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{{hatnote|'Sanjar' redirects here. For the town in Iran, see [[Sanjar, Iran]]; for the town in Iraq, see [[Sinjar]]; for the Iraqi plain, see [[Plain of Sanjar]]; for the Iraqi mountain, see [[Mount Sinjar]].}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = monarch
| name = Ahmad Sanjar
| more =
| image=Ahmad Sanjar.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption=Ahmad Sanjar seated on his throne.
| succession1 = [[Sultan]] of the [[Great Seljuq Empire]]
| reign1 = 1118–1157
| coronation1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Muhammad I (Seljuq sultan)|Muhammad I]]
| successor1 = None
| succession = [[Malik]] of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]
| reign = 1097–1118
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Arghun Arslan]]
| successor = [[Kara-Khitan Khanate|Kara-Khitan]] conquest
| full name=
| house = [[Seljuq dynasty|House of Seljuq]]
| spouse=[[Terken Khatun (wife of Ahmad Sanjar)|Terken Khatun]]<br/>[[Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)|Rusudan]]
| issue=Mah-i Mulk Khatun<br/>Amir Sitti Khatun<br/>Gouhar Neseb Khatun
| father = [[Malik-Shah I]]
| mother = Tajuddin Safariyya Khatun{{sfn|Massignon|1982|p=162}}
| birth_date=October 1086
| birth_place=[[Sinjar]]
| death_date={{date of death and age|1157|5|8|1086|10|df=y}}
| death_place=[[Merv]]
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''<span lang="bn" dir="ltr">Ahmad</span> Sanjar''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: احمد سنجر; [[full name]]: ''Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah'') (''b''. 1085 – ''d''. 8 May 1157)<ref>Rashid ad-Din. "Collection of annals". Translated from Persian by O.I.Smirnova, edited by prof. A.A.Semenova. Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. Vol.1, book.2. p. 80.</ref> was the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuq]] ruler of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] from 1097 until in 1118,<ref name="SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar "SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"] ''Encyclopædia Iranica''</ref> when he became the [[Sultan]] of the [[Seljuq Empire]], which he ruled until his death in 1157.
== Early years ==
Sanjar was born in ca. 1086 in [[Sinjar]], a town situated in the borderland between [[Syria (region)|Syria]] and the [[Upper Mesopotamia|al-Jazira]]. Although primary sources state that he was named after his birthplace (Rāvandi, p. 185; Ebn al-Jawzi, XVIII, p. 161) [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|Bosworth]] notes ''Sanjar'' is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] name, denoting "he who pierces", "he who thrusts".<ref name="SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"/> He was a son of [[Malik Shah I]] and participated in wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew, namely [[Mahmud I of Great Seljuq|Mahmud I]], [[Barkiyaruq]], [[Malik Shah II]] and [[Muhammad I (Seljuq sultan)|Muhammad I]]. In 1096, he was given the province of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] to govern under his brother Muhammad I.<ref name="Grousset">Grousset, René (1970) ''The Empire of the Steppes'' Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, [https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/169 p. 159], {{ISBN|0-8135-0627-1}}</ref> Over the next several years Ahmad Sanjar became the ruler of most of [[Iran]] with his capital at [[Nishapur]].
== Governor of Khorasan ==
A number of rulers revolted against Sanjar and continued the split of the Great Seljuq Empire that had started upon dynastic wars. In 1102, he repulsed an invasion from [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Kashgaria]], killing Jibrail Arslan Khan near [[Termez]].<ref name="Grousset"/> In 1107, he invaded the domains of the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Izz al-Din Husayn]] and captured him, but later released him in return for tribute.
Sanjar undertook a campaign to eliminate the [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]] within Persia and successfully drove them from a number of their strongholds including [[Quhistan]] and [[Tabas]].<ref>Franzius, Enno (1969) ''History of the Order of Assassins'' Funk and Wagnalls, New York, p. 59, {{OCLC|23676}}</ref> However, an anecdote indicates that en route to their stronghold at Alamut, Sanjar woke up one day to find a dagger beside him, pinning a note from [[Hassan-i Sabbah]] stating that he (Hassan) would like peace. Sanjar, shocked by this event, sent envoys to Hassan and they both agreed to stay out of each other's way.<ref>Lewis, Bernard (1968) ''The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam'' Basic Books, New York, p. 30, {{OCLC|436364}}</ref>
In 1117, he marched against the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] Sultan [[Arslan-Shah of Ghazna]] defeating him at [[Battle of Ghazni (1117)|Battle of Ghazni]] and installing Arslan's brother [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram-Shah]] in the throne as a Seljuk vassal.
== Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire ==
[[File:5 manat. Türkmenistan, 2009 a.jpg|thumbnail|Ahmad Sanjar, as featured on the front of the 5 Turkmenistan manat banknote.]]
On February 26, 1105 Sultan [[Barkiyaruq]] died. He chose his younger son, Muizzeddin Malik-Shah, as heir to the throne. Malikshah took the name [[Malik-Shah II]] after being proclaimed the Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. However, the true power was in the hands of his uncle, [[Muhammad Tapar]]. In the same year, Muhammad Tapar dethroned his cousin and started to rule the State himself as sultan. When Muhammad died on April 4, 1118, his son [[Mahmud II of Great Seljuq|Mahmud II]] was declared as new sultan.
When Muhammad's son Mahmud II ascended the throne, [[Emir]] or [[Yazd]] [[Garshasp II]] fell into disgrace; slander about him spread to the court that made him lose confidence, and made Mahmud send a military force to Yazd where Garshasp was arrested and jailed in [[Jibal]], while Yazd was granted to the royal cupbearer. Garshasp, however, escaped and returned to Yazd, where he requested protection from Ahmad Sanjar (Garshasp's wife was the sister of Ahmad).<ref>Bosworth, C. Edmund (1983). "ABŪ KĀLĪJĀR GARŠĀSP (II)". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 328–329.</ref>
Garshasp urged Ahmad to invade the domains of Mahmud in Central Iran, and gave him information on how to march to Central Iran, and the ways to combat Mahmud. Ahmad accepted and advanced with an army to the west in 1119, where he together with "five kings" defeated Mahmud at [[Saveh]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=120}} The kings who aided Ahmad during the battle were Garshasp himself, the [[Emir]] of [[Sistan]] and the [[Khwarazm-Shah]],{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=120}} including two other unnamed kings.{{sfn|Bosworth|1983|pp=328-329}} [[Nizari Ismaili state|Nizari]] forces were also present in Sanjar's army.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=338}} After being victorious, Ahmad then restored the domains of Garshasp II.{{sfn|Bosworth|1983|pp=328-329}} Ahmad then marched as far as Baghdad, where he agreed with Mahmud that he should marry one of his daughters, and that he should give up strategic territories in northern Persia.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=120}}
[[File:Battle of Qatwan.png|thumb|250px|Battle of Qatwan in 1141]]
In 1141, Ahmad, along with Garshasp II, marched to confront the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate|Kara Khitan]] threat and engaged them near Samarkand at the [[Battle of Qatwan]]. He suffered an astounding defeat, and Garshasp was killed. Ahmad escaped with only fifteen of his elite horsemen, losing all Seljuq territory east of the [[Syr Darya]] (Jaxartes).<ref>Ibn al-Athir as cited by Zarncke, Friedrich (1879) ''Der Priester Johannes'' S. Heizel, Leipzig, [https://books.google.com/books?id=s3MSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA856 p. 856-857] {{OCLC|7619779}}</ref><ref>''Liao Shih'' (the official history of the Khitan Dynasty) cited by Wittfogel, Karl A. and Feng Chia-Sheng (1949) ''History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125'' American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, p. 639 {{OCLC|9811810}}</ref>
Sanjar’s as well as Seljuks' rule collapsed as a consequence of yet another unexpected defeat, this time at the hands of the Seljuks’ own tribe, in 1153.<ref name="SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar "SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"] ''Encyclopædia Iranica''</ref> Sanjar was captured during the battle and held in captivity until 1156.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sinor|first= Denis|year=1990|title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location= [[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC |page=368|isbn= 0-521-24304-1}}</ref> It brought chaos to the Empire - situation later exploited by the victorious Turkmens, whose hordes would overrun Khorasan unopposed, wreaking colossal damage on the province and prestige of Sanjar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sinor|first= Denis|year=1990|title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location= [[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC |page=368|isbn= 0-521-24304-1}}</ref> Sanjar eventually escaped from captivity in the fall of 1156, but soon died in [[Merv]] (present-day Turkmenistan), in 1157. After his death, Turkic rulers, Turkmen tribal forces, and other secondary powers competed for Khorasan, and after a long period of confrontations, the province was finally conquered by [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmians]] in the early 1200s.<ref>C. Edmond Bosworth, “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217),” Camb. Hist. Iran V, 1968, pp.94-185</ref>
== Death and legacy ==
[[File:Sultan Sanjar mausoleum.jpg|thumb|Sultan Sanjar mausoleum in [[Merv]] (modern [[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]], [[Turkmenistan]])]]
Sanjar died in 1157 and was buried in [[Merv]]. [[Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar|His tomb]] was destroyed by the [[Mongol]]s in 1221, during their [[Mongol invasion of Central Asia|invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Saunders|first= John Joseph|title=The History of the Mongol Conquests|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1971|page=60}}</ref>
The death of Sanjar meant the end of the Seljuq dynasty as an empire, since they only controlled [[Iraq]] and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] afterwards. Sanjar is considered as one of the most prominent Seljuq sultans and was the longest reigning Muslim ruler until [[Mongol invasions and conquests|the Mongols arrived]]. Although of Turkic origin, Sanjar was highly Iranized, and due to his feats, even became a legendary figure like some of the mythological characters in the [[Shahnameh]].{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=159}} Indeed, medieval sources described Sanjar as having "the majesty of the [[Sasanian Empire|Khosrows]] and the glory of the [[Kayanid dynasty|Kayanids]]".<ref name="SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"/> [[Persian poetry]] flourished under Sanjar, and his court included some of the greatest Persian poets, such as [[Mu'izzi]], [[Nizami Aruzi]], and [[Anvari]].<ref name="SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"/>
== Family ==
Ahmad Sanjar married [[Terken Khatun (wife of Ahmad Sanjar)|Terken Khatun]] (died 1156) with whom he had two daughters{{snd}}wives of his nephew [[Mahmud II of Great Seljuq|Mahmud II]]. After her death, Sanjar married [[Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)|Rusudan]], widow of sultan [[Masud Temirek]]. He had no children with her.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Sources==
{{wikisource|Author:Ahmad Sanjar}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods | year = 1968 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) | pages = 1–202 | isbn = 0-521-06936-X | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ABŪ KĀLĪJĀR GARŠĀSP (II) | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-kalijar-garsasp-ii-ala-al-dawla-azod-al-din-b | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3 | pages = 328–329 | location = London et al. | publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth | year = 1983 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = GOWHAR ḴĀTUN | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gowhar-katun- | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 2 | pages = 179 | location = London et al. | publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth | year = 2002 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia | last = Bosworth | first = C. E | title = The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040-1186 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YhHVPQAACAAJ&q=The+Later+Ghaznavids | year = 1995 | isbn = 9788121505772 | access-date = 17 May 2014}}
*{{cite book |last1=Daftary |first1=Farhad |title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46578-6 |edition=2nd, revised |language=en}}
*{{cite book | last = Grousset | first = René | title = The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia | isbn = 9780813513041 | url = https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou | url-access = registration | quote = false. | year = 1970 | publisher = Rutgers University Press | pages = [https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/n36 1]-687 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Passion of al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam |translator-first=Herbert |translator-last=Mason |first=Louis |last=Massignon |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |volume=2}}
* {{cite book | title = The Great Seljuk Empire | year = 2015 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | last = Peacock | first = A. C. S. | author-link = A. C. S. Peacock | pages = 1–378 | isbn = 9780748638260 | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Great_Seljuk_Empire.html?id=vx_BPQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y }}
==External links==
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh]
{{s-start}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Seljuq Empire|Sultan of the Seljuq Empire]]|years=1118–1153}}
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{{Seljuk dynasty}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanjar, Ahmad}}
[[Category:1157 deaths]]
[[Category:Seljuk rulers]]
[[Category:1080s births]]
[[Category:11th-century Turkic people]]
[[Category:12th-century Turkic people]]
[[Category:Ismaili–Seljuq relations]]
[[Category:People of the Nizari–Seljuk wars]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Sultan of the Seljuk Empire}}
{{hatnote|'Sanjar' redirects here. For the town in Iran, see [[Sanjar, Iran]]; for the town in Iraq, see [[Sinjar]]; for the Iraqi plain, see [[Plain of Sanjar]]; for the Iraqi mountain, see [[Mount Sinjar]].}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = monarch
| name = Ahmad Sanjar
| more =
| image=Ahmad Sanjar.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption=Ahmad Sanjar seated on his throne.
| succession1 = [[Sultan]] of the [[Great Seljuq Empire]]
| reign1 = 1118–1157
| coronation1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Muhammad I (Seljuq sultan)|Muhammad I]]
| successor1 = None
| succession = [[Malik]] of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]
| reign = 1097–1118
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Arghun Arslan]]
| successor = [[Kara-Khitan Khanate|Kara-Khitan]] conquest
| full name=
| house = [[Seljuq dynasty|House of Seljuq]]
| spouse=[[Terken Khatun (wife of Ahmad Sanjar)|Terken Khatun]]<br/>[[Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)|Rusudan]]
| issue=Mah-i Mulk Khatun<br/>Amir Sitti Khatun<br/>Gouhar Neseb Khatun
| father = [[Malik-Shah I]]
| mother = Tajuddin Safariyya Khatun{{sfn|Massignon|1982|p=162}}
| birth_date=October 1086
| birth_place=[[Sinjar]]
| death_date={{date of death and age|1157|5|8|1086|10|df=y}}
| death_place=[[Merv]]
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''<span lang="bn" dir="ltr">Ahmad</span> Sanjar''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: احمد سنجر; [[full name]]: ''Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah'') (''b''. 1085 – ''d''. 8 May 1157)<ref>Rashid ad-Din. "Collection of annals". Translated from Persian by O.I.Smirnova, edited by prof. A.A.Semenova. Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. Vol.1, book.2. p. 80.</ref> was the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuq]] ruler of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] from 1097 until in 1118,<ref name="SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar "SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"] ''Encyclopædia Iranica''</ref> when he became the [[Sultan]] of the [[Seljuq Empire]], which he ruled until his death in 1157.
== Early years ==
Sanjar was born in ca. 1086 in [[Sinjar]], a town situated in the borderland between [[Syria (region)|Syria]] and the [[Upper Mesopotamia|al-Jazira]]. Although primary sources state that he was named after his birthplace (Rāvandi, p. 185; Ebn al-Jawzi, XVIII, p. 161) [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|Bosworth]] notes ''Sanjar'' is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] name, denoting "he who pierces", "he who thrusts".<ref name="SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"/> He was a son of [[Malik Shah I]] and participated in wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew, namely [[Mahmud I of Great Seljuq|Mahmud I]], [[Barkiyaruq]], [[Malik Shah II]] and [[Muhammad I (Seljuq sultan)|Muhammad I]]. In 1096, he was given the province of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] to govern under his brother Muhammad I.<ref name="Grousset">Grousset, René (1970) ''The Empire of the Steppes'' Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, [https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/169 p. 159], {{ISBN|0-8135-0627-1}}</ref> Over the next several years Ahmad Sanjar became the ruler of most of [[Iran]] with his capital at [[Nishapur]].
== Governor of Khorasan ==
A number of rulers revolted against Sanjar and continued the split of the Great Seljuq Empire that had started upon dynastic wars. In 1102, he repulsed an invasion from [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Kashgaria]], killing Jibrail Arslan Khan near [[Termez]].<ref name="Grousset"/> In 1107, he invaded the domains of the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Izz al-Din Husayn]] and captured him, but later released him in return for tribute.
Sanjar undertook a campaign to eliminate the [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]] within Persia and successfully drove them from a number of their strongholds including [[Quhistan]] and [[Tabas]].<ref>Franzius, Enno (1969) ''History of the Order of Assassins'' Funk and Wagnalls, New York, p. 59, {{OCLC|23676}}</ref> However, an anecdote indicates that en route to their stronghold at Alamut, Sanjar woke up one day to find a dagger beside him, pinning a note from [[Hassan-i Sabbah]] stating that he (Hassan) would like peace. Sanjar, shocked by this event, sent envoys to Hassan and they both agreed to stay out of each other's way.<ref>Lewis, Bernard (1968) ''The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam'' Basic Books, New York, p. 30, {{OCLC|436364}}</ref>
In 1117, he marched against the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] Sultan [[Arslan-Shah of Ghazna]] defeating him at [[Battle of Ghazni (1117)|Battle of Ghazni]] and installing Arslan's brother [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram-Shah]] in the throne as a Seljuk vassal.
== Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire ==
[[File:5 manat. Türkmenistan, 2009 a.jpg|thumbnail|Ahmad Sanjar, as featured on the front of the 5 Turkmenistan manat banknote.]]
On February 26, 1105 Sultan [[Barkiyaruq]] died. He chose his younger son, Muizzeddin Malik-Shah, as heir to the throne. Malikshah took the name [[Malik-Shah II]] after being proclaimed the Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. However, the true power was in the hands of his uncle, [[Muhammad Tapar]]. In the same year, Muhammad Tapar dethroned his cousin and started to rule the State himself as sultan. When Muhammad died on April 4, 1118, his son [[Mahmud II of Great Seljuq|Mahmud II]] was declared as new sultan.
When Muhammad's son Mahmud II ascended the throne, [[Emir]] or [[Yazd]] [[Garshasp II]] fell into disgrace; slander about him spread to the court that made him lose confidence, and made Mahmud send a military force to Yazd where Garshasp was arrested and jailed in [[Jibal]], while Yazd was granted to the royal cupbearer. Garshasp, however, escaped and returned to Yazd, where he requested protection from Ahmad Sanjar (Garshasp's wife was the sister of Ahmad).<ref>Bosworth, C. Edmund (1983). "ABŪ KĀLĪJĀR GARŠĀSP (II)". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 328–329.</ref>
Garshasp urged Ahmad to invade the domains of Mahmud in Central Iran, and gave him information on how to march to Central Iran, and the ways to combat Mahmud. Ahmad accepted and advanced with an army to the west in 1119, where he together with "five kings" defeated Mahmud at [[Saveh]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=120}} The kings who aided Ahmad during the battle were Garshasp himself, the [[Emir]] of [[Sistan]] and the [[Khwarazm-Shah]],{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=120}} including two other unnamed kings.{{sfn|Bosworth|1983|pp=328-329}} [[Nizari Ismaili state|Nizari]] forces were also present in Sanjar's army.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=338}} After being victorious, Ahmad then restored the domains of Garshasp II.{{sfn|Bosworth|1983|pp=328-329}} Ahmad then marched as far as Baghdad, where he agreed with Mahmud that he should marry one of his daughters, and that he should give up strategic territories in northern Persia.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=120}}
[[File:Battle of Qatwan.png|thumb|250px|Battle of Qatwan in 1141]]
In 1141, Ahmad, along with Garshasp II, marched to confront the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate|Kara Khitan]] threat and engaged them near Samarkand at the [[Battle of Qatwan]]. He suffered an astounding defeat, and Garshasp was killed. Ahmad escaped with only fifteen of his elite horsemen, losing all Seljuq territory east of the [[Syr Darya]] (Jaxartes).<ref>Ibn al-Athir as cited by Zarncke, Friedrich (1879) ''Der Priester Johannes'' S. Heizel, Leipzig, [https://books.google.com/books?id=s3MSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA856 p. 856-857] {{OCLC|7619779}}</ref><ref>''Liao Shih'' (the official history of the Khitan Dynasty) cited by Wittfogel, Karl A. and Feng Chia-Sheng (1949) ''History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125'' American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, p. 639 {{OCLC|9811810}}</ref>
Sanjar’s as well as Seljuks' rule collapsed as a consequence of yet another unexpected defeat, this time at the hands of the Seljuks’ own tribe, in 1153.<ref name="SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar "SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"] ''Encyclopædia Iranica''</ref> Sanjar was captured during the battle and held in captivity until 1156.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sinor|first= Denis|year=1990|title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location= [[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC |page=368|isbn= 0-521-24304-1}}</ref> It brought chaos to the Empire - situation later exploited by the victorious Turkmens, whose hordes would overrun Khorasan unopposed, wreaking colossal damage on the province and prestige of Sanjar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sinor|first= Denis|year=1990|title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location= [[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC |page=368|isbn= 0-521-24304-1}}</ref> Sanjar eventually escaped from captivity in the fall of 1156, but soon died in [[Merv]] (present-day Turkmenistan), in 1157. After his death, Turkic rulers, Turkmen tribal forces, and other secondary powers competed for Khorasan, and after a long period of confrontations, the province was finally conquered by [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmians]] in the early 1200s.<ref>C. Edmond Bosworth, “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217),” Camb. Hist. Iran V, 1968, pp.94-185</ref>
== Death and legacy ==
[[File:Sultan Sanjar mausoleum.jpg|thumb|Sultan Sanjar mausoleum in [[Merv]] (modern [[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]], [[Turkmenistan]])]]
Sanjar died in 1157 and was buried in [[Merv]]. [[Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar|His tomb]] was destroyed by the [[Mongol]]s in 1221, during their [[Mongol invasion of Central Asia|invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Saunders|first= John Joseph|title=The History of the Mongol Conquests|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1971|page=60}}</ref>
The death of Sanjar meant the end of the Seljuq dynasty as an empire, since they only controlled [[Iraq]] and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] afterwards. Sanjar is considered as one of the most prominent Seljuq sultans and was the longest reigning Muslim ruler until [[Mongol invasions and conquests|the Mongols arrived]]. Although of Turkic origin, Sanjar was highly Iranized, and due to his feats, even became a legendary figure like some of the mythological characters in the [[Shahnameh]].{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=159}} Indeed, medieval sources described Sanjar as having "the majesty of the [[Sasanian Empire|Khosrows]] and the glory of the [[Kayanid dynasty|Kayanids]]".<ref name="SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"/> [[Persian poetry]] flourished under Sanjar, and his court included some of the greatest Persian poets, such as [[Mu'izzi]], [[Nizami Aruzi]], and [[Anvari]].<ref name="SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"/>
== Family ==
Ahmad Sanjar married [[TURNAH KHATUN'''''Bold text''''' (wife of Ahmad Sanjar)|TURNAH KHATUN]] (died 1156) with whom he had two daughters{{snd}}wives of his nephew [[Mahmud II of Great Seljuq|Mahmud II]]. After her death, Sanjar married [[Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)|Rusudan]], widow of sultan [[Masud Temirek]]. He had no children with her.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Sources==
{{wikisource|Author:Ahmad Sanjar}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods | year = 1968 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) | pages = 1–202 | isbn = 0-521-06936-X | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ABŪ KĀLĪJĀR GARŠĀSP (II) | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-kalijar-garsasp-ii-ala-al-dawla-azod-al-din-b | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3 | pages = 328–329 | location = London et al. | publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth | year = 1983 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = GOWHAR ḴĀTUN | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gowhar-katun- | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 2 | pages = 179 | location = London et al. | publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth | year = 2002 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia | last = Bosworth | first = C. E | title = The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040-1186 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YhHVPQAACAAJ&q=The+Later+Ghaznavids | year = 1995 | isbn = 9788121505772 | access-date = 17 May 2014}}
*{{cite book |last1=Daftary |first1=Farhad |title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46578-6 |edition=2nd, revised |language=en}}
*{{cite book | last = Grousset | first = René | title = The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia | isbn = 9780813513041 | url = https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou | url-access = registration | quote = false. | year = 1970 | publisher = Rutgers University Press | pages = [https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/n36 1]-687 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Passion of al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam |translator-first=Herbert |translator-last=Mason |first=Louis |last=Massignon |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |volume=2}}
* {{cite book | title = The Great Seljuk Empire | year = 2015 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | last = Peacock | first = A. C. S. | author-link = A. C. S. Peacock | pages = 1–378 | isbn = 9780748638260 | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Great_Seljuk_Empire.html?id=vx_BPQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y }}
==External links==
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh]
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad I (Seljuq sultan)|Muhammad I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Seljuq Empire|Sultan of the Seljuq Empire]]|years=1118–1153}}
{{s-aft|after=Divisions of [[Seljuq dynasty]]}}
{{end}}
{{Seljuk dynasty}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanjar, Ahmad}}
[[Category:1157 deaths]]
[[Category:Seljuk rulers]]
[[Category:1080s births]]
[[Category:11th-century Turkic people]]
[[Category:12th-century Turkic people]]
[[Category:Ismaili–Seljuq relations]]
[[Category:People of the Nizari–Seljuk wars]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -61,5 +61,5 @@
== Family ==
-Ahmad Sanjar married [[Terken Khatun (wife of Ahmad Sanjar)|Terken Khatun]] (died 1156) with whom he had two daughters{{snd}}wives of his nephew [[Mahmud II of Great Seljuq|Mahmud II]]. After her death, Sanjar married [[Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)|Rusudan]], widow of sultan [[Masud Temirek]]. He had no children with her.
+Ahmad Sanjar married [[TURNAH KHATUN'''''Bold text''''' (wife of Ahmad Sanjar)|TURNAH KHATUN]] (died 1156) with whom he had two daughters{{snd}}wives of his nephew [[Mahmud II of Great Seljuq|Mahmud II]]. After her death, Sanjar married [[Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)|Rusudan]], widow of sultan [[Masud Temirek]]. He had no children with her.
==References==
' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sultan of the Seljuk Empire</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">'Sanjar' redirects here. For the town in Iran, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanjar,_Iran" title="Sanjar, Iran">Sanjar, Iran</a>; for the town in Iraq, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>; for the Iraqi plain, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plain_of_Sanjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain of Sanjar">Plain of Sanjar</a>; for the Iraqi mountain, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Sinjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinjar">Mount Sinjar</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Malik of Khorasan</div>
<table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; font-size: 125%">Ahmad Sanjar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Ahmad Sanjar.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg/300px-Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg/450px-Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg/600px-Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="638" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Ahmad Sanjar seated on his throne.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1097–1118</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arghun_Arslan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arghun Arslan (page does not exist)">Arghun Arslan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara-Khitan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitan Khanate">Kara-Khitan</a> conquest</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1118–1157</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_I_(Seljuq_sultan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad I (Seljuq sultan)">Muhammad I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1086<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 1157<span style="display:none">(1157-05-08)</span> (aged 70)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Ahmad_Sanjar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terken Khatun (wife of Ahmad Sanjar) (page does not exist)">Terken Khatun</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rusudan_(daughter_of_Demetrius_I_of_Georgia)" title="Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)">Rusudan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Issue</th><td class="infobox-data">Mah-i Mulk Khatun<br />Amir Sitti Khatun<br />Gouhar Neseb Khatun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">House of Seljuq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Tajuddin Safariyya Khatun<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassignon1982162_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassignon1982162-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b><span lang="bn" dir="ltr">Ahmad</span> Sanjar</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: احمد سنجر; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Full_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Full name">full name</a>: <i>Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah</i>) (<i>b</i>. 1085 – <i>d</i>. 8 May 1157)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuq</a> ruler of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> from 1097 until in 1118,<sup id="cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-3">[3]</a></sup> when he became the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Empire">Seljuq Empire</a>, which he ruled until his death in 1157.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_years"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early years</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Governor_of_Khorasan"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Governor of Khorasan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Sultan_of_the_Great_Seljuk_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Death_and_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Death and legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Family"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Family</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years">Early years</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Sanjar was born in ca. 1086 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>, a town situated in the borderland between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">al-Jazira</a>. Although primary sources state that he was named after his birthplace (Rāvandi, p. 185; Ebn al-Jawzi, XVIII, p. 161) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth</a> notes <i>Sanjar</i> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> name, denoting "he who pierces", "he who thrusts".<sup id="cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-3">[3]</a></sup> He was a son of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Shah I">Malik Shah I</a> and participated in wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew, namely <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_I_of_Great_Seljuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud I of Great Seljuq">Mahmud I</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barkiyaruq" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkiyaruq">Barkiyaruq</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Shah II">Malik Shah II</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_I_(Seljuq_sultan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad I (Seljuq sultan)">Muhammad I</a>. In 1096, he was given the province of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> to govern under his brother Muhammad I.<sup id="cite_ref-Grousset_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grousset-4">[4]</a></sup> Over the next several years Ahmad Sanjar became the ruler of most of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> with his capital at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governor_of_Khorasan">Governor of Khorasan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Governor of Khorasan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>A number of rulers revolted against Sanjar and continued the split of the Great Seljuq Empire that had started upon dynastic wars. In 1102, he repulsed an invasion from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kashgaria</a>, killing Jibrail Arslan Khan near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grousset_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grousset-4">[4]</a></sup> In 1107, he invaded the domains of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid">Ghurid</a> ruler <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Izz_al-Din_Husayn" title="Izz al-Din Husayn">Izz al-Din Husayn</a> and captured him, but later released him in return for tribute.
</p><p>Sanjar undertook a campaign to eliminate the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a> within Persia and successfully drove them from a number of their strongholds including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quhistan" title="Quhistan">Quhistan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabas" title="Tabas">Tabas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> However, an anecdote indicates that en route to their stronghold at Alamut, Sanjar woke up one day to find a dagger beside him, pinning a note from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> stating that he (Hassan) would like peace. Sanjar, shocked by this event, sent envoys to Hassan and they both agreed to stay out of each other's way.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1117, he marched against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a> Sultan <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arslan-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Arslan-Shah of Ghazna">Arslan-Shah of Ghazna</a> defeating him at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni_(1117)" title="Battle of Ghazni (1117)">Battle of Ghazni</a> and installing Arslan's brother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahram-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Bahram-Shah of Ghazna">Bahram-Shah</a> in the throne as a Seljuk vassal.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sultan_of_the_Great_Seljuk_Empire">Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan,_2009_a.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg/220px-5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg/330px-5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg/440px-5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="402" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan,_2009_a.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ahmad Sanjar, as featured on the front of the 5 Turkmenistan manat banknote.</div></div></div>
<p>On February 26, 1105 Sultan <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barkiyaruq" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkiyaruq">Barkiyaruq</a> died. He chose his younger son, Muizzeddin Malik-Shah, as heir to the throne. Malikshah took the name <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik-Shah_II" title="Malik-Shah II">Malik-Shah II</a> after being proclaimed the Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. However, the true power was in the hands of his uncle, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Tapar" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Tapar">Muhammad Tapar</a>. In the same year, Muhammad Tapar dethroned his cousin and started to rule the State himself as sultan. When Muhammad died on April 4, 1118, his son <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_II_of_Great_Seljuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud II of Great Seljuq">Mahmud II</a> was declared as new sultan.
When Muhammad's son Mahmud II ascended the throne, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garshasp_II" title="Garshasp II">Garshasp II</a> fell into disgrace; slander about him spread to the court that made him lose confidence, and made Mahmud send a military force to Yazd where Garshasp was arrested and jailed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a>, while Yazd was granted to the royal cupbearer. Garshasp, however, escaped and returned to Yazd, where he requested protection from Ahmad Sanjar (Garshasp's wife was the sister of Ahmad).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Garshasp urged Ahmad to invade the domains of Mahmud in Central Iran, and gave him information on how to march to Central Iran, and the ways to combat Mahmud. Ahmad accepted and advanced with an army to the west in 1119, where he together with "five kings" defeated Mahmud at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saveh" title="Saveh">Saveh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120-8">[8]</a></sup> The kings who aided Ahmad during the battle were Garshasp himself, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khwarazm-Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazm-Shah">Khwarazm-Shah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120-8">[8]</a></sup> including two other unnamed kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328-329_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328-329-9">[9]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari</a> forces were also present in Sanjar's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007338_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007338-10">[10]</a></sup> After being victorious, Ahmad then restored the domains of Garshasp II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328-329_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328-329-9">[9]</a></sup> Ahmad then marched as far as Baghdad, where he agreed with Mahmud that he should marry one of his daughters, and that he should give up strategic territories in northern Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Battle_of_Qatwan.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Battle_of_Qatwan.png/250px-Battle_of_Qatwan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Battle_of_Qatwan.png/375px-Battle_of_Qatwan.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Battle_of_Qatwan.png/500px-Battle_of_Qatwan.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="905" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Battle_of_Qatwan.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Battle of Qatwan in 1141</div></div></div>
<p>In 1141, Ahmad, along with Garshasp II, marched to confront the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara-Khitan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitan Khanate">Kara Khitan</a> threat and engaged them near Samarkand at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a>. He suffered an astounding defeat, and Garshasp was killed. Ahmad escaped with only fifteen of his elite horsemen, losing all Seljuq territory east of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> (Jaxartes).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sanjar’s as well as Seljuks' rule collapsed as a consequence of yet another unexpected defeat, this time at the hands of the Seljuks’ own tribe, in 1153.<sup id="cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-3">[3]</a></sup> Sanjar was captured during the battle and held in captivity until 1156.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> It brought chaos to the Empire - situation later exploited by the victorious Turkmens, whose hordes would overrun Khorasan unopposed, wreaking colossal damage on the province and prestige of Sanjar.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Sanjar eventually escaped from captivity in the fall of 1156, but soon died in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> (present-day Turkmenistan), in 1157. After his death, Turkic rulers, Turkmen tribal forces, and other secondary powers competed for Khorasan, and after a long period of confrontations, the province was finally conquered by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmians</a> in the early 1200s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg/220px-Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg/330px-Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg/440px-Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Sultan Sanjar mausoleum in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> (modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>)</div></div></div>
<p>Sanjar died in 1157 and was buried in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomb_of_Ahmed_Sanjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar">His tomb</a> was destroyed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongols</a> in 1221, during their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>The death of Sanjar meant the end of the Seljuq dynasty as an empire, since they only controlled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> afterwards. Sanjar is considered as one of the most prominent Seljuq sultans and was the longest reigning Muslim ruler until <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">the Mongols arrived</a>. Although of Turkic origin, Sanjar was highly Iranized, and due to his feats, even became a legendary figure like some of the mythological characters in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970159_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970159-17">[17]</a></sup> Indeed, medieval sources described Sanjar as having "the majesty of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Khosrows</a> and the glory of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayanid dynasty">Kayanids</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-3">[3]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a> flourished under Sanjar, and his court included some of the greatest Persian poets, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mu%27izzi" title="Mu'izzi">Mu'izzi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nizami_Aruzi" title="Nizami Aruzi">Nizami Aruzi</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Family">Family</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Ahmad Sanjar married <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=TURNAH_KHATUN%27%27%27%27%27Bold_text%27%27%27%27%27_(wife_of_Ahmad_Sanjar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TURNAH KHATUN'''''Bold text''''' (wife of Ahmad Sanjar) (page does not exist)">TURNAH KHATUN</a> (died 1156) with whom he had two daughters – wives of his nephew <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_II_of_Great_Seljuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud II of Great Seljuq">Mahmud II</a>. After her death, Sanjar married <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rusudan_(daughter_of_Demetrius_I_of_Georgia)" title="Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)">Rusudan</a>, widow of sultan <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masud_Temirek" class="mw-redirect" title="Masud Temirek">Masud Temirek</a>. He had no children with her.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style="">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassignon1982162-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassignon1982162_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMassignon1982">Massignon 1982</a>, p. 162.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashid ad-Din. "Collection of annals". Translated from Persian by O.I.Smirnova, edited by prof. A.A.Semenova. Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. Vol.1, book.2. p. 80.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar">"SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"</a> <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Grousset-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grousset_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grousset_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grousset, René (1970) <i>The Empire of the Steppes</i> Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/169">p. 159</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-0627-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-0627-1">0-8135-0627-1</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzius, Enno (1969) <i>History of the Order of Assassins</i> Funk and Wagnalls, New York, p. 59, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23676">23676</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Bernard (1968) <i>The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam</i> Basic Books, New York, p. 30, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436364">436364</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosworth, C. Edmund (1983). "ABŪ KĀLĪJĀR GARŠĀSP (II)". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 328–329.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1968">Bosworth 1968</a>, p. 120.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328-329-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328-329_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328-329_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1983">Bosworth 1983</a>, pp. 328-329.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007338-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007338_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 338.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn al-Athir as cited by Zarncke, Friedrich (1879) <i>Der Priester Johannes</i> S. Heizel, Leipzig, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3MSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA856">p. 856-857</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7619779">7619779</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liao Shih</i> (the official history of the Khitan Dynasty) cited by Wittfogel, Karl A. and Feng Chia-Sheng (1949) <i>History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125</i> American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, p. 639 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9811810">9811810</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSinor1990" class="citation book cs1">Sinor, Denis (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC"><i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24304-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24304-1"><bdi>0-521-24304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-24304-1&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST6TRNuWmHsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSinor1990" class="citation book cs1">Sinor, Denis (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC"><i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24304-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24304-1"><bdi>0-521-24304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-24304-1&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST6TRNuWmHsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Edmond Bosworth, “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217),” Camb. Hist. Iran V, 1968, pp.94-185</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1971" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, John Joseph (1971). <i>The History of the Mongol Conquests</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mongol+Conquests&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970159-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970159_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 159.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ahmad_Sanjar" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Ahmad Sanjar">Author:Ahmad Sanjar</a></b></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA1"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X"><bdi>0-521-06936-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Dynastic+History+of+the+Iranian+World+%28A.D.+1000%E2%80%931217%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+5%3A+The+Saljuq+and+Mongol+periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-521-06936-X&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16yHq5v3QZAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund (1983). "ABŪ KĀLĪJĀR GARŠĀSP (II)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-kalijar-garsasp-ii-ala-al-dawla-azod-al-din-b"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3</i></a>. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 328–329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AB%C5%AA+K%C4%80L%C4%AAJ%C4%80R+GAR%C5%A0%C4%80SP+%28II%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+I%2C+Fasc.+3&rft.place=London+et+al.&rft.pages=328-329&rft.pub=C.+Edmund+Bosworth&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabu-kalijar-garsasp-ii-ala-al-dawla-azod-al-din-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund (2002). "GOWHAR ḴĀTUN". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gowhar-katun-"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 2</i></a>. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GOWHAR+%E1%B8%B4%C4%80TUN&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+XI%2C+Fasc.+2&rft.place=London+et+al.&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=C.+Edmund+Bosworth&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgowhar-katun-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. E (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhHVPQAACAAJ&q=The+Later+Ghaznavids"><i>The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040-1186</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121505772" title="Special:BookSources/9788121505772"><bdi>9788121505772</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Ghaznavids%3A+Splendour+and+Decay%3A+The+Dynasty+in+Afghanistan+and+Northern+India+1040-1186&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788121505772&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhHVPQAACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BLater%2BGhaznavids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (2007). <i>The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines</i> (2nd, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46578-6"><bdi>978-1-139-46578-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isma%27ilis%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.edition=2nd%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46578-6&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1970). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i></a></span>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/n36">1</a>-687. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813513041" title="Special:BookSources/9780813513041"><bdi>9780813513041</bdi></a>. <q>false.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=1-687&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780813513041&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMassignon1982" class="citation book cs1">Massignon, Louis (1982). <i>The Passion of al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam</i>. <b>2</b>. Translated by Mason, Herbert. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passion+of+al-Hallaj%2C+Mystic+and+Martyr+of+Islam&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Massignon&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPeacock2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A._C._S._Peacock" title="A. C. S. Peacock">Peacock, A. C. S.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Great_Seljuk_Empire.html?id=vx_BPQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>The Great Seljuk Empire</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–378. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748638260" title="Special:BookSources/9780748638260"><bdi>9780748638260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Seljuk+Empire&rft.pages=1-378&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780748638260&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=A.+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Great_Seljuk_Empire.html%3Fid%3Dvx_BPQAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar">SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh</a></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_I_(Seljuq_sultan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad I (Seljuq sultan)">Muhammad I</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Empire">Sultan of the Seljuq Empire</a></b><br />1118–1153
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold">Divisions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq dynasty</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Seljuk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:skyblue;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Seljuk_dynasty" title="Template:Seljuk dynasty"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:skyblue;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Seljuk_dynasty" title="Template talk:Seljuk dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:skyblue;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Seljuk_dynasty&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:skyblue;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Seljuk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">House of Seljuk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:skyblue;">Early Seljukids</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuqaq" title="Tuqaq">Tuqaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seljuk_(warlord)" title="Seljuk (warlord)">Seljuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikail_(son_of_Seljuk)" title="Mikail (son of Seljuk)">Mikail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arslan_Isra%27il" title="Arslan Isra'il">Arslan Isra'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Musa_Yabghu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musa Yabghu (page does not exist)">Musa Yabghu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:skyblue;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> (1037–1194)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tughril" title="Tughril">Toghrul</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_I_of_Great_Seljuk" title="Mahmud I of Great Seljuk">Mahmud I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berkyaruq" title="Berkyaruq">Berkyaruq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik-Shah_II" title="Malik-Shah II">Malik-Shah II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_I_Tapar" title="Muhammad I Tapar">Muhammad I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_II_(Seljuk_sultan)" title="Mahmud II (Seljuk sultan)">Mahmud II</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmad Sanjar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dawud_(Seljuk_sultan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dawud (Seljuk sultan) (page does not exist)">Dawud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Toghrul_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toghrul II (page does not exist)">Toghrul II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghiyath_ad-Din_Mas%27ud" title="Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud">Masud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik-Shah_III" title="Malik-Shah III">Malik-Shah III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_II_ibn_Mahmud" title="Muhammad II ibn Mahmud">Muhammad II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suleiman-Shah" title="Suleiman-Shah">Suleiman-Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arslan-Shah_(Seljuk_sultan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arslan-Shah (Seljuk sultan) (page does not exist)">Arslan-Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toghrul_III" title="Toghrul III">Toghrul III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:skyblue;">Governors of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> (1040–1118)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaghri_Beg" title="Chaghri Beg">Chaghri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arslan-Shah_(son_of_Alp_Arslan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arslan-Shah (son of Alp Arslan) (page does not exist)">Arslan-Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Toghan-Shah_(son_of_Alp_Arslan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toghan-Shah (son of Alp Arslan) (page does not exist)">Toghan-Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arslan-Argun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arslan-Argun (page does not exist)">Arslan-Argun</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmad Sanjar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:skyblue;">Governors of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerman_Seljuk_Sultanate" title="Kerman Seljuk Sultanate">Kerman</a> (1048–1188)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qavurt" title="Qavurt">Qawurd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kerman-Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerman-Shah (page does not exist)">Kerman-Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Husein_(son_of_Kerman-Shah)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Husein (son of Kerman-Shah) (page does not exist)">Husein</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sultan-Shah_(Kerman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultan-Shah (Kerman) (page does not exist)">Sultan-Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Turan-Shah_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turan-Shah I (page does not exist)">Turan-Shah I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranshah_(son_of_Turanshah)" title="Iranshah (son of Turanshah)">Iran-Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arslan_Shah_I" title="Arslan Shah I">Arslan-Shah I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Muhammad-Shah_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad-Shah I (page does not exist)">Muhammad-Shah I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Toghrul-Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toghrul-Shah (page does not exist)">Toghrul-Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bahram-Shah_(Kerman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahram-Shah (Kerman) (page does not exist)">Bahram-Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arslan-Shah_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arslan-Shah II (page does not exist)">Arslan-Shah II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Turan-Shah_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turan-Shah II (page does not exist)">Turan-Shah II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad-Shah_II" title="Muhammad-Shah II">Muhammad-Shah II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:skyblue;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Damascus#Seljuk_emirs" title="List of rulers of Damascus">Governors</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (1076–1105)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atsiz_ibn_Uwaq" title="Atsiz ibn Uwaq">Atsiz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shams_al-Muluk_Duqaq" title="Shams al-Muluk Duqaq">Duqaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tutush_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tutush II (page does not exist)">Tutush II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irtash" title="Irtash">Artash</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:skyblue;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo#Seljuk_Dynasty" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">Governors</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> (1086–1117)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aq_Sunqur_al-Hajib" title="Aq Sunqur al-Hajib">Aq Sunqur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fakhr_al-Mulk_Radwan" title="Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan">Radwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alp_Arslan_al-Akhras" title="Alp Arslan al-Akhras">Alp Arslan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sultan-Shah_(son_of_Radwan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultan-Shah (son of Radwan) (page does not exist)">Sultan-Shah</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:skyblue;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultans of Rum</a> (1092–1307)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qutalmish" title="Qutalmish">Qutalmish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suleiman_ibn_Qutulmish" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman ibn Qutulmish">Suleiman I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_I" title="Kilij Arslan I">Kilij Arslan I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik_Shah_(R%C3%BBm)" title="Malik Shah (Rûm)">Malik-Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesud_I" title="Mesud I">Mesud I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II" title="Kilij Arslan II">Kilij Arslan II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaykhusraw_I" title="Kaykhusraw I">Kaykhusraw I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suleiman_II_(R%C3%BBm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman II (Rûm)">Suleiman II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_III" title="Kilij Arslan III">Kilij Arslan III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaykaus_I" title="Kaykaus I">Kaykaus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayqubad_I" title="Kayqubad I">Kayqubad I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaykhusraw_II" title="Kaykhusraw II">Kaykhusraw II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaykaus_II" title="Kaykaus II">Kaykaus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_IV" title="Kilij Arslan IV">Kilij Arslan IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayqubad_II" title="Kayqubad II">Kayqubad II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaykhusraw_III" title="Kaykhusraw III">Kaykhusraw III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesud_II" title="Mesud II">Mesud II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayqubad_III" title="Kayqubad III">Kayqubad III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1617610370 |