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{{redirect|Senator Glass}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Carter Glass
|image = Senator Carter Glass of Virginia.jpg
|office = [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
|term_start = July 11, 1941
|term_end = January 3, 1945
|predecessor = [[Pat Harrison]]
|successor = [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]]
|office1 = Chair of the <br>[[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate Appropriations Committee]]
|term_start1 = March 4, 1933
|term_end1 = May 28, 1946
|predecessor1 = [[Frederick Hale (US senator)|Frederick Hale]]
|successor1 = [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]]
|jr/sr2 = United States Senator
|state2 = [[Virginia]]
|appointer2 = [[Westmoreland Davis]]
|term_start2 = February 2, 1920
|term_end2 = May 28, 1946
|predecessor2 = [[Thomas S. Martin]]
|successor2 = [[Thomas G. Burch]]
|office3 = 47th [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]
|president3 = [[Woodrow Wilson]]
|term_start3 = December 16, 1918
|term_end3 = February 1, 1920
|predecessor3 = [[William Gibbs McAdoo|William McAdoo]]
|successor3 = [[David F. Houston]]
|office4 = Chair of the [[United States House Committee on Financial Services|House Banking Committee]]
|term_start4 = March 4, 1913
|term_end4 = December 16, 1918
|predecessor4 = [[Arsène Pujo]]
|successor4 = [[Michael Francis Phelan]]
|state5 = [[Virginia]]
|district5 = {{ushr|VA|6|6th}}
|term_start5 = November 4, 1902
|term_end5 = December 16, 1918
|predecessor5 = [[Peter J. Otey]]
|successor5 = [[James P. Woods]]
|state_senate6 = Virginia
|district6 = [[Virginia's 20th Senate district|20th]]
|term_start6 = December 6, 1899
|term_end6 = November 4, 1902
|predecessor6 = Adam Clement
|successor6 = [[Don P. Halsey]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1858|1|4}}
|birth_place = [[Lynchburg, Virginia]], U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|1946|5|28|1858|1|4}}
|death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|signature = Carter Glass sig.jpg
}}
'''Carter Glass''' (January 4, 1858 – May 28, 1946) was an American [[newspaper publisher]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician from [[Lynchburg, Virginia|Lynchburg]], [[Virginia]]. He represented Virginia in both houses of [[United States Congress|Congress]] and served as the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] under President [[Woodrow Wilson]]. He played a major role in the establishment of the U.S. [[Bank regulation in the United States|financial regulatory]] system, helping to establish the [[Federal Reserve System]] and the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]].
After working as a newspaper editor and publisher, Glass won election to the [[Senate of Virginia]] in 1899. He was a delegate to the [[Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1902]], where he was an influential advocate for [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregationist]] policies. Historian J. Douglas Smith described him as “the architect of disenfranchisement in the Old Dominion.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=J. Douglas |title=Managing White Supremacy: Race, Politics, and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia |date=2002 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |page=67}}</ref> He also promoted [[Progressivism_in_the_United_States|progressive]] fiscal and regulatory reform. Glass won election to the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 1902 and became Chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Financial Services|House Committee on Banking and Currency]] in 1913. Working with President Wilson, he passed the [[Federal Reserve Act]], which established a [[Central bank|central banking]] system for the United States. Glass served as Secretary of the Treasury from 1918 until 1920, when he accepted an appointment to represent Virginia in the [[United States Senate]]. Glass was a favorite son candidate for the presidential nomination at the [[1920 Democratic National Convention]].
Glass served in the Senate from 1920 until his death in 1946, becoming Chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate Appropriations Committee]] in 1933. He also served as [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore]] of the Senate from 1941 to 1945. He co-sponsored the [[1933 Banking Act]], also known as the Glass–Steagall Act, which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and enforced the separation of [[investment banking]] firms and [[commercial bank]]s. An ardent supporter of [[states' rights]], Glass opposed much of the [[New Deal]] and clashed with President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] over the control of federal appointments in Virginia.
==Youth and education==
Carter Glass was born on January 4, 1858, in [[Lynchburg, Virginia]], the last child born to Robert Henry Glass and his first wife, the former Augusta Elizabeth Christian. His mother died on January 15, 1860, when Carter was only two years old, so his sister Nannie, ten years older (and Elizabeth's only daughter), became his surrogate mother. Carter, a slight boy, got his nickname, "Pluck", for his pugnacious willingness to stand up to bullies.<ref>James E. Palmer, Carter Glass: Unreconstructed Rebel (Roanoke: Institute of American Biography, 1938), pp. 15–20.</ref>
His father, [[Robert Henry Glass]], was Lynchburg's postmaster beginning in 1853, and in 1858 bought the ''Lynchburg Daily Republican'' newspaper (where he had worked since 1846). The city's other newspaper was the ''Lynchburg Daily Virginian'', then published by Joseph Button, who on June 23, 1860, (while R. H. Glass was out of town) died in a duel with Glass's editor at the time, George W. Hardwicke, over accusations that Glass used his postal office to disadvantage the rival paper.<ref>Palmer, pp. 14–15.</ref>
When the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865) broke out, Lynchburg was pro-Union but also pro-slavery, since its economy depended on the manufacture of tobacco as well as slave-trading and the new railroads. R. H. Glass volunteered and joined the Virginia forces in 1861, and then joined the [[Confederate Army]], where he became a major on the staff of Brigadier General [[John B. Floyd]], a former [[Governor of Virginia]]. Major Glass ultimately remarried and had seven more children, including [[Meta Glass]] (president of [[Sweet Briar College]]) and Edward Christian Glass (Lynchburg's school superintendent for five decades).
In poverty-stricken Virginia during the post-War period, Glass received only a basic education at a private school run by one-legged former Confederate Henry L. Daviess.<ref>Palmer, p. 20.</ref> However, his father kept an extensive library. He became an apprentice printer to his father (and Hardwicke) when he was 13 years old, and continued his education through reading [[Plato]], [[Edmund Burke]] and [[William Shakespeare]], among others who stimulated his lifelong intellectual interest. In 1876, Major Glass accepted an offer to edit the ''Petersburg News'', and Carter joined him as a journeyman printer. Not long afterward, Major Glass accepted the editorship of the ''Danville Post'', but Carter did not join him, instead returning to Lynchburg.<ref>Palmer, pp. 22–24.</ref>
==Early career==
When Glass was 19 years old, he moved with his father to [[Petersburg, Virginia|Petersburg]]. However, when young Glass could not find a job as a newspaper reporter in Petersburg, he returned to Lynchburg, and went to work for former Confederate General (and future U.S. Senator) [[William Mahone]]'s [[Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad]] (AM&O), which was in receivership from 1877 to 1880. Glass was a clerk in the auditor's office at the railroad's headquarters. Several years later, under new owners and with headquarters relocated to [[Roanoke, Virginia|Roanoke]], the railroad became the [[Norfolk and Western]] (N&W). However, by then Glass had found the newspaper job he had initially wanted. His formative years as Virginia struggled to resolve a large pre-War debt (Mahone being a leading figure in the [[Readjuster Party]]) and dealing with boom-and-bust economic cycles (some linked with stock speculation), helped mold Glass' conservative fiscal thinking, much as it did many other Virginia political leaders of his era.
[[File:Young Carter Glass.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Photographic portrait of Carter Glass as a young man]]
At the age of 22, Glass finally became a reporter, a job he had long sought, for the ''Lynchburg News''. He rose to become the morning newspaper's editor by 1887. The following year, the publisher retired and offered Glass an option to purchase the business. Desperate to find financial backing, Glass received the unexpected assistance from a relative who loaned him enough for a $100 down payment on the $13,000 deal.<ref>''Current Biography 1941'', pp. 321–23.</ref> Free to write and publish whatever he wished, Glass wrote bold editorials and encouraged tougher reporting in the morning paper, which increased sales. Soon, Glass was able to acquire the afternoon ''Daily Advance'', then to buy out the competing ''Daily Republican''. Thus he became Lynchburg's sole [[newspaper publisher]]; the modern-day ''Lynchburg News and Advance'' is the successor publication to his newspapers.
==Entry into politics==
As a prominent and respected newspaper editor, Glass often supported candidates who ran against Virginia's Democrats of the post-[[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] period, who he felt were promoting bad fiscal policy. In 1896, the same year his father died, Glass attended the [[1896 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] as a delegate, and heard [[William Jennings Bryan]] speak.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/97-12/glass-bio.cfm |title=Carter Glass – The Region – Publications & Papers | Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |publisher=Minneapolisfed.org |access-date=October 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516215926/http://minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/97-12/glass-bio.cfm |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Glass was elected to the [[Senate of Virginia]] in 1899, and was a delegate to the [[Virginia Constitution|Virginia constitutional]] [[Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1902|convention of 1901–1902]]. He was one of the most influential members of the convention, which instituted measures associated with [[Progressive Era|the Progressive movement]], such as the establishment of the [[State Corporation Commission]] to regulate railroads and other corporations, replacing the former [[Virginia Board of Public Works]].{{citation needed|date=November 2010}}
The 1902 Constitution instituted a [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]] and required bulk payment after a voter missed elections, making voting a luxury. The Constitution also required that voters pass a [[literacy test]] with their performance graded by the registrar. When questioned as to whether these measures were potentially discriminatory, Glass exclaimed, "Discrimination! Why that is exactly what we propose. To remove every negro voter who can be gotten rid of, legally, without materially impairing the numerical strength of the white electorate."<ref>Damon W. Root, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/When+bigots+become+reformers:+the+Progressive+Era's+shameful+record+...-a0144351998 When bigots become reformers: the Progressive Era's shameful record on race], May 2006.</ref> Indeed, the number of African-Americans qualified to vote dropped from 147,000 to 21,000 immediately.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilkinson III|first=J. Harvie|title=Harry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945–66|year=1968|publisher=University Press of Virginia|location=Charlottesville|pages=38}}</ref> Carter Glass remained one of the strongest advocates of segregation and continued to dedicate much of his political career to the perpetuation of Jim Crow laws in the South.<ref>{{cite web |title=Editorial: Is it time to reappraise Carter Glass? |url=https://www.roanoke.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-is-it-time-to-reappraise-carter-glass/article_bd04976a-1ff8-5256-a1df-e9ea41871e58.html |website=The Roanoke Times |publisher=The Roanoke Times |access-date=29 June 2020 |date=23 November 2019}}</ref>
==Congress, Secretary of the Treasury==
[[File:TIMEMagazine9Jun1924.jpg|thumb| ]]<!--"Not every image ..." [[wp:caption]]-->
[[File:1527 New Hampshire Avenue, NW.JPG|thumb|Glass's former residence, in the [[Dupont Circle]] neighborhood of Washington, D.C.]]
Glass was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] as a [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] in 1902, to fill a vacancy. In 1913, he became Chairman of the [[U.S. House Committee on Banking and Currency|House Committee on Banking and Currency]], where he worked with President [[Woodrow Wilson]] to pass the Glass-Owen [[Federal Reserve Act]]. In 1918, Wilson appointed him [[Secretary of the Treasury]], succeeding [[William Gibbs McAdoo]]. His signature as Secretary of the Treasury can be found on series 1914 Federal Reserve Notes, issued while he was in office. At the [[1920 Democratic National Convention]] Glass was nominated for President as a [[favorite son]] candidate from Virginia.
Glass served at the Treasury until 1920, when he was appointed to the [[United States Senate]] to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Virginia's senior senator, [[Thomas S. Martin|Thomas Staples Martin]]. Martin had been widely regarded as the head of Virginia's Democratic Party, a role filled during the 1920s by [[Harry Flood Byrd]] of Winchester, another Virginia newspaperman who shared many of Glass's political views and who headed the political machine of [[Conservative Democrat]]s known as the [[Byrd Organization]], which dominated Virginia's politics until the 1960s. In 1933, Byrd became Virginia's junior Senator, joining Glass in the Senate after former Governor and then-senior U.S. Senator [[Claude A. Swanson]] was appointed as [[U.S. Secretary of the Navy]] by President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]]. Both Glass and Byrd were opposed to Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] policies. Each was a strong supporter of fiscal conservatism and [[states' rights]]. Glass and Byrd invoked senatorial courtesy to defeat Roosevelt's nomination of [[Floyd H. Roberts]] to a federal judgeship, as part of a broader conflict over control of federal patronage in Virginia.
Glass served in the U.S. Senate for the remainder of his life, turning down the offer of a new appointment as Secretary of the Treasury from President Roosevelt in 1933. When the Democrats regained control of the Senate that year, Glass became Chairman of the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations|Appropriations Committee]]. He was [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President pro tempore]] from 1941 to 1945, being succeeded as such by [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]] at the start of the custom of giving that post to the senior senator of the majority party. As a Senator, Glass's most notable achievement was passage of the [[Glass–Steagall Act]], which separated the activities of banks and securities brokers and created the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]]. A less successful minor legislative initiative from Glass was a 1930 resolution to ban dial telephones<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_Considers_Banning_Dial_Phones.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Senate Considers Banning Dial Phones|website=www.senate.gov|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> from the Senate, a measure that was successfully resisted by younger Senators who favored dial telephony.
==Electoral history==
* '''1902'''; Glass was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 79.41% of the vote, defeating Republican Aaron Graham, Independent James S. Cowdon, and Socialist Labor H.D. McTier.
* '''1904'''; Glass was re-elected with 69.07% of the vote, defeating Republican Samuel H. Hoge and Socialist Elory R. Spencer.
* '''1906'''; Glass was re-elected unopposed.
* '''1908'''; Glass was re-elected with 65.92% of the vote, defeating Republicans M. Hartman and John M. Parsons and Independent Jacob Harvey.
* '''1910'''; Glass was re-elected with 87.64% of the vote, defeating Republican William F. Allison.
* '''1912'''; Glass was re-elected with 72.84% of the vote, defeating Populist James S. Browning and Independents Adon A. Yoder and Jacob Harvey.
* '''1914'''; Glass was re-elected with 90.72% of the vote, defeating Socialist B.F. Ginther.
* '''1916'''; Glass was re-elected unopposed.
* '''1918'''; Glass was re-elected unopposed.
==Family, decline, death==
[[File:Montview historical marker, Lynchburg, VA IMG 4117.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Glass's Montview historical marker in [[Lynchburg, Virginia|Lynchburg]], [[Virginia (U.S. state)|Virginia]]]]
When he was twenty-eight, Glass married Aurelia McDearmon Caldwell, a school teacher. They had four children. She died of a heart ailment in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757903-2,00.html |title=Milestones, Jun. 14, 1937 |work=Time |date=June 14, 1937 |access-date=October 17, 2010}}</ref> Glass remarried in 1940 at the age of 82. His second wife, Mary Scott, was his constant companion as his health began to fail over the next few years. They lived at the [[Mayflower Hotel]] Apartments in Washington, D.C. Starting in 1942, Glass began suffering from various age-related illnesses and could not attend Senate meetings after that time. However, he refused to resign from the Senate, despite many requests that he do so, and even kept his committee chairmanship. Many visitors were also kept away from him by his wife.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,778330,00.html?iid=chix-sphere |title=Elder Statesman |work=Time |date=February 19, 1945 |access-date=October 17, 2010}}</ref>
A confidential 1943 analysis of the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] by [[Isaiah Berlin]] for the British [[Foreign Office]] stated that Glass<ref name="hachey1973">{{cite journal |url=http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/singles/bib139a/bib139a.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021185357/http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/singles/bib139a/bib139a.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |title=American Profiles on Capitol Hill: A Confidential Study for the British Foreign Office in 1943 |author=Hachey, Thomas E. |journal=Wisconsin Magazine of History |date=Winter 1973–1974 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=141–153 |jstor=4634869}}</ref> {{quote|"...is very old and frail and something of a legend in the South. The fruit-growing interests of his State make him an opponent of the [[reciprocal trade agreement|reciprocal trade pacts]], but on all other questions he has loyally supported the President's anti-Isolationist policy. He cannot have many years of active service before him."}}
Glass died of [[congestive heart failure]] in Washington, D.C., on May 28, 1946. He is interred at Spring Hill Cemetery in Lynchburg. His fellow sponsor of the Glass-Owen Act, Senator [[Robert Latham Owen]], lies nearby.
==Legacy==
"Montview", also known as the "Carter Glass Mansion", was built in 1923 on his farm outside of the-then boundaries of Lynchburg in [[Campbell County, Virginia|Campbell County]]. It is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and now serves as a museum on the grounds of [[Liberty University]]. It lies within the expanded city limits of Lynchburg. The front lawn of "Montview" is the burial site of Dr. [[Jerry Falwell]], founder of [[Liberty University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/va/Lynchburg/state.html |title=National Register of Historical Places – VIRGINIA (VA), Lynchburg County |publisher=Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com |access-date=October 17, 2010}}</ref>
The [[Virginia Department of Transportation]]'s [[Carter Glass Memorial Bridge]] was named in his honor in 1949. It carries the Lynchburg bypass of [[U.S. Route 29 in Virginia|U.S. Route 29]], the major north-south highway in the region, across the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] between Lynchburg and [[Amherst County, Virginia|Amherst County]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Designated Interstate and Primary Route Numbers, Named Highways, Named Bridges and Designated Virginia Byways |url=http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/route-index-07012003.pdf |publisher=Virginia Department of Transportation |access-date=October 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701135847/http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/route-index-07012003.pdf |archive-date=July 1, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref>
A chair in the Department of Government was created in Glass's honor at [[Sweet Briar College]]. It has been held by notable faculty including Dr. [[Barbara A. Perry]].
Glass Hall at [[Harvard Business School]] was named in his honor. It is one of seven buildings named for notable secretaries of the United States Treasury at the suggestion of donor [[George Fisher Baker]]. As of 1984, it has been repurposed as an updated administrative space for the school's Executive Education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbs.edu/about/campus-and-culture/campus-built-on-philanthropy/Pages/glass-hall.aspx|title=Glass Hall – About – Harvard Business School|website=www.hbs.edu|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>
Glass is one of the few Americans to appear on a U.S. coin during his lifetime. As a very prominent citizen of the city of Lynchburg, the 1936 [[Lynchburg Sesquicentennial half dollar|Lynchburg Sesquicentennial commemorative half dollar]] has his image and name on the obverse. Only 20,000 were minted as they were not intended for regular circulation.<ref>[https://www.ngccoin.com/coin-explorer/silver-commemoratives-pscid-71/1936-lynchburg-50c-ms-coinid-19324 Silver Commemoratives 1936 LYNCHBURG 50C MS]</ref>
==See also==
[[List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)]]
==Notes and references==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* ''Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789–1995'' By Bernard S. Katz, C. Daniel Vencill, Greenwood Press
* ''Carter Glass: A Biography'' By Rixey Smith, Norman Beasley (1939) republished by Ayer Company Publishers, {{ISBN|0-8369-5446-7}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{CongBio|G000232}}
* {{FAG|6654019}}
* [https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/3773 Statements and Speeches of Carter Glass]
* [https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/#151 A collection of works by Carter Glass]
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{{USSecTreas}}
{{USSenVA}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Glass, Carter}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of the Treasury]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1924 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia state senators]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia]]
[[Category:United States senators from Virginia]]
[[Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
[[Category:Delegates to Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1901]]
[[Category:Democratic Party United States senators]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]
[[Category:Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Old Right (United States)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lynchburg, Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Dupont Circle]]
[[Category:Politicians who died in office]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{redirect|Senator Glass}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Carter Glass
| image = Senator Carter Glass of Virginia.jpg
| office = 82nd [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
| term_start = July 11, 1941
| term_end = January 3, 1945
| predecessor = [[Pat Harrison]]
| successor = [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]]
| office1 = Chair of the <br>[[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate Appropriations Committee]]
| term_start1 = March 4, 1933
| term_end1 = May 28, 1946
| predecessor1 = [[Frederick Hale (US senator)|Frederick Hale]]
| successor1 = [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]]
| jr/sr2 = United States Senator
| state2 = [[Virginia]]
| appointer2 = [[Westmoreland Davis]]
| term_start2 = February 2, 1920
| term_end2 = May 28, 1946
| predecessor2 = [[Thomas S. Martin]]
| successor2 = [[Thomas G. Burch]]
| office3 = 47th [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]
| president3 = [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| term_start3 = December 16, 1918
| term_end3 = February 1, 1920
| predecessor3 = [[William Gibbs McAdoo|William McAdoo]]
| successor3 = [[David F. Houston]]
| office4 = Chair of the [[United States House Committee on Financial Services|House Banking Committee]]
| term_start4 = March 4, 1913
| term_end4 = December 16, 1918
| predecessor4 = [[Arsène Pujo]]
| successor4 = [[Michael Francis Phelan]]
| state5 = [[Virginia]]
| district5 = {{ushr|VA|6|6th}}
| term_start5 = November 4, 1902
| term_end5 = December 16, 1918
| predecessor5 = [[Peter J. Otey]]
| successor5 = [[James P. Woods]]
| state_senate6 = Virginia
| district6 = [[Virginia's 20th Senate district|20th]]
| term_start6 = December 6, 1899
| term_end6 = November 4, 1902
| predecessor6 = Adam Clement
| successor6 = [[Don P. Halsey]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1858|1|4}}
| birth_place = [[Lynchburg, Virginia]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1946|5|28|1858|1|4}}
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| signature = Carter Glass sig.jpg
}}
'''Carter Glass''' (January 4, 1858 – May 28, 1946) was an American [[newspaper publisher]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician from [[Lynchburg, Virginia|Lynchburg]], [[Virginia]]. He represented Virginia in both houses of [[United States Congress|Congress]] and served as the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] under President [[Woodrow Wilson]]. He played a major role in the establishment of the U.S. [[Bank regulation in the United States|financial regulatory]] system, helping to establish the [[Federal Reserve System]] and the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]].
After working as a newspaper editor and publisher, Glass won election to the [[Senate of Virginia]] in 1899. He was a delegate to the [[Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1902]], where he was an influential advocate for [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregationist]] policies. Historian J. Douglas Smith described him as “the architect of disenfranchisement in the Old Dominion.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=J. Douglas |title=Managing White Supremacy: Race, Politics, and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia |date=2002 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |page=67}}</ref> He also promoted [[Progressivism_in_the_United_States|progressive]] fiscal and regulatory reform. Glass won election to the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 1902 and became Chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Financial Services|House Committee on Banking and Currency]] in 1913. Working with President Wilson, he passed the [[Federal Reserve Act]], which established a [[Central bank|central banking]] system for the United States. Glass served as Secretary of the Treasury from 1918 until 1920, when he accepted an appointment to represent Virginia in the [[United States Senate]]. Glass was a favorite son candidate for the presidential nomination at the [[1920 Democratic National Convention]].
Glass served in the Senate from 1920 until his death in 1946, becoming Chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate Appropriations Committee]] in 1933. He also served as [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore]] of the Senate from 1941 to 1945. He co-sponsored the [[1933 Banking Act]], also known as the Glass–Steagall Act, which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and enforced the separation of [[investment banking]] firms and [[commercial bank]]s. An ardent supporter of [[states' rights]], Glass opposed much of the [[New Deal]] and clashed with President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] over the control of federal appointments in Virginia.
==Youth and education==
Carter Glass was born on January 4, 1858, in [[Lynchburg, Virginia]], the last child born to Robert Henry Glass and his first wife, the former Augusta Elizabeth Christian. His mother died on January 15, 1860, when Carter was only two years old, so his sister Nannie, ten years older (and Elizabeth's only daughter), became his surrogate mother. Carter, a slight boy, got his nickname, "Pluck", for his pugnacious willingness to stand up to bullies.<ref>James E. Palmer, Carter Glass: Unreconstructed Rebel (Roanoke: Institute of American Biography, 1938), pp. 15–20.</ref>
His father, [[Robert Henry Glass]], was Lynchburg's postmaster beginning in 1853, and in 1858 bought the ''Lynchburg Daily Republican'' newspaper (where he had worked since 1846). The city's other newspaper was the ''Lynchburg Daily Virginian'', then published by Joseph Button, who on June 23, 1860, (while R. H. Glass was out of town) died in a duel with Glass's editor at the time, George W. Hardwicke, over accusations that Glass used his postal office to disadvantage the rival paper.<ref>Palmer, pp. 14–15.</ref>
When the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865) broke out, Lynchburg was pro-Union but also pro-slavery, since its economy depended on the manufacture of tobacco as well as slave-trading and the new railroads. R. H. Glass volunteered and joined the Virginia forces in 1861, and then joined the [[Confederate Army]], where he became a major on the staff of Brigadier General [[John B. Floyd]], a former [[Governor of Virginia]]. Major Glass ultimately remarried and had seven more children, including [[Meta Glass]] (president of [[Sweet Briar College]]) and Edward Christian Glass (Lynchburg's school superintendent for five decades).
In poverty-stricken Virginia during the post-War period, Glass received only a basic education at a private school run by one-legged former Confederate Henry L. Daviess.<ref>Palmer, p. 20.</ref> However, his father kept an extensive library. He became an apprentice printer to his father (and Hardwicke) when he was 13 years old, and continued his education through reading [[Plato]], [[Edmund Burke]] and [[William Shakespeare]], among others who stimulated his lifelong intellectual interest. In 1876, Major Glass accepted an offer to edit the ''Petersburg News'', and Carter joined him as a journeyman printer. Not long afterward, Major Glass accepted the editorship of the ''Danville Post'', but Carter did not join him, instead returning to Lynchburg.<ref>Palmer, pp. 22–24.</ref>
==Early career==
When Glass was 19 years old, he moved with his father to [[Petersburg, Virginia|Petersburg]]. However, when young Glass could not find a job as a newspaper reporter in Petersburg, he returned to Lynchburg, and went to work for former Confederate General (and future U.S. Senator) [[William Mahone]]'s [[Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad]] (AM&O), which was in receivership from 1877 to 1880. Glass was a clerk in the auditor's office at the railroad's headquarters. Several years later, under new owners and with headquarters relocated to [[Roanoke, Virginia|Roanoke]], the railroad became the [[Norfolk and Western]] (N&W). However, by then Glass had found the newspaper job he had initially wanted. His formative years as Virginia struggled to resolve a large pre-War debt (Mahone being a leading figure in the [[Readjuster Party]]) and dealing with boom-and-bust economic cycles (some linked with stock speculation), helped mold Glass' conservative fiscal thinking, much as it did many other Virginia political leaders of his era.
[[File:Young Carter Glass.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Photographic portrait of Carter Glass as a young man]]
At the age of 22, Glass finally became a reporter, a job he had long sought, for the ''Lynchburg News''. He rose to become the morning newspaper's editor by 1887. The following year, the publisher retired and offered Glass an option to purchase the business. Desperate to find financial backing, Glass received the unexpected assistance from a relative who loaned him enough for a $100 down payment on the $13,000 deal.<ref>''Current Biography 1941'', pp. 321–23.</ref> Free to write and publish whatever he wished, Glass wrote bold editorials and encouraged tougher reporting in the morning paper, which increased sales. Soon, Glass was able to acquire the afternoon ''Daily Advance'', then to buy out the competing ''Daily Republican''. Thus he became Lynchburg's sole [[newspaper publisher]]; the modern-day ''Lynchburg News and Advance'' is the successor publication to his newspapers.
==Entry into politics==
As a prominent and respected newspaper editor, Glass often supported candidates who ran against Virginia's Democrats of the post-[[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] period, who he felt were promoting bad fiscal policy. In 1896, the same year his father died, Glass attended the [[1896 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] as a delegate, and heard [[William Jennings Bryan]] speak.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/97-12/glass-bio.cfm |title=Carter Glass – The Region – Publications & Papers | Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |publisher=Minneapolisfed.org |access-date=October 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516215926/http://minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/97-12/glass-bio.cfm |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Glass was elected to the [[Senate of Virginia]] in 1899, and was a delegate to the [[Virginia Constitution|Virginia constitutional]] [[Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1902|convention of 1901–1902]]. He was one of the most influential members of the convention, which instituted measures associated with [[Progressive Era|the Progressive movement]], such as the establishment of the [[State Corporation Commission]] to regulate railroads and other corporations, replacing the former [[Virginia Board of Public Works]].{{citation needed|date=November 2010}}
The 1902 Constitution instituted a [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]] and required bulk payment after a voter missed elections, making voting a luxury. The Constitution also required that voters pass a [[literacy test]] with their performance graded by the registrar. When questioned as to whether these measures were potentially discriminatory, Glass exclaimed, "Discrimination! Why that is exactly what we propose. To remove every negro voter who can be gotten rid of, legally, without materially impairing the numerical strength of the white electorate."<ref>Damon W. Root, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/When+bigots+become+reformers:+the+Progressive+Era's+shameful+record+...-a0144351998 When bigots become reformers: the Progressive Era's shameful record on race], May 2006.</ref> Indeed, the number of African-Americans qualified to vote dropped from 147,000 to 21,000 immediately.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilkinson III|first=J. Harvie|title=Harry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945–66|year=1968|publisher=University Press of Virginia|location=Charlottesville|pages=38}}</ref> Carter Glass remained one of the strongest advocates of segregation and continued to dedicate much of his political career to the perpetuation of Jim Crow laws in the South.<ref>{{cite web |title=Editorial: Is it time to reappraise Carter Glass? |url=https://www.roanoke.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-is-it-time-to-reappraise-carter-glass/article_bd04976a-1ff8-5256-a1df-e9ea41871e58.html |website=The Roanoke Times |publisher=The Roanoke Times |access-date=29 June 2020 |date=23 November 2019}}</ref>
==Congress, Secretary of the Treasury==
[[File:TIMEMagazine9Jun1924.jpg|thumb| ]]<!--"Not every image ..." [[wp:caption]]-->
[[File:1527 New Hampshire Avenue, NW.JPG|thumb|Glass's former residence, in the [[Dupont Circle]] neighborhood of Washington, D.C.]]
Glass was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] as a [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] in 1902, to fill a vacancy. In 1913, he became Chairman of the [[U.S. House Committee on Banking and Currency|House Committee on Banking and Currency]], where he worked with President [[Woodrow Wilson]] to pass the Glass-Owen [[Federal Reserve Act]]. In 1918, Wilson appointed him [[Secretary of the Treasury]], succeeding [[William Gibbs McAdoo]]. His signature as Secretary of the Treasury can be found on series 1914 Federal Reserve Notes, issued while he was in office. At the [[1920 Democratic National Convention]] Glass was nominated for President as a [[favorite son]] candidate from Virginia.
Glass served at the Treasury until 1920, when he was appointed to the [[United States Senate]] to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Virginia's senior senator, [[Thomas S. Martin|Thomas Staples Martin]]. Martin had been widely regarded as the head of Virginia's Democratic Party, a role filled during the 1920s by [[Harry Flood Byrd]] of Winchester, another Virginia newspaperman who shared many of Glass's political views and who headed the political machine of [[Conservative Democrat]]s known as the [[Byrd Organization]], which dominated Virginia's politics until the 1960s. In 1933, Byrd became Virginia's junior Senator, joining Glass in the Senate after former Governor and then-senior U.S. Senator [[Claude A. Swanson]] was appointed as [[U.S. Secretary of the Navy]] by President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]]. Both Glass and Byrd were opposed to Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] policies. Each was a strong supporter of fiscal conservatism and [[states' rights]]. Glass and Byrd invoked senatorial courtesy to defeat Roosevelt's nomination of [[Floyd H. Roberts]] to a federal judgeship, as part of a broader conflict over control of federal patronage in Virginia.
Glass served in the U.S. Senate for the remainder of his life, turning down the offer of a new appointment as Secretary of the Treasury from President Roosevelt in 1933. When the Democrats regained control of the Senate that year, Glass became Chairman of the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations|Appropriations Committee]]. He was [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President pro tempore]] from 1941 to 1945, being succeeded as such by [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]] at the start of the custom of giving that post to the senior senator of the majority party. As a Senator, Glass's most notable achievement was passage of the [[Glass–Steagall Act]], which separated the activities of banks and securities brokers and created the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]]. A less successful minor legislative initiative from Glass was a 1930 resolution to ban dial telephones<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_Considers_Banning_Dial_Phones.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Senate Considers Banning Dial Phones|website=www.senate.gov|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> from the Senate, a measure that was successfully resisted by younger Senators who favored dial telephony.
==Electoral history==
* '''1902'''; Glass was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 79.41% of the vote, defeating Republican Aaron Graham, Independent James S. Cowdon, and Socialist Labor H.D. McTier.
* '''1904'''; Glass was re-elected with 69.07% of the vote, defeating Republican Samuel H. Hoge and Socialist Elory R. Spencer.
* '''1906'''; Glass was re-elected unopposed.
* '''1908'''; Glass was re-elected with 65.92% of the vote, defeating Republicans M. Hartman and John M. Parsons and Independent Jacob Harvey.
* '''1910'''; Glass was re-elected with 87.64% of the vote, defeating Republican William F. Allison.
* '''1912'''; Glass was re-elected with 72.84% of the vote, defeating Populist James S. Browning and Independents Adon A. Yoder and Jacob Harvey.
* '''1914'''; Glass was re-elected with 90.72% of the vote, defeating Socialist B.F. Ginther.
* '''1916'''; Glass was re-elected unopposed.
* '''1918'''; Glass was re-elected unopposed.
==Family, decline, death==
[[File:Montview historical marker, Lynchburg, VA IMG 4117.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Glass's Montview historical marker in [[Lynchburg, Virginia|Lynchburg]], [[Virginia (U.S. state)|Virginia]]]]
When he was twenty-eight, Glass married Aurelia McDearmon Caldwell, a school teacher. They had four children. She died of a heart ailment in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757903-2,00.html |title=Milestones, Jun. 14, 1937 |work=Time |date=June 14, 1937 |access-date=October 17, 2010}}</ref> Glass remarried in 1940 at the age of 82. His second wife, Mary Scott, was his constant companion as his health began to fail over the next few years. They lived at the [[Mayflower Hotel]] Apartments in Washington, D.C. Starting in 1942, Glass began suffering from various age-related illnesses and could not attend Senate meetings after that time. However, he refused to resign from the Senate, despite many requests that he do so, and even kept his committee chairmanship. Many visitors were also kept away from him by his wife.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,778330,00.html?iid=chix-sphere |title=Elder Statesman |work=Time |date=February 19, 1945 |access-date=October 17, 2010}}</ref>
A confidential 1943 analysis of the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] by [[Isaiah Berlin]] for the British [[Foreign Office]] stated that Glass<ref name="hachey1973">{{cite journal |url=http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/singles/bib139a/bib139a.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021185357/http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/singles/bib139a/bib139a.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |title=American Profiles on Capitol Hill: A Confidential Study for the British Foreign Office in 1943 |author=Hachey, Thomas E. |journal=Wisconsin Magazine of History |date=Winter 1973–1974 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=141–153 |jstor=4634869}}</ref> {{quote|"...is very old and frail and something of a legend in the South. The fruit-growing interests of his State make him an opponent of the [[reciprocal trade agreement|reciprocal trade pacts]], but on all other questions he has loyally supported the President's anti-Isolationist policy. He cannot have many years of active service before him."}}
Glass died of [[congestive heart failure]] in Washington, D.C., on May 28, 1946. He is interred at Spring Hill Cemetery in Lynchburg. His fellow sponsor of the Glass-Owen Act, Senator [[Robert Latham Owen]], lies nearby.
==Legacy==
"Montview", also known as the "Carter Glass Mansion", was built in 1923 on his farm outside of the-then boundaries of Lynchburg in [[Campbell County, Virginia|Campbell County]]. It is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and now serves as a museum on the grounds of [[Liberty University]]. It lies within the expanded city limits of Lynchburg. The front lawn of "Montview" is the burial site of Dr. [[Jerry Falwell]], founder of [[Liberty University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/va/Lynchburg/state.html |title=National Register of Historical Places – VIRGINIA (VA), Lynchburg County |publisher=Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com |access-date=October 17, 2010}}</ref>
The [[Virginia Department of Transportation]]'s [[Carter Glass Memorial Bridge]] was named in his honor in 1949. It carries the Lynchburg bypass of [[U.S. Route 29 in Virginia|U.S. Route 29]], the major north-south highway in the region, across the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] between Lynchburg and [[Amherst County, Virginia|Amherst County]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Designated Interstate and Primary Route Numbers, Named Highways, Named Bridges and Designated Virginia Byways |url=http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/route-index-07012003.pdf |publisher=Virginia Department of Transportation |access-date=October 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701135847/http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/route-index-07012003.pdf |archive-date=July 1, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref>
A chair in the Department of Government was created in Glass's honor at [[Sweet Briar College]]. It has been held by notable faculty including Dr. [[Barbara A. Perry]].
Glass Hall at [[Harvard Business School]] was named in his honor. It is one of seven buildings named for notable secretaries of the United States Treasury at the suggestion of donor [[George Fisher Baker]]. As of 1984, it has been repurposed as an updated administrative space for the school's Executive Education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbs.edu/about/campus-and-culture/campus-built-on-philanthropy/Pages/glass-hall.aspx|title=Glass Hall – About – Harvard Business School|website=www.hbs.edu|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>
Glass is one of the few Americans to appear on a U.S. coin during his lifetime. As a very prominent citizen of the city of Lynchburg, the 1936 [[Lynchburg Sesquicentennial half dollar|Lynchburg Sesquicentennial commemorative half dollar]] has his image and name on the obverse. Only 20,000 were minted as they were not intended for regular circulation.<ref>[https://www.ngccoin.com/coin-explorer/silver-commemoratives-pscid-71/1936-lynchburg-50c-ms-coinid-19324 Silver Commemoratives 1936 LYNCHBURG 50C MS]</ref>
==See also==
[[List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)]]
==Notes and references==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* ''Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789–1995'' By Bernard S. Katz, C. Daniel Vencill, Greenwood Press
* ''Carter Glass: A Biography'' By Rixey Smith, Norman Beasley (1939) republished by Ayer Company Publishers, {{ISBN|0-8369-5446-7}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{CongBio|G000232}}
* {{FAG|6654019}}
* [https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/3773 Statements and Speeches of Carter Glass]
* [https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/#151 A collection of works by Carter Glass]
{{s-start}}
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{{s-aft|after=[[James P. Woods]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] from [[Virginia]]<br>([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 2]])|years=[[United States Senate special election in Virginia, 1920|1920]], [[United States Senate election in Virginia, 1924|1924]], [[United States Senate election in Virginia, 1930|1930]], [[United States Senate election in Virginia, 1936|1936]], [[United States Senate election in Virginia, 1942|1942]]}}
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{{USSecTreas}}
{{USSenVA}}
{{SenAppropriationsCommitteeChairs}}
{{USSenPresProTemp}}
{{US House Financial Services chairs}}
{{VirginiaRepresentatives06}}
{{Wilson cabinet}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Glass, Carter}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of the Treasury]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1924 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia state senators]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia]]
[[Category:United States senators from Virginia]]
[[Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
[[Category:Delegates to Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1901]]
[[Category:Democratic Party United States senators]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]
[[Category:Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Old Right (United States)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lynchburg, Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Dupont Circle]]
[[Category:Politicians who died in office]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -2,52 +2,52 @@
{{redirect|Senator Glass}}
{{Infobox officeholder
-|name = Carter Glass
-|image = Senator Carter Glass of Virginia.jpg
-|office = [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
-|term_start = July 11, 1941
-|term_end = January 3, 1945
-|predecessor = [[Pat Harrison]]
-|successor = [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]]
-|office1 = Chair of the <br>[[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate Appropriations Committee]]
-|term_start1 = March 4, 1933
-|term_end1 = May 28, 1946
-|predecessor1 = [[Frederick Hale (US senator)|Frederick Hale]]
-|successor1 = [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]]
-|jr/sr2 = United States Senator
-|state2 = [[Virginia]]
-|appointer2 = [[Westmoreland Davis]]
-|term_start2 = February 2, 1920
-|term_end2 = May 28, 1946
-|predecessor2 = [[Thomas S. Martin]]
-|successor2 = [[Thomas G. Burch]]
-|office3 = 47th [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]
-|president3 = [[Woodrow Wilson]]
-|term_start3 = December 16, 1918
-|term_end3 = February 1, 1920
-|predecessor3 = [[William Gibbs McAdoo|William McAdoo]]
-|successor3 = [[David F. Houston]]
-|office4 = Chair of the [[United States House Committee on Financial Services|House Banking Committee]]
-|term_start4 = March 4, 1913
-|term_end4 = December 16, 1918
-|predecessor4 = [[Arsène Pujo]]
-|successor4 = [[Michael Francis Phelan]]
-|state5 = [[Virginia]]
-|district5 = {{ushr|VA|6|6th}}
-|term_start5 = November 4, 1902
-|term_end5 = December 16, 1918
-|predecessor5 = [[Peter J. Otey]]
-|successor5 = [[James P. Woods]]
-|state_senate6 = Virginia
-|district6 = [[Virginia's 20th Senate district|20th]]
-|term_start6 = December 6, 1899
-|term_end6 = November 4, 1902
-|predecessor6 = Adam Clement
-|successor6 = [[Don P. Halsey]]
-|birth_date = {{birth date|1858|1|4}}
-|birth_place = [[Lynchburg, Virginia]], U.S.
-|death_date = {{death date and age|1946|5|28|1858|1|4}}
-|death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
-|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
-|signature = Carter Glass sig.jpg
+| name = Carter Glass
+| image = Senator Carter Glass of Virginia.jpg
+| office = 82nd [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
+| term_start = July 11, 1941
+| term_end = January 3, 1945
+| predecessor = [[Pat Harrison]]
+| successor = [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]]
+| office1 = Chair of the <br>[[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate Appropriations Committee]]
+| term_start1 = March 4, 1933
+| term_end1 = May 28, 1946
+| predecessor1 = [[Frederick Hale (US senator)|Frederick Hale]]
+| successor1 = [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]]
+| jr/sr2 = United States Senator
+| state2 = [[Virginia]]
+| appointer2 = [[Westmoreland Davis]]
+| term_start2 = February 2, 1920
+| term_end2 = May 28, 1946
+| predecessor2 = [[Thomas S. Martin]]
+| successor2 = [[Thomas G. Burch]]
+| office3 = 47th [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]
+| president3 = [[Woodrow Wilson]]
+| term_start3 = December 16, 1918
+| term_end3 = February 1, 1920
+| predecessor3 = [[William Gibbs McAdoo|William McAdoo]]
+| successor3 = [[David F. Houston]]
+| office4 = Chair of the [[United States House Committee on Financial Services|House Banking Committee]]
+| term_start4 = March 4, 1913
+| term_end4 = December 16, 1918
+| predecessor4 = [[Arsène Pujo]]
+| successor4 = [[Michael Francis Phelan]]
+| state5 = [[Virginia]]
+| district5 = {{ushr|VA|6|6th}}
+| term_start5 = November 4, 1902
+| term_end5 = December 16, 1918
+| predecessor5 = [[Peter J. Otey]]
+| successor5 = [[James P. Woods]]
+| state_senate6 = Virginia
+| district6 = [[Virginia's 20th Senate district|20th]]
+| term_start6 = December 6, 1899
+| term_end6 = November 4, 1902
+| predecessor6 = Adam Clement
+| successor6 = [[Don P. Halsey]]
+| birth_date = {{birth date|1858|1|4}}
+| birth_place = [[Lynchburg, Virginia]], U.S.
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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Senator Glass" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senator_Glass_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Senator Glass (disambiguation)">Senator Glass (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="display:inline-block; font-size:130%;" class="fn">Carter Glass</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Senator_Carter_Glass_of_Virginia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Senator Carter Glass of Virginia.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Senator_Carter_Glass_of_Virginia.jpg/220px-Senator_Carter_Glass_of_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="719" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">82nd <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 11, 1941 – January 3, 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Pat Harrison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">Kenneth McKellar</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Chair of the <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Senate Appropriations Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1933 – May 28, 1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_Hale_(US_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Hale (US senator)">Frederick Hale</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">Kenneth McKellar</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 2, 1920 – May 28, 1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westmoreland_Davis" title="Westmoreland Davis">Westmoreland Davis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Thomas S. Martin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_G._Burch" title="Thomas G. Burch">Thomas G. Burch</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">47th <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 16, 1918 – February 1, 1920</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William McAdoo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">David F. Houston</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Chair of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">House Banking Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1913 – December 16, 1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Pujo" title="Arsène Pujo">Arsène Pujo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Francis_Phelan" title="Michael Francis Phelan">Michael Francis Phelan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Virginia06 !"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 6th congressional district">6th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 4, 1902 – December 16, 1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_J._Otey" title="Peter J. Otey">Peter J. Otey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_P._Woods" title="James P. Woods">James P. Woods</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Senate">Virginia Senate</a></span><br />from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia%27s_20th_Senate_district" title="Virginia's 20th Senate district">20th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 6, 1899 – November 4, 1902</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Adam Clement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_P._Halsey" title="Don P. Halsey">Don P. Halsey</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1858-01-04</span>)</span>January 4, 1858<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 28, 1946<span style="display:none">(1946-05-28)</span> (aged 88)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Carter_Glass_sig.jpg" class="image" title="Carter Glass's signature"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Carter_Glass_sig.jpg/128px-Carter_Glass_sig.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="32" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="50" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Carter Glass</b> (January 4, 1858 – May 28, 1946) was an American <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newspaper_publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper publisher">newspaper publisher</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> politician from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. He represented Virginia in both houses of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and served as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> under President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>. He played a major role in the establishment of the U.S. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bank_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Bank regulation in the United States">financial regulatory</a> system, helping to establish the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a>.
</p><p>After working as a newspaper editor and publisher, Glass won election to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia" title="Senate of Virginia">Senate of Virginia</a> in 1899. He was a delegate to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1902" title="Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1902">Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1902</a>, where he was an influential advocate for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregationist</a> policies. Historian J. Douglas Smith described him as “the architect of disenfranchisement in the Old Dominion.”<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> He also promoted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> fiscal and regulatory reform. Glass won election to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> in 1902 and became Chairman of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">House Committee on Banking and Currency</a> in 1913. Working with President Wilson, he passed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a>, which established a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banking</a> system for the United States. Glass served as Secretary of the Treasury from 1918 until 1920, when he accepted an appointment to represent Virginia in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. Glass was a favorite son candidate for the presidential nomination at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 Democratic National Convention</a>.
</p><p>Glass served in the Senate from 1920 until his death in 1946, becoming Chairman of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Senate Appropriations Committee</a> in 1933. He also served as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president pro tempore</a> of the Senate from 1941 to 1945. He co-sponsored the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1933_Banking_Act" title="1933 Banking Act">1933 Banking Act</a>, also known as the Glass–Steagall Act, which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and enforced the separation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a> firms and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a>. An ardent supporter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>, Glass opposed much of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> and clashed with President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> over the control of federal appointments in Virginia.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Youth_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Youth and education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early career</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Entry_into_politics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Entry into politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Congress,_Secretary_of_the_Treasury"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Congress, Secretary of the Treasury</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Electoral_history"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Electoral history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Family,_decline,_death"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Family, decline, death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Youth_and_education">Youth and education</span></h2>
<p>Carter Glass was born on January 4, 1858, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg, Virginia</a>, the last child born to Robert Henry Glass and his first wife, the former Augusta Elizabeth Christian. His mother died on January 15, 1860, when Carter was only two years old, so his sister Nannie, ten years older (and Elizabeth's only daughter), became his surrogate mother. Carter, a slight boy, got his nickname, "Pluck", for his pugnacious willingness to stand up to bullies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>His father, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Robert_Henry_Glass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Henry Glass (page does not exist)">Robert Henry Glass</a>, was Lynchburg's postmaster beginning in 1853, and in 1858 bought the <i>Lynchburg Daily Republican</i> newspaper (where he had worked since 1846). The city's other newspaper was the <i>Lynchburg Daily Virginian</i>, then published by Joseph Button, who on June 23, 1860, (while R. H. Glass was out of town) died in a duel with Glass's editor at the time, George W. Hardwicke, over accusations that Glass used his postal office to disadvantage the rival paper.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>When the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865) broke out, Lynchburg was pro-Union but also pro-slavery, since its economy depended on the manufacture of tobacco as well as slave-trading and the new railroads. R. H. Glass volunteered and joined the Virginia forces in 1861, and then joined the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a>, where he became a major on the staff of Brigadier General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a>, a former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a>. Major Glass ultimately remarried and had seven more children, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meta_Glass" title="Meta Glass">Meta Glass</a> (president of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweet_Briar_College" title="Sweet Briar College">Sweet Briar College</a>) and Edward Christian Glass (Lynchburg's school superintendent for five decades).
</p><p>In poverty-stricken Virginia during the post-War period, Glass received only a basic education at a private school run by one-legged former Confederate Henry L. Daviess.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> However, his father kept an extensive library. He became an apprentice printer to his father (and Hardwicke) when he was 13 years old, and continued his education through reading <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, among others who stimulated his lifelong intellectual interest. In 1876, Major Glass accepted an offer to edit the <i>Petersburg News</i>, and Carter joined him as a journeyman printer. Not long afterward, Major Glass accepted the editorship of the <i>Danville Post</i>, but Carter did not join him, instead returning to Lynchburg.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_career">Early career</span></h2>
<p>When Glass was 19 years old, he moved with his father to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a>. However, when young Glass could not find a job as a newspaper reporter in Petersburg, he returned to Lynchburg, and went to work for former Confederate General (and future U.S. Senator) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic,_Mississippi_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad">Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad</a> (AM&O), which was in receivership from 1877 to 1880. Glass was a clerk in the auditor's office at the railroad's headquarters. Several years later, under new owners and with headquarters relocated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a>, the railroad became the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk and Western">Norfolk and Western</a> (N&W). However, by then Glass had found the newspaper job he had initially wanted. His formative years as Virginia struggled to resolve a large pre-War debt (Mahone being a leading figure in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster Party</a>) and dealing with boom-and-bust economic cycles (some linked with stock speculation), helped mold Glass' conservative fiscal thinking, much as it did many other Virginia political leaders of his era.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Young_Carter_Glass.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Young_Carter_Glass.jpg/170px-Young_Carter_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="469" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Young_Carter_Glass.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Photographic portrait of Carter Glass as a young man</div></div></div>
<p>At the age of 22, Glass finally became a reporter, a job he had long sought, for the <i>Lynchburg News</i>. He rose to become the morning newspaper's editor by 1887. The following year, the publisher retired and offered Glass an option to purchase the business. Desperate to find financial backing, Glass received the unexpected assistance from a relative who loaned him enough for a $100 down payment on the $13,000 deal.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Free to write and publish whatever he wished, Glass wrote bold editorials and encouraged tougher reporting in the morning paper, which increased sales. Soon, Glass was able to acquire the afternoon <i>Daily Advance</i>, then to buy out the competing <i>Daily Republican</i>. Thus he became Lynchburg's sole <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newspaper_publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper publisher">newspaper publisher</a>; the modern-day <i>Lynchburg News and Advance</i> is the successor publication to his newspapers.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Entry_into_politics">Entry into politics</span></h2>
<p>As a prominent and respected newspaper editor, Glass often supported candidates who ran against Virginia's Democrats of the post-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> period, who he felt were promoting bad fiscal policy. In 1896, the same year his father died, Glass attended the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> as a delegate, and heard <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> speak.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Glass was elected to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia" title="Senate of Virginia">Senate of Virginia</a> in 1899, and was a delegate to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Virginia constitutional</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1902" title="Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1902">convention of 1901–1902</a>. He was one of the most influential members of the convention, which instituted measures associated with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">the Progressive movement</a>, such as the establishment of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_Corporation_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State Corporation Commission">State Corporation Commission</a> to regulate railroads and other corporations, replacing the former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_Board_of_Public_Works" title="Virginia Board of Public Works">Virginia Board of Public Works</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The 1902 Constitution instituted a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a> and required bulk payment after a voter missed elections, making voting a luxury. The Constitution also required that voters pass a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy test</a> with their performance graded by the registrar. When questioned as to whether these measures were potentially discriminatory, Glass exclaimed, "Discrimination! Why that is exactly what we propose. To remove every negro voter who can be gotten rid of, legally, without materially impairing the numerical strength of the white electorate."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Indeed, the number of African-Americans qualified to vote dropped from 147,000 to 21,000 immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Carter Glass remained one of the strongest advocates of segregation and continued to dedicate much of his political career to the perpetuation of Jim Crow laws in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Congress.2C_Secretary_of_the_Treasury"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Congress,_Secretary_of_the_Treasury">Congress, Secretary of the Treasury</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TIMEMagazine9Jun1924.jpg" class="image"><img alt="TIMEMagazine9Jun1924.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/TIMEMagazine9Jun1924.jpg/220px-TIMEMagazine9Jun1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TIMEMagazine9Jun1924.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:1527_New_Hampshire_Avenue,_NW.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1527_New_Hampshire_Avenue%2C_NW.JPG/220px-1527_New_Hampshire_Avenue%2C_NW.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="2464" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:1527_New_Hampshire_Avenue,_NW.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Glass's former residence, in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a> neighborhood of Washington, D.C.</div></div></div>
<p>Glass was elected to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democrat</a> in 1902, to fill a vacancy. In 1913, he became Chairman of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._House_Committee_on_Banking_and_Currency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House Committee on Banking and Currency">House Committee on Banking and Currency</a>, where he worked with President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> to pass the Glass-Owen <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a>. In 1918, Wilson appointed him <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>, succeeding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a>. His signature as Secretary of the Treasury can be found on series 1914 Federal Reserve Notes, issued while he was in office. At the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 Democratic National Convention</a> Glass was nominated for President as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a> candidate from Virginia.
</p><p>Glass served at the Treasury until 1920, when he was appointed to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Virginia's senior senator, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Thomas Staples Martin</a>. Martin had been widely regarded as the head of Virginia's Democratic Party, a role filled during the 1920s by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_Flood_Byrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Flood Byrd">Harry Flood Byrd</a> of Winchester, another Virginia newspaperman who shared many of Glass's political views and who headed the political machine of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a> known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byrd_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrd Organization">Byrd Organization</a>, which dominated Virginia's politics until the 1960s. In 1933, Byrd became Virginia's junior Senator, joining Glass in the Senate after former Governor and then-senior U.S. Senator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Claude A. Swanson</a> was appointed as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of the Navy">U.S. Secretary of the Navy</a> by President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>. Both Glass and Byrd were opposed to Roosevelt's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies. Each was a strong supporter of fiscal conservatism and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>. Glass and Byrd invoked senatorial courtesy to defeat Roosevelt's nomination of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floyd_H._Roberts" title="Floyd H. Roberts">Floyd H. Roberts</a> to a federal judgeship, as part of a broader conflict over control of federal patronage in Virginia.
</p><p>Glass served in the U.S. Senate for the remainder of his life, turning down the offer of a new appointment as Secretary of the Treasury from President Roosevelt in 1933. When the Democrats regained control of the Senate that year, Glass became Chairman of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations Committee</a>. He was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a> from 1941 to 1945, being succeeded as such by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">Kenneth McKellar</a> at the start of the custom of giving that post to the senior senator of the majority party. As a Senator, Glass's most notable achievement was passage of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass–Steagall Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a>, which separated the activities of banks and securities brokers and created the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a>. A less successful minor legislative initiative from Glass was a 1930 resolution to ban dial telephones<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> from the Senate, a measure that was successfully resisted by younger Senators who favored dial telephony.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</span></h2>
<ul><li><b>1902</b>; Glass was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 79.41% of the vote, defeating Republican Aaron Graham, Independent James S. Cowdon, and Socialist Labor H.D. McTier.</li>
<li><b>1904</b>; Glass was re-elected with 69.07% of the vote, defeating Republican Samuel H. Hoge and Socialist Elory R. Spencer.</li>
<li><b>1906</b>; Glass was re-elected unopposed.</li>
<li><b>1908</b>; Glass was re-elected with 65.92% of the vote, defeating Republicans M. Hartman and John M. Parsons and Independent Jacob Harvey.</li>
<li><b>1910</b>; Glass was re-elected with 87.64% of the vote, defeating Republican William F. Allison.</li>
<li><b>1912</b>; Glass was re-elected with 72.84% of the vote, defeating Populist James S. Browning and Independents Adon A. Yoder and Jacob Harvey.</li>
<li><b>1914</b>; Glass was re-elected with 90.72% of the vote, defeating Socialist B.F. Ginther.</li>
<li><b>1916</b>; Glass was re-elected unopposed.</li>
<li><b>1918</b>; Glass was re-elected unopposed.</li></ul>
<h2><span id="Family.2C_decline.2C_death"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Family,_decline,_death">Family, decline, death</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Montview_historical_marker,_Lynchburg,_VA_IMG_4117.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Montview_historical_marker%2C_Lynchburg%2C_VA_IMG_4117.JPG/200px-Montview_historical_marker%2C_Lynchburg%2C_VA_IMG_4117.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Montview_historical_marker,_Lynchburg,_VA_IMG_4117.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Glass's Montview historical marker in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia (U.S. state)">Virginia</a></div></div></div>
<p>When he was twenty-eight, Glass married Aurelia McDearmon Caldwell, a school teacher. They had four children. She died of a heart ailment in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Glass remarried in 1940 at the age of 82. His second wife, Mary Scott, was his constant companion as his health began to fail over the next few years. They lived at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayflower_Hotel" title="Mayflower Hotel">Mayflower Hotel</a> Apartments in Washington, D.C. Starting in 1942, Glass began suffering from various age-related illnesses and could not attend Senate meetings after that time. However, he refused to resign from the Senate, despite many requests that he do so, and even kept his committee chairmanship. Many visitors were also kept away from him by his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>
A confidential 1943 analysis of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a> for the British <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> stated that Glass<sup id="cite_ref-hachey1973_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hachey1973-14">[14]</a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"...is very old and frail and something of a legend in the South. The fruit-growing interests of his State make him an opponent of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reciprocal_trade_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal trade agreement">reciprocal trade pacts</a>, but on all other questions he has loyally supported the President's anti-Isolationist policy. He cannot have many years of active service before him."</p></blockquote>
<p>Glass died of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a> in Washington, D.C., on May 28, 1946. He is interred at Spring Hill Cemetery in Lynchburg. His fellow sponsor of the Glass-Owen Act, Senator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Latham_Owen" title="Robert Latham Owen">Robert Latham Owen</a>, lies nearby.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h2>
<p>"Montview", also known as the "Carter Glass Mansion", was built in 1923 on his farm outside of the-then boundaries of Lynchburg in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campbell_County,_Virginia" title="Campbell County, Virginia">Campbell County</a>. It is listed on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> and now serves as a museum on the grounds of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a>. It lies within the expanded city limits of Lynchburg. The front lawn of "Montview" is the burial site of Dr. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a>, founder of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Transportation" title="Virginia Department of Transportation">Virginia Department of Transportation</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carter_Glass_Memorial_Bridge" title="Carter Glass Memorial Bridge">Carter Glass Memorial Bridge</a> was named in his honor in 1949. It carries the Lynchburg bypass of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Route_29_in_Virginia" title="U.S. Route 29 in Virginia">U.S. Route 29</a>, the major north-south highway in the region, across the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a> between Lynchburg and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amherst_County,_Virginia" title="Amherst County, Virginia">Amherst County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>A chair in the Department of Government was created in Glass's honor at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweet_Briar_College" title="Sweet Briar College">Sweet Briar College</a>. It has been held by notable faculty including Dr. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbara_A._Perry" title="Barbara A. Perry">Barbara A. Perry</a>.
</p><p>Glass Hall at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> was named in his honor. It is one of seven buildings named for notable secretaries of the United States Treasury at the suggestion of donor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Fisher_Baker" title="George Fisher Baker">George Fisher Baker</a>. As of 1984, it has been repurposed as an updated administrative space for the school's Executive Education programs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Glass is one of the few Americans to appear on a U.S. coin during his lifetime. As a very prominent citizen of the city of Lynchburg, the 1936 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynchburg_Sesquicentennial_half_dollar" title="Lynchburg Sesquicentennial half dollar">Lynchburg Sesquicentennial commemorative half dollar</a> has his image and name on the obverse. Only 20,000 were minted as they were not intended for regular circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)">List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)</a>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J. Douglas (2002). <i>Managing White Supremacy: Race, Politics, and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+White+Supremacy%3A+Race%2C+Politics%2C+and+Citizenship+in+Jim+Crow+Virginia&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=J.+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Palmer, Carter Glass: Unreconstructed Rebel (Roanoke: Institute of American Biography, 1938), pp. 15–20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, pp. 14–15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, p. 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, pp. 22–24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Current Biography 1941</i>, pp. 321–23.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516215926/http://minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/97-12/glass-bio.cfm">"Carter Glass – The Region – Publications & Papers | Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis"</a>. Minneapolisfed.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/97-12/glass-bio.cfm">the original</a> on May 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carter+Glass+%E2%80%93+The+Region+%E2%80%93+Publications+%26+Papers+%26%23124%3B+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Minneapolisfed.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fpubs%2Fregion%2F97-12%2Fglass-bio.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Damon W. Root, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/When+bigots+become+reformers:+the+Progressive+Era's+shameful+record+...-a0144351998">When bigots become reformers: the Progressive Era's shameful record on race</a>, May 2006.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson_III1968" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson III, J. Harvie (1968). <i>Harry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945–66</i>. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+Byrd+and+the+Changing+Face+of+Virginia+Politics%2C+1945%E2%80%9366&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Wilkinson+III&rft.aufirst=J.+Harvie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roanoke.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-is-it-time-to-reappraise-carter-glass/article_bd04976a-1ff8-5256-a1df-e9ea41871e58.html">"Editorial: Is it time to reappraise Carter Glass?"</a>. <i>The Roanoke Times</i>. The Roanoke Times. November 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Roanoke+Times&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Is+it+time+to+reappraise+Carter+Glass%3F&rft.date=2019-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roanoke.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Feditorial-is-it-time-to-reappraise-carter-glass%2Farticle_bd04976a-1ff8-5256-a1df-e9ea41871e58.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_Considers_Banning_Dial_Phones.htm">"U.S. Senate: Senate Considers Banning Dial Phones"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Senate+Considers+Banning+Dial+Phones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fminute%2FSenate_Considers_Banning_Dial_Phones.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757903-2,00.html">"Milestones, Jun. 14, 1937"</a>. <i>Time</i>. June 14, 1937<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Milestones%2C+Jun.+14%2C+1937&rft.date=1937-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C757903-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,778330,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">"Elder Statesman"</a>. <i>Time</i>. February 19, 1945<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Elder+Statesman&rft.date=1945-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C778330%2C00.html%3Fiid%3Dchix-sphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hachey1973-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hachey1973_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHachey,_Thomas_E.1973–1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hachey, Thomas E. (Winter 1973–1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021185357/http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/singles/bib139a/bib139a.pdf">"American Profiles on Capitol Hill: A Confidential Study for the British Foreign Office in 1943"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 141–153. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/4634869">4634869</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/singles/bib139a/bib139a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=American+Profiles+on+Capitol+Hill%3A+A+Confidential+Study+for+the+British+Foreign+Office+in+1943&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-153&rft.date=1973%2F1974&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4634869%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hachey%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk%2Fpublished_works%2Fsingles%2Fbib139a%2Fbib139a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/va/Lynchburg/state.html">"National Register of Historical Places – VIRGINIA (VA), Lynchburg County"</a>. Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historical+Places+%E2%80%93+VIRGINIA+%28VA%29%2C+Lynchburg+County&rft.pub=Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com%2Fva%2FLynchburg%2Fstate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701135847/http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/route-index-07012003.pdf">"Designated Interstate and Primary Route Numbers, Named Highways, Named Bridges and Designated Virginia Byways"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Virginia Department of Transportation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/route-index-07012003.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designated+Interstate+and+Primary+Route+Numbers%2C+Named+Highways%2C+Named+Bridges+and+Designated+Virginia+Byways&rft.pub=Virginia+Department+of+Transportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginiadot.org%2Finfo%2Fresources%2Froute-index-07012003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbs.edu/about/campus-and-culture/campus-built-on-philanthropy/Pages/glass-hall.aspx">"Glass Hall – About – Harvard Business School"</a>. <i>www.hbs.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hbs.edu&rft.atitle=Glass+Hall+%E2%80%93+About+%E2%80%93+Harvard+Business+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fabout%2Fcampus-and-culture%2Fcampus-built-on-philanthropy%2FPages%2Fglass-hall.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngccoin.com/coin-explorer/silver-commemoratives-pscid-71/1936-lynchburg-50c-ms-coinid-19324">Silver Commemoratives 1936 LYNCHBURG 50C MS</a></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li><i>Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789–1995</i> By Bernard S. Katz, C. Daniel Vencill, Greenwood Press</li>
<li><i>Carter Glass: A Biography</i> By Rixey Smith, Norman Beasley (1939) republished by Ayer Company Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-5446-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-5446-7">0-8369-5446-7</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carter_Glass" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carter Glass"><span style="">Carter Glass</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressG000232" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000232">"Carter Glass (id: G000232)"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Carter+Glass+%28id%3A+G000232%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DG000232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarter+Glass" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6654019">Carter Glass</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/3773">Statements and Speeches of Carter Glass</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/#151">A collection of works by Carter Glass</a></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_J._Otey" title="Peter J. Otey">Peter J. Otey</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Virginia">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 6th congressional district">Virginia's 6th congressional district</a></b><br />1902–1918
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_P._Woods" title="James P. Woods">James P. Woods</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Pujo" title="Arsène Pujo">Arsène Pujo</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">House Banking Committee</a></b><br />1913–1918
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Francis_Phelan" title="Michael Francis Phelan">Michael Francis Phelan</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William McAdoo</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></b><br />1918–1920
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">David F. Houston</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Pat Harrison</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></b><br />1920–1946
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">Kenneth McKellar</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Thomas S. Martin</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Virginia">U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Virginia</a></b><br />1920–1946 <br /><small>Served alongside: <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Claude A. Swanson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a></b></small>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_G._Burch" title="Thomas G. Burch">Thomas G. Burch</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_Hale_(US_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Hale (US senator)">Frederick Hale</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Senate Appropriations Committee</a></b><br />1933–1946
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">Kenneth McKellar</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Thomas S. Martin</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a><br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 2</a>)</b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Virginia,_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate special election in Virginia, 1920">1920</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Virginia, 1924">1924</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Virginia, 1930">1930</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Virginia, 1936">1936</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_1942" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Virginia, 1942">1942</a>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absalom_Willis_Robertson" title="Absalom Willis Robertson">Absalom Willis Robertson</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Alfred von Tirpitz</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">Cover of <i>Time</i></a></b><br />June 9, 1924
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Secretaries_of_the_Treasury" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:USSecTreas" title="Template:USSecTreas"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:USSecTreas" title="Template talk:USSecTreas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:USSecTreas&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Secretaries_of_the_Treasury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretaries of the Treasury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Wolcott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Dallas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Ingham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">Duane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Forward</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">Spencer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Walker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">Meredith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">Guthrie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">Richardson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Bristow" title="Benjamin Bristow">Bristow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Folger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Manning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Foster_(Ohio_politician)" title="Charles Foster (Ohio politician)">Foster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Gage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">Shaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_MacVeagh" title="Franklin MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Mills</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">Woodin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Morgenthau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Vinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">Snyder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson" title="Robert B. Anderson">Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">Dillon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_H._Fowler" title="Henry H. Fowler">Fowler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr" title="Joseph W. Barr">Barr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_M._Kennedy" title="David M. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">Connally</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">Simon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">Miller</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Regan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Brady</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Rubin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Summers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">Snow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Paulson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Geithner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Lew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Mnuchin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Yellen</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg" class="image" title="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/110px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/165px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Grayson" title="William Grayson">Grayson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Walker_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Walker (Virginia politician)">Walker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stevens_Thomson_Mason_(senator)" title="Stevens Thomson Mason (senator)">S. Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_B._Venable" title="Abraham B. Venable">Venable</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(politician)" title="Andrew Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Brent_(politician)" title="Richard Brent (politician)">Brent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">J. Barbour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac_S._Pennybacker" title="Isaac S. Pennybacker">Pennybacker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Murray_Mason" title="James Murray Mason">J. Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waitman_T._Willey" title="Waitman T. Willey">Willey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemuel_J._Bowden" title="Lemuel J. Bowden">Bowden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_F._Lewis" title="John F. Lewis">Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_E._Withers" title="Robert E. Withers">Withers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_W._Daniel" title="John W. Daniel">Daniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd Sr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Byrd Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Trible" title="Paul Trible">Trible</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Robb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)" title="George Allen (American politician)">Allen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Webb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Lee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">H. Tazewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas" title="Wilson Cary Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(politician)" title="Andrew Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armistead_Thomson_Mason" title="Armistead Thomson Mason">A. Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">L. Tazewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_W._Leigh" title="Benjamin W. Leigh">Leigh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_E._Parker" title="Richard E. Parker">Parker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_H._Roane" title="William H. Roane">Roane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_S._Archer" title="William S. Archer">Archer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_S._Carlile" title="John S. Carlile">Carlile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_W._Johnston" title="John W. Johnston">Johnston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harrison_H._Riddleberger" title="Harrison H. Riddleberger">Riddleberger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_S._Barbour_Jr." title="John S. Barbour Jr.">J. S. Barbour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Hunton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_G._Burch" title="Thomas G. Burch">Burch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absalom_Willis_Robertson" title="Absalom Willis Robertson">Robertson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_B._Spong_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Spong Jr.">Spong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_L._Scott" title="William L. Scott">Scott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">J. Warner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">M. Warner</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Appropriations_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Appropriations chairs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Appropriations_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Appropriations chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Senate_Appropriations_chairs&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">United States Senate Committee on Appropriations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornelius_Cole" title="Cornelius Cole">Cole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry G. Davis">Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Cockrell" title="Francis Cockrell">Cockrell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Warren</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Warren</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wesley_Livsey_Jones" title="Wesley Livsey Jones">Jones</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_Hale_(US_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Hale (US senator)">F. Hale</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_L._McClellan" title="John L. McClellan">McClellan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Hatfield" title="Mark Hatfield">Hatfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Hatfield" title="Mark Hatfield">Hatfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Cochran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Mikulski</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Cochran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Shelby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Presidents_Pro_Tempore" title="Template:US Senate Presidents Pro Tempore"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Presidents_Pro_Tempore" title="Template talk:US Senate Presidents Pro Tempore"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Senate_Presidents_Pro_Tempore&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Lee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Izard" title="Ralph Izard">Izard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">H Tazewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">Bingham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Bradford_(Rhode_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bradford (Rhode Island)">Bradford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacob_Read" title="Jacob Read">Read</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Laurance" title="John Laurance">Laurance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">Ross</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uriah_Tracy" title="Uriah Tracy">Tracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Hillhouse" title="James Hillhouse">Hillhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Brown_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Brown (Kentucky politician)">Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesse_Franklin" title="Jesse Franklin">Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Anderson" title="Joseph Anderson">Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Milledge" title="John Milledge">Milledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Pope_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Pope (Kentucky politician)">Pope</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">L Tazewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">Poindexter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W R King</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Willie_Person_Mangum" title="Willie Person Mangum">Mangum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W R King</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">Stuart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Murray_Mason" title="James Murray Mason">Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk" title="Thomas Jefferson Rusk">Rusk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Clark_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Daniel Clark (New Hampshire politician)">Clark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lafayette_S._Foster" title="Lafayette S. Foster">Foster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthew_H._Carpenter" title="Matthew H. Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_James_Ingalls" title="John James Ingalls">Ingalls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_F._Manderson" title="Charles F. Manderson">Manderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matt_Whitaker_Ransom" title="Matt Whitaker Ransom">Ransom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustus_Octavius_Bacon" title="Augustus Octavius Bacon">Bacon</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacob_Harold_Gallinger" title="Jacob Harold Gallinger">Gallinger</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Brandegee</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Paul_Clarke" title="James Paul Clarke">Clarke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Willard_Saulsbury_Jr." title="Willard Saulsbury Jr.">Saulsbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_H._King" title="William H. King">W H King</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Milton_Young" title="Milton Young">Young</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg" class="image" title="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/90px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/135px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/180px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="304" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:US_House_Financial_Services_chairs" title="Template:US House Financial Services chairs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Financial_Services_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Financial Services chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:US_House_Financial_Services_chairs&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">Chairmen of the United States House Committee on Financial Services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Maynard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox" title="Samuel S. Cox">Cox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aylett_Hawes_Buckner" title="Aylett Hawes Buckner">Buckner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_W._Crapo" title="William W. Crapo">Crapo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aylett_Hawes_Buckner" title="Aylett Hawes Buckner">Buckner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beriah_Wilkins" title="Beriah Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Washington_Emery_Dorsey" title="George Washington Emery Dorsey">Dorsey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Bacon_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bacon (New York)">Bacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_McKendree_Springer" title="William McKendree Springer">Springer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_H._Walker" title="Joseph H. Walker">Walker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marriott_Henry_Brosius" title="Marriott Henry Brosius">Brosius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_N._Fowler" title="Charles N. Fowler">Fowler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_B._Vreeland" title="Edward B. Vreeland">Vreeland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Pujo" title="Arsène Pujo">Pujo</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Francis_Phelan" title="Michael Francis Phelan">Phelan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edmund_Platt" title="Edmund Platt">Platt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Thomas_McFadden" title="Louis Thomas McFadden">McFadden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_B._Steagall" title="Henry B. Steagall">Steagall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brent_Spence" title="Brent Spence">Spence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brent_Spence" title="Brent Spence">Spence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brent_Spence" title="Brent Spence">Spence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wright_Patman" title="Wright Patman">Patman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_S._Reuss" title="Henry S. Reuss">Reuss</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fernand_St._Germain" title="Fernand St. Germain">St. Germain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_B._Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Henry B. González">González</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Leach" title="Jim Leach">Leach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Oxley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spencer_Bachus" title="Spencer Bachus">Bachus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeb_Hensarling" title="Jeb Hensarling">Hensarling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Waters</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="image" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virginia&#039;s_6th_congressional_district" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:VirginiaRepresentatives06" title="Template:VirginiaRepresentatives06"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:VirginiaRepresentatives06" title="Template talk:VirginiaRepresentatives06"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:VirginiaRepresentatives06&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virginia&#039;s_6th_congressional_district" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 6th congressional district">Virginia's 6th congressional district</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac_Coles" title="Isaac Coles">I. Coles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_B._Venable" title="Abraham B. Venable">Venable</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac_Coles" title="Isaac Coles">I. Coles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthew_Clay" title="Matthew Clay">Clay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abram_Trigg" title="Abram Trigg">Trigg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Sheffey" title="Daniel Sheffey">Sheffey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Smyth" title="Alexander Smyth">Smyth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Tucker_(politician)" title="George Tucker (politician)">G. Tucker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Davenport_(congressman)" title="Thomas Davenport (congressman)">Davenport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_Coles" title="Walter Coles">W. Coles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">Jones</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Botts" title="John Botts">Botts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Caskie" title="John Caskie">Caskie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paulus_Powell" title="Paulus Powell">Powell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shelton_Leake" title="Shelton Leake">Leake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Milnes_Jr." title="William Milnes Jr.">Milnes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_T._Harris" title="John T. Harris">Harris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Whitehead_(politician)" title="Thomas Whitehead (politician)">Whitehead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Randolph_Tucker_(politician)" title="John Randolph Tucker (politician)">J. Tucker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_W._Daniel" title="John W. Daniel">Daniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_I._Hopkins" title="Samuel I. Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_C._Edmunds" title="Paul C. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_J._Otey" title="Peter J. Otey">Otey</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_P._Woods" title="James P. Woods">Woods</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clifton_A._Woodrum" title="Clifton A. Woodrum">Woodrum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J._Lindsay_Almond" title="J. Lindsay Almond">Almond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarence_G._Burton" title="Clarence G. Burton">Burton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Harding_Poff" title="Richard Harding Poff">Poff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M._Caldwell_Butler" title="M. Caldwell Butler">Butler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Olin" title="Jim Olin">Olin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bob_Goodlatte" title="Bob Goodlatte">Goodlatte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ben_Cline" title="Ben Cline">Cline</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left:1.0em;"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="image"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Wilson_cabinet" title="Template:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Wilson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Wilson_cabinet&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/120px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3762" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> (1913–1915)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a> (1915–1920)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Bainbridge Colby</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a> (1913–1918)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carter Glass</a> (1918–1920)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">David F. Houston</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Lindley Miller Garrison</a> (1913–1916)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a> (1916–1921)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">James Clark McReynolds</a> (1913–1914)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Thomas Watt Gregory</a> (1914–1919)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a> (1919–1921)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_S._Burleson" title="Albert S. Burleson">Albert S. Burleson</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Josephus Daniels</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_Knight_Lane" title="Franklin Knight Lane">Franklin Knight Lane</a> (1913–1920)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Barton_Payne" title="John Barton Payne">John Barton Payne</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">David F. Houston</a> (1913–1920)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwin_T._Meredith" title="Edwin T. Meredith">Edwin T. Meredith</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_C._Redfield" title="William C. Redfield">William C. Redfield</a> (1913–1919)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joshua_W._Alexander" title="Joshua W. Alexander">Joshua W. Alexander</a> (1919–1921)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Bauchop_Wilson" title="William Bauchop Wilson">William Bauchop Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/133570673">133570673</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081957971">0000 0000 8195 7971</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82098418">n82098418</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NARA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA (identifier)">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569114">10569114</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SNAC-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SNAC-ID (identifier)">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c53w4n">w6c53w4n</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/168611236">168611236</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/US_Congress_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress (identifier)">US Congress</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000232">G000232</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8579592">8579592</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82098418">lccn-n82098418</a></span></li></ul>
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' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1617486101 |