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'{{about|the city founded during the British era|the historic city of Attock|Attock Khurd|the district|Attock district|other uses}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Attock |other_name = Campbellpur |native_name = {{Nastaliq|اٹک}} |nickname = |settlement_type=[[City]] |motto = |image_skyline = File:Attock Fort - Optographer.jpg |image_caption = [[Attock Fort]] in [[Attock Khurd|Old Attock]] |imagesize =280 |image_flag = |flag_link = |flag_size = |image_shield = |shield_link = |shield_size = |image_map = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan |pushpin_relief = |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Punjab}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Attock District|Attock]] |leader_title1 = Mayor: Malik Tahir Awan PTI |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |established_title = Established |established_date = 4 April 1904 |established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] |established_date2 = 1978 |unit_pref = Metric |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_urban_km2 = |elevation_m = |population_note = |population_as_of =[[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]] |population_total =146,396 |total_type=City |population_rank=[[List of largest cities in Pakistan|60th, Pakistan]] |population_density_km2 =auto |population_blank1_title= |population_blank1 = |population_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html |website=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |publisher=citypopulation.de |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> |timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]] |utc_offset = 5 |postal_code_type = Postal code span |postal_code = [[List of Postal Codes of Pakistan|43600]] |area_code = 057 |website = |coordinates = {{Coord|33|46|0|N|72|22|0|E|type:city_region:PK|display=inline,title}} }} '''Attock''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]]: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|اٹک}}}}), formerly known as '''Campbellpur''' ({{lang|ur|{{nq|کیمبل پور}}}}),<ref>{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 1980| doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00137401| issn = 0041-977X| volume = 43| issue = 3| page = 482| title = Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies}}</ref> is a city located in the north of Pakistan's [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]], not far from the country's capital [[Islamabad]]. It is the headquarters of [[Attock District]] and is [[Largest cities of Pakistan|61st largest city]] of [[Pakistan]] by population. The city was founded in 1908 several miles southeast of the older city of [[Attock Khurd]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/cantt-attock|title=Attock City Cantonment|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-09}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> which had been established by the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] in the 16th century,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&q=campbellpur+name+change&pg=PT332|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|last=Everett-Heath|first=John|date=2017-12-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192556462|language=en}}</ref> and was initially named in honour of [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&q=attock&pg=PT332|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|last=Everett-Heath|first=John|date=2017-12-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192556462|language=en}}</ref> == Etymology == The city was initially named '''Campbellpore,''' also spelt '''Campbellpur,''' in 1908 in honour of [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]].<ref name=":1" /> The name was changed in 1978 to '''Attock''', which literally means "Foot of the Mountain."<ref name=":0" /> == Geography == Attock is located near the [[Haro River]], a tributary of the [[Indus River]], {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}} from [[Rawalpindi]], {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on}} from [[Peshawar]], and {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} from the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]], [[Kamra]]. ==History== ===Background=== Attock is located in a historically significant region. [[Gandhara]] was an ancient kingdom extending to the Swat valley and the [[Pothohar Plateau]] regions of Pakistan as well as the Jalalabad district of northeastern Afghanistan. Situated astride the middle of the [[Indus River]], the region had [[Takshashila]] and [[Peshawar]] as its chief cities. The place is of both political and commercial importance, as the Indus is here crossed by the military and trade route through the [[Khyber Pass]] into [[Afghanistan]]. [[Alexander the Great]], [[Timur]] and [[Nader Shah]] crossed the Indus at or about this spot in their respective invasions of [[Indian subcontinent|India]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Attock|volume=2|page=886}}</ref> The [[Attock Fort]] was completed in 1583 under the supervision of [[Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi]], a minister of [[Emperor Akbar]].<ref name="Hasan2005">{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Shaikh Khurshid|title=Historical forts in Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HH_fAAAAMAAJ|access-date=17 July 2011|year=2005|publisher=National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University|isbn=978-969-415-069-7|page=37}}</ref> Nader Shah crossed through Attock when he defeated the Mughals at the [[Battle of Karnal]] and thus ended Mughal power in Northern India. The [[Battle of Attock, 1758|Battle of Attock]] took place at Attock Khurd on 28 April 1758 between the Durrani state [[Maratha Empire]]. The Marathas under [[Raghunathrao|Raghunathrao Ballal Peshwa]] and [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukojirao Holkar Bahadur]] were victorious in the battle and Attock was captured.<ref>{{cite news|title=Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/attock-to-cuttack-pm-narendra-modi-causes-a-stir/articleshow/59332065.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=June 27, 2017}}</ref> But this conquest was short-lived as [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] came in person to recapture Attock and checked the Maratha advance after destroying their forces at [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat]]. After the decline of the Durrani state, the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] invaded and occupied [[Attock District]]. The [[Sikh Kingdom]] (1799–1849) under [[Ranjit Singh]] (1780–1839) captured the fortress of Attock in 1813 from the Durrani Nawab. In 1849, [[Attock Khurd]] (Old Attock) was conquered by the [[British East India Company]] who created Campbellpur District. Following the [[Indian Rebellion]] in 1857, the region's strategic value was appreciated by the British, who established the [[Attock Cantonment|Campbellpur Cantonment]] in 1857–58.<ref name=":2" /> Campbellpore District was organised in 1904,<ref name=":2" /> by the division of [[Talagang Tehsil]] in the [[Jhelum District]] with the [[Pindigheb]], [[Fateh Jang]] and Attock tehsils from [[Rawalpindi District]]. ===Founding=== The city's foundations were laid in 1908 by [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]], the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|British Commander-in-Chief of India]] for whom the city is named.<ref name=":2" /> The old city was established near the 16th century near the [[Attock fort]] that had guarded the major routes between [[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]]. Attock's first oil well was drilled in [[Khaur]] in 1915,<ref name="World oil">{{cite book|title=World oil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXVAAQAAIAAJ|access-date=17 July 2011|date=March 1947|publisher=Gulf Publishing Company.|page=12}}</ref> while the Attock Oil Company was established<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MNFAQAAIAAJ&q=%22campbellpur+attock|title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Attock district, 1930|last=(India)|first=Punjab|date=1932|publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing|language=en}}</ref> with a selling arrangement with the [[Burmah Oil Company]]. During 1928, the region produced 350,000 barrels of oil.<ref>{{cite news |title=India is natural kerosene market |publisher=The Japan Times and Mail |date=26 December 1929}}</ref> Attock was one of the northernmost points of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] prior to the [[partition of India|partition]]; it thus found itself being a part of the common [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] phrase used to describe the length of [[colonial India]]: "Attock se Cuttack" (from Attock to [[Cuttack]]).<ref name="Rajghatta2017">{{cite web |last1=Rajghatta |first1=Chidanand |title=Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/attock-to-cuttack-pm-narendra-modi-causes-a-stir/articleshow/59332065.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=23 June 2020 |language=en |date=27 June 2017}}</ref> It has an oil and gas field Dakhini near [[Jand, Attock|Jand]] and in [[Fateh Jang]]. ===Modern=== After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] minorities emigrated to [[India]], while [[Muslim]] refugees from [[India]] settled in Attock. The [[Government of Pakistan]] renamed Campbellpur as Attock in 1978.<ref name=":0"/> The city and surrounding area are known for their high representation among soldiers of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani Military.]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XdeCwAAQBAJ&q=campbellpur+&pg=PT152|title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=2015-08-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190613303|language=en}}</ref> == Education == According to the ''Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings'' ''2019'', Attock is ranked 3 out of [[Districts of Pakistan|146 districts of Pakistan]] in terms of the quality of education. For facilities and infrastructure, the district is ranked 17 out of 146.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/alifailaan/pages/324/attachments/original/1400690777/District_Ranking_Report_Binded_-_comp.compressed.pdf |title= Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings, 2014 |publisher=Alif Ailaan |access-date=2014-05-06}}</ref> A detailed picture of the district's education performance is also available online.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pace-tech.com/edurankings/profiles/19007.pdf |title=Individual district profile link, 2014 |publisher=Alif Ailaan |access-date=2014-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194813/http://www.pace-tech.com/edurankings/profiles/19007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Army Public School & College, Government Polytechnic Institute,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gpiattock.edu.pk/|title=Government Polytechnic Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312222929/http://www.gpiattock.edu.pk/|archive-date=2012-03-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Beacon Light English Model Secondary School,<ref>{{cite web|title=Beacon Light English Model Secondary School official website|url=http://beaconjand.edu.pk/|publisher=Beacon Light English Model Secondary School|access-date=2018-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003235618/http://beaconjand.edu.pk/|archive-date=2016-10-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[COMSATS University Islamabad]], [[Air University (Pakistan Air Force)|Air University Aerospace and Aviation Campus Kamra]] and Punjab College Attock are a few important educational institutes in Attock. == Notable people == * [[Malik Nur Khan]] (22 February 1923 – 15 December 2011), Air Marshal, politician, sports administrator, and commander in chief of [[Pakistan Air Force]] * [[Ali Khan (American cricketer)|Ali Khan]] (13 December 1990), Pakistani born American professional Cricketer. * [[Haider Ali (cricketer, born 2000)|Haider Ali]] (2 October 2000), Pakistani professional Cricketer. ==See also== *[[Attock Cantonment]] *[[Battle of Attock|Battle of Attock, 1813]] *[[List of people from Attock]] *[[Potohar Plateau]] *[[Birbal|Raja Birbal]] *[[Makhad]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Attock District}} {{PakistanCities}} {{Pakistan topics}} [[Category:Cities and towns in Attock District]] [[Category:Populated places in Punjab, Pakistan]] [[Category:Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)]]'