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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Intergovernmental organization}}
{{About|the organisation|the quality of speaking French|Francophone}}
{{Redirect|Francosphere|the geography of francophones|Geographical distribution of French speakers|the former French empire|French colonial empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organisation
| name = '''Organisation internationale<br />de la Francophonie'''
| linking_name = La Francophonie
| image_flag = Flag of La Francophonie.svg
| symbol_type = Logo
| image_symbol = Logo OIF.svg
| text_symbol_type = [[Motto]]
| text_symbol = "Égalité, complémentarité, solidarité"<ref name=IEPF/><br />"Equality, complementarity, solidarity"
| anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|Ode to Joy]]" (orchestral)
[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg|center]]
| image_map = Map-Francophonie organisation en.svg
| map_caption = Map showing the [[Member states of the International Organization of the Francophonie|member states]] of la Francophonie (blue)
| membership_type = [[Member states of the International Organization of the Francophonie|Membership]]
| membership = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;
| title = 54 full members <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095424/https://www.francophonie.org/-88-Etats-et-gouvernements-|title=88 États et gouvernements - Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|date=1 November 2018|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Albania}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Andorra}}
| {{flagcountry|Armenia}}
| {{flagcountry|Belgium}}<br /> '''∟''' {{flagicon image|Flag of Wallonia.svg}} [[French Community of Belgium]]
| {{flagcountry|Benin}}
| {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
| {{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}}
| {{flagcountry|Burundi}}
| {{flagcountry|Cambodia}}
| {{flagcountry|Cameroon}}
| {{flagcountry|Canada}}<br /> '''∟''' {{flagicon image|Flag of New Brunswick.svg}} [[New Brunswick]]<br /> '''∟''' {{flagicon image|Flag of Quebec.svg}} [[Quebec]]
| {{flagcountry|Cape Verde}}
| {{flagcountry|Central African Republic}}
| {{flagcountry|Chad}}
| {{flagcountry|Comoros}}
| {{flagcountry|Republic of Congo}}
| {{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of Congo}}
| {{flagcountry|Côte d'Ivoire}}
| {{flagcountry|Djibouti}}
| {{flagcountry|Dominica}}
| {{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}}
| {{flagcountry|Egypt}}
| {{flagcountry|France}}
| {{flagcountry|Gabon}}
| {{flagcountry|Greece}}
| {{flagcountry|Guinea}}
| {{flagcountry|Guinea-Bissau}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Haiti}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Laos}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Lebanon}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Luxembourg}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Madagascar}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Mali}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Mauritania}}
| {{flagcountry|Mauritius}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Moldova}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Monaco}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Morocco}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Niger}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Romania}}
| {{flagcountry|Rwanda}}
| {{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|São Tomé and Príncipe}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Senegal}}
| {{flagcountry|Seychelles}}
| {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Togo}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
| {{flagcountry|Vanuatu}}
| {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}
}}
| admin_center_type = Headquarters
| admin_center = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| languages_type = Official language
| languages = [[French language|French]]
| leader_title1 = Secretary-General
| leader_name1 = [[Louise Mushikiwabo]]
| leader_title2 = [[Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie|APF]] General Secretary
| leader_name2 = [[Jacques Krabal]]
| leader_title3 = [[Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie|APF]] President
| leader_name3 = [[François Paradis]]
| established_event1 = Conference of [[Niamey]]
| established_date1 = 20 March 1970<br />(as [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique|ACCT]])
| established_event2 = Conference of [[Hanoi]]
| established_date2 = 14–16 November 1997<br />(as ''La Francophonie'')
| area_km2 = 28,223,185
| area_sq_mi = 10,897,032.263
| area_rank =
| population_estimate =
| population_estimate_year =
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal =
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| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| official_website = [http://www.francophonie.org/ francophonie.org]
| footnote_a = Deliberately alluding to [[France]]'s [[Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité|motto]].
}}
{{French language}}
The '''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie''' ('''OIF'''), sometimes shortened to the '''Francophonie''' ({{lang-fr|La Francophonie}} {{IPA-fr|la fʁɑ̃kɔfɔni|}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/francophonie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226155737/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/francophonie|url-status= dead|title=Atlas of Canada: The Francophonie|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>{{NoteTag|[[Francophonie]] is the name of the "French-speaking world".}} but also called '''International Organisation of La Francophonie''' in English language context,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Welcome-to-the-International.html |title=Welcome to the International Organisation of La Francophonie's website |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401162352/http://www.francophonie.org/Welcome-to-the-International.html |archive-date=1 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an international organization representing countries and regions where [[French language|French]] is a [[lingua franca]] or customary language, where a significant proportion of the population are [[francophone]]s (French speakers), or where there is a notable affiliation with [[Culture of France|French culture]].
The organization comprises 88 member states and governments; of these, 54 states and governments are full members, 7 are associate members and 27 are observers. The term ''francophonie'' (with a lowercase "f"), or ''francosphere'' (often capitalized in English), also refers to the global community of French-speaking peoples,<ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/lffr/articles/075/article_642.asp FRANCOPHONIE 18 March 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106212419/http://www.rfi.fr/lffr/articles/075/article_642.asp |date=6 January 2007 }}, ''[[Radio France International]]''.</ref> comprising a network of private and public organizations promoting equal ties among countries where French people or France played a significant historical role, culturally, militarily, or politically.
The modern organisation was created in 1970. Its [[motto]] is ''{{wiktfr|égalité}}, {{wiktfr|complémentarité}}, {{wiktfr|solidarité}}'' ("equality, complementarity, and solidarity"),<ref name="IEPF">[http://www.iepf.org/docs/depang.pdf Brochure: ''L’Institut de l’énergie et de l’environnement de la Francophonie''] ([http://www.iepf.org/ IEPF]). Accessed 22 January 2009.</ref> a deliberate allusion to [[France]]'s motto [[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]. Starting as a small group of French-speaking countries, the Francophonie has since evolved into a global organization whose numerous branches cooperate with its member states in the fields of culture, science, economy, justice, and peace.
== History ==
The [[treaty|convention]] which created the Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation (''[[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]]'') was signed on 20 March 1970 by the representatives of the 21 states and governments under the influence of African Heads of State, [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] of Senegal, [[Habib Bourguiba]] of Tunisia, [[Hamani Diori]] of Niger and Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]] of Cambodia.
Based on the sharing of the French language, the missions of this new intergovernmental organization are the promotion of the cultures of its members and the intensification of the cultural and technical cooperation between them, as well as the solidarity and the connection between them through dialogue.
The Francophonie project ceaselessly evolved since the creation of the Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation, it became the intergovernmental Agency of the Francophonie (''Agence intergouvernementale de la Francophonie'') in 1998 to remind its intergovernmental status. Finally in 2005, the adoption of a new Charter of the Francophonie (''la Charte de la Francophonie'') gives the name to the Agency of international Organisation of the Francophonie (''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie'').<ref name=franceinterm>{{cite web | url=http://sites.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/ev/fiche.php?ev_id=1212 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715061308/http://sites.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/ev/fiche.php?ev_id=1212 | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 July 2012 | title=Journée mondiale de la Francophonie | publisher=France Inter | access-date=5 May 2011 }}</ref>
== Structure ==
===Executive Secretariat (Secretaries-General)===
The position of [[Secretary-General]] was created in 1997 at the seventh leaders' summit held in [[Hanoi]]. Canadian [[Jean-Louis Roy]] was secretary of the ''[[Agence de coopération culturelle et technique]]'' from 1989 until the formal creation of the ''Agence intergouvernementale de la Francophonie'' in 1997 with former [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] as the first [[secretary-general]] of ''La Francophonie''. [[Abdou Diouf]], the former president of the [[Republic of Senegal]], became Secretary General on January 1, 2003. He was reelected on 29 September 2006, for a second mandate during the Summit of the Francophonie of [[Bucharest]], and elected again in 2010 at the Summit of the Francophonie of [[Montreux]] for another mandate which ran until 31 December 2014. At the 2014 summit in [[Dakar]], former [[Governor General of Canada]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] was chosen to lead the organization starting in January 2015.<ref name=npmj>{{cite news | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/11/30/michaelle-jean-elected-as-new-head-of-la-francophonie/ | title=Former governor general Michaëlle Jean to lead la Francophonie | newspaper=National Post | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=torontosunmj>{{cite news | url=http://www.torontosun.com/2014/11/30/canadas-michaelle-jean-chosen-to-lead-organization-of-francophone-states | title=Canada's Michaelle Jean chosen to lead organisation of Francophone states | newspaper=Toronto Sun | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref>
The Secretary General of the Francophonie is elected during the Summit, and serves as the spokesperson and the official representative internationally of the political actions of the Francophonie. The Secretary General is responsible for proposing priority areas for multilateral Francophonie actions. His/her job is to facilitate Francophone multilateral cooperation and to ensure that programs and activities of all operating agencies work in harmony. The Secretary General carries out his/her four-year mandate under the authority of the three main institutions of the Francophonie: the Summits, the Ministerial Conference and the Permanent Council.<ref name=international.gc.ca>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010201045/http://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/francophonie/index.aspx?lang=eng Structure and institutions of La Francophonie]. Accessed 5 May 2011</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=2%| #
! style="width:10%;"| Portrait
! style="width:15%;"| Name
! style="width:12%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Birth
! style="width:12%;"| Death
! style="width:12%;"| Start
! style="width:12%;"| End
! style="width:12%;"| Background
|-
| 1
|[[File:Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]]
| {{flagu|Egypt}}
| 14 November 1922
| {{death date and age|2016|03|16|1922|11|14|df=yes}}
| 16 November 1997
| 31 December 2002
|<small>[[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] (1992–1996), [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt]] (1977, 1978–1979), Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Egypt (1977–1991)</small>
|-
| 2
|[[File:Abdou Diouf.jpg|75px]]
| [[Abdou Diouf]]
| {{flagu|Senegal}}
| 7 September 1935
| ''Living''
| 1 January 2003
| 31 December 2014
|<small>[[List of Presidents of Senegal|President of Senegal]] (1981–2000), [[Prime Minister of Senegal]] (1970–1980)</small>
|-
| 3
|[[File:Michaëlle Jean 1 11072007.jpg|75px]]
| [[Michaëlle Jean]]
| {{flagu|Canada}}
| 6 September 1957
| ''Living''
| 5 January 2015
| 2 January 2019
|<small>[[Governor General of Canada]] (2005–2010)</small>
|-
| 4
|[[File:Louise Mushikiwabo, 2008 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Louise Mushikiwabo]]
| {{flagu|Rwanda}}
| 2 May 1961
| ''Living''
| 3 January 2019
| ''incumbent''
|<small>[[Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Rwanda)|Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Rwanda]] (2009–2018)</small>
|}
===Summits===
[[File:FMLF 2012-3.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.05|Flags of the Francophonie members.]]
The Summit, the highest authority in the Francophonie, is held every two years and gathers the Heads of states and governments of all member countries of the International Organisation of the Francophonie around themes of discussion. It is chaired by the Head of state and government of the host country, and this person assumes that responsibility until the next Summit. By enabling the Heads of state and government to hold a dialogue on all of the international issues of the day, the Summit serves to develop strategies and goals of the Francophonie so as to ensure the organisation's influence on the world scene.<ref>[http://www.moyak.com/papers/history-francophonie.html La Francophonie: History, Structure, Organisation, and Philosophical Underpinnings]. Accessed on 5 May 2011</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!No.!!Country/Region!!City!!Dates||Host
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''I'''</center>||{{flagu|France}}||[[Paris]] ([[Versailles (city)|Versailles]])||17–19 February 1986||President [[François Mitterrand]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Forty-one countries and governments were represented. The conference was an effort to establish ongoing consultations on major issues of the day. It affirmed the role of the French language as a modern tool for progress and intercultural dialogue and sought to convey Francophone solidarity through concrete programs with broad appeal.<ref name=can>{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/franco/francophonie_summits-sommets.aspx?lang=eng |title=Summits of La Francophonie |publisher=International.gc.ca |date=2013-01-18 |access-date=2016-06-18}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''II'''</center>||{{flagu|Quebec}}, Canada||[[Quebec City]]||2–4 September 1987||Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Established areas of cooperation and the strengthening of solidarity among the countries and governments that participated in the Paris Summit. La Francophonie's priority areas were confirmed as agriculture, energy, scientific and technological development, language, communication and culture. The Institute of Energy and Environment of La Francophonie, based in Quebec City, and the Francophone Business Forum, a non-governmental organization of French-speaking business people, were created.<ref name=can/>
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''III'''</center>||{{flagu|Senegal}}||[[Dakar]]||24–26 May 1989||President [[Abdou Diouf]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Meeting agreed to initiatives in education and training, the environment, and legal and judicial cooperation and confirmed the role of the [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] as the principal operating agency and the key instrument of La Francophonie as a multilateral organization. During the summit, French President [[François Mitterrand]] announced the cancellation of the debt of thirty-five African countries to France. The establishment of [[Senghor University]] in Alexandria, Egypt, was also agreed to.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''IV'''</center>||{{flagu|France}}||[[Paris]]||19–21 November 1991||President [[François Mitterrand]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Nearly 50 countries and governments from all five continents attended. The Ministerial Conference of La Francophonie and the Permanent Council of La Francophonie were created, and the role of the ACCT as the secretariat of all of the organization's institutions was confirmed.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''V'''</center>||{{flagu|Mauritius}}||[[Port Louis]]||16–18 October 1993||President [[Veerasamy Ringadoo]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Leaders importance of economic issues, calling for increased cooperation among Francophone business communities.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''VI'''</center>||{{flagu|Benin}}||[[Cotonou, Benin|Cotonou]]||2–4 December 1995||President [[Nicéphore Soglo]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Summit agreed to create the position of Secretary General and transform the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) into the Intergovernmental Agency of La Francophonie (AIF), and to establish the position of chief executive to manage it. Heads of State and Government decided to focus the operating agencies' activities on the five major cooperation programs of La Francophonie: 1) freedom, democracy and development; 2) culture and communications; 3) knowledge and progress; 4) economics and development; and 5) La Francophonie in the world. This summit also underscored the promotion of cultural diversity as more legitimate and necessary than ever, ascribing it a role in promoting peace.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''VII'''</center>||{{flagu|Vietnam}}||[[Hanoi]]||14–16 November 1997||President [[Trần Đức Lương]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Revised Charter was implemented and Boutros Boutros-Ghali was appointed the first secretary general. The summit's main theme was economic cooperation, however the Heads of State and Government also agreed to focus their efforts on peace and conflict prevention in member countries. In addition, they resolved to cooperate with the international community in protecting human rights.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''VIII'''</center>||[[File:Flag of New Brunswick.svg|border|23px]] New Brunswick, Canada ||[[Moncton]]||3–5 September 1999||Prime Minister [[Jean Chrétien]]
|-
|colspan="4"| The summit's main theme was youth. Two secondary themes, the economy and new technologies, were also discussed. In Moncton, the Heads of State and Government also decided to hold three sectoral conferences in preparation for the following summit: 1) a symposium assessing democratic practices, rights and freedoms in the French-speaking world, to be held in Bamako, Mali; 2) a ministerial conference on culture, in Cotonou, Benin; and 3) the first Women of La Francophonie conference, in Luxembourg.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''IX'''</center>||{{flagu|Lebanon}}||[[Beirut]]||18–20 October 2002||President [[Émile Lahoud]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Theme of the summit was Dialogue of Cultures. Issues relating to the Middle East were addressed. The Heads of State and Government made a commitment to implement the Bamako Declaration on democracy, good governance and human rights. The summit also indicated support for UNESCO's cultural diversity principle that entrenches the right of states and governments to maintain, establish and develop policies in support of culture and cultural diversity. Senegal's former president Abdou Diouf was elected Secretary General.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''X'''</center>||{{flagu|Burkina Faso}}||[[Ouagadougou]]||26–27 November 2004||President [[Blaise Compaoré]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Summit theme was "La Francophonie: a Space of Solidarity for Sustainable Development." A ministerial conference on conflict prevention and human security was held concurrently in St. Boniface, Manitoba and adopted the very first ten-year strategic framework for La Francophonie, which henceforth defines its four main missions: 1) promoting the French language and cultural and linguistic diversity; 2) promoting peace, democracy and human rights; 3) supporting education, training, higher education and research; and 4) developing cooperation to ensure sustainable development and solidarity.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XI'''</center>||{{flagu|Romania}}||[[Bucharest]]||28–29 September 2006||President [[Traian Băsescu]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Summit theme was “Information Technologies in Education”. Heads of state and government passed five resolutions on 1) the Global Digital Solidarity Fund; 2) dumping of toxic waste in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; 3) international migration and development; 4) the positioning of a UN force in the Central African Republic; and 5) climate change. The Ministerial Conference of La Francophonie approved a guide on the use of the French language in international organizations. The Secretary General of La Francophonie, Abdou Diouf, was re-elected for a four-year term.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XII'''</center>||{{flagu|Quebec}}, Canada||[[Quebec City]]||17–19 October 2008||Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Held as part of the 400th anniversary celebration of the founding of the city of Québec. The world financial and food crises were discussed and environmental talks were held. Heads of state and government expressed their support for the initiative to hold a global summit on the financial crisis and the reform of the international economic system. They also pointed out that the financial crisis should not overshadow the food crisis and be resolved at the expense of developing countries.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XIII'''</center>||{{flagu|Switzerland}}||[[Montreux]]||22–24 October 2010||President [[Doris Leuthard]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Issues discussed included climate change, food and economic crises, and problems related to biodiversity, water and forests. Montreux Declaration on the vision and future of the Francophonie was agreed calling for the organization to take a role in global governance and to support sustainable development, food security and biodiversity and [[climate change mitigation|combat climate change]] and to also support French language and education. Resolutions were passed on: 1) piracy; 2) counterfeit or expired pharmaceuticals; 3) transborder crime in Africa; 4) terrorism; 5) flood-affected countries; 6) the reconstruction of Haiti; 7) countries in crisis, crisis recovery and peacebuilding; and finally, 8) the 10th anniversary of the Bamako Declaration, entrenching the political role of La Francophonie. The Summit confirmed the re-election of Secretary General Abdou Diouf for a third four-year term.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XIV'''</center>||{{flagu|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}||[[Kinshasa]]||12–14 October 2012||President [[Joseph Kabila]]
|-
|colspan="4"|The theme of the Summit was “La Francophonie, Economic and Environment Issues in the face of Global Governance”. Resolutions were passed on 1) the situation in Mali; 2) the situation in the DRC; 3) piracy in the Gulf of Guinea; 4) good governance of the extractive and forest industries ; and 5) crisis situations, crisis recovery and peacebuilding in La Francophonie.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XV'''</center>||{{flagu|Senegal}}||[[Dakar]]||29–30 November 2014||President [[Macky Sall]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Summit theme was “Women and Youth in La Francophonie: Agents for Peace and Development”. [[Michaëlle Jean]] was elected Secretary-General. Heads of State and Government readdmited [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Madagascar]] and [[Mali]], and to accept emembership applications from Costa Rica, Mexico and Kosovo as observers of La Francophonie. Resolutions were passed on Maternal, Newborn and Child Health; the Ongoing Ebola Virus Epidemic in West Africa and the Risks of It Spreading through the Francophonie; Crisis Situations, Crisis Recovery and Peacebuilding in La Francophonie; Terrorism; the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions; Education and Training of Women and Youth in the Digital Age; Financial and Banking Education; Counterfeit Drugs and Medical Products; and the Promotion of Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XVI'''</center>||{{flagu|Madagascar}}||[[Antananarivo]]||26–27 November 2016||Prime Minister [[Olivier Solonandrasana]]
|-
|colspan="4"| The theme of the summit was “Shared Growth and Responsible Development: Conditions for Stability Around the World and within the Francophonie". The Summit addressed crisis and consolidation of peace in the Francophone world including questions of security and responding to Daesh [ISIS] and its affiliates in Africa, the promotion of gender equality, the empowerment of women and girls, the prevention of extremism, and the vocational and technical training, energy, the promotion of linguistic diversity, the situation of children, local development, environment, dialogue between cultures as a factor of sustainable development, road safety and the blue economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2016/11/202440/francophonie-summit-welcomes-cop22-outcome/|title=Francophonie Summit Welcomes COP22 Outcome|last=News|first=Morocco World|date=2016-11-27|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> Canadian prime minister [[Justin Trudeau]] raised the issue of [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-madagascar-francophonie-summit-1.3862581 |title=Trudeau visits Madagascar for la Francophonie summit of French-speaking nations |last= Crawford|first=Alison |date=25 November 2016 |website= www.cbc.ca|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/11/22/trudeau-to-discuss-lgbtq-rights-at-la-francophonie-summit-in-madagascar.html|title=Trudeau to discuss LGBTQ rights at la Francophonie summit in Madagascar {{!}} The Star|website=thestar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> The Canadian province of [[Ontario]] was granted observer status in the organisation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/la-francophonie-observer-status-1.3869354|title= La Francophonie grants observer status to Ontario|date= 26 November 2016|website= www.cbc.ca|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XVII'''</center>||{{flagu|Armenia}}||[[Yerevan]]||11–12 October 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.am/en/speeches/item/2018/03/20/fm_APF_speech/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142130/http://www.mfa.am/en/speeches/item/2018/03/20/fm_APF_speech/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>||Prime Minister [[Nikol Pashinyan]]
|-
|colspan="4"| Michaëlle Jean sought a second four-year term as Secretary-General but was defeated by [[Rwanda]]n foreign minister [[Louise Mushikiwabo]], who was [[Emmanuel Macron|President Macron]]'s personal choice. This unilateral decision by the French President was strongly criticized by four former French cabinet members responsible for the francophonie dossier who also criticized the deplorable human rights record of Rwanda under [[Paul Kagame]] and Mushikiwabo.<ref name="auto">[https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2018/09/13/louise-mushikiwabo-n-a-pas-sa-place-a-la-tete-de-la-francophonie_5354276_3232.html? "Louise Mushikiwabo n’a pas sa place à la tête de la Francophonie"] ''Le Monde'', 13 September 2018.</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]] withdrew its application for observer status after its bid was opposed due to criticisms of the lack of [[human rights]] in the country and concerns over the disappearance of journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181011-francophonie-summit-saudi-arabia-withdraw|title=Saudi Arabia withdraws bid to join Francophonie group|date=2018-10-11|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> while [[Ghana]] was promoted from associate to full membership.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-joins-la-francophonie.html|title=Ghana joins La Francophonie|website=www.graphic.com.gh|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> The American state of [[Louisiana]] was granted observer status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nola.com/news/article_302082ef-9b0e-59de-8583-4e320c5c792a.html|title=Louisiana joins international organization of French-speaking governments|first=DELLA HASSELLE |last=dhasselle@theadvocate.com|website=NOLA.com}}</ref> The summit adopted declarations on the organisation's budget, equality between men and women, and other issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/13/c_137528815.htm|title=La Francophonie summit closes in Yerevan - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XVIII'''</center>||{{flagu|Tunisia}}||[[Djerba]]|| December 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.francophonie.org/report-du-xviiie-sommet-de-la-francophonie-1345|title=Réport du XVIII Sommet de la Franphonie|website=www.francophonie.org|language=fr|access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref>||Prime Minister [[Hichem Mechichi]]
|}
===Ministerial Conference===
The Ministerial Conference of the Francophonie gathers the foreign or francophone affairs ministers of member states and governments every year to ensure the political continuity of the Summit. This conference ensures that the decisions made during the previous Summits are carried out and to plan the next Summit. It also recommends new members and observers to the Summit.<ref name=international.gc.ca/>
===Permanent Council===
The Permanent Council of the Francophonie gathers the [[Ambassador (diplomacy)|Ambassadors]] of the member countries, chaired by the General Secretary of the Francophonie and under the authority of the Ministerial Conference, its main task is to plan Summits. This conference also supervises the execution of the Summit decisions made by the ministerial conferences on a day-to-day basis, about the examination of the propositions of the budget distribution.<ref name=international.gc.ca/>
===Parliamentary Assembly===
The objectives of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Francophonie are to represent to the French-speaking authorities, the interests of the French-speaking communities, to promote the democracy, the rule of law and the respect of human rights. Furthermore, it follows the execution by the operators of the Francophonie of action plans elaborated by the Conference of the members using French as a common language It also favours the cooperation and strengthens the solidarity within the French-speaking communities, mainly towards the parliaments of the South. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Francophonie is constituted by member sections representing 77 parliaments or interparliamentary organizations. The Secretary General is the French senator [[Jacques Legendre (French politician)|Jacques Legendre]].<ref name=international.gc.ca/>
===Agency of the Francophonie===
The Agency of the Francophonie is the main operator of the cultural, scientific, technical, economic and legal cooperation programs decided at the Summits. It is also the legal seat of the Secretary General and is used by him as an administrative support. The agency also contributes to the development of the French language and to the promotion of the diverse languages and cultures of its members, while encouraging mutual understanding between them and the Francophonie. For this reason, it is a place of exchange and dialogue and its simultaneous in Francophone countries.
The Agency's headquarters are in Paris and it has three regional branches in [[Libreville]], [[Gabon]]; [[Lomé]], [[Togo]]; and [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]].<ref>[http://organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/ Organisation internationale de la Francophonie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306225316/http://www.organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/ |date=6 March 2016 }}''Accessed 05 May 2011.''</ref>
== Members ==
{{See also|Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}
[[File:Map-Francophonie organisation en.svg|thumb|upright=3.4|center|Members of and participants in the Francophonie. In addition to countries, [[Belgium|Belgian]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] subdivisional memberships are also represented, in dark blue.]]
[[Mauritania]]'s membership was suspended on 26 August 2008, pending democratic elections, after a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]].<ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/104/article_71669.asp "L’OIF suspend la Mauritanie"], Radio France Internationale, 27 August 2008</ref> [[Madagascar]]'s membership was suspended in April 2009 due to an unconstitutional transfer of power on 17 March 2009.<ref name=franmadagascar>{{cite web | url=http://www.francophonie.org/Madagascar.html | title=Madagascar | publisher=francophonie.org | access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> Mali's membership was also suspended in March 2012<ref name=franmali>{{cite web | url=http://www.francophonie.org/Mali.html | title=Mali | publisher=francophonie.org | access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> due to a [[2012 Malian coup d'état|coup d'état]], and then the [[Central African Republic]] was suspended for instances of la Francophonie at the 88th session of the CPF (March 2012), as well as [[Guinea-Bissau]] on 18 April 2012<ref>[http://www.francophonie.org/Guinee-Bissau.html Organisation internationale de la Francophonie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403162238/http://www.francophonie.org/Guinee-Bissau.html |date=3 April 2015 }}. Francophonie.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> for the [[2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état|same reason]]. Thailand, an observer nation, was suspended in 2014 following the [[2013–14 Thai political crisis|2013–14 political crisis]].<ref>{{cite news|title=L’Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) suspend la Thaïlande et réintègre la Guinée-Bissau dans ses instances|url=http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/communique_12_cpf_27-06-2014.pdf|access-date=29 September 2015|publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|date=27 June 2014}}</ref> In 2018, [[Louisiana]] became the first US state to join, as an observer.<ref name="Hasselle 2018">{{cite web | last=Hasselle | first=Della | title=Louisiana joins international organization of French-speaking governments | website=NOLA.com | date=13 Oct 2018 | url=https://www.nola.com/news/article_302082ef-9b0e-59de-8583-4e320c5c792a.html}}</ref>
Although [[Algeria]] has one of the largest French-speaking communities in the world, it is not a member of the Organization of the Francophonie.
==Operating agencies==
The International Organization of the Francophonie relies on five operating agencies to carry out its mandate: l’[[Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie]] (AUF); [[TV5Monde]]; l’[[Association Internationale des Maires Francophones]] (AIMF); l'Association des Fonctionnaires Francophones des Organisations Internationales (AFFOI); and l’[[Université Senghor]] d’Alexandrie.<ref>{{cite book |last=Valantin |first=Christian |title=La Francophonie dans le Monde 2006-2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Nathan |url=http://www.20mars.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_hcf_2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622145828/http://20mars.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_hcf_2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-22 }}</ref>
===Association of Francophone Universities (AUF)===
Established in 1961 in [[Montreal]], the [[Association of Francophone Universities]] gathers institutions of higher education and research among the Francophone countries of [[Africa]], the [[Arab world]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Central and Eastern Europe]], and the [[Caribbean]].
Its mission is to contribute to the construction and consolidation of a scientific space in French. It supports the French language, cultural and linguistic diversity, law and democracy, and the environment and [[sustainable development]]. It also provides an important mobility program for the students, the researchers and the professors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Valantin |first=Christian |title=La Francophonie dans le Monde 2006-2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Nathan |url=http://www.20mars.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_hcf_2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622145828/http://20mars.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_hcf_2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-22 }}, ''accessed 5 May 2011.''</ref>
===Assembly of Francophone Civil Servants of International Organisations (AFFOI)===
Established in 2008 in [[The Hague]], the [[Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales]] (AFFOI) gathers international civil servants from all international organisations of the world—such as [[United Nations]], the [[European Commission]] of the [[African Union]]—and coming from the member countries of the Francophonie.<ref name=affoi>{{cite web | url=http://www.affoimonde.org/ | title=Accueil | publisher=affoimonde.org | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref>
Its mission is to support the French language and the linguistic diversity within [[International Organisations]]. Every year the association coordinates the day of French language within International Organisations.<ref name=mfo1e>{{cite web | url=http://mediatheque.francophonie.org/1e-Journee-du-francais-dans-les.html | title=1e Journée du français dans les Organisations internationales | publisher=francophonie.org | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> It also organizes seminaries to increase awareness about the importance of linguistic, cultural and conceptual diversity. The president is the French international civil servant Dominique Hoppe.
===TV5Monde, the French-speaking international television===
[[TV5Monde]] is the first international French language television network, available in many countries. On television and online the audience of TV5Monde has grown rapidly. TV5 is one of the three largest television networks in the world (along with the BBC and CNN), and is considered one of the greatest achievements of the Francophonie.<ref name=tv5monde>{{cite web | url=http://www.tv5monde.com/ | title=Accueil | publisher=TV5MONDE | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> It provides wide access to original television programmes in French, and contributes to the development of the language and French-speaking cultures. It broadcasts the different forms of the French language spoken around the world, with all their accents. It reaches beyond native speakers of French; the majority of those who can receive it and part of its audience comprise viewers for whom French is not the mother tongue. Thanks to subtitles in various languages, it provides access to the Francophonie to non-French speakers - it is translated into 12 languages.<ref>{{cite book|title=La Francophonie dans le Monde... |year=2005|publisher=Larousse}}</ref>
===International Association of French-speaking Mayors===
The International Association of French-speaking Mayors was created in [[Quebec City]] in 1979 on the initiative of [[Jean Pelletier]] and [[Jacques Chirac]], then the respective mayors of Quebec City and [[Paris]]. It is an operating agency for urban development gathering 48 countries or governments. The goal is to establish close cooperation in all areas of municipal activities. Its missions are to strengthen local democracy, building municipal capacities, and to support the populations. The association pursues its actions in the domains of health, culture, youth and education, urban development, training, and municipal infrastructures.<ref name=aimf>{{cite web | url=http://www.aimf.asso.fr/ | title=Accueil | publisher=AIMF | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=igcaaa>{{cite web | url=http://www.international.gc.ca/franco/intergvmt_agencies-agences.aspx | title=Operating agencies | publisher=Government of Canada | access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>
===Senghor University of Alexandria===
{{main|Senghor University}}
The project of creating a French-speaking university in the service of African development was presented and adopted following the [[Dakar]] Summit in 1989. The [[Senghor University]] is a private postgraduate institution that trains managers and high-level trainers in areas that are a priority for development in [[Francophone Africa]].<ref name=suada>{{cite web | url=http://www.usenghor-francophonie.org/Index.html | title=Page d'accueil | publisher=Senghor University of Alexandria | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> It directs the capacities of the managers and trainers to the action and the exercise of responsibilities in certain domains for the development: the project management, the financial institutions, the environment, the nutrition-health and of the cultural heritage. The [[Senghor University]] regularly organizes seminaries to help its students and of the public specialized in the domains of its action, by collaborating with the other operators and the institutions of the Francophonie.<ref>{{cite web|title=Senghor University|url=http://www.usenghor-francophonie.org/propos/mission/presentation.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074858/http://www.usenghor-francophonie.org/propos/mission/presentation.htm|archive-date=22 July 2011|df=dmy-all |access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>
== Missions ==
[[File:Francophonie flag Ottawa.jpg|thumb|The Francophonie flag flying at the [[Parliament of Canada]] in [[Ottawa]].]]
The International Organization of the Francophonie leads political actions and multilateral cooperation according to the missions drawn by the Summits of the Francophonie. The Summits gather the Heads of states and governments of the member countries of the International Organization of the Francophonie where they discuss international politics, world economy, French-speaking cooperation, human rights, education, culture and democracy. Actions of the International Organization of the Francophonie are scheduled over a period of four years and funded by contributions from its members.<ref name=Diversity>{{cite web |title=La voix de la diversité |url=http://www.francophonie.org/-Actions-2-.html |access-date=5 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223235914/http://www.francophonie.org/-Actions-2-.html |archive-date=23 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}, accessed on 5 May 2011.</ref>
The ''Charte de la Francophonie'' defines the role and missions of the organization. The current charter was adopted in [[Antananarivo]], on 23 November 2005. The summit held in [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burkina Faso]] on 26–27 November 2004 saw the adoption of a strategic framework for the period 2004–2014.
The four missions drawn by the Summit of the Francophonie are:
# Promoting French language and cultural and linguistic diversity.
# Promoting peace, democracy and human rights.
# Supporting education, training, higher education and scientific research.
# Expand cooperation for sustainable development.<ref name=Diversity/>
===French language, cultural and linguistic diversity===
The primary mission of the organization is the promotion of the French language as an international language and the promotion of worldwide cultural and linguistic diversity in the era of [[economic globalization]]. In this regard, countries that are members of the Francophonie have contributed largely to the adoption by the [[UNESCO]] of the [[UNESCO: Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions]] (20 October 2005).
At the national level, there is the problem of promoting the French language within the context of its co-existence with other partner or international languages in most member countries, especially in [[Africa]]. Maintaining the relative importance of the status of French is an imperative that requires solidarity and the pooling of means and resources among countries committed to the French language within their respective societies.
The Francophonie has been a pioneer in terms of the recognition of cultural diversity and dialogue of cultures. It must find ways of confronting the trend towards uniformity that accompanies globalization and fostering the preservation and development of cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |url=http://organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/#French_language_cultural_and_linguistic_diversity |access-date=5 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306225316/http://www.organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/#French_language_cultural_and_linguistic_diversity |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Peace, democracy and human rights===
Similar to the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the Francophonie has as its stated aims the promotion of [[democracy]] and [[human rights]]. Following the 3 November 2000 ''Déclaration de Bamako'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.droitshumains.org/Francophonie/Bama_declar.htm |title=Déclaration de Bamako<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=30 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002346/http://www.droitshumains.org/Francophonie/Bama_declar.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Francophonie has given itself the financial means to attain a number of set objectives in that regard.
The Francophonie intends to contribute significantly to promoting peace, democracy and support for the rule of law and human rights by focusing on prevention. Political stability and full rights for all, the subject of the Bamako declaration, are considered key to sustainable development.
The Francophonie has chosen to provide its member countries with access to the expertise of its extensive intergovernmental, institutional, academic and non-governmental network with a view to building national capacities, resolving conflict and providing support for ending crises.<ref name=Programming>{{cite web |title=Programming of the International Organization of la Francophonie |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/franco/programming-programmation.aspx}}, accessed on 5 May 2011.</ref>
In recent years, some participating governments, notably the governments of Canada and Quebec, pushed for the adoption of a Charter in order for the organization to sanction member States that are known to have poor records when it comes to the protection of human rights and the practice of democracy. Such a measure was debated at least twice but was never approved.
===Supporting education, training, higher education and research===
The International Organization of the Francophonie aims at connecting the various peoples using French as a common language through their knowledge. Education, like access to autonomy and information for all, begins with all children having access to a full primary education free of any inequality. It involves an integrated approach of teaching and training from primary to secondary school that will lead to employment. Education policies must also give French an integral place alongside the partner languages. Last, the research potential of French-language academic streams must be promoted.<ref name=Programming/>
===Cooperation for sustainable development===
The Francophonie is committed to working towards sustainable development by supporting the improvement of economic governance, capacity building, cooperation and the search for common positions in major international negotiations.
It's necessary to manage durably the natural resources, particularly the energy and the water, and politics are established to make sure of the conservation of these resources with effective anti-poverty campaigns.<ref>{{cite web |title=La voix de la diversité |url=http://www.francophonie.org/-Pour-le-developpement-durable-.html}}, ''accessed 5 May 2011''.</ref>
In 2013, the [[United Nations Volunteers]] programme received a financial contribution from the Federal Public Service (FPS) Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation of the Kingdom of Belgium for the years 2013 and 2014 to support the outreach to the francophone world and the promotion of volunteerism via its Online Volunteering service.<ref>[https://onlinevolunteering.org/en/org/about/partners.html UNV Online Volunteering service, Partners]</ref>
==Criticism of the Organisation==
===Proliferation of member states and missions===
The membership of the OIF has climbed from 21 in 1970 to 88 member states and territories in 2018. This sharp increase in the number of member states, many of whom have only the remotest connection with the French language and culture, has been a matter of growing concern. In their 1996 study on the francophone space, linguists Daniel Baggioni and Roland Breton pointed out, alluding to the recent applications of Bulgaria and Angola to join the OIF, that only politico-diplomatic criteria could explain these odd extensions of the francophonie.<ref>Cited in [http://www.persee.fr/doc/quad_0987-1381_2006_num_62_1_1707 La « francophonie » : définitions et usages], ''Quaderni'', 2006, volume 62, no. 1, p. 97.</ref> Xavier Deniau, founder of the ''Association des parlementaires de langue française'' (now the Parliamentary assembly) and author of ''La Francophonie'', expressed concern that the enlargement of the OIF to countries where French is practically nonexistent risks diluting the effectiveness of the organisation.<ref>Christian Rioux, "Franco... quoi?", ''Le Devoir'', Montreal, 4 September 1999.</ref> Despite calls for a moratorium on the admission of new members,<ref>For example at the Beyrouth Summit (2002), when Louise Beaudoin, Minister of international relations of Quebec called for tightening the admission criteria to the OIF. Christian Rioux, ''Beyrouth: la démocratie écope'', Le Devoir, Montreal, 17 October 2002.</ref><ref>There had been a consensus at the Kinshasa Summit (2012), that the enlargement of the OIF should be restricted and several members even called for a total stop but they were ignored. Christian Rioux, "Faut-il encore élargir la Francophonie?", Le Devoir, Montreal, 26 November 2016.</ref> each new Sommet de la Francophonie has witnessed the admission of batches of new members that have little, if anything, to do with the French language: Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Dominican Republic, the United Arab Emirates, Estonia and Montenegro in 2010; Qatar and Uruguay in 2012; Mexico, Costa Rica and Kosovo in 2014. On that occasion, the Montreal daily [[Le Devoir]], which reports extensively on the OIF and its summits, remarked that several members of this "merry madhouse" that the OIF had become did not ever recognize Kosovo as a country.<ref>Stéphane Baillargeon, ''Francophonie ou Francofunny?'', Le Devoir, Montreal, 1 December 2014.</ref> The “endless enlargement”<ref>Marie Verdier, "La francophonie en pleine errance", ''La Croix'', Paris, 11 October 2018.</ref> of the Organisation accelerated following the arrival at the head of the OIF of former UN Secretary General Boutros-Ghali who declared early in his term in 1998 that French being in his opinion the language of solidarity, tolerance, respect for the individual, cultural diversity, universality and openness, the OIF needed to open itself to non francophones.<ref>"Cette langue porte les plus beaux mots du monde : la solidarité, la tolérance, le respect de la personne humaine, l’attachement à la diversité des cultures. En étant francophones nous sommes par là même universels et cette universalité nous appelle à beaucoup d’exigence car la francophonie est d’abord une école. L’école de la diversité. J’ai toujours voulu penser le français comme une langue non alignée, comme une langue d’ouverture, comme une langue qui nous donne accès au grand large. C’est pourquoi nous devons aussi nous ouvrir aux non francophones."</ref> The motivation of small and mid-size countries in joining the organisation appears to be a desire to increase their international visibility. In October 2018, the Irish Minister of State for European Affairs explained that Ireland's accession to the OIF with observer status was one of the steps set out in 'Global Ireland', the Government's initiative to double the scope and impact of Ireland's global footprint in the period to 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfa.ie/news-and-media/press-releases/press-release-archive/2018/october/ireland-granted-observer-status-at-the-organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.php|title=October - Ireland granted Observer Status at the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie - Department of Foreign Affairs|website=www.dfa.ie}}</ref>
Following the arrival of Boutros Ghali, the OIF had also seen a steady increase in the number of its missions and priority action areas, — peace and conflict prevention, human rights, democracy, international cooperation, sustainable development, cultural and linguistic diversity, education and training, youth, gender equality, civil society — bringing a fundamental shift from the cultural to the political sphere. Jacques Legendre, the French senate's rapporteur on the Francophonie, expressed his concern that the OIF was becoming "a second-rate duplicate of the General Assembly of the UN".<ref>"un doublon médiocre de l'Assemblée Générale des Nations-Unies", http://www.senat.fr/rap/r16-436/r16-4366.html#toc46</ref> Many actors of the francophone sphere interested in the future of the organisation, including Former French ministers or secretaries of state for the Francophonie such as Pierre-André Wiltzer and Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, have been calling on the OIF to refocus on its fundamentals: language and culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.levif.be/actualite/international/la-francophonie-au-bord-de-la-cacophonie/article-normal-1037567.html|title=La Francophonie au bord de la cacophonie ?|first=Le|last=Vif|date=9 October 2018|website=Site-LeVif-FR}}</ref>
===Disregard for human rights and fundamental freedoms===
Human rights and fundamental freedoms, despite having been declared "categorical imperatives" by Secretary General Boutros-Ghali in 1998, are routinely abused by many members states of the OIF. The deplorable track record of many OIF member states regarding human rights came to the fore during the 1999 Francophonie Summit in Moncton (Canada) when Canadian dailies loudly denounced the Organisation's silence regarding widespread human rights abuses by member states ruled by 'tyrants'. It was pointed out that no less than 35 member states of the OIF had been accused of human rights violations by [[Amnesty International]], while 15 member states were among the countries listed by [[Reporters Without Borders]] as systematically violating freedom of the press. Prime Minister Chrétien and President Chirac felt compelled to declare at the close of the summit that a human rights observatory would be established to tackle the problem.<ref>[http://www.ufctogo.com/La-presse-canadienne-fait-assaut-1397.html La presse canadienne fait assaut de critiques sur la Francophonie] Agence France-Presse, 1 September 1999.</ref><ref>Christian Rioux, "La Franco... quoi?", ''Le Devoir'', 4 September 1999.</ref> Given that during his 12-year tenure, President Chirac, dubbed ''Papa Afrique'' or ''Chirac l'Africain'', had confided more than once that Africa was not ready for multipartism (''l'Afrique n'est pas mûre pour le multipartisme'') and was known for his close relationship with many entrenched African strongmen, calling [[Omar Bongo]] of Gabon, [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] of Togo, [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]] of the Congo, [[Blaise Compaoré]] of Burkina Faso "personal friends",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/info/mort-de-jacques-chirac-l-africain-129554|title=Mort de Jacques Chirac, "l'Africain"|date=21 September 2016|website=TV5MONDE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/les-douze-annees-de-chirac-l-africain-26-09-2019-2337982_3826.php|title=Chirac, l'Africain|first=Quentin|last=Raverdy|date=26 September 2019|website=Le Point}}</ref> nothing came out of this declaration. The French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'' noted at the time that if respect for fundamental freedoms was to become a criterion for membership in the OIF, the organisation would simply cease to exist.<ref>"Si on faisait du respect des libertés fondamentales un critère d'appartenance à l'Organisation de la francophonie, cette dernière cesserait tout simplement d'exister.", S.A., "Francophonie et Libertés", ''Le Monde'', 5–6 September 1999, p. 11.</ref>
French President Macron's surprise announcement in May 2018 that France officially backed the nomination of Louise Mushikiwabo, Rwanda's longtime foreign minister, as the next secretary general of the OIF was seen by many as a setback for the defense and promotion of human rights. An open letter signed by four former French ministers for international cooperation condemned this move, on one hand because it was taken unilaterally by the French president without consultation with the other member states of the organisation, and on the other because it disregarded [[Paul Kagame|President Kagame]]’s lamentable track record on human rights.<ref name="auto"/> "How will the Francophonie be able to promote freedom of the press, as part of its mission of advocating for human rights, if it's headed by one of the key leaders of a country that's trampled on media freedom and repressed journalists for 18 years?" asked Christophe Deloire, secretary general of Reporters Without Borders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181010-france-rwanda-francophonie-macron-mushikiwabo|title=France backs controversial Rwandan candidate to head Francophonie|date=10 October 2018|website=France 24}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Agence de coopération culturelle et technique]]
* [[Minister responsible for La Francophonie (Canada)]]
* [[Jeux de la Francophonie]]
* [[International Francophonie Day]] (''Journée internationale de la Francophonie'')
* [[Conseil international de la langue française]]
* [[French immersion]]
* [[Alliance française]]
* [[Espace Francophone pour la Recherche, le Développement et l'Innovation]]
* [[International Francophonie Day|Journée internationale de la Francophonie (March 20)]]
* [[Francophone]]
* [[French colonial empire]]
* [[Geographical distribution of French speakers]]
* [[African French|French in Africa]]
* [[French India|French in India]]
* [[French in the United States]]
* [[Franco-Canadian relations]]
* [[French America]]
* [[Vietnamese French (dialect)|Vietnamese French]]
* [[Lao French]]
* [[Cambodian French]]
* [[List of countries where French is an official language]]
* [[List of international organisations which have French as an official language]]
* [[List of French possessions and colonies]]
* [[Three Linguistic Spaces]]
{{div col end}}
== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* Glasze, Georg (2007): "The Discursive Constitution of a World-spanning Region and the Role of Empty Signifiers: the Case of Francophonia." In: Geopolitics (12)4: 656–679. (pdf: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130516231359/http://www.geographie.uni-erlangen.de/docs/article/68/ggl_publik_discursiveconstitutionworldspanningregion_091209.pdf Wayback Machine]'')
* Milhaud, Olivier (2006): "Post-Francophonie?". EspacesTemps.net. [http://www.espacestemps.net/en/articles/post-francophonie-en/ Post-Francophonie?]
==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.francophonie.org/English.html}}
* {{in lang|fr}} {{curlie|World/Français/Société/Institutions_et_administrations/Multilatérales/Francophonie}}
* {{in lang|fr|en}} [http://www.MaVieFrancaise.org MaVieFrancaise.org], a social network for Francophiles, Francophones and those learning French (features articles and interviews).
* [http://www.AFFOI.org L'Assemblée des Francophones Fonctionnaires des Organisations Internationales (AFFOI)] is the assembly of French speaking international civil servants.
{{La Francophonie}}
{{International organizations}}
{{Countries and languages lists}}
{{Portal bar|Politics}}
{{coord|48|51|36|N|2|18|12|E|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Organisation Internationale De La Francophonie}}
[[Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie| ]]
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories| ]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Paris]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1970]]
[[Category:United Nations General Assembly observers]]
[[Category:International cultural organizations]]
[[Category:Language advocacy organizations]]
[[Category:Language education organizations]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Intergovernmental organization}}
{{About|the organisation|the quality of speaking French|Francophone}}
{{Redirect|Francosphere|the geography of francophones|Geographical distribution of French speakers|the former French empire|French colonial empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organisation
| name = '''Organisation internationale<br />de la Francophonie'''
| linking_name = La FrancophonieI LOVE FRENCH AND PYP EXHIBITION!
| title = 54 full members <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095424/https://www.francophonie.org/-88-Etats-et-gouvernements-|title=88 États et gouvernements - Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|date=1 November 2018|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Albania}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Andorra}}
| {{flagcountry|Armenia}}
| {{flagcountry|Belgium}}<br /> '''∟''' {{flagicon image|Flag of Wallonia.svg}} [[French Community of Belgium]]
| {{flagcountry|Benin}}
| {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
| {{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}}
| {{flagcountry|Burundi}}
| {{flagcountry|Cambodia}}
| {{flagcountry|Cameroon}}
| {{flagcountry|Canada}}<br /> '''∟''' {{flagicon image|Flag of New Brunswick.svg}} [[New Brunswick]]<br /> '''∟''' {{flagicon image|Flag of Quebec.svg}} [[Quebec]]
| {{flagcountry|Cape Verde}}
| {{flagcountry|Central African Republic}}
| {{flagcountry|Chad}}
| {{flagcountry|Comoros}}
| {{flagcountry|Republic of Congo}}
| {{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of Congo}}
| {{flagcountry|Côte d'Ivoire}}
| {{flagcountry|Djibouti}}
| {{flagcountry|Dominica}}
| {{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}}
| {{flagcountry|Egypt}}
| {{flagcountry|France}}
| {{flagcountry|Gabon}}
| {{flagcountry|Greece}}
| {{flagcountry|Guinea}}
| {{flagcountry|Guinea-Bissau}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Haiti}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Laos}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Lebanon}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Luxembourg}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Madagascar}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Mali}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Mauritania}}
| {{flagcountry|Mauritius}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Moldova}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Monaco}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Morocco}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Niger}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Romania}}
| {{flagcountry|Rwanda}}
| {{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|São Tomé and Príncipe}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Senegal}}
| {{flagcountry|Seychelles}}
| {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Togo}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
| {{flagcountry|Vanuatu}}
| {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}
}}
| admin_center_type = Headquarters
| admin_center = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| languages_type = Official language
| languages = [[French language|French]]
| leader_title1 = Secretary-General
| leader_name1 = [[Louise Mushikiwabo]]
| leader_title2 = [[Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie|APF]] General Secretary
| leader_name2 = [[Jacques Krabal]]
| leader_title3 = [[Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie|APF]] President
| leader_name3 = [[François Paradis]]
| established_event1 = Conference of [[Niamey]]
| established_date1 = 20 March 1970<br />(as [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique|ACCT]])
| established_event2 = Conference of [[Hanoi]]
| established_date2 = 14–16 November 1997<br />(as ''La Francophonie'')
| area_km2 = 28,223,185
| area_sq_mi = 10,897,032.263
| area_rank =
| population_estimate =
| population_estimate_year =
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal =
| GDP_nominal_year =
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| official_website = [http://www.francophonie.org/ francophonie.org]
| footnote_a = Deliberately alluding to [[France]]'s [[Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité|motto]].
}}
{{French language}}
The '''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie''' ('''OIF'''), sometimes shortened to the '''Francophonie''' ({{lang-fr|La Francophonie}} {{IPA-fr|la fʁɑ̃kɔfɔni|}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/francophonie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226155737/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/francophonie|url-status= dead|title=Atlas of Canada: The Francophonie|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>{{NoteTag|[[Francophonie]] is the name of the "French-speaking world".}} but also called '''International Organisation of La Francophonie''' in English language context,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Welcome-to-the-International.html |title=Welcome to the International Organisation of La Francophonie's website |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401162352/http://www.francophonie.org/Welcome-to-the-International.html |archive-date=1 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an international organization representing countries and regions where [[French language|French]] is a [[lingua franca]] or customary language, where a significant proportion of the population are [[francophone]]s (French speakers), or where there is a notable affiliation with [[Culture of France|French culture]].
The organization comprises 88 member states and governments; of these, 54 states and governments are full members, 7 are associate members and 27 are observers. The term ''francophonie'' (with a lowercase "f"), or ''francosphere'' (often capitalized in English), also refers to the global community of French-speaking peoples,<ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/lffr/articles/075/article_642.asp FRANCOPHONIE 18 March 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106212419/http://www.rfi.fr/lffr/articles/075/article_642.asp |date=6 January 2007 }}, ''[[Radio France International]]''.</ref> comprising a network of private and public organizations promoting equal ties among countries where French people or France played a significant historical role, culturally, militarily, or politically.
The modern organisation was created in 1970. Its [[motto]] is ''{{wiktfr|égalité}}, {{wiktfr|complémentarité}}, {{wiktfr|solidarité}}'' ("equality, complementarity, and solidarity"),<ref name="IEPF">[http://www.iepf.org/docs/depang.pdf Brochure: ''L’Institut de l’énergie et de l’environnement de la Francophonie''] ([http://www.iepf.org/ IEPF]). Accessed 22 January 2009.</ref> a deliberate allusion to [[France]]'s motto [[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]. Starting as a small group of French-speaking countries, the Francophonie has since evolved into a global organization whose numerous branches cooperate with its member states in the fields of culture, science, economy, justice, and peace.
== History ==
The [[treaty|convention]] which created the Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation (''[[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]]'') was signed on 20 March 1970 by the representatives of the 21 states and governments under the influence of African Heads of State, [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] of Senegal, [[Habib Bourguiba]] of Tunisia, [[Hamani Diori]] of Niger and Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]] of Cambodia.
Based on the sharing of the French language, the missions of this new intergovernmental organization are the promotion of the cultures of its members and the intensification of the cultural and technical cooperation between them, as well as the solidarity and the connection between them through dialogue.
The Francophonie project ceaselessly evolved since the creation of the Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation, it became the intergovernmental Agency of the Francophonie (''Agence intergouvernementale de la Francophonie'') in 1998 to remind its intergovernmental status. Finally in 2005, the adoption of a new Charter of the Francophonie (''la Charte de la Francophonie'') gives the name to the Agency of international Organisation of the Francophonie (''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie'').<ref name=franceinterm>{{cite web | url=http://sites.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/ev/fiche.php?ev_id=1212 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715061308/http://sites.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/ev/fiche.php?ev_id=1212 | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 July 2012 | title=Journée mondiale de la Francophonie | publisher=France Inter | access-date=5 May 2011 }}</ref>
== Structure ==
===Executive Secretariat (Secretaries-General)===
The position of [[Secretary-General]] was created in 1997 at the seventh leaders' summit held in [[Hanoi]]. Canadian [[Jean-Louis Roy]] was secretary of the ''[[Agence de coopération culturelle et technique]]'' from 1989 until the formal creation of the ''Agence intergouvernementale de la Francophonie'' in 1997 with former [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] as the first [[secretary-general]] of ''La Francophonie''. [[Abdou Diouf]], the former president of the [[Republic of Senegal]], became Secretary General on January 1, 2003. He was reelected on 29 September 2006, for a second mandate during the Summit of the Francophonie of [[Bucharest]], and elected again in 2010 at the Summit of the Francophonie of [[Montreux]] for another mandate which ran until 31 December 2014. At the 2014 summit in [[Dakar]], former [[Governor General of Canada]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] was chosen to lead the organization starting in January 2015.<ref name=npmj>{{cite news | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/11/30/michaelle-jean-elected-as-new-head-of-la-francophonie/ | title=Former governor general Michaëlle Jean to lead la Francophonie | newspaper=National Post | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=torontosunmj>{{cite news | url=http://www.torontosun.com/2014/11/30/canadas-michaelle-jean-chosen-to-lead-organization-of-francophone-states | title=Canada's Michaelle Jean chosen to lead organisation of Francophone states | newspaper=Toronto Sun | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref>
The Secretary General of the Francophonie is elected during the Summit, and serves as the spokesperson and the official representative internationally of the political actions of the Francophonie. The Secretary General is responsible for proposing priority areas for multilateral Francophonie actions. His/her job is to facilitate Francophone multilateral cooperation and to ensure that programs and activities of all operating agencies work in harmony. The Secretary General carries out his/her four-year mandate under the authority of the three main institutions of the Francophonie: the Summits, the Ministerial Conference and the Permanent Council.<ref name=international.gc.ca>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010201045/http://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/francophonie/index.aspx?lang=eng Structure and institutions of La Francophonie]. Accessed 5 May 2011</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=2%| #
! style="width:10%;"| Portrait
! style="width:15%;"| Name
! style="width:12%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Birth
! style="width:12%;"| Death
! style="width:12%;"| Start
! style="width:12%;"| End
! style="width:12%;"| Background
|-
| 1
|[[File:Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]]
| {{flagu|Egypt}}
| 14 November 1922
| {{death date and age|2016|03|16|1922|11|14|df=yes}}
| 16 November 1997
| 31 December 2002
|<small>[[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] (1992–1996), [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt]] (1977, 1978–1979), Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Egypt (1977–1991)</small>
|-
| 2
|[[File:Abdou Diouf.jpg|75px]]
| [[Abdou Diouf]]
| {{flagu|Senegal}}
| 7 September 1935
| ''Living''
| 1 January 2003
| 31 December 2014
|<small>[[List of Presidents of Senegal|President of Senegal]] (1981–2000), [[Prime Minister of Senegal]] (1970–1980)</small>
|-
| 3
|[[File:Michaëlle Jean 1 11072007.jpg|75px]]
| [[Michaëlle Jean]]
| {{flagu|Canada}}
| 6 September 1957
| ''Living''
| 5 January 2015
| 2 January 2019
|<small>[[Governor General of Canada]] (2005–2010)</small>
|-
| 4
|[[File:Louise Mushikiwabo, 2008 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Louise Mushikiwabo]]
| {{flagu|Rwanda}}
| 2 May 1961
| ''Living''
| 3 January 2019
| ''incumbent''
|<small>[[Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Rwanda)|Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Rwanda]] (2009–2018)</small>
|}
===Summits===
[[File:FMLF 2012-3.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.05|Flags of the Francophonie members.]]
The Summit, the highest authority in the Francophonie, is held every two years and gathers the Heads of states and governments of all member countries of the International Organisation of the Francophonie around themes of discussion. It is chaired by the Head of state and government of the host country, and this person assumes that responsibility until the next Summit. By enabling the Heads of state and government to hold a dialogue on all of the international issues of the day, the Summit serves to develop strategies and goals of the Francophonie so as to ensure the organisation's influence on the world scene.<ref>[http://www.moyak.com/papers/history-francophonie.html La Francophonie: History, Structure, Organisation, and Philosophical Underpinnings]. Accessed on 5 May 2011</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!No.!!Country/Region!!City!!Dates||Host
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''I'''</center>||{{flagu|France}}||[[Paris]] ([[Versailles (city)|Versailles]])||17–19 February 1986||President [[François Mitterrand]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Forty-one countries and governments were represented. The conference was an effort to establish ongoing consultations on major issues of the day. It affirmed the role of the French language as a modern tool for progress and intercultural dialogue and sought to convey Francophone solidarity through concrete programs with broad appeal.<ref name=can>{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/franco/francophonie_summits-sommets.aspx?lang=eng |title=Summits of La Francophonie |publisher=International.gc.ca |date=2013-01-18 |access-date=2016-06-18}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''II'''</center>||{{flagu|Quebec}}, Canada||[[Quebec City]]||2–4 September 1987||Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Established areas of cooperation and the strengthening of solidarity among the countries and governments that participated in the Paris Summit. La Francophonie's priority areas were confirmed as agriculture, energy, scientific and technological development, language, communication and culture. The Institute of Energy and Environment of La Francophonie, based in Quebec City, and the Francophone Business Forum, a non-governmental organization of French-speaking business people, were created.<ref name=can/>
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''III'''</center>||{{flagu|Senegal}}||[[Dakar]]||24–26 May 1989||President [[Abdou Diouf]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Meeting agreed to initiatives in education and training, the environment, and legal and judicial cooperation and confirmed the role of the [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] as the principal operating agency and the key instrument of La Francophonie as a multilateral organization. During the summit, French President [[François Mitterrand]] announced the cancellation of the debt of thirty-five African countries to France. The establishment of [[Senghor University]] in Alexandria, Egypt, was also agreed to.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''IV'''</center>||{{flagu|France}}||[[Paris]]||19–21 November 1991||President [[François Mitterrand]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Nearly 50 countries and governments from all five continents attended. The Ministerial Conference of La Francophonie and the Permanent Council of La Francophonie were created, and the role of the ACCT as the secretariat of all of the organization's institutions was confirmed.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''V'''</center>||{{flagu|Mauritius}}||[[Port Louis]]||16–18 October 1993||President [[Veerasamy Ringadoo]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Leaders importance of economic issues, calling for increased cooperation among Francophone business communities.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''VI'''</center>||{{flagu|Benin}}||[[Cotonou, Benin|Cotonou]]||2–4 December 1995||President [[Nicéphore Soglo]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Summit agreed to create the position of Secretary General and transform the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) into the Intergovernmental Agency of La Francophonie (AIF), and to establish the position of chief executive to manage it. Heads of State and Government decided to focus the operating agencies' activities on the five major cooperation programs of La Francophonie: 1) freedom, democracy and development; 2) culture and communications; 3) knowledge and progress; 4) economics and development; and 5) La Francophonie in the world. This summit also underscored the promotion of cultural diversity as more legitimate and necessary than ever, ascribing it a role in promoting peace.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''VII'''</center>||{{flagu|Vietnam}}||[[Hanoi]]||14–16 November 1997||President [[Trần Đức Lương]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Revised Charter was implemented and Boutros Boutros-Ghali was appointed the first secretary general. The summit's main theme was economic cooperation, however the Heads of State and Government also agreed to focus their efforts on peace and conflict prevention in member countries. In addition, they resolved to cooperate with the international community in protecting human rights.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''VIII'''</center>||[[File:Flag of New Brunswick.svg|border|23px]] New Brunswick, Canada ||[[Moncton]]||3–5 September 1999||Prime Minister [[Jean Chrétien]]
|-
|colspan="4"| The summit's main theme was youth. Two secondary themes, the economy and new technologies, were also discussed. In Moncton, the Heads of State and Government also decided to hold three sectoral conferences in preparation for the following summit: 1) a symposium assessing democratic practices, rights and freedoms in the French-speaking world, to be held in Bamako, Mali; 2) a ministerial conference on culture, in Cotonou, Benin; and 3) the first Women of La Francophonie conference, in Luxembourg.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''IX'''</center>||{{flagu|Lebanon}}||[[Beirut]]||18–20 October 2002||President [[Émile Lahoud]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Theme of the summit was Dialogue of Cultures. Issues relating to the Middle East were addressed. The Heads of State and Government made a commitment to implement the Bamako Declaration on democracy, good governance and human rights. The summit also indicated support for UNESCO's cultural diversity principle that entrenches the right of states and governments to maintain, establish and develop policies in support of culture and cultural diversity. Senegal's former president Abdou Diouf was elected Secretary General.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''X'''</center>||{{flagu|Burkina Faso}}||[[Ouagadougou]]||26–27 November 2004||President [[Blaise Compaoré]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Summit theme was "La Francophonie: a Space of Solidarity for Sustainable Development." A ministerial conference on conflict prevention and human security was held concurrently in St. Boniface, Manitoba and adopted the very first ten-year strategic framework for La Francophonie, which henceforth defines its four main missions: 1) promoting the French language and cultural and linguistic diversity; 2) promoting peace, democracy and human rights; 3) supporting education, training, higher education and research; and 4) developing cooperation to ensure sustainable development and solidarity.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XI'''</center>||{{flagu|Romania}}||[[Bucharest]]||28–29 September 2006||President [[Traian Băsescu]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Summit theme was “Information Technologies in Education”. Heads of state and government passed five resolutions on 1) the Global Digital Solidarity Fund; 2) dumping of toxic waste in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; 3) international migration and development; 4) the positioning of a UN force in the Central African Republic; and 5) climate change. The Ministerial Conference of La Francophonie approved a guide on the use of the French language in international organizations. The Secretary General of La Francophonie, Abdou Diouf, was re-elected for a four-year term.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XII'''</center>||{{flagu|Quebec}}, Canada||[[Quebec City]]||17–19 October 2008||Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Held as part of the 400th anniversary celebration of the founding of the city of Québec. The world financial and food crises were discussed and environmental talks were held. Heads of state and government expressed their support for the initiative to hold a global summit on the financial crisis and the reform of the international economic system. They also pointed out that the financial crisis should not overshadow the food crisis and be resolved at the expense of developing countries.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XIII'''</center>||{{flagu|Switzerland}}||[[Montreux]]||22–24 October 2010||President [[Doris Leuthard]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Issues discussed included climate change, food and economic crises, and problems related to biodiversity, water and forests. Montreux Declaration on the vision and future of the Francophonie was agreed calling for the organization to take a role in global governance and to support sustainable development, food security and biodiversity and [[climate change mitigation|combat climate change]] and to also support French language and education. Resolutions were passed on: 1) piracy; 2) counterfeit or expired pharmaceuticals; 3) transborder crime in Africa; 4) terrorism; 5) flood-affected countries; 6) the reconstruction of Haiti; 7) countries in crisis, crisis recovery and peacebuilding; and finally, 8) the 10th anniversary of the Bamako Declaration, entrenching the political role of La Francophonie. The Summit confirmed the re-election of Secretary General Abdou Diouf for a third four-year term.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XIV'''</center>||{{flagu|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}||[[Kinshasa]]||12–14 October 2012||President [[Joseph Kabila]]
|-
|colspan="4"|The theme of the Summit was “La Francophonie, Economic and Environment Issues in the face of Global Governance”. Resolutions were passed on 1) the situation in Mali; 2) the situation in the DRC; 3) piracy in the Gulf of Guinea; 4) good governance of the extractive and forest industries ; and 5) crisis situations, crisis recovery and peacebuilding in La Francophonie.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XV'''</center>||{{flagu|Senegal}}||[[Dakar]]||29–30 November 2014||President [[Macky Sall]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Summit theme was “Women and Youth in La Francophonie: Agents for Peace and Development”. [[Michaëlle Jean]] was elected Secretary-General. Heads of State and Government readdmited [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Madagascar]] and [[Mali]], and to accept emembership applications from Costa Rica, Mexico and Kosovo as observers of La Francophonie. Resolutions were passed on Maternal, Newborn and Child Health; the Ongoing Ebola Virus Epidemic in West Africa and the Risks of It Spreading through the Francophonie; Crisis Situations, Crisis Recovery and Peacebuilding in La Francophonie; Terrorism; the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions; Education and Training of Women and Youth in the Digital Age; Financial and Banking Education; Counterfeit Drugs and Medical Products; and the Promotion of Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States.
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XVI'''</center>||{{flagu|Madagascar}}||[[Antananarivo]]||26–27 November 2016||Prime Minister [[Olivier Solonandrasana]]
|-
|colspan="4"| The theme of the summit was “Shared Growth and Responsible Development: Conditions for Stability Around the World and within the Francophonie". The Summit addressed crisis and consolidation of peace in the Francophone world including questions of security and responding to Daesh [ISIS] and its affiliates in Africa, the promotion of gender equality, the empowerment of women and girls, the prevention of extremism, and the vocational and technical training, energy, the promotion of linguistic diversity, the situation of children, local development, environment, dialogue between cultures as a factor of sustainable development, road safety and the blue economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2016/11/202440/francophonie-summit-welcomes-cop22-outcome/|title=Francophonie Summit Welcomes COP22 Outcome|last=News|first=Morocco World|date=2016-11-27|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> Canadian prime minister [[Justin Trudeau]] raised the issue of [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-madagascar-francophonie-summit-1.3862581 |title=Trudeau visits Madagascar for la Francophonie summit of French-speaking nations |last= Crawford|first=Alison |date=25 November 2016 |website= www.cbc.ca|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/11/22/trudeau-to-discuss-lgbtq-rights-at-la-francophonie-summit-in-madagascar.html|title=Trudeau to discuss LGBTQ rights at la Francophonie summit in Madagascar {{!}} The Star|website=thestar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> The Canadian province of [[Ontario]] was granted observer status in the organisation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/la-francophonie-observer-status-1.3869354|title= La Francophonie grants observer status to Ontario|date= 26 November 2016|website= www.cbc.ca|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XVII'''</center>||{{flagu|Armenia}}||[[Yerevan]]||11–12 October 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.am/en/speeches/item/2018/03/20/fm_APF_speech/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142130/http://www.mfa.am/en/speeches/item/2018/03/20/fm_APF_speech/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>||Prime Minister [[Nikol Pashinyan]]
|-
|colspan="4"| Michaëlle Jean sought a second four-year term as Secretary-General but was defeated by [[Rwanda]]n foreign minister [[Louise Mushikiwabo]], who was [[Emmanuel Macron|President Macron]]'s personal choice. This unilateral decision by the French President was strongly criticized by four former French cabinet members responsible for the francophonie dossier who also criticized the deplorable human rights record of Rwanda under [[Paul Kagame]] and Mushikiwabo.<ref name="auto">[https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2018/09/13/louise-mushikiwabo-n-a-pas-sa-place-a-la-tete-de-la-francophonie_5354276_3232.html? "Louise Mushikiwabo n’a pas sa place à la tête de la Francophonie"] ''Le Monde'', 13 September 2018.</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]] withdrew its application for observer status after its bid was opposed due to criticisms of the lack of [[human rights]] in the country and concerns over the disappearance of journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181011-francophonie-summit-saudi-arabia-withdraw|title=Saudi Arabia withdraws bid to join Francophonie group|date=2018-10-11|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> while [[Ghana]] was promoted from associate to full membership.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-joins-la-francophonie.html|title=Ghana joins La Francophonie|website=www.graphic.com.gh|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> The American state of [[Louisiana]] was granted observer status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nola.com/news/article_302082ef-9b0e-59de-8583-4e320c5c792a.html|title=Louisiana joins international organization of French-speaking governments|first=DELLA HASSELLE |last=dhasselle@theadvocate.com|website=NOLA.com}}</ref> The summit adopted declarations on the organisation's budget, equality between men and women, and other issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/13/c_137528815.htm|title=La Francophonie summit closes in Yerevan - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center>'''XVIII'''</center>||{{flagu|Tunisia}}||[[Djerba]]|| December 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.francophonie.org/report-du-xviiie-sommet-de-la-francophonie-1345|title=Réport du XVIII Sommet de la Franphonie|website=www.francophonie.org|language=fr|access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref>||Prime Minister [[Hichem Mechichi]]
|}
===Ministerial Conference===
The Ministerial Conference of the Francophonie gathers the foreign or francophone affairs ministers of member states and governments every year to ensure the political continuity of the Summit. This conference ensures that the decisions made during the previous Summits are carried out and to plan the next Summit. It also recommends new members and observers to the Summit.<ref name=international.gc.ca/>
===Permanent Council===
The Permanent Council of the Francophonie gathers the [[Ambassador (diplomacy)|Ambassadors]] of the member countries, chaired by the General Secretary of the Francophonie and under the authority of the Ministerial Conference, its main task is to plan Summits. This conference also supervises the execution of the Summit decisions made by the ministerial conferences on a day-to-day basis, about the examination of the propositions of the budget distribution.<ref name=international.gc.ca/>
===Parliamentary Assembly===
The objectives of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Francophonie are to represent to the French-speaking authorities, the interests of the French-speaking communities, to promote the democracy, the rule of law and the respect of human rights. Furthermore, it follows the execution by the operators of the Francophonie of action plans elaborated by the Conference of the members using French as a common language It also favours the cooperation and strengthens the solidarity within the French-speaking communities, mainly towards the parliaments of the South. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Francophonie is constituted by member sections representing 77 parliaments or interparliamentary organizations. The Secretary General is the French senator [[Jacques Legendre (French politician)|Jacques Legendre]].<ref name=international.gc.ca/>
===Agency of the Francophonie===
The Agency of the Francophonie is the main operator of the cultural, scientific, technical, economic and legal cooperation programs decided at the Summits. It is also the legal seat of the Secretary General and is used by him as an administrative support. The agency also contributes to the development of the French language and to the promotion of the diverse languages and cultures of its members, while encouraging mutual understanding between them and the Francophonie. For this reason, it is a place of exchange and dialogue and its simultaneous in Francophone countries.
The Agency's headquarters are in Paris and it has three regional branches in [[Libreville]], [[Gabon]]; [[Lomé]], [[Togo]]; and [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]].<ref>[http://organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/ Organisation internationale de la Francophonie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306225316/http://www.organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/ |date=6 March 2016 }}''Accessed 05 May 2011.''</ref>
== Members ==
{{See also|Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}
[[File:Map-Francophonie organisation en.svg|thumb|upright=3.4|center|Members of and participants in the Francophonie. In addition to countries, [[Belgium|Belgian]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] subdivisional memberships are also represented, in dark blue.]]
[[Mauritania]]'s membership was suspended on 26 August 2008, pending democratic elections, after a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]].<ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/104/article_71669.asp "L’OIF suspend la Mauritanie"], Radio France Internationale, 27 August 2008</ref> [[Madagascar]]'s membership was suspended in April 2009 due to an unconstitutional transfer of power on 17 March 2009.<ref name=franmadagascar>{{cite web | url=http://www.francophonie.org/Madagascar.html | title=Madagascar | publisher=francophonie.org | access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> Mali's membership was also suspended in March 2012<ref name=franmali>{{cite web | url=http://www.francophonie.org/Mali.html | title=Mali | publisher=francophonie.org | access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> due to a [[2012 Malian coup d'état|coup d'état]], and then the [[Central African Republic]] was suspended for instances of la Francophonie at the 88th session of the CPF (March 2012), as well as [[Guinea-Bissau]] on 18 April 2012<ref>[http://www.francophonie.org/Guinee-Bissau.html Organisation internationale de la Francophonie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403162238/http://www.francophonie.org/Guinee-Bissau.html |date=3 April 2015 }}. Francophonie.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> for the [[2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état|same reason]]. Thailand, an observer nation, was suspended in 2014 following the [[2013–14 Thai political crisis|2013–14 political crisis]].<ref>{{cite news|title=L’Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) suspend la Thaïlande et réintègre la Guinée-Bissau dans ses instances|url=http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/communique_12_cpf_27-06-2014.pdf|access-date=29 September 2015|publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|date=27 June 2014}}</ref> In 2018, [[Louisiana]] became the first US state to join, as an observer.<ref name="Hasselle 2018">{{cite web | last=Hasselle | first=Della | title=Louisiana joins international organization of French-speaking governments | website=NOLA.com | date=13 Oct 2018 | url=https://www.nola.com/news/article_302082ef-9b0e-59de-8583-4e320c5c792a.html}}</ref>
Although [[Algeria]] has one of the largest French-speaking communities in the world, it is not a member of the Organization of the Francophonie.
==Operating agencies==
The International Organization of the Francophonie relies on five operating agencies to carry out its mandate: l’[[Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie]] (AUF); [[TV5Monde]]; l’[[Association Internationale des Maires Francophones]] (AIMF); l'Association des Fonctionnaires Francophones des Organisations Internationales (AFFOI); and l’[[Université Senghor]] d’Alexandrie.<ref>{{cite book |last=Valantin |first=Christian |title=La Francophonie dans le Monde 2006-2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Nathan |url=http://www.20mars.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_hcf_2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622145828/http://20mars.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_hcf_2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-22 }}</ref>
===Association of Francophone Universities (AUF)===
Established in 1961 in [[Montreal]], the [[Association of Francophone Universities]] gathers institutions of higher education and research among the Francophone countries of [[Africa]], the [[Arab world]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Central and Eastern Europe]], and the [[Caribbean]].
Its mission is to contribute to the construction and consolidation of a scientific space in French. It supports the French language, cultural and linguistic diversity, law and democracy, and the environment and [[sustainable development]]. It also provides an important mobility program for the students, the researchers and the professors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Valantin |first=Christian |title=La Francophonie dans le Monde 2006-2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Nathan |url=http://www.20mars.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_hcf_2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622145828/http://20mars.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_hcf_2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-22 }}, ''accessed 5 May 2011.''</ref>
===Assembly of Francophone Civil Servants of International Organisations (AFFOI)===
Established in 2008 in [[The Hague]], the [[Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales]] (AFFOI) gathers international civil servants from all international organisations of the world—such as [[United Nations]], the [[European Commission]] of the [[African Union]]—and coming from the member countries of the Francophonie.<ref name=affoi>{{cite web | url=http://www.affoimonde.org/ | title=Accueil | publisher=affoimonde.org | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref>
Its mission is to support the French language and the linguistic diversity within [[International Organisations]]. Every year the association coordinates the day of French language within International Organisations.<ref name=mfo1e>{{cite web | url=http://mediatheque.francophonie.org/1e-Journee-du-francais-dans-les.html | title=1e Journée du français dans les Organisations internationales | publisher=francophonie.org | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> It also organizes seminaries to increase awareness about the importance of linguistic, cultural and conceptual diversity. The president is the French international civil servant Dominique Hoppe.
===TV5Monde, the French-speaking international television===
[[TV5Monde]] is the first international French language television network, available in many countries. On television and online the audience of TV5Monde has grown rapidly. TV5 is one of the three largest television networks in the world (along with the BBC and CNN), and is considered one of the greatest achievements of the Francophonie.<ref name=tv5monde>{{cite web | url=http://www.tv5monde.com/ | title=Accueil | publisher=TV5MONDE | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> It provides wide access to original television programmes in French, and contributes to the development of the language and French-speaking cultures. It broadcasts the different forms of the French language spoken around the world, with all their accents. It reaches beyond native speakers of French; the majority of those who can receive it and part of its audience comprise viewers for whom French is not the mother tongue. Thanks to subtitles in various languages, it provides access to the Francophonie to non-French speakers - it is translated into 12 languages.<ref>{{cite book|title=La Francophonie dans le Monde... |year=2005|publisher=Larousse}}</ref>
===International Association of French-speaking Mayors===
The International Association of French-speaking Mayors was created in [[Quebec City]] in 1979 on the initiative of [[Jean Pelletier]] and [[Jacques Chirac]], then the respective mayors of Quebec City and [[Paris]]. It is an operating agency for urban development gathering 48 countries or governments. The goal is to establish close cooperation in all areas of municipal activities. Its missions are to strengthen local democracy, building municipal capacities, and to support the populations. The association pursues its actions in the domains of health, culture, youth and education, urban development, training, and municipal infrastructures.<ref name=aimf>{{cite web | url=http://www.aimf.asso.fr/ | title=Accueil | publisher=AIMF | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=igcaaa>{{cite web | url=http://www.international.gc.ca/franco/intergvmt_agencies-agences.aspx | title=Operating agencies | publisher=Government of Canada | access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>
===Senghor University of Alexandria===
{{main|Senghor University}}
The project of creating a French-speaking university in the service of African development was presented and adopted following the [[Dakar]] Summit in 1989. The [[Senghor University]] is a private postgraduate institution that trains managers and high-level trainers in areas that are a priority for development in [[Francophone Africa]].<ref name=suada>{{cite web | url=http://www.usenghor-francophonie.org/Index.html | title=Page d'accueil | publisher=Senghor University of Alexandria | access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> It directs the capacities of the managers and trainers to the action and the exercise of responsibilities in certain domains for the development: the project management, the financial institutions, the environment, the nutrition-health and of the cultural heritage. The [[Senghor University]] regularly organizes seminaries to help its students and of the public specialized in the domains of its action, by collaborating with the other operators and the institutions of the Francophonie.<ref>{{cite web|title=Senghor University|url=http://www.usenghor-francophonie.org/propos/mission/presentation.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074858/http://www.usenghor-francophonie.org/propos/mission/presentation.htm|archive-date=22 July 2011|df=dmy-all |access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>
== Missions ==
[[File:Francophonie flag Ottawa.jpg|thumb|The Francophonie flag flying at the [[Parliament of Canada]] in [[Ottawa]].]]
The International Organization of the Francophonie leads political actions and multilateral cooperation according to the missions drawn by the Summits of the Francophonie. The Summits gather the Heads of states and governments of the member countries of the International Organization of the Francophonie where they discuss international politics, world economy, French-speaking cooperation, human rights, education, culture and democracy. Actions of the International Organization of the Francophonie are scheduled over a period of four years and funded by contributions from its members.<ref name=Diversity>{{cite web |title=La voix de la diversité |url=http://www.francophonie.org/-Actions-2-.html |access-date=5 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223235914/http://www.francophonie.org/-Actions-2-.html |archive-date=23 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}, accessed on 5 May 2011.</ref>
The ''Charte de la Francophonie'' defines the role and missions of the organization. The current charter was adopted in [[Antananarivo]], on 23 November 2005. The summit held in [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burkina Faso]] on 26–27 November 2004 saw the adoption of a strategic framework for the period 2004–2014.
The four missions drawn by the Summit of the Francophonie are:
# Promoting French language and cultural and linguistic diversity.
# Promoting peace, democracy and human rights.
# Supporting education, training, higher education and scientific research.
# Expand cooperation for sustainable development.<ref name=Diversity/>
===French language, cultural and linguistic diversity===
The primary mission of the organization is the promotion of the French language as an international language and the promotion of worldwide cultural and linguistic diversity in the era of [[economic globalization]]. In this regard, countries that are members of the Francophonie have contributed largely to the adoption by the [[UNESCO]] of the [[UNESCO: Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions]] (20 October 2005).
At the national level, there is the problem of promoting the French language within the context of its co-existence with other partner or international languages in most member countries, especially in [[Africa]]. Maintaining the relative importance of the status of French is an imperative that requires solidarity and the pooling of means and resources among countries committed to the French language within their respective societies.
The Francophonie has been a pioneer in terms of the recognition of cultural diversity and dialogue of cultures. It must find ways of confronting the trend towards uniformity that accompanies globalization and fostering the preservation and development of cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |url=http://organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/#French_language_cultural_and_linguistic_diversity |access-date=5 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306225316/http://www.organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/#French_language_cultural_and_linguistic_diversity |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Peace, democracy and human rights===
Similar to the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the Francophonie has as its stated aims the promotion of [[democracy]] and [[human rights]]. Following the 3 November 2000 ''Déclaration de Bamako'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.droitshumains.org/Francophonie/Bama_declar.htm |title=Déclaration de Bamako<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=30 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002346/http://www.droitshumains.org/Francophonie/Bama_declar.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Francophonie has given itself the financial means to attain a number of set objectives in that regard.
The Francophonie intends to contribute significantly to promoting peace, democracy and support for the rule of law and human rights by focusing on prevention. Political stability and full rights for all, the subject of the Bamako declaration, are considered key to sustainable development.
The Francophonie has chosen to provide its member countries with access to the expertise of its extensive intergovernmental, institutional, academic and non-governmental network with a view to building national capacities, resolving conflict and providing support for ending crises.<ref name=Programming>{{cite web |title=Programming of the International Organization of la Francophonie |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/franco/programming-programmation.aspx}}, accessed on 5 May 2011.</ref>
In recent years, some participating governments, notably the governments of Canada and Quebec, pushed for the adoption of a Charter in order for the organization to sanction member States that are known to have poor records when it comes to the protection of human rights and the practice of democracy. Such a measure was debated at least twice but was never approved.
===Supporting education, training, higher education and research===
The International Organization of the Francophonie aims at connecting the various peoples using French as a common language through their knowledge. Education, like access to autonomy and information for all, begins with all children having access to a full primary education free of any inequality. It involves an integrated approach of teaching and training from primary to secondary school that will lead to employment. Education policies must also give French an integral place alongside the partner languages. Last, the research potential of French-language academic streams must be promoted.<ref name=Programming/>
===Cooperation for sustainable development===
The Francophonie is committed to working towards sustainable development by supporting the improvement of economic governance, capacity building, cooperation and the search for common positions in major international negotiations.
It's necessary to manage durably the natural resources, particularly the energy and the water, and politics are established to make sure of the conservation of these resources with effective anti-poverty campaigns.<ref>{{cite web |title=La voix de la diversité |url=http://www.francophonie.org/-Pour-le-developpement-durable-.html}}, ''accessed 5 May 2011''.</ref>
In 2013, the [[United Nations Volunteers]] programme received a financial contribution from the Federal Public Service (FPS) Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation of the Kingdom of Belgium for the years 2013 and 2014 to support the outreach to the francophone world and the promotion of volunteerism via its Online Volunteering service.<ref>[https://onlinevolunteering.org/en/org/about/partners.html UNV Online Volunteering service, Partners]</ref>
==Criticism of the Organisation==
===Proliferation of member states and missions===
The membership of the OIF has climbed from 21 in 1970 to 88 member states and territories in 2018. This sharp increase in the number of member states, many of whom have only the remotest connection with the French language and culture, has been a matter of growing concern. In their 1996 study on the francophone space, linguists Daniel Baggioni and Roland Breton pointed out, alluding to the recent applications of Bulgaria and Angola to join the OIF, that only politico-diplomatic criteria could explain these odd extensions of the francophonie.<ref>Cited in [http://www.persee.fr/doc/quad_0987-1381_2006_num_62_1_1707 La « francophonie » : définitions et usages], ''Quaderni'', 2006, volume 62, no. 1, p. 97.</ref> Xavier Deniau, founder of the ''Association des parlementaires de langue française'' (now the Parliamentary assembly) and author of ''La Francophonie'', expressed concern that the enlargement of the OIF to countries where French is practically nonexistent risks diluting the effectiveness of the organisation.<ref>Christian Rioux, "Franco... quoi?", ''Le Devoir'', Montreal, 4 September 1999.</ref> Despite calls for a moratorium on the admission of new members,<ref>For example at the Beyrouth Summit (2002), when Louise Beaudoin, Minister of international relations of Quebec called for tightening the admission criteria to the OIF. Christian Rioux, ''Beyrouth: la démocratie écope'', Le Devoir, Montreal, 17 October 2002.</ref><ref>There had been a consensus at the Kinshasa Summit (2012), that the enlargement of the OIF should be restricted and several members even called for a total stop but they were ignored. Christian Rioux, "Faut-il encore élargir la Francophonie?", Le Devoir, Montreal, 26 November 2016.</ref> each new Sommet de la Francophonie has witnessed the admission of batches of new members that have little, if anything, to do with the French language: Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Dominican Republic, the United Arab Emirates, Estonia and Montenegro in 2010; Qatar and Uruguay in 2012; Mexico, Costa Rica and Kosovo in 2014. On that occasion, the Montreal daily [[Le Devoir]], which reports extensively on the OIF and its summits, remarked that several members of this "merry madhouse" that the OIF had become did not ever recognize Kosovo as a country.<ref>Stéphane Baillargeon, ''Francophonie ou Francofunny?'', Le Devoir, Montreal, 1 December 2014.</ref> The “endless enlargement”<ref>Marie Verdier, "La francophonie en pleine errance", ''La Croix'', Paris, 11 October 2018.</ref> of the Organisation accelerated following the arrival at the head of the OIF of former UN Secretary General Boutros-Ghali who declared early in his term in 1998 that French being in his opinion the language of solidarity, tolerance, respect for the individual, cultural diversity, universality and openness, the OIF needed to open itself to non francophones.<ref>"Cette langue porte les plus beaux mots du monde : la solidarité, la tolérance, le respect de la personne humaine, l’attachement à la diversité des cultures. En étant francophones nous sommes par là même universels et cette universalité nous appelle à beaucoup d’exigence car la francophonie est d’abord une école. L’école de la diversité. J’ai toujours voulu penser le français comme une langue non alignée, comme une langue d’ouverture, comme une langue qui nous donne accès au grand large. C’est pourquoi nous devons aussi nous ouvrir aux non francophones."</ref> The motivation of small and mid-size countries in joining the organisation appears to be a desire to increase their international visibility. In October 2018, the Irish Minister of State for European Affairs explained that Ireland's accession to the OIF with observer status was one of the steps set out in 'Global Ireland', the Government's initiative to double the scope and impact of Ireland's global footprint in the period to 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfa.ie/news-and-media/press-releases/press-release-archive/2018/october/ireland-granted-observer-status-at-the-organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.php|title=October - Ireland granted Observer Status at the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie - Department of Foreign Affairs|website=www.dfa.ie}}</ref>
Following the arrival of Boutros Ghali, the OIF had also seen a steady increase in the number of its missions and priority action areas, — peace and conflict prevention, human rights, democracy, international cooperation, sustainable development, cultural and linguistic diversity, education and training, youth, gender equality, civil society — bringing a fundamental shift from the cultural to the political sphere. Jacques Legendre, the French senate's rapporteur on the Francophonie, expressed his concern that the OIF was becoming "a second-rate duplicate of the General Assembly of the UN".<ref>"un doublon médiocre de l'Assemblée Générale des Nations-Unies", http://www.senat.fr/rap/r16-436/r16-4366.html#toc46</ref> Many actors of the francophone sphere interested in the future of the organisation, including Former French ministers or secretaries of state for the Francophonie such as Pierre-André Wiltzer and Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, have been calling on the OIF to refocus on its fundamentals: language and culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.levif.be/actualite/international/la-francophonie-au-bord-de-la-cacophonie/article-normal-1037567.html|title=La Francophonie au bord de la cacophonie ?|first=Le|last=Vif|date=9 October 2018|website=Site-LeVif-FR}}</ref>
===Disregard for human rights and fundamental freedoms===
Human rights and fundamental freedoms, despite having been declared "categorical imperatives" by Secretary General Boutros-Ghali in 1998, are routinely abused by many members states of the OIF. The deplorable track record of many OIF member states regarding human rights came to the fore during the 1999 Francophonie Summit in Moncton (Canada) when Canadian dailies loudly denounced the Organisation's silence regarding widespread human rights abuses by member states ruled by 'tyrants'. It was pointed out that no less than 35 member states of the OIF had been accused of human rights violations by [[Amnesty International]], while 15 member states were among the countries listed by [[Reporters Without Borders]] as systematically violating freedom of the press. Prime Minister Chrétien and President Chirac felt compelled to declare at the close of the summit that a human rights observatory would be established to tackle the problem.<ref>[http://www.ufctogo.com/La-presse-canadienne-fait-assaut-1397.html La presse canadienne fait assaut de critiques sur la Francophonie] Agence France-Presse, 1 September 1999.</ref><ref>Christian Rioux, "La Franco... quoi?", ''Le Devoir'', 4 September 1999.</ref> Given that during his 12-year tenure, President Chirac, dubbed ''Papa Afrique'' or ''Chirac l'Africain'', had confided more than once that Africa was not ready for multipartism (''l'Afrique n'est pas mûre pour le multipartisme'') and was known for his close relationship with many entrenched African strongmen, calling [[Omar Bongo]] of Gabon, [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] of Togo, [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]] of the Congo, [[Blaise Compaoré]] of Burkina Faso "personal friends",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/info/mort-de-jacques-chirac-l-africain-129554|title=Mort de Jacques Chirac, "l'Africain"|date=21 September 2016|website=TV5MONDE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/les-douze-annees-de-chirac-l-africain-26-09-2019-2337982_3826.php|title=Chirac, l'Africain|first=Quentin|last=Raverdy|date=26 September 2019|website=Le Point}}</ref> nothing came out of this declaration. The French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'' noted at the time that if respect for fundamental freedoms was to become a criterion for membership in the OIF, the organisation would simply cease to exist.<ref>"Si on faisait du respect des libertés fondamentales un critère d'appartenance à l'Organisation de la francophonie, cette dernière cesserait tout simplement d'exister.", S.A., "Francophonie et Libertés", ''Le Monde'', 5–6 September 1999, p. 11.</ref>
French President Macron's surprise announcement in May 2018 that France officially backed the nomination of Louise Mushikiwabo, Rwanda's longtime foreign minister, as the next secretary general of the OIF was seen by many as a setback for the defense and promotion of human rights. An open letter signed by four former French ministers for international cooperation condemned this move, on one hand because it was taken unilaterally by the French president without consultation with the other member states of the organisation, and on the other because it disregarded [[Paul Kagame|President Kagame]]’s lamentable track record on human rights.<ref name="auto"/> "How will the Francophonie be able to promote freedom of the press, as part of its mission of advocating for human rights, if it's headed by one of the key leaders of a country that's trampled on media freedom and repressed journalists for 18 years?" asked Christophe Deloire, secretary general of Reporters Without Borders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181010-france-rwanda-francophonie-macron-mushikiwabo|title=France backs controversial Rwandan candidate to head Francophonie|date=10 October 2018|website=France 24}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Agence de coopération culturelle et technique]]
* [[Minister responsible for La Francophonie (Canada)]]
* [[Jeux de la Francophonie]]
* [[International Francophonie Day]] (''Journée internationale de la Francophonie'')
* [[Conseil international de la langue française]]
* [[French immersion]]
* [[Alliance française]]
* [[Espace Francophone pour la Recherche, le Développement et l'Innovation]]
* [[International Francophonie Day|Journée internationale de la Francophonie (March 20)]]
* [[Francophone]]
* [[French colonial empire]]
* [[Geographical distribution of French speakers]]
* [[African French|French in Africa]]
* [[French India|French in India]]
* [[French in the United States]]
* [[Franco-Canadian relations]]
* [[French America]]
* [[Vietnamese French (dialect)|Vietnamese French]]
* [[Lao French]]
* [[Cambodian French]]
* [[List of countries where French is an official language]]
* [[List of international organisations which have French as an official language]]
* [[List of French possessions and colonies]]
* [[Three Linguistic Spaces]]
{{div col end}}
== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* Glasze, Georg (2007): "The Discursive Constitution of a World-spanning Region and the Role of Empty Signifiers: the Case of Francophonia." In: Geopolitics (12)4: 656–679. (pdf: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130516231359/http://www.geographie.uni-erlangen.de/docs/article/68/ggl_publik_discursiveconstitutionworldspanningregion_091209.pdf Wayback Machine]'')
* Milhaud, Olivier (2006): "Post-Francophonie?". EspacesTemps.net. [http://www.espacestemps.net/en/articles/post-francophonie-en/ Post-Francophonie?]
==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.francophonie.org/English.html}}
* {{in lang|fr}} {{curlie|World/Français/Société/Institutions_et_administrations/Multilatérales/Francophonie}}
* {{in lang|fr|en}} [http://www.MaVieFrancaise.org MaVieFrancaise.org], a social network for Francophiles, Francophones and those learning French (features articles and interviews).
* [http://www.AFFOI.org L'Assemblée des Francophones Fonctionnaires des Organisations Internationales (AFFOI)] is the assembly of French speaking international civil servants.
{{La Francophonie}}
{{International organizations}}
{{Countries and languages lists}}
{{Portal bar|Politics}}
{{coord|48|51|36|N|2|18|12|E|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Organisation Internationale De La Francophonie}}
[[Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie| ]]
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories| ]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Paris]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1970]]
[[Category:United Nations General Assembly observers]]
[[Category:International cultural organizations]]
[[Category:Language advocacy organizations]]
[[Category:Language education organizations]]' |
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29 => 'http://www.international.gc.ca/franco/intergvmt_agencies-agences.aspx',
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32 => 'http://www.moyak.com/papers/history-francophonie.html',
33 => 'http://www.persee.fr/doc/quad_0987-1381_2006_num_62_1_1707',
34 => 'http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/104/article_71669.asp',
35 => 'http://www.rfi.fr/lffr/articles/075/article_642.asp',
36 => 'http://www.senat.fr/rap/r16-436/r16-4366.html#toc46',
37 => 'http://www.torontosun.com/2014/11/30/canadas-michaelle-jean-chosen-to-lead-organization-of-francophone-states',
38 => 'http://www.tv5monde.com/',
39 => 'http://www.ufctogo.com/La-presse-canadienne-fait-assaut-1397.html',
40 => 'http://www.usenghor-francophonie.org/Index.html',
41 => 'http://www.usenghor-francophonie.org/propos/mission/presentation.htm',
42 => 'http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/13/c_137528815.htm',
43 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2012681992&CON_LNG=ENG',
44 => 'https://archive.today/20120715061308/http://sites.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/ev/fiche.php?ev_id=1212',
45 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150506623',
46 => 'https://curlie.org/World/Fran%C3%A7ais/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/Institutions_et_administrations/Multilat%C3%A9rales/Francophonie',
47 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150506623',
48 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr2003020990',
49 => 'https://information.tv5monde.com/info/mort-de-jacques-chirac-l-africain-129554',
50 => 'https://isni.org/isni/0000000123643090',
51 => 'https://onlinevolunteering.org/en/org/about/partners.html',
52 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/146363601',
53 => 'https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010201045/http://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/francophonie/index.aspx?lang=eng',
54 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070106212419/http://www.rfi.fr/lffr/articles/075/article_642.asp',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070622145828/http://20mars.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_hcf_2007.pdf',
56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002346/http://www.droitshumains.org/Francophonie/Bama_declar.htm',
57 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110223235914/http://www.francophonie.org/-Actions-2-.html',
58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074858/http://www.usenghor-francophonie.org/propos/mission/presentation.htm',
59 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130516231359/http://www.geographie.uni-erlangen.de/docs/article/68/ggl_publik_discursiveconstitutionworldspanningregion_091209.pdf',
60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140226155737/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/francophonie',
61 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140401162352/http://www.francophonie.org/Welcome-to-the-International.html',
62 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150403162238/http://www.francophonie.org/Guinee-Bissau.html',
63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160306225316/http://www.organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160306225316/http://www.organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/#French_language_cultural_and_linguistic_diversity',
65 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142130/http://www.mfa.am/en/speeches/item/2018/03/20/fm_APF_speech/',
66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095424/https://www.francophonie.org/-88-Etats-et-gouvernements-',
67 => 'https://www.dfa.ie/news-and-media/press-releases/press-release-archive/2018/october/ireland-granted-observer-status-at-the-organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.php',
68 => 'https://www.france24.com/en/20181010-france-rwanda-francophonie-macron-mushikiwabo',
69 => 'https://www.france24.com/en/20181011-francophonie-summit-saudi-arabia-withdraw',
70 => 'https://www.francophonie.org/report-du-xviiie-sommet-de-la-francophonie-1345',
71 => 'https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-joins-la-francophonie.html',
72 => 'https://www.idref.fr/061412953',
73 => 'https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2018/09/13/louise-mushikiwabo-n-a-pas-sa-place-a-la-tete-de-la-francophonie_5354276_3232.html?',
74 => 'https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/les-douze-annees-de-chirac-l-africain-26-09-2019-2337982_3826.php',
75 => 'https://www.levif.be/actualite/international/la-francophonie-au-bord-de-la-cacophonie/article-normal-1037567.html',
76 => 'https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2016/11/202440/francophonie-summit-welcomes-cop22-outcome/',
77 => 'https://www.nola.com/news/article_302082ef-9b0e-59de-8583-4e320c5c792a.html',
78 => 'https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/11/22/trudeau-to-discuss-lgbtq-rights-at-la-francophonie-summit-in-madagascar.html',
79 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134102#identifiers',
80 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-nr2003020990'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intergovernmental organization</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the organisation. For the quality of speaking French, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Francosphere" redirects here. For the geography of francophones, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">Geographical distribution of French speakers</a>. For the former French empire, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name"><b>Organisation internationale<br />de la Francophonie</b></div></div></th></tr></tbody></table>
<p>| admin_center_type = Headquarters
| admin_center = <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>
| languages_type = Official language
| languages = <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>
| leader_title1 = Secretary-General
| leader_name1 = <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louise_Mushikiwabo" title="Louise Mushikiwabo">Louise Mushikiwabo</a>
| leader_title2 = <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">APF</a> General Secretary
| leader_name2 = <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Krabal" title="Jacques Krabal">Jacques Krabal</a>
| leader_title3 = <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">APF</a> President
| leader_name3 = <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Paradis" title="François Paradis">François Paradis</a>
| established_event1 = Conference of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>
| established_date1 = 20 March 1970<br />(as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">ACCT</a>)
| established_event2 = Conference of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>
| established_date2 = 14–16 November 1997<br />(as <i>La Francophonie</i>)
| area_km2 = 28,223,185
| area_sq_mi = 10,897,032.263
| area_rank =
| population_estimate =
| population_estimate_year =
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal =
| GDP_nominal_year =
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| official_website = <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francophonie.org/">francophonie.org</a>
| footnote_a = Deliberately alluding to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%89galit%C3%A9,_Fraternit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité">motto</a>.
}}
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1013635363">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-wraplinks a{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding-bottom:0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding-top:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.4em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-navbar{padding-top:0.6em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile plainlist" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie"><img alt="Flag of La Francophonie.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/100px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/150px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/200px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:French_language" title="Category:French language">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialects_of_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of French">Dialects</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francophonie</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phonological_history_of_French" title="Phonological history of French">Phonological history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oaths_of_Strasbourg" title="Oaths of Strasbourg">Oaths of Strasbourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ordinance_of_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts">Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_adverbs" title="French adverbs">Adverbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_articles_and_determiners" title="French articles and determiners">Articles and determiners</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_pronouns" title="French pronouns">Pronouns</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_personal_pronouns" title="French personal pronouns">personal</a>)</li>
<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_verbs" title="French verbs">Verbs</a> <div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_conjugation" title="French conjugation">conjugation</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_verb_morphology" title="French verb morphology">morphology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">Orthography</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">Alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reforms_of_French_orthography" title="Reforms of French orthography">Reforms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circumflex_in_French" title="Circumflex in French">Circumflex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Phonology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elision_(French)" title="Elision (French)">Elision</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aspirated_h" title="Aspirated h">Aspirated h</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">Help:IPA/French</a></li></ul></td>
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<p>The <b>Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</b> (<b>OIF</b>), sometimes shortened to the <b>Francophonie</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">La Francophonie</i> <small></small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[la fʁɑ̃kɔfɔni]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a></sup> but also called <b>International Organisation of La Francophonie</b> in English language context,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup> is an international organization representing countries and regions where <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> or customary language, where a significant proportion of the population are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophones</a> (French speakers), or where there is a notable affiliation with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a>.
</p><p>The organization comprises 88 member states and governments; of these, 54 states and governments are full members, 7 are associate members and 27 are observers. The term <i>francophonie</i> (with a lowercase "f"), or <i>francosphere</i> (often capitalized in English), also refers to the global community of French-speaking peoples,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup> comprising a network of private and public organizations promoting equal ties among countries where French people or France played a significant historical role, culturally, militarily, or politically.
</p><p>The modern organisation was created in 1970. Its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> is <i><i lang="fr" title="French-language text"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9galit%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:égalité">égalité</a></i>, <i lang="fr" title="French-language text"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compl%C3%A9mentarit%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:complémentarité">complémentarité</a></i>, <i lang="fr" title="French-language text"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solidarit%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:solidarité">solidarité</a></i></i> ("equality, complementarity, and solidarity"),<sup id="cite_ref-IEPF_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEPF-6">[5]</a></sup> a deliberate allusion to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s motto <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">liberté, égalité, fraternité</a>. Starting as a small group of French-speaking countries, the Francophonie has since evolved into a global organization whose numerous branches cooperate with its member states in the fields of culture, science, economy, justice, and peace.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Structure"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Structure</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Executive_Secretariat_(Secretaries-General)"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Executive Secretariat (Secretaries-General)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Summits"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Summits</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ministerial_Conference"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ministerial Conference</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Permanent_Council"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Permanent Council</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Parliamentary_Assembly"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Parliamentary Assembly</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Agency_of_the_Francophonie"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Agency of the Francophonie</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Members"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Members</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Operating_agencies"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Operating agencies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Association_of_Francophone_Universities_(AUF)"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Association of Francophone Universities (AUF)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Assembly_of_Francophone_Civil_Servants_of_International_Organisations_(AFFOI)"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Assembly of Francophone Civil Servants of International Organisations (AFFOI)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#TV5Monde,_the_French-speaking_international_television"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">TV5Monde, the French-speaking international television</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#International_Association_of_French-speaking_Mayors"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">International Association of French-speaking Mayors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Senghor_University_of_Alexandria"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Senghor University of Alexandria</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Missions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Missions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#French_language,_cultural_and_linguistic_diversity"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">French language, cultural and linguistic diversity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Peace,_democracy_and_human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Peace, democracy and human rights</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Supporting_education,_training,_higher_education_and_research"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Supporting education, training, higher education and research</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Cooperation_for_sustainable_development"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cooperation for sustainable development</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Criticism_of_the_Organisation"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism of the Organisation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Proliferation_of_member_states_and_missions"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Proliferation of member states and missions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Disregard_for_human_rights_and_fundamental_freedoms"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Disregard for human rights and fundamental freedoms</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">convention</a> which created the Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></i>) was signed on 20 March 1970 by the representatives of the 21 states and governments under the influence of African Heads of State, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> of Senegal, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a> of Tunisia, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamani_Diori" title="Hamani Diori">Hamani Diori</a> of Niger and Prince <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> of Cambodia.
</p><p>Based on the sharing of the French language, the missions of this new intergovernmental organization are the promotion of the cultures of its members and the intensification of the cultural and technical cooperation between them, as well as the solidarity and the connection between them through dialogue.
</p><p>The Francophonie project ceaselessly evolved since the creation of the Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation, it became the intergovernmental Agency of the Francophonie (<i>Agence intergouvernementale de la Francophonie</i>) in 1998 to remind its intergovernmental status. Finally in 2005, the adoption of a new Charter of the Francophonie (<i>la Charte de la Francophonie</i>) gives the name to the Agency of international Organisation of the Francophonie (<i>Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-franceinterm_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franceinterm-7">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Structure">Structure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span id="Executive_Secretariat_.28Secretaries-General.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Executive_Secretariat_(Secretaries-General)">Executive Secretariat (Secretaries-General)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Executive Secretariat (Secretaries-General)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The position of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> was created in 1997 at the seventh leaders' summit held in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>. Canadian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Louis_Roy" title="Jean-Louis Roy">Jean-Louis Roy</a> was secretary of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agence_de_coop%C3%A9ration_culturelle_et_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence de coopération culturelle et technique">Agence de coopération culturelle et technique</a></i> from 1989 until the formal creation of the <i>Agence intergouvernementale de la Francophonie</i> in 1997 with former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a> as the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secretary-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-general">secretary-general</a> of <i>La Francophonie</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Abdou Diouf</a>, the former president of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Senegal">Republic of Senegal</a>, became Secretary General on January 1, 2003. He was reelected on 29 September 2006, for a second mandate during the Summit of the Francophonie of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, and elected again in 2010 at the Summit of the Francophonie of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a> for another mandate which ran until 31 December 2014. At the 2014 summit in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a> was chosen to lead the organization starting in January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-npmj_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npmj-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torontosunmj_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torontosunmj-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Secretary General of the Francophonie is elected during the Summit, and serves as the spokesperson and the official representative internationally of the political actions of the Francophonie. The Secretary General is responsible for proposing priority areas for multilateral Francophonie actions. His/her job is to facilitate Francophone multilateral cooperation and to ensure that programs and activities of all operating agencies work in harmony. The Secretary General carries out his/her four-year mandate under the authority of the three main institutions of the Francophonie: the Summits, the Ministerial Conference and the Permanent Council.<sup id="cite_ref-international.gc.ca_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international.gc.ca-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th width="2%">#
</th>
<th style="width:10%;">Portrait
</th>
<th style="width:15%;">Name
</th>
<th style="width:12%;">Country
</th>
<th style="width:12%;">Birth
</th>
<th style="width:12%;">Death
</th>
<th style="width:12%;">Start
</th>
<th style="width:12%;">End
</th>
<th style="width:12%;">Background
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg/75px-Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg/113px-Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg/150px-Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="627" /></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Egypt
</td>
<td>14 November 1922
</td>
<td>16 March 2016<span style="display:none">(2016-03-16)</span> (aged 93)
</td>
<td>16 November 1997
</td>
<td>31 December 2002
</td>
<td><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> (1992–1996), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Egypt)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)">Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt</a> (1977, 1978–1979), Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Egypt (1977–1991)</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Abdou_Diouf.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Abdou Diouf.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Abdou_Diouf.jpg/75px-Abdou_Diouf.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="83" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Abdou_Diouf.jpg/113px-Abdou_Diouf.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Abdou_Diouf.jpg/150px-Abdou_Diouf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2880" /></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Abdou Diouf</a>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Senegal
</td>
<td>7 September 1935
</td>
<td><i>Living</i>
</td>
<td>1 January 2003
</td>
<td>31 December 2014
</td>
<td><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Senegal">President of Senegal</a> (1981–2000), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Senegal" title="Prime Minister of Senegal">Prime Minister of Senegal</a> (1970–1980)</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_1_11072007.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Michaëlle Jean 1 11072007.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_1_11072007.jpg/75px-Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_1_11072007.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_1_11072007.jpg/113px-Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_1_11072007.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_1_11072007.jpg/150px-Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_1_11072007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="1009" /></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Canada
</td>
<td>6 September 1957
</td>
<td><i>Living</i>
</td>
<td>5 January 2015
</td>
<td>2 January 2019
</td>
<td><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> (2005–2010)</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Louise_Mushikiwabo,_2008_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Louise Mushikiwabo, 2008 (cropped).jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Louise_Mushikiwabo%2C_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Louise_Mushikiwabo%2C_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Louise_Mushikiwabo%2C_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Louise_Mushikiwabo%2C_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Louise_Mushikiwabo%2C_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Louise_Mushikiwabo%2C_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="2327" /></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louise_Mushikiwabo" title="Louise Mushikiwabo">Louise Mushikiwabo</a>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /> </span>Rwanda
</td>
<td>2 May 1961
</td>
<td><i>Living</i>
</td>
<td>3 January 2019
</td>
<td><i>incumbent</i>
</td>
<td><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Cooperation_(Rwanda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Rwanda)">Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Rwanda</a> (2009–2018)</small>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Summits">Summits</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Summits">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:232px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:FMLF_2012-3.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/FMLF_2012-3.JPG/230px-FMLF_2012-3.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="307" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/FMLF_2012-3.JPG/345px-FMLF_2012-3.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/FMLF_2012-3.JPG/460px-FMLF_2012-3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:FMLF_2012-3.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Flags of the Francophonie members.</div></div></div>
<p>The Summit, the highest authority in the Francophonie, is held every two years and gathers the Heads of states and governments of all member countries of the International Organisation of the Francophonie around themes of discussion. It is chaired by the Head of state and government of the host country, and this person assumes that responsibility until the next Summit. By enabling the Heads of state and government to hold a dialogue on all of the international issues of the day, the Summit serves to develop strategies and goals of the Francophonie so as to ensure the organisation's influence on the world scene.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr style="text-align:center;">
<th>No.</th>
<th>Country/Region</th>
<th>City</th>
<th>Dates</th>
<th>Host
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>I</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>France</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a>)</td>
<td>17–19 February 1986</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Forty-one countries and governments were represented. The conference was an effort to establish ongoing consultations on major issues of the day. It affirmed the role of the French language as a modern tool for progress and intercultural dialogue and sought to convey Francophone solidarity through concrete programs with broad appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-can_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-can-12">[11]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>II</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </span>Quebec, Canada</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a></td>
<td>2–4 September 1987</td>
<td>Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Established areas of cooperation and the strengthening of solidarity among the countries and governments that participated in the Paris Summit. La Francophonie's priority areas were confirmed as agriculture, energy, scientific and technological development, language, communication and culture. The Institute of Energy and Environment of La Francophonie, based in Quebec City, and the Francophone Business Forum, a non-governmental organization of French-speaking business people, were created.<sup id="cite_ref-can_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-can-12">[11]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>III</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Senegal</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></td>
<td>24–26 May 1989</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Abdou Diouf</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Meeting agreed to initiatives in education and training, the environment, and legal and judicial cooperation and confirmed the role of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a> as the principal operating agency and the key instrument of La Francophonie as a multilateral organization. During the summit, French President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> announced the cancellation of the debt of thirty-five African countries to France. The establishment of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a> in Alexandria, Egypt, was also agreed to.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>IV</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>France</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td>
<td>19–21 November 1991</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Nearly 50 countries and governments from all five continents attended. The Ministerial Conference of La Francophonie and the Permanent Council of La Francophonie were created, and the role of the ACCT as the secretariat of all of the organization's institutions was confirmed.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>V</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Mauritius</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a></td>
<td>16–18 October 1993</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veerasamy_Ringadoo" title="Veerasamy Ringadoo">Veerasamy Ringadoo</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Leaders importance of economic issues, calling for increased cooperation among Francophone business communities.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>VI</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Benin</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotonou,_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotonou, Benin">Cotonou</a></td>
<td>2–4 December 1995</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Soglo" title="Nicéphore Soglo">Nicéphore Soglo</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Summit agreed to create the position of Secretary General and transform the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) into the Intergovernmental Agency of La Francophonie (AIF), and to establish the position of chief executive to manage it. Heads of State and Government decided to focus the operating agencies' activities on the five major cooperation programs of La Francophonie: 1) freedom, democracy and development; 2) culture and communications; 3) knowledge and progress; 4) economics and development; and 5) La Francophonie in the world. This summit also underscored the promotion of cultural diversity as more legitimate and necessary than ever, ascribing it a role in promoting peace.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>VII</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Vietnam</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></td>
<td>14–16 November 1997</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Đức Lương">Trần Đức Lương</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Revised Charter was implemented and Boutros Boutros-Ghali was appointed the first secretary general. The summit's main theme was economic cooperation, however the Heads of State and Government also agreed to focus their efforts on peace and conflict prevention in member countries. In addition, they resolved to cooperate with the international community in protecting human rights.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>VIII</b></center></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of New Brunswick.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a> New Brunswick, Canada</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a></td>
<td>3–5 September 1999</td>
<td>Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">The summit's main theme was youth. Two secondary themes, the economy and new technologies, were also discussed. In Moncton, the Heads of State and Government also decided to hold three sectoral conferences in preparation for the following summit: 1) a symposium assessing democratic practices, rights and freedoms in the French-speaking world, to be held in Bamako, Mali; 2) a ministerial conference on culture, in Cotonou, Benin; and 3) the first Women of La Francophonie conference, in Luxembourg.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>IX</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Lebanon</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></td>
<td>18–20 October 2002</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89mile_Lahoud" title="Émile Lahoud">Émile Lahoud</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Theme of the summit was Dialogue of Cultures. Issues relating to the Middle East were addressed. The Heads of State and Government made a commitment to implement the Bamako Declaration on democracy, good governance and human rights. The summit also indicated support for UNESCO's cultural diversity principle that entrenches the right of states and governments to maintain, establish and develop policies in support of culture and cultural diversity. Senegal's former president Abdou Diouf was elected Secretary General.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>X</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Burkina Faso</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></td>
<td>26–27 November 2004</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Blaise Compaoré</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Summit theme was "La Francophonie: a Space of Solidarity for Sustainable Development." A ministerial conference on conflict prevention and human security was held concurrently in St. Boniface, Manitoba and adopted the very first ten-year strategic framework for La Francophonie, which henceforth defines its four main missions: 1) promoting the French language and cultural and linguistic diversity; 2) promoting peace, democracy and human rights; 3) supporting education, training, higher education and research; and 4) developing cooperation to ensure sustainable development and solidarity.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>XI</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </span>Romania</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></td>
<td>28–29 September 2006</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Summit theme was “Information Technologies in Education”. Heads of state and government passed five resolutions on 1) the Global Digital Solidarity Fund; 2) dumping of toxic waste in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; 3) international migration and development; 4) the positioning of a UN force in the Central African Republic; and 5) climate change. The Ministerial Conference of La Francophonie approved a guide on the use of the French language in international organizations. The Secretary General of La Francophonie, Abdou Diouf, was re-elected for a four-year term.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>XII</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </span>Quebec, Canada</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a></td>
<td>17–19 October 2008</td>
<td>Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Held as part of the 400th anniversary celebration of the founding of the city of Québec. The world financial and food crises were discussed and environmental talks were held. Heads of state and government expressed their support for the initiative to hold a global summit on the financial crisis and the reform of the international economic system. They also pointed out that the financial crisis should not overshadow the food crisis and be resolved at the expense of developing countries.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>XIII</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  </span>Switzerland</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a></td>
<td>22–24 October 2010</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doris_Leuthard" title="Doris Leuthard">Doris Leuthard</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Issues discussed included climate change, food and economic crises, and problems related to biodiversity, water and forests. Montreux Declaration on the vision and future of the Francophonie was agreed calling for the organization to take a role in global governance and to support sustainable development, food security and biodiversity and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">combat climate change</a> and to also support French language and education. Resolutions were passed on: 1) piracy; 2) counterfeit or expired pharmaceuticals; 3) transborder crime in Africa; 4) terrorism; 5) flood-affected countries; 6) the reconstruction of Haiti; 7) countries in crisis, crisis recovery and peacebuilding; and finally, 8) the 10th anniversary of the Bamako Declaration, entrenching the political role of La Francophonie. The Summit confirmed the re-election of Secretary General Abdou Diouf for a third four-year term.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>XIV</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Democratic Republic of the Congo</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></td>
<td>12–14 October 2012</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">The theme of the Summit was “La Francophonie, Economic and Environment Issues in the face of Global Governance”. Resolutions were passed on 1) the situation in Mali; 2) the situation in the DRC; 3) piracy in the Gulf of Guinea; 4) good governance of the extractive and forest industries ; and 5) crisis situations, crisis recovery and peacebuilding in La Francophonie.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>XV</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Senegal</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></td>
<td>29–30 November 2014</td>
<td>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Macky Sall</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Summit theme was “Women and Youth in La Francophonie: Agents for Peace and Development”. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a> was elected Secretary-General. Heads of State and Government readdmited <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and to accept emembership applications from Costa Rica, Mexico and Kosovo as observers of La Francophonie. Resolutions were passed on Maternal, Newborn and Child Health; the Ongoing Ebola Virus Epidemic in West Africa and the Risks of It Spreading through the Francophonie; Crisis Situations, Crisis Recovery and Peacebuilding in La Francophonie; Terrorism; the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions; Education and Training of Women and Youth in the Digital Age; Financial and Banking Education; Counterfeit Drugs and Medical Products; and the Promotion of Sustainable Tourism in Small Island Developing States.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>XVI</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Madagascar</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></td>
<td>26–27 November 2016</td>
<td>Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olivier_Solonandrasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Solonandrasana">Olivier Solonandrasana</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">The theme of the summit was “Shared Growth and Responsible Development: Conditions for Stability Around the World and within the Francophonie". The Summit addressed crisis and consolidation of peace in the Francophone world including questions of security and responding to Daesh [ISIS] and its affiliates in Africa, the promotion of gender equality, the empowerment of women and girls, the prevention of extremism, and the vocational and technical training, energy, the promotion of linguistic diversity, the situation of children, local development, environment, dialogue between cultures as a factor of sustainable development, road safety and the blue economy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> Canadian prime minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> raised the issue of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> The Canadian province of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> was granted observer status in the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>XVII</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span>Armenia</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></td>
<td>11–12 October 2018<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup></td>
<td>Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">Michaëlle Jean sought a second four-year term as Secretary-General but was defeated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwandan</a> foreign minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louise_Mushikiwabo" title="Louise Mushikiwabo">Louise Mushikiwabo</a>, who was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">President Macron</a>'s personal choice. This unilateral decision by the French President was strongly criticized by four former French cabinet members responsible for the francophonie dossier who also criticized the deplorable human rights record of Rwanda under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> and Mushikiwabo.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18">[17]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> withdrew its application for observer status after its bid was opposed due to criticisms of the lack of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> in the country and concerns over the disappearance of journalist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> while <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> was promoted from associate to full membership.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup> The American state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> was granted observer status.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> The summit adopted declarations on the organisation's budget, equality between men and women, and other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><center><b>XVIII</b></center></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </span>Tunisia</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a></td>
<td>December 2021<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup></td>
<td>Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hichem_Mechichi" title="Hichem Mechichi">Hichem Mechichi</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ministerial_Conference">Ministerial Conference</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ministerial Conference">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Ministerial Conference of the Francophonie gathers the foreign or francophone affairs ministers of member states and governments every year to ensure the political continuity of the Summit. This conference ensures that the decisions made during the previous Summits are carried out and to plan the next Summit. It also recommends new members and observers to the Summit.<sup id="cite_ref-international.gc.ca_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international.gc.ca-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Permanent_Council">Permanent Council</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Permanent Council">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Permanent Council of the Francophonie gathers the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambassador_(diplomacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador (diplomacy)">Ambassadors</a> of the member countries, chaired by the General Secretary of the Francophonie and under the authority of the Ministerial Conference, its main task is to plan Summits. This conference also supervises the execution of the Summit decisions made by the ministerial conferences on a day-to-day basis, about the examination of the propositions of the budget distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-international.gc.ca_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international.gc.ca-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Parliamentary_Assembly">Parliamentary Assembly</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parliamentary Assembly">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The objectives of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Francophonie are to represent to the French-speaking authorities, the interests of the French-speaking communities, to promote the democracy, the rule of law and the respect of human rights. Furthermore, it follows the execution by the operators of the Francophonie of action plans elaborated by the Conference of the members using French as a common language It also favours the cooperation and strengthens the solidarity within the French-speaking communities, mainly towards the parliaments of the South. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Francophonie is constituted by member sections representing 77 parliaments or interparliamentary organizations. The Secretary General is the French senator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Legendre_(French_politician)" title="Jacques Legendre (French politician)">Jacques Legendre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-international.gc.ca_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international.gc.ca-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Agency_of_the_Francophonie">Agency of the Francophonie</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Agency of the Francophonie">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Agency of the Francophonie is the main operator of the cultural, scientific, technical, economic and legal cooperation programs decided at the Summits. It is also the legal seat of the Secretary General and is used by him as an administrative support. The agency also contributes to the development of the French language and to the promotion of the diverse languages and cultures of its members, while encouraging mutual understanding between them and the Francophonie. For this reason, it is a place of exchange and dialogue and its simultaneous in Francophone countries.
The Agency's headquarters are in Paris and it has three regional branches in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>; and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Members">Members</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Members">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div>
<div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:752px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Map-Francophonie_organisation_en.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map-Francophonie_organisation_en.svg/750px-Map-Francophonie_organisation_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="331" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map-Francophonie_organisation_en.svg/1125px-Map-Francophonie_organisation_en.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map-Francophonie_organisation_en.svg/1500px-Map-Francophonie_organisation_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="443" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Map-Francophonie_organisation_en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Members of and participants in the Francophonie. In addition to countries, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> subdivisional memberships are also represented, in dark blue.</div></div></div></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>'s membership was suspended on 26 August 2008, pending democratic elections, after a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Mauritanian coup d'état">military coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>'s membership was suspended in April 2009 due to an unconstitutional transfer of power on 17 March 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-franmadagascar_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franmadagascar-26">[25]</a></sup> Mali's membership was also suspended in March 2012<sup id="cite_ref-franmali_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franmali-27">[26]</a></sup> due to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, and then the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> was suspended for instances of la Francophonie at the 88th session of the CPF (March 2012), as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> on 18 April 2012<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2012_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">same reason</a>. Thailand, an observer nation, was suspended in 2014 following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Thai_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2013–14 Thai political crisis">2013–14 political crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> In 2018, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> became the first US state to join, as an observer.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasselle_2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasselle_2018-30">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> has one of the largest French-speaking communities in the world, it is not a member of the Organization of the Francophonie.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Operating_agencies">Operating agencies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operating agencies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The International Organization of the Francophonie relies on five operating agencies to carry out its mandate: l’<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agence_Universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie</a> (AUF); <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a>; l’<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_Internationale_des_Maires_Francophones" title="Association Internationale des Maires Francophones">Association Internationale des Maires Francophones</a> (AIMF); l'Association des Fonctionnaires Francophones des Organisations Internationales (AFFOI); and l’<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Senghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Senghor">Université Senghor</a> d’Alexandrie.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Association_of_Francophone_Universities_.28AUF.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Association_of_Francophone_Universities_(AUF)">Association of Francophone Universities (AUF)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Association of Francophone Universities (AUF)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Established in 1961 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_of_Francophone_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Francophone Universities">Association of Francophone Universities</a> gathers institutions of higher education and research among the Francophone countries of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.
</p><p>Its mission is to contribute to the construction and consolidation of a scientific space in French. It supports the French language, cultural and linguistic diversity, law and democracy, and the environment and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. It also provides an important mobility program for the students, the researchers and the professors.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Assembly_of_Francophone_Civil_Servants_of_International_Organisations_.28AFFOI.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Assembly_of_Francophone_Civil_Servants_of_International_Organisations_(AFFOI)">Assembly of Francophone Civil Servants of International Organisations (AFFOI)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Assembly of Francophone Civil Servants of International Organisations (AFFOI)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Established in 2008 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales</a> (AFFOI) gathers international civil servants from all international organisations of the world—such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>—and coming from the member countries of the Francophonie.<sup id="cite_ref-affoi_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affoi-33">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Its mission is to support the French language and the linguistic diversity within <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisations">International Organisations</a>. Every year the association coordinates the day of French language within International Organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-mfo1e_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfo1e-34">[33]</a></sup> It also organizes seminaries to increase awareness about the importance of linguistic, cultural and conceptual diversity. The president is the French international civil servant Dominique Hoppe.
</p>
<h3><span id="TV5Monde.2C_the_French-speaking_international_television"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="TV5Monde,_the_French-speaking_international_television">TV5Monde, the French-speaking international television</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: TV5Monde, the French-speaking international television">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a> is the first international French language television network, available in many countries. On television and online the audience of TV5Monde has grown rapidly. TV5 is one of the three largest television networks in the world (along with the BBC and CNN), and is considered one of the greatest achievements of the Francophonie.<sup id="cite_ref-tv5monde_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tv5monde-35">[34]</a></sup> It provides wide access to original television programmes in French, and contributes to the development of the language and French-speaking cultures. It broadcasts the different forms of the French language spoken around the world, with all their accents. It reaches beyond native speakers of French; the majority of those who can receive it and part of its audience comprise viewers for whom French is not the mother tongue. Thanks to subtitles in various languages, it provides access to the Francophonie to non-French speakers - it is translated into 12 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="International_Association_of_French-speaking_Mayors">International Association of French-speaking Mayors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: International Association of French-speaking Mayors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The International Association of French-speaking Mayors was created in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> in 1979 on the initiative of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Pelletier" title="Jean Pelletier">Jean Pelletier</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, then the respective mayors of Quebec City and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. It is an operating agency for urban development gathering 48 countries or governments. The goal is to establish close cooperation in all areas of municipal activities. Its missions are to strengthen local democracy, building municipal capacities, and to support the populations. The association pursues its actions in the domains of health, culture, youth and education, urban development, training, and municipal infrastructures.<sup id="cite_ref-aimf_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aimf-37">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-igcaaa_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igcaaa-38">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Senghor_University_of_Alexandria">Senghor University of Alexandria</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Senghor University of Alexandria">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></div>
<p>The project of creating a French-speaking university in the service of African development was presented and adopted following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> Summit in 1989. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a> is a private postgraduate institution that trains managers and high-level trainers in areas that are a priority for development in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francophone_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone Africa">Francophone Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suada_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suada-39">[38]</a></sup> It directs the capacities of the managers and trainers to the action and the exercise of responsibilities in certain domains for the development: the project management, the financial institutions, the environment, the nutrition-health and of the cultural heritage. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a> regularly organizes seminaries to help its students and of the public specialized in the domains of its action, by collaborating with the other operators and the institutions of the Francophonie.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Missions">Missions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Missions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Francophonie_flag_Ottawa.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Francophonie_flag_Ottawa.jpg/220px-Francophonie_flag_Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Francophonie_flag_Ottawa.jpg/330px-Francophonie_flag_Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Francophonie_flag_Ottawa.jpg/440px-Francophonie_flag_Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Francophonie_flag_Ottawa.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Francophonie flag flying at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The International Organization of the Francophonie leads political actions and multilateral cooperation according to the missions drawn by the Summits of the Francophonie. The Summits gather the Heads of states and governments of the member countries of the International Organization of the Francophonie where they discuss international politics, world economy, French-speaking cooperation, human rights, education, culture and democracy. Actions of the International Organization of the Francophonie are scheduled over a period of four years and funded by contributions from its members.<sup id="cite_ref-Diversity_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diversity-41">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <i>Charte de la Francophonie</i> defines the role and missions of the organization. The current charter was adopted in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>, on 23 November 2005. The summit held in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> on 26–27 November 2004 saw the adoption of a strategic framework for the period 2004–2014.
</p><p>The four missions drawn by the Summit of the Francophonie are:
</p>
<ol><li>Promoting French language and cultural and linguistic diversity.</li>
<li>Promoting peace, democracy and human rights.</li>
<li>Supporting education, training, higher education and scientific research.</li>
<li>Expand cooperation for sustainable development.<sup id="cite_ref-Diversity_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diversity-41">[40]</a></sup></li></ol>
<h3><span id="French_language.2C_cultural_and_linguistic_diversity"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="French_language,_cultural_and_linguistic_diversity">French language, cultural and linguistic diversity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: French language, cultural and linguistic diversity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The primary mission of the organization is the promotion of the French language as an international language and the promotion of worldwide cultural and linguistic diversity in the era of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalization</a>. In this regard, countries that are members of the Francophonie have contributed largely to the adoption by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UNESCO:_Convention_on_the_Protection_and_Promotion_of_the_Diversity_of_Cultural_Expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO: Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions">Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions</a> (20 October 2005).
</p><p>At the national level, there is the problem of promoting the French language within the context of its co-existence with other partner or international languages in most member countries, especially in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Maintaining the relative importance of the status of French is an imperative that requires solidarity and the pooling of means and resources among countries committed to the French language within their respective societies.
</p><p>The Francophonie has been a pioneer in terms of the recognition of cultural diversity and dialogue of cultures. It must find ways of confronting the trend towards uniformity that accompanies globalization and fostering the preservation and development of cultural diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Peace.2C_democracy_and_human_rights"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Peace,_democracy_and_human_rights">Peace, democracy and human rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Peace, democracy and human rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Similar to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, the Francophonie has as its stated aims the promotion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. Following the 3 November 2000 <i>Déclaration de Bamako</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></sup> the Francophonie has given itself the financial means to attain a number of set objectives in that regard.
</p><p>The Francophonie intends to contribute significantly to promoting peace, democracy and support for the rule of law and human rights by focusing on prevention. Political stability and full rights for all, the subject of the Bamako declaration, are considered key to sustainable development.
</p><p>The Francophonie has chosen to provide its member countries with access to the expertise of its extensive intergovernmental, institutional, academic and non-governmental network with a view to building national capacities, resolving conflict and providing support for ending crises.<sup id="cite_ref-Programming_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Programming-44">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>In recent years, some participating governments, notably the governments of Canada and Quebec, pushed for the adoption of a Charter in order for the organization to sanction member States that are known to have poor records when it comes to the protection of human rights and the practice of democracy. Such a measure was debated at least twice but was never approved.
</p>
<h3><span id="Supporting_education.2C_training.2C_higher_education_and_research"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Supporting_education,_training,_higher_education_and_research">Supporting education, training, higher education and research</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Supporting education, training, higher education and research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The International Organization of the Francophonie aims at connecting the various peoples using French as a common language through their knowledge. Education, like access to autonomy and information for all, begins with all children having access to a full primary education free of any inequality. It involves an integrated approach of teaching and training from primary to secondary school that will lead to employment. Education policies must also give French an integral place alongside the partner languages. Last, the research potential of French-language academic streams must be promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-Programming_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Programming-44">[43]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cooperation_for_sustainable_development">Cooperation for sustainable development</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cooperation for sustainable development">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Francophonie is committed to working towards sustainable development by supporting the improvement of economic governance, capacity building, cooperation and the search for common positions in major international negotiations.
It's necessary to manage durably the natural resources, particularly the energy and the water, and politics are established to make sure of the conservation of these resources with effective anti-poverty campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2013, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">United Nations Volunteers</a> programme received a financial contribution from the Federal Public Service (FPS) Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation of the Kingdom of Belgium for the years 2013 and 2014 to support the outreach to the francophone world and the promotion of volunteerism via its Online Volunteering service.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_of_the_Organisation">Criticism of the Organisation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism of the Organisation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Proliferation_of_member_states_and_missions">Proliferation of member states and missions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Proliferation of member states and missions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The membership of the OIF has climbed from 21 in 1970 to 88 member states and territories in 2018. This sharp increase in the number of member states, many of whom have only the remotest connection with the French language and culture, has been a matter of growing concern. In their 1996 study on the francophone space, linguists Daniel Baggioni and Roland Breton pointed out, alluding to the recent applications of Bulgaria and Angola to join the OIF, that only politico-diplomatic criteria could explain these odd extensions of the francophonie.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup> Xavier Deniau, founder of the <i>Association des parlementaires de langue française</i> (now the Parliamentary assembly) and author of <i>La Francophonie</i>, expressed concern that the enlargement of the OIF to countries where French is practically nonexistent risks diluting the effectiveness of the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> Despite calls for a moratorium on the admission of new members,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup> each new Sommet de la Francophonie has witnessed the admission of batches of new members that have little, if anything, to do with the French language: Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Dominican Republic, the United Arab Emirates, Estonia and Montenegro in 2010; Qatar and Uruguay in 2012; Mexico, Costa Rica and Kosovo in 2014. On that occasion, the Montreal daily <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Devoir" title="Le Devoir">Le Devoir</a>, which reports extensively on the OIF and its summits, remarked that several members of this "merry madhouse" that the OIF had become did not ever recognize Kosovo as a country.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup> The “endless enlargement”<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup> of the Organisation accelerated following the arrival at the head of the OIF of former UN Secretary General Boutros-Ghali who declared early in his term in 1998 that French being in his opinion the language of solidarity, tolerance, respect for the individual, cultural diversity, universality and openness, the OIF needed to open itself to non francophones.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup> The motivation of small and mid-size countries in joining the organisation appears to be a desire to increase their international visibility. In October 2018, the Irish Minister of State for European Affairs explained that Ireland's accession to the OIF with observer status was one of the steps set out in 'Global Ireland', the Government's initiative to double the scope and impact of Ireland's global footprint in the period to 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the arrival of Boutros Ghali, the OIF had also seen a steady increase in the number of its missions and priority action areas, — peace and conflict prevention, human rights, democracy, international cooperation, sustainable development, cultural and linguistic diversity, education and training, youth, gender equality, civil society — bringing a fundamental shift from the cultural to the political sphere. Jacques Legendre, the French senate's rapporteur on the Francophonie, expressed his concern that the OIF was becoming "a second-rate duplicate of the General Assembly of the UN".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup> Many actors of the francophone sphere interested in the future of the organisation, including Former French ministers or secretaries of state for the Francophonie such as Pierre-André Wiltzer and Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, have been calling on the OIF to refocus on its fundamentals: language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Disregard_for_human_rights_and_fundamental_freedoms">Disregard for human rights and fundamental freedoms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Disregard for human rights and fundamental freedoms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Human rights and fundamental freedoms, despite having been declared "categorical imperatives" by Secretary General Boutros-Ghali in 1998, are routinely abused by many members states of the OIF. The deplorable track record of many OIF member states regarding human rights came to the fore during the 1999 Francophonie Summit in Moncton (Canada) when Canadian dailies loudly denounced the Organisation's silence regarding widespread human rights abuses by member states ruled by 'tyrants'. It was pointed out that no less than 35 member states of the OIF had been accused of human rights violations by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, while 15 member states were among the countries listed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> as systematically violating freedom of the press. Prime Minister Chrétien and President Chirac felt compelled to declare at the close of the summit that a human rights observatory would be established to tackle the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup> Given that during his 12-year tenure, President Chirac, dubbed <i>Papa Afrique</i> or <i>Chirac l'Africain</i>, had confided more than once that Africa was not ready for multipartism (<i>l'Afrique n'est pas mûre pour le multipartisme</i>) and was known for his close relationship with many entrenched African strongmen, calling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a> of Gabon, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a> of Togo, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a> of the Congo, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Blaise Compaoré</a> of Burkina Faso "personal friends",<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> nothing came out of this declaration. The French daily <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> noted at the time that if respect for fundamental freedoms was to become a criterion for membership in the OIF, the organisation would simply cease to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>French President Macron's surprise announcement in May 2018 that France officially backed the nomination of Louise Mushikiwabo, Rwanda's longtime foreign minister, as the next secretary general of the OIF was seen by many as a setback for the defense and promotion of human rights. An open letter signed by four former French ministers for international cooperation condemned this move, on one hand because it was taken unilaterally by the French president without consultation with the other member states of the organisation, and on the other because it disregarded <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">President Kagame</a>’s lamentable track record on human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18">[17]</a></sup> "How will the Francophonie be able to promote freedom of the press, as part of its mission of advocating for human rights, if it's headed by one of the key leaders of a country that's trampled on media freedom and repressed journalists for 18 years?" asked Christophe Deloire, secretary general of Reporters Without Borders.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agence_de_coop%C3%A9ration_culturelle_et_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence de coopération culturelle et technique">Agence de coopération culturelle et technique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minister_responsible_for_La_Francophonie_(Canada)" title="Minister responsible for La Francophonie (Canada)">Minister responsible for La Francophonie (Canada)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a> (<i>Journée internationale de la Francophonie</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conseil_international_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Conseil international de la langue française">Conseil international de la langue française</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_immersion" title="French immersion">French immersion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alliance_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Alliance française">Alliance française</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Espace_Francophone_pour_la_Recherche,_le_D%C3%A9veloppement_et_l%27Innovation" title="Espace Francophone pour la Recherche, le Développement et l'Innovation">Espace Francophone pour la Recherche, le Développement et l'Innovation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">Journée internationale de la Francophonie (March 20)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">Geographical distribution of French speakers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French in Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French in India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="French in the United States">French in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franco-Canadian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Canadian relations">Franco-Canadian relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_French_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese French (dialect)">Vietnamese French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lao_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao French">Lao French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian French">Cambodian French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_where_French_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where French is an official language">List of countries where French is an official language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_international_organisations_which_have_French_as_an_official_language" title="List of international organisations which have French as an official language">List of international organisations which have French as an official language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies" title="List of French possessions and colonies">List of French possessions and colonies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Linguistic_Spaces" title="Three Linguistic Spaces">Three Linguistic Spaces</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a> is the name of the "French-speaking world".</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/la-francophonie-observer-status-1.3869354">"La Francophonie grants observer status to Ontario"</a>. <i>www.cbc.ca</i>. 26 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbc.ca&rft.atitle=La+Francophonie+grants+observer+status+to+Ontario&rft.date=2016-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto%2Fla-francophonie-observer-status-1.3869354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>La Francophonie dans le Monde..</i>. Larousse. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Francophonie+dans+le+Monde...&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074858/http://www.usenghor-francophonie.org/propos/mission/presentation.htm">"Senghor University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usenghor-francophonie.org/propos/mission/presentation.htm">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senghor+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenghor-francophonie.org%2Fpropos%2Fmission%2Fpresentation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Diversity-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diversity_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diversity_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223235914/http://www.francophonie.org/-Actions-2-.html">"La voix de la diversité"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francophonie.org/-Actions-2-.html">the original</a> on 23 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+voix+de+la+diversit%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2F-Actions-2-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span>, accessed on 5 May 2011.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306225316/http://www.organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/#French_language_cultural_and_linguistic_diversity">"Organisation internationale de la Francophonie"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv/#French_language_cultural_and_linguistic_diversity">the original</a> on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forganisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.co.tv%2F%23French_language_cultural_and_linguistic_diversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002346/http://www.droitshumains.org/Francophonie/Bama_declar.htm">"Déclaration de Bamako"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.droitshumains.org/Francophonie/Bama_declar.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9claration+de+Bamako&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.droitshumains.org%2FFrancophonie%2FBama_declar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Programming-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Programming_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Programming_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.gc.ca/franco/programming-programmation.aspx">"Programming of the International Organization of la Francophonie"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programming+of+the+International+Organization+of+la+Francophonie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.gc.ca%2Ffranco%2Fprogramming-programmation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span>, accessed on 5 May 2011.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francophonie.org/-Pour-le-developpement-durable-.html">"La voix de la diversité"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+voix+de+la+diversit%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2F-Pour-le-developpement-durable-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span>, <i>accessed 5 May 2011</i>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinevolunteering.org/en/org/about/partners.html">UNV Online Volunteering service, Partners</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/quad_0987-1381_2006_num_62_1_1707">La « francophonie » : définitions et usages</a>, <i>Quaderni</i>, 2006, volume 62, no. 1, p. 97.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Rioux, "Franco... quoi?", <i>Le Devoir</i>, Montreal, 4 September 1999.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example at the Beyrouth Summit (2002), when Louise Beaudoin, Minister of international relations of Quebec called for tightening the admission criteria to the OIF. Christian Rioux, <i>Beyrouth: la démocratie écope</i>, Le Devoir, Montreal, 17 October 2002.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There had been a consensus at the Kinshasa Summit (2012), that the enlargement of the OIF should be restricted and several members even called for a total stop but they were ignored. Christian Rioux, "Faut-il encore élargir la Francophonie?", Le Devoir, Montreal, 26 November 2016.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stéphane Baillargeon, <i>Francophonie ou Francofunny?</i>, Le Devoir, Montreal, 1 December 2014.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marie Verdier, "La francophonie en pleine errance", <i>La Croix</i>, Paris, 11 October 2018.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cette langue porte les plus beaux mots du monde : la solidarité, la tolérance, le respect de la personne humaine, l’attachement à la diversité des cultures. En étant francophones nous sommes par là même universels et cette universalité nous appelle à beaucoup d’exigence car la francophonie est d’abord une école. L’école de la diversité. J’ai toujours voulu penser le français comme une langue non alignée, comme une langue d’ouverture, comme une langue qui nous donne accès au grand large. C’est pourquoi nous devons aussi nous ouvrir aux non francophones."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfa.ie/news-and-media/press-releases/press-release-archive/2018/october/ireland-granted-observer-status-at-the-organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.php">"October - Ireland granted Observer Status at the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie - Department of Foreign Affairs"</a>. <i>www.dfa.ie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dfa.ie&rft.atitle=October+-+Ireland+granted+Observer+Status+at+the+Organisation+Internationale+de+la+Francophonie+-+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfa.ie%2Fnews-and-media%2Fpress-releases%2Fpress-release-archive%2F2018%2Foctober%2Fireland-granted-observer-status-at-the-organisation-internationale-de-la-francophonie.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"un doublon médiocre de l'Assemblée Générale des Nations-Unies", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.senat.fr/rap/r16-436/r16-4366.html#toc46">http://www.senat.fr/rap/r16-436/r16-4366.html#toc46</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFVif2018" class="citation web cs1">Vif, Le (9 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.levif.be/actualite/international/la-francophonie-au-bord-de-la-cacophonie/article-normal-1037567.html">"La Francophonie au bord de la cacophonie ?"</a>. <i>Site-LeVif-FR</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Site-LeVif-FR&rft.atitle=La+Francophonie+au+bord+de+la+cacophonie+%3F&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.aulast=Vif&rft.aufirst=Le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.levif.be%2Factualite%2Finternational%2Fla-francophonie-au-bord-de-la-cacophonie%2Farticle-normal-1037567.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufctogo.com/La-presse-canadienne-fait-assaut-1397.html">La presse canadienne fait assaut de critiques sur la Francophonie</a> Agence France-Presse, 1 September 1999.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Rioux, "La Franco... quoi?", <i>Le Devoir</i>, 4 September 1999.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://information.tv5monde.com/info/mort-de-jacques-chirac-l-africain-129554">"Mort de Jacques Chirac, "l'Africain<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a>. <i>TV5MONDE</i>. 21 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV5MONDE&rft.atitle=Mort+de+Jacques+Chirac%2C+%22l%27Africain%22&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finformation.tv5monde.com%2Finfo%2Fmort-de-jacques-chirac-l-africain-129554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRaverdy2019" class="citation web cs1">Raverdy, Quentin (26 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/les-douze-annees-de-chirac-l-africain-26-09-2019-2337982_3826.php">"Chirac, l'Africain"</a>. <i>Le Point</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Point&rft.atitle=Chirac%2C+l%27Africain&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.aulast=Raverdy&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepoint.fr%2Fafrique%2Fles-douze-annees-de-chirac-l-africain-26-09-2019-2337982_3826.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Si on faisait du respect des libertés fondamentales un critère d'appartenance à l'Organisation de la francophonie, cette dernière cesserait tout simplement d'exister.", S.A., "Francophonie et Libertés", <i>Le Monde</i>, 5–6 September 1999, p. 11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20181010-france-rwanda-francophonie-macron-mushikiwabo">"France backs controversial Rwandan candidate to head Francophonie"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 10 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=France+backs+controversial+Rwandan+candidate+to+head+Francophonie&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20181010-france-rwanda-francophonie-macron-mushikiwabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Glasze, Georg (2007): "The Discursive Constitution of a World-spanning Region and the Role of Empty Signifiers: the Case of Francophonia." In: Geopolitics (12)4: 656–679. (pdf: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516231359/http://www.geographie.uni-erlangen.de/docs/article/68/ggl_publik_discursiveconstitutionworldspanningregion_091209.pdf">Wayback Machine</a><i>)</i></li>
<li>Milhaud, Olivier (2006): "Post-Francophonie?". EspacesTemps.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espacestemps.net/en/articles/post-francophonie-en/">Post-Francophonie?</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francophonie.org/English.html">Official website</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/World/Français/Société/Institutions_et_administrations/Multilatérales/Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><span class="languageicon">(in French and English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.MaVieFrancaise.org">MaVieFrancaise.org</a>, a social network for Francophiles, Francophones and those learning French (features articles and interviews).</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.AFFOI.org">L'Assemblée des Francophones Fonctionnaires des Organisations Internationales (AFFOI)</a> is the assembly of French speaking international civil servants.</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:La_Francophonie&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the Francophonie" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/100px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/150px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/200px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding-top:0;font-size:90%;line-height:1.0em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> Associate member.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Abdou Diouf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louise_Mushikiwabo" title="Louise Mushikiwabo">Louise Mushikiwabo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_organizations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:International_organizations" title="Template:International organizations"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:International_organizations" title="Template talk:International organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:International_organizations&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">International organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" title="Intergovernmental organization">Intergovernmental<br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cultural IGOs</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural IGOs</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_languages_lists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Countries_and_languages_lists" title="Template:Countries and languages lists"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_languages_lists" title="Template talk:Countries and languages lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_and_languages_lists&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_languages_lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_countries_and_territories" title="Lists of countries and territories">Countries</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">languages</a> lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By languages</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Spoken</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_spoken_languages" title="List of countries by spoken languages">Countries by spoken languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_recognized_official_languages" title="List of countries by the number of recognized official languages">Countries by the number of recognized official languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Chinese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where Chinese is an official language">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Afrikaans_and_Dutch_are_official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where Afrikaans and Dutch are official languages">Dutch/Afrikaans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where English is an official language">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_French_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where French is an official language">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_where_German_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where German is an official language">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Hindustani_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where Hindustani is an official language">Hindustani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Italian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where Italian is an official language">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Malay_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where Malay is an official language">Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where Persian is an official language">Persian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where Portuguese is an official language">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Romanian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Romanian is an official language">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Russian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where Russian is an official language">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Tamil_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where Tamil is an official language">Tamil</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonyms</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_and_their_capitals_in_native_languages" title="List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages">Countries and capitals in native languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Exonyms</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages" title="List of country names in various languages">Country names in various languages</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(A%E2%80%93C)" title="List of country names in various languages (A–C)">A–C</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(D%E2%80%93I)" title="List of country names in various languages (D–I)">D–I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(J%E2%80%93P)" title="List of country names in various languages (J–P)">J–P</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(Q%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of country names in various languages (Q–Z)">Q–Z</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Iceland" title="Names of Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_for_India" title="Names for India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Indonesia" title="Names of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Japan" title="Names of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Kosovo" title="Names of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Myanmar" title="Names of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Singapore" title="Names of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Names of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages of the European Union</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Americas</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_North_America" title="Languages of North America">North</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_South_America" title="Languages of South America">South</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_official_languages" title="List of official languages">Official languages</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_official_languages_by_state" class="mw-redirect" title="List of official languages by state">by state</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_languages_without_official_status" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages without official status">List of languages without official status</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_recognized_official_languages" title="List of countries by the number of recognized official languages">Countries by the number of recognized official languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_languages_by_the_number_of_countries_in_which_they_are_recognized_as_an_official_language" title="List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language">Languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Number_of_languages_by_country" title="Number of languages by country">Number of languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By population</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">By number of native speakers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">By number of total speakers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_in_censuses" title="Languages in censuses">Languages in censuses</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">family</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Afro-Asiatic languages">List of Afro-Asiatic languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Austronesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Austronesian languages">List of Austronesian languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Mongolic_languages" title="List of Mongolic languages">List of Mongolic languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Tungusic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tungusic languages">List of Tungusic languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Turkic_languages" title="List of Turkic languages">List of Turkic languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Language-based<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a><br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League <span style="font-size:85%;">(Arabic)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dutch)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations <span style="font-size:85%;">(English)</span></a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francophonie <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portuguese)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries"><i>Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portuguese)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spanish)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_Council" title="Turkic Council">Turkic Council</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Linguistic_Spaces" title="Three Linguistic Spaces">Three Linguistic Spaces <span style="font-size:85%;">(French, Portuguese and Spanish)</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Lists_of_languages" title="Category:Lists of languages">Lists of languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Languages" title="Category:Languages">Category:Languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="noprint metadata navbox" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0 0"><li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="image"><img alt="A coloured voting box.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/21px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r994658806">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&params=48_51_36_N_2_18_12_E_source:kolossus-frwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°51′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°18′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.86000°N 2.30333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.86000; 2.30333</span></span></span></a></span></span></span>
</p>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134102#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134102#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134102#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BNF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BNF (identifier)">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150506623">cb150506623</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150506623">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123643090">0000 0001 2364 3090</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr2003020990">nr2003020990</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NKC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NKC (identifier)">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2012681992&CON_LNG=ENG">ko2012681992</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/061412953">061412953</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146363601">146363601</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-nr2003020990">lccn-nr2003020990</a></span></li></ul>
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' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1619433983 |