=Rondeaux&rft.aufirst=Candace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F12%2F08%2FAR2008120803612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/08/legacy-pakistan-loved-loathed-hamid-gul-150817114006616.html">"The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul"</a>. Al Jazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legacy+of+Pakistan%27s+loved+and+loathed+Hamid+Gul&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2015%2F08%2Flegacy-pakistan-loved-loathed-hamid-gul-150817114006616.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZV5fGNuMO1U">"YouTube"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZV5fGNuMO1U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamid Hussain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viewsonnews.net/articles/South%20East%20Asia/Pakistan%20Army/undercover-chaos.html">"Undercover Chaos – Role of Pakistani Armed Forces Intelligence Agencies in Domestic Arena"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624225313/http://www.viewsonnews.net/articles/South%20East%20Asia/Pakistan%20Army/undercover-chaos.html">Archived</a> 24 June 2008 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Defence Journal</i>, December 2005</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayaz Amir, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/20030523.htm">"Another myth of independence"</a> <i>Dawn</i>, 23 May 2003</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/segment_8-29-89.html">"Rebels without a cause"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 29 August 1989<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rebels+without+a+cause&rft.date=1989-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fasia%2Fafghanistan%2Fsegment_8-29-89.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24196">Hameed Gul admits he formed IJI</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_News_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="The News (Pakistan)">The News (Pakistan)</a>, 30 August 2009</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\02\01\story_1-2-2008_pg3_1">Editorial: What the generals must apologise for</a> <i>Daily Times</i>, 1 February 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Rediff1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rediff1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rediff1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/12inter.htm">'We are walking into the American trap'</a> Rediff.com, 12 February 2004</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen L. Sirrs, <i>Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert action and internal operations</i>, Routledge (2016), p. 133</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbas Nasir (17 August 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/08/legacy-pakistan-loved-loathed-hamid-gul-150817114006616.html">"The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul"</a>, <i>Al Jazeera</i>. Retrieved 2 April 2019.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-8-2003_pg7_48">God will destroy America, says Hamid Gul</a> <i>Daily Times</i>, 30 August 2003</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robert-fisk.com/hamid_gul_interview_sept14_2001.htm">Hamid Gul Interview with Tehelka.com</a> <i>Robert-fisk.com</i>, 14 September 2001</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/2010/07/28/UPI-interview-with-Hamid-Gul/UPI-60031280349846/">"UPI interview with Hamid Gul"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UPI+interview+with+Hamid+Gul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FAnalysis%2F2010%2F07%2F28%2FUPI-interview-with-Hamid-Gul%2FUPI-60031280349846%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/guns-and-butter-1/1600-gunsbutter317-20150119-from-audioport">Afghanistan Pakistan Imbroglio – Guest: General Hamid Gul. September 1, 2010.</a>, soundcloud.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gunsandbutter.org/ten-topicsten-shows.htm">Ten Topics/Ten Shows</a>, gunsandbutter.org. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zahid1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zahid1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam</i> by Zahid Hussain, Columbia University Press, 2007, page 81-82.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21404763-2703,00.html">Pakistan dictator lashes at 'plotters'</a> <i>The Australian</i>, 19 March 2007</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726014905/http://criticalppp.com/archives/380">"Criticalppp"</a>. <i>criticalppp.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://criticalppp.com/archives/380">the original</a> on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=criticalppp.com&rft.atitle=Criticalppp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcriticalppp.com%2Farchives%2F380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakeel, Syed Faisal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2007/12/30/top12.htm">PPP demands probe based on Benazir’s letter</a> <i>Dawn</i> (Pakistan), 30 December 2007</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/FA95801F-E938-4CBC-9FF5-41610538A2B8.htm">Al Jazeera – Reactions To Pakistan Emergency</a> Al Jazeera, 4 November 2007</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120803612.html">Former Pakistani Official Denies Links to Lashkar</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 9 December 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/Hamid_Gul__LeTs_Chachu_may_get_official_terrorist_tag/articleshow/3799024.cms">"Hamid Gul & LeT's Chachu may get official terrorist tag"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 6 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Hamid+Gul+%26+LeT%27s+Chachu+may+get+official+terrorist+tag&rft.date=2008-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2FPoliticsNation%2FHamid_Gul__LeTs_Chachu_may_get_official_terrorist_tag%2Farticleshow%2F3799024.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2010/02/20102176529736333.html">"Hamid Gul: Taliban is the future"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Jazeera" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 17 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Hamid+Gul%3A+Taliban+is+the+future&rft.date=2010-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffocus%2F2010%2F02%2F20102176529736333.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410065435/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/international/15-Dec-2008/Zardari-calls-Hamid-Gul-political-ideologue-of-terror">"Zardari calls Hamid Gul political ideologue of terror rather than a physical supporter"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. 15 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nation.com.pk/Pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/International/15-Dec-2008/Zardari-calls-Hamid-Gul-political-ideologue-of-terror">the original</a> on 10 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Zardari+calls+Hamid+Gul+political+ideologue+of+terror+rather+than+a+physical+supporter.&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2FPakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online%2FInternational%2F15-Dec-2008%2FZardari-calls-Hamid-Gul-political-ideologue-of-terror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Telegraph-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11807852/General-Hamid-Gul-Pakistan-spymaster-obituary.html">"General Hamid Gul, Pakistan spymaster – obituary"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 17 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=General+Hamid+Gul%2C+Pakistan+spymaster+%E2%80%93+obituary&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F11807852%2FGeneral-Hamid-Gul-Pakistan-spymaster-obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLegg2015" class="citation news cs1">Legg, Paul (27 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/hamid-gul">"Hamid Gul obituary"</a>. The Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamid+Gul+obituary&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft.aulast=Legg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Faug%2F27%2Fhamid-gul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/543324-wife-of-gen-retd-hamid-gul-passes-away">"Wife of Gen (retd) Hamid Gul passes away"</a>. The News. 19 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wife+of+Gen+%28retd%29+Hamid+Gul+passes+away&rft.date=2019-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Flatest%2F543324-wife-of-gen-retd-hamid-gul-passes-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/hamid-gul">"Hamid Gul obituary"</a>. The Guardian. 27 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamid+Gul+obituary&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Faug%2F27%2Fhamid-gul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Former_ISI_chief_Lt-Gen_(Retd)_Hamid_Gul_passes_away-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Former_ISI_chief_Lt-Gen_(Retd)_Hamid_Gul_passes_away_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2015/08/former-isi-chief-lt-gen-retd-hamid-gul-passes-away/">"Former ISI chief Lt-Gen (Retd) Hamid Gul passes away"</a>. <i>Raheel Amer</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samaa_TV" title="Samaa TV">Samaa TV</a>. 15 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Raheel+Amer&rft.atitle=Former+ISI+chief+Lt-Gen+%28Retd%29+Hamid+Gul+passes+away&rft.date=2015-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samaa.tv%2Fpakistan%2F2015%2F08%2Fformer-isi-chief-lt-gen-retd-hamid-gul-passes-away%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/938919/ex-isi-chief-strategist-hamid-gul-is-no-more/">"Ex-ISI chief, strategist Hamid Gul is no more – The Express Tribune"</a>. 16 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ex-ISI+chief%2C+strategist+Hamid+Gul+is+no+more+%E2%80%93+The+Express+Tribune&rft.date=2015-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F938919%2Fex-isi-chief-strategist-hamid-gul-is-no-more%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamid+Gul" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul><li><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204221416/http://generalhamidgul.com/">Official website of Hamid Gul</a></b></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627010202/http://www.pakistanileaders.com.pk/profile/Hamid_Gul">Profile of Hamid Gul</a>, Pakistanileaders.com website. Retrieved 16 August 2015</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/jul/25/afghanistan-us-military#/?picture=365171692&index=36">Afghan war portraits</a> taken by photographer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Declan_Walsh_(journalist)" title="Declan Walsh (journalist)">Declan Walsh</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a>, Gul's home in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, The Guardian Newspaper, 25 July 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2015</li>
<li>Stein, Jeff. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2010/07/the_face_of_Pakistani_treacher.html">The audacity of Hamid Gul</a>." <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 26 July 2010.</li>
<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/dec/4/gulled-by-hamid-gul/">Gulled by Hamid Gul</a>." <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>. Friday 4 December 2009.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://theravingreporter.com/hamid-gul-the-spy-who-went-into-the-cold/">[1]</a> 2007 interview with Hamid Gul, the spy who went into the cold</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<ul><li>Zahid Hussain. <i>Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam</i>, New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husain_Haqqani" title="Husain Haqqani">Husain Haqqani</a>. <i>Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military</i>, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.</li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akhtar_Abdur_Rahman" title="Akhtar Abdur Rahman">Akhtar Abdur Rahman</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Director General of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a></b><br />1987–1989
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shamsur_Rahman_Kallu" title="Shamsur Rahman Kallu">Shamsur Rahman Kallu</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inter-Services_Intelligence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Template:Inter-Services Intelligence"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Template talk:Inter-Services Intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Inter-Services_Intelligence&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inter-Services_Intelligence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major operations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Rising_Sun" title="Operation Rising Sun">Operation Rising Sun (1970)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play" title="Operation Fair Play">Operation Fair Play (1977)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac (1980)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a> (1979–89)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Midnight_Jackal" title="Operation Midnight Jackal">Operation Midnight Jackal (1989)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Clean-up" title="Operation Clean-up">Operation Clean-up (1992–94)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone Strikes in Pakistan (2004–2016)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by Country</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_India" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_the_United_States" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Director_General_of_the_Inter-Services_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence">Directors General</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Cawthome" title="Robert Cawthome">Robert Cawthome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syed_Shahid_Hamid" title="Syed Shahid Hamid">Syed Shahid Hamid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riaz_Hussain_(politician)" title="Riaz Hussain (politician)">Riaz Hussain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akbar_Khan_(Pakistani_general)" title="Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)">Akbar Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghulam_Jilani_Khan" title="Ghulam Jilani Khan">Ghulam Jilani Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Riaz_Khan" title="Muhammad Riaz Khan">Muhammad Riaz Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akhtar_Abdur_Rehman" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhtar Abdur Rehman">Akhtar Abdur Rehman</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamid Gul</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shamsur_Rahman_Kallu" title="Shamsur Rahman Kallu">Shamsur Rahman Kallu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asad_Durrani" title="Asad Durrani">Asad Durrani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javed_Nasir" title="Javed Nasir">Javed Nasir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javed_Ashraf_Qazi" title="Javed Ashraf Qazi">Javed Ashraf Qazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naseem_Rana" title="Naseem Rana">Naseem Rana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ziauddin_Butt" title="Ziauddin Butt">Ziauddin Butt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_Ahmed" title="Mahmud Ahmed">Mahmud Ahmed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ehsan_ul_Haq" title="Ehsan ul Haq">Ehsan ul Haq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani" title="Ashfaq Parvez Kayani">Ashfaq Parvez Kayani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nadeem_Taj" title="Nadeem Taj">Nadeem Taj</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmad_Shuja_Pasha" title="Ahmad Shuja Pasha">Ahmad Shuja Pasha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaheerul_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaheerul Islam">Zaheerul Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rizwan_Akhtar" title="Rizwan Akhtar">Rizwan Akhtar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naveed_Mukhtar" title="Naveed Mukhtar">Naveed Mukhtar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asim_Munir_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asim Munir (soldier)">Asim Munir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faiz_Hameed" title="Faiz Hameed">Faiz Hameed</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Category:Inter-Services Intelligence">Category</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Inter-Services_Intelligence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Inter-Services Intelligence">Commons</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="Wikinews page" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikinews page" width="16" height="9" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Inter-Services_Intelligence" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Inter-Services Intelligence">Wikinews</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x17px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Pakistan_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Army_template" title="Template:Pakistan Army template"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Army_template" title="Template talk:Pakistan Army template"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Pakistan_Army_template&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x17px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Pakistan_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Civilian leadership</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Minister of Defence</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Secretary_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Secretary of Defence">Defence Secretary</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_Production" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Defence Production">Minister for Defence Production</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">Cabinet Committee on National Security</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_committees_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan">Senate Committee on Defence</a></li>
<li>National Assembly Committee on Defence</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" class="image"><img alt="Pakistan Army Emblem.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/120px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Command and control</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joint_Staff_Headquarters_(Pakistan)" title="Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)">Joint Staff HQ</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Headquarters_(Pakistan_Army)" title="General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)">Army GHQ</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Military_staff" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Military staff</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of General Staff</a></li>
<li>Surgeon-General</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Master_General_of_Ordnance_(Pakistan)" title="Master General of Ordnance (Pakistan)">Master-General of Ordnance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adjutant_general#Pakistan" title="Adjutant general">Adjutant-General</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Engineer-in-Chief_(Pakistan_Army)" title="Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)">Engineer-in-Chief</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surveyor_General_of_Pakistan" title="Surveyor General of Pakistan">Army Surveyor-General</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_serving_Generals_of_the_Pakistan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="List of serving Generals of the Pakistan Army">Serving Army Generals</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Major commands</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Command_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Command (Pakistan)">Southern Command</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Air_Defence_Command_(Pakistan)" title="Army Air Defence Command (Pakistan)">Air Defense Command</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Strategic_Forces_Command_(Pakistan)" title="Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)">Strategic Forces Command</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strategic_Plans_Division_Force" title="Strategic Plans Division Force">Strategic Plans Division Force</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Corps (main formations)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/I_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="I Corps (Pakistan)">I Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">II Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IV_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="IV Corps (Pakistan)">IV Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/V_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="V Corps (Pakistan)">V Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/X_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="X Corps (Pakistan)">X Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/XI_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XI Corps (Pakistan)">XI Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/XII_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XII Corps (Pakistan)">XII Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/XXX_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XXX Corps (Pakistan)">XXX Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/XXXI_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XXXI Corps (Pakistan)">XXXI Corps</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Combat Arms</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Air_Defence_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Air Defence Corps">Air Defence Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Armoured_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Armoured Corps">Armoured Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Artillery_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Artillery Corps">Artillery Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Aviation_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Aviation Corps">Aviation Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers">Engineer Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Signals" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Signals">Signal Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Security_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Security Division">Special Security Division</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Services_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Services Group">Special Services Group</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Infantry_regiments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Infantry regiments</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Regiment" title="Azad Kashmir Regiment">Azad Kashmir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baloch_Regiment" title="Baloch Regiment">Baloch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frontier_Force_Regiment" title="Frontier Force Regiment">Frontier Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Light_Infantry" title="Northern Light Infantry">Northern Light Infantry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjab_Regiment_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)">Punjab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sind_Regiment" title="Sind Regiment">Sindh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Administrative Services</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Chaplains Corps</li>
<li>Chemical Corps</li>
<li>Dental Corps</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Education_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Army Education Corps">Education Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineering" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering">Electrical and Mechanical Engineer Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Medical Corps">Medical Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">Military Intelligence Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Military_Police" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police">Military Police Corps</a></li>
<li>Nursing Corps</li>
<li>Ordnance Corps</li>
<li>Service Corps</li>
<li>Veterinary Corps</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_Pakistan" title="Paramilitary forces of Pakistan">Paramilitary forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Coast_Guards" title="Pakistan Coast Guards">Coast Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frontier_Corps" title="Frontier Corps">Frontier Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilgit_Baltistan_Scouts" title="Gilgit Baltistan Scouts">Gilgit Baltistan Scouts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Guard_of_Pakistan" title="National Guard of Pakistan">National Guard</a>
<ul><li>Janbaz Force</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mujahid_Force" title="Mujahid Force">Mujahid Force</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">Army Rangers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Affiliated organizations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantonment_(Pakistan)" title="Cantonment (Pakistan)">Military Lands and Cantonments</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CSD_Pakistan" title="CSD Pakistan">CSD Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frontier_Works_Organization" title="Frontier Works Organization">Frontier Works Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khyber_Border_Coordination_Center" title="Khyber Border Coordination Center">Khyber Border Coordination Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Logistics_Cell" title="National Logistics Cell">National Logistics Cell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Communications_Organization" title="Special Communications Organization">Special Communications Organization</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Welfare_Trust" title="Army Welfare Trust">Army Welfare Trust</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Askari_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Askari Aviation">Askari Aviation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority" title="Defence Housing Authority">Defence Housing Authority</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Lahore" title="Defence Housing Authority, Lahore">DHA Lahore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Karachi" title="Defence Housing Authority, Karachi">DHA Karachi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DHA_Valley,_Islamabad" title="DHA Valley, Islamabad">DHA Valley, Islamabad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Science and Technology Organization">Defence Science and Technology Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavy_Industries_Taxila" title="Heavy Industries Taxila">Heavy Industries Taxila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Institute_of_Optronics" title="Institute of Optronics">Institute of Optronics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Dynamics" title="Integrated Dynamics">Integrated Dynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khan_Research_Laboratories" title="Khan Research Laboratories">Khan Research Laboratories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Development_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="National Development Complex">National Development Complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Engineering_and_Scientific_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="National Engineering and Scientific Commission">National Engineering and Scientific Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Ordnance_Factories" title="Pakistan Ordnance Factories">Pakistan Ordnance Factories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory_(Wah)" title="Metallurgical Laboratory (Wah)">Wah Metallurgical Laboratory</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Fauji Foundation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fauji_Foods" title="Fauji Foods">Fauji Foods</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Askari_Bank" title="Askari Bank">Askari Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fauji_Fertilizer_Company" title="Fauji Fertilizer Company">Fauji Fertilizer Company</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mari_Petroleum" title="Mari Petroleum">Mari Petroleum</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_basketball_team" title="Pakistan Army basketball team">Army Basketball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_F.C." title="Pakistan Army F.C.">Army F.C.</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Education<br /> and <br />Training</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Service training</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Military_Academy" title="Pakistan Military Academy">Military Academy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parachute_Training_School_(Pakistan_Army)" title="Parachute Training School (Pakistan Army)">Parachute Training School</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foundation_University,_Islamabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation University, Islamabad">Foundation University</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foundation_University_Medical_College" title="Foundation University Medical College">Foundation University Medical College</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan" title="National Defence University, Pakistan">National Defence University</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Command_and_Staff_College" title="Command and Staff College">Command and Staff College</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="National University of Medical Sciences">National University of<br />Medical Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Medical_College" title="Army Medical College">Army Medical College</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armed_Forces_Post_Graduate_Medical_Institute" title="Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute">Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CMH_Lahore_Medical_And_Dental_College" title="CMH Lahore Medical And Dental College">CMH Lahore Medical And Dental College</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wah_Medical_College" title="Wah Medical College">Wah Medical College</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology (Pakistan)">National University of<br />Sciences and Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/College_of_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering">College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_College_of_Engineering_(Pakistan)" title="Military College of Engineering (Pakistan)">Military College of Engineering </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_College_of_Signals" title="Military College of Signals">Military College of Signals</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Other universities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DHA_Suffa_University" title="DHA Suffa University">DHA Suffa University</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HITEC_University" title="HITEC University">HITEC University</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lahore_Garrison_University" title="Lahore Garrison University">Lahore Garrison University</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_University_of_Modern_Languages" title="National University of Modern Languages">National University of Modern Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_University_of_Technology" title="National University of Technology">National University of Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_University,_Nowshera" title="Northern University, Nowshera">Northern University</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Wah" title="University of Wah">University of Wah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Public_College_of_Management_Sciences" title="Army Public College of Management Sciences">Army Public College of Management Sciences</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Preparatory colleges</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Burn_Hall_College" title="Army Burn Hall College">Army Burn Hall College</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Public_Schools_%26_Colleges_System" title="Army Public Schools & Colleges System">Army Public Schools and Colleges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cadet_Colleges_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadet Colleges in Pakistan">Cadet Colleges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_College_Jhelum" title="Military College Jhelum">Military College Jhelum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_College_Murree" title="Military College Murree">Military College Murree</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_College_Sui" title="Military College Sui">Military College Sui</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Literature and culture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_Inc." title="Military Inc.">Military Inc.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Case_of_Exploding_Mangoes" title="A Case of Exploding Mangoes">A Case of Exploding Mangoes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crossed_Swords:_Pakistan,_Its_Army,_and_the_Wars_Within" title="Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within">Crossed Swords</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Fire:_A_Memoir" title="In the Line of Fire: A Memoir">In the Line of Fire</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Dramatization</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Bravo_Charlie" title="Alpha Bravo Charlie">Alpha Bravo Charlie</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angar_Wadi" title="Angar Wadi"><i>Burning Valley</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sipahi_Maqbool_Hussain" title="Sipahi Maqbool Hussain"><i>Private Maqbool Hussain</i></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ehd-e-Wafa" title="Ehd-e-Wafa">Ehd-e-Wafa</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Films</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Glorious_Resolve" title="The Glorious Resolve">The Glorious Resolve</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waar" title="Waar">Waar</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waar_2" title="Waar 2"><i>Waar-II</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azaadi" title="Azaadi"><i>Independence</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yalghaar" title="Yalghaar"><i>Delta Echo Foxtrot</i></a></li>
<li><i>Wilco</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Museum" title="Pakistan Army Museum">Army Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Institute_of_Military_History" title="Army Institute of Military History">Army Institute of Military History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equipment_of_the_Pakistan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the Pakistan Army">Equipment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces">Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Pakistan Armed Forces">Criticism of Pakistan Armed Forces</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" title="The Establishment (Pakistan)">The Establishment (Pakistan)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Army" title="Category:Pakistan Army">Category:Pakistan Army</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><br />
</p>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1419166#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1419166#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1419166#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1156884802">1156884802</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2012220645">n2012220645</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/235722847">235722847</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2012220645">lccn-n2012220645</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1616751317 |