Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Overview of relations}} {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{Update|date=January 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} {{Politics of India}} The '''[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]''' (MEA), also known as the Foreign Ministry, is the [[government agency]] responsible for the conduct of '''foreign relations of [[India]].''' With the world's [[List of countries by military expenditures|third largest military expenditure]], [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|fourth largest armed force]], [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|fifth largest economy]] by GDP nominal rates and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|third largest economy]] in terms of purchasing power parity,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_PPP.pdf|title=World Bank, International Comparison Program database: GDP, PPP (current international $)|access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> India is a prominent [[regional power]],<ref>{{cite book|url= https://www.nbr.org/publication/partnering-with-india-regional-power-global-hopes/ |first=Terisita C |last=Schaffer |title=Strategic Asia 2008–09 |chapter=Partnering with India: Regional Power, Global Hopes |publisher=NBR |year=2008 |access-date=2020-08-15}}</ref> a [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear power]], an emerging [[global power]] and a [[India as a rising superpower|potential superpower]]. India assumes a growing international influence and a prominent voice in global affairs. As a former [[British Raj|British colony]], India is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and continues to maintain relationships with other Commonwealth countries. Since gaining [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence from Britain]] in 1947, however, India is now classified as a [[newly industrialised country]] and has cultivated an extensive network of foreign relations with other states. As a member state of [[BRICS]] - a repertoire of emerging major economies that also encompasses [[Economy of Brazil|Brazil]], [[Economy of Russia|Russia]], [[Economy of China|China]] and [[Economy of South Africa|South Africa]], India also exerts a salient influence as the founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ipsnews.net/2005/07/g8-summit-developing-countries-stand-firm-by-kyoto-protocol/ |title=G8 SUMMIT: Developing Countries Stand Firm by Kyoto Protocol |date=2005-07-05 |work=Inter Press Service |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> In recent decades, India has pursued a more expansive foreign policy that encompasses the [[Neighbourhood first policy|neighborhood first policy]] embodied by [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] as well as the [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]] to forge more extensive economic and strategic relationships with other East Asian countries. Moreover, India was one of the founding members of several international organisations—the [[United Nations]], the [[Asian Development Bank]], [[New Development Bank|New Development BRICS Bank]], and [[G-20]], widely considered the main economic locus of emerging and developed nations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia to play bigger role on world stage: report - People's Daily Online|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html|access-date=2020-09-28|website=en.people.cn}}</ref> India has also played an important and influential role in other international organisations like [[East Asia Summit]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4519133/ANALYSTS-SAY-INDIA-S-POWER.html |title=Analysts Say India'S Power Aided Entry Into East Asia Summit. &#124; Goliath Business News |publisher=Goliath.ecnext.com |date=29 July 2005 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> [[World Trade Organization]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pjstar.com/x1906041915/Guebert-WTO-talks-show-declining-U-S-clout |last=Guebert |first=Alan |title=Guebert: WTO talks show declining U.S. clout |work=Journal Star |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=2020-08-15}}</ref> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF),<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=149&dir=2007/October/Friday26 |title=Emerging economies eye IMF power |work=MmegiOnline |date=26 October 2007 |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> [[G8+5]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23978188-2703,00.html |title=G8 plus 5 equals power shift |work=The Australian |date=7 July 2008 |first=Peter |last=Alford |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135056/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23978188-2703,00.html |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bilaterals.org/?india-brazil-south-africa-the-9969 |title=India, Brazil, South Africa – the power of three |agency=Inter Press Service |via=bilaterals.org |date=2007-10-14 |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> India is also a member of the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. Regionally, India is a part of [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] and [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation|BIMSTEC]]. India has taken part in several [[United Nations peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping missions]], and {{as of|June 2020|lc=y}}, is the fifth-largest troop contributor.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors |title=Troop and police contributors |publisher=United Nations |date=June 2020 |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> India is currently seeking a permanent seat in the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]], along with the other [[G4 nations]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3678736.stm |title=Four nations launch UN seat bid |work=BBC News |date=22 September 2004 |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> India wields enormous influence in global affairs and can be classified as an [[India as an emerging superpower|emerging superpower]]. ==History== {{Main|History of Indian foreign relations}} {{see also|Indus–Mesopotamia relations|Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations|Indo-Roman relations|Indo-Roman trade relations|Indian maritime history}} India's relations with the world have evolved since the [[British Raj]] (1857–1947), when the [[British Empire]] took responsibility for handling external and defence relations. When India gained independence in 1947, few Indians had experience in making or conducting foreign policy. However, the country's oldest political party, the [[Indian National Congress]], had established a small foreign department in 1925 to make overseas contacts and to publicise its independence struggle. From the late 1920s on, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], who had a long-standing interest in world affairs among independence leaders, formulated the Congress stance on international issues. As Prime Minister from 1947, Nehru articulated India's approach to the world. India's international influence varied over the years after independence. Indian prestige and moral authority were high in the 1950s and facilitated the acquisition of developmental assistance from both East and West. Although the prestige stemmed from India's nonaligned stance, the nation was unable to prevent Cold War politics from becoming intertwined with interstate relations in South Asia. On the intensely debated Kashmir issue with Pakistan, India lost credibility by rejecting United Nations calls for a plebiscite in the disputed area.<ref>Itty Abraham, "From Bandung to NAM: Non-alignment and Indian foreign policy, 1947–65." ''Commonwealth & Comparative Politics'' 46.2 (2008): 195–219.</ref> In the 1960s and 1970s India's international position among developed and developing countries faded in the course of wars with China and Pakistan, disputes with other countries in South Asia, and India's attempt to match Pakistan's support from the United States and China by signing the [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]] in August 1971. Although India obtained substantial Soviet military and economic aid, which helped to strengthen the nation, India's influence was undercut regionally and internationally by the perception that its [[Indo–Russia relations#Soviet Union and India|friendship with the Soviet Union]] prevented a more forthright condemnation of the Soviet presence in Afghanistan. In the late 1980s, India improved relations with the United States, other developed countries, and China while continuing close ties with the Soviet Union. Relations with its South Asian neighbours, especially Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, occupied much of the energies of the Ministry of External Affairs.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/india/122.htm India – Foreign Relations]. Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Even before independence, the [[Government of India|Indian colonial government]] maintained semi-autonomous diplomatic relations. It had colonies (such as the [[Colony of Aden|Aden Settlement]]), who sent and received full missions,.<ref>[http://www.hcindia-au.org/india_australia.html High Commission of India in Australia: India Australia Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013123624/http://hcindia-au.org/india_australia.html |date=13 October 2009 }}. Hcindia-au.org (20 April 2011). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India was a founder member of both the [[League of Nations]]<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm First Assembly, Geneva, 15 November – 18 December 1920]. Indiana.edu (18 December 1920). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and the United Nations.<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml UN list of members by admission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712192515/http://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml |date=12 July 2014 }}. Un.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> After India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, it soon joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and strongly supported independence movements in other colonies, like the [[Indonesian National Revolution]].<ref>[http://old.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20080717.B08] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The [[partition of India|partition]] and various [[territorial dispute]]s, particularly that over [[Kashmir dispute|Kashmir]], would strain its [[Indo-Pakistani relations|relations with Pakistan]] for years to come. During the [[Cold War]], India adopted a foreign policy of [[neutrality (international relations)|not aligning]] itself with any major [[power (international)|power bloc]]. However, India developed close [[Indo–Russia relations#Soviet Union and India|ties with the Soviet Union]] and received extensive military support from it. The end of the Cold War significantly affected India's foreign policy, as it did for much of the world. The country now seeks to strengthen its diplomatic and economic ties with the United States,<ref name="autogenerated4">[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/03/20060302-13.html Fact Sheet: United States and India: Strategic Partnership]. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov (22 February 2006). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://ibef.org/india/indiachina.aspx India and ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704031220/http://www.ibef.org/india/indiachina.aspx |date=4 July 2013 }}. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[European Union]] [[trading bloc]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/india/intro/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502024635/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/india/intro/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=The EU's relations with India – Overview|archive-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Japan,<ref>[http://www.ibef.org/india/indiajapan.aspx India and Japan]. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Israel,<ref>[http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2004/issue4/jv8no4a6.html India-Israel Partnership] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822044835/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2004/issue4/jv8no4a6.html |date=22 August 2012 }}. Meria.idc.ac.il. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Mexico,<ref>[http://mexico.foreignpolicyblogs.com/category/international-relations/ Mexico " International Relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017050323/http://mexico.foreignpolicyblogs.com/category/international-relations/ |date=17 October 2010 }}</ref> and Brazil.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/sep/13pmnam.htm India, Brazil ink nine agreements]. Rediff.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India has also forged close ties with the member states of the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]],<ref>[http://www.ibef.org/india/indiaasean.aspx India & Asean]. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[African Union]],<ref name="autogenerated1">Terral, Jim. (4 April 2008) [http://worldreport.cjly.net/2008/04/india-2nd-largest-importer-of.html World Report: "India 2nd largest importer of conventional weapons," Business Standard, 14 February 2008]. Worldreport.cjly.net. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[Arab League]]<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/top3mset/56915 Indo-Arab relations; an account of India's relations with the Arab World from ancient up to modern times]. Worldcat.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Iran.<ref name="neighbourhood">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749743 |title=India elsewhere |work=The Economist |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Though India continues to have a military relationship with Russia,<ref>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=591 Prospects for India-Russia Security Relations – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050512052559/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=591 |date=12 May 2005 }}. Carnegieendowment.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Israel has emerged as India's second largest military partner<ref name="autogenerated1"/> while India has built a strong strategic partnership with the United States.<ref name="autogenerated4"/><ref name="assamtribune.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1507%5Cedit1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070616041613/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1507%5Cedit1|url-status=dead|title=The Assam Tribune Online|date=16 June 2007|archive-date=16 June 2007|website=archive.is}}</ref> The [[foreign policy of Narendra Modi]] indicated a shift towards focusing on the Asian region and, more broadly, trade deals. ==Policy== [[File:Diplomatic missions of India.PNG|thumb|300px|States that host an Indian diplomatic mission<br />{{legend|#00C000|India}} {{legend|#002868|Nations that host an Indian diplomatic mission}}]] India's foreign policy has always regarded the concept of neighbourhood as one of widening concentric circles, around a central axis of historical and cultural commonalities.<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/fp(intro).htm Introduction to India's Foreign Policy, Embassy of India – Washington, DC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727023942/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/fp(intro).htm |date=27 July 2008 }}. Indianembassy.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> [[File:Bush meets Pranab Mukherjee.jpg|thumb|[[Pranab Mukherjee]], the former [[Finance Minister of India]] and former [[President of India]] with [[List of Presidents of the United States#Living former presidents|former US President]] [[George W. Bush]] in 2008.]] As many as 44 million people of Indian origin live and work abroad and constitute an important link with the mother country. An important role of India's foreign policy has been to ensure their welfare and wellbeing within the framework of the laws of the country where they live.<ref>India and the world-http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/30ar01.pdf</ref> ===Role of the Prime Minister=== [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], India's first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], promoted a strong personal role for the Prime Minister but a weak institutional structure. Nehru served concurrently as Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs; he made all major foreign policy decisions himself after consulting with his advisers and then entrusted the conduct of international affairs to senior members of the Indian Foreign Service. He was the main founding fathers of the Panchsheel or the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence]]. His successors continued to exercise considerable control over India's international dealings, although they generally appointed separate ministers of external affairs.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Sherrod |title=Nehru:The Great Awakening |journal=The Saturday Evening Post |volume=236 |date=19 January 1963 |pages=60–67 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Panchsheel Publishers |page=131 |last=Bhatia |first=Vinod |title=Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him |year=1989}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |page=261 |last1=Dua |first1=B. D. |first2=James |last2=Manor |title=Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India |year=1994 |isbn=0-7748-0480-7}}</ref> India's second prime minister, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] (1964–66), expanded the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister Office]] (sometimes called the Prime Minister's Secretariat) and enlarged its powers. By the 1970s, the Office of the Prime Minister had become the de facto coordinator and supraministry of the Indian government. The enhanced role of the office strengthened the prime minister's control over foreign policy making at the expense of the Ministry of External Affairs. Advisers in the office provided channels of information and policy recommendations in addition to those offered by the Ministry of External Affairs. A subordinate part of the office—the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW)—functioned in ways that significantly expanded the information available to the prime minister and his advisers. The RAW gathered intelligence, provided intelligence analysis to the Office of the Prime Minister, and conducted covert operations abroad. The prime minister's control and reliance on personal advisers in the Office of the Prime Minister was particularly strong under the tenures of [[Indira Gandhi]] (1966–77 and 1980–84) and her son, Rajiv (1984–89), who succeeded her, and weaker during the periods of coalition governments. Observers find it difficult to determine whether the locus of decision-making authority on any particular issue lies with the Ministry of External Affairs, the Council of Ministers, the Office of the Prime Minister, or the prime minister himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |title=BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 4(5) |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413024002/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |archive-date=13 April 2006 |df=dmy}}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] is however free to appoint advisers and special committees to examine various [[foreign policy]] options and areas of interest.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} In a recent instance, [[Manmohan Singh]] appointed [[K. Subrahmanyam]] in 2005 to head a special [[Government of India|government]] task force to study 'Global Strategic Developments' over the next decade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110502491300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013094001/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110502491300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2006 |title=National : Task force constituted |date=5 November 2005 |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The Task Force submitted its conclusions to the Prime Minister in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/presentation/columnisthome/inder-malhotra/china-a-long-view.aspx |title=Enjoy the difference |work=The Asian Age |location=India |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818075849/http://www.asianage.com/presentation/columnisthome/inder-malhotra/china-a-long-view.aspx |archive-date=18 August 2009 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2006/09/19/1909india-us-unique.html |title=India-US strategic partnership has unique scope |publisher=News.indiainfo.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051302/http://news.indiainfo.com/2006/09/19/1909india-us-unique.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 |df=dmy}}</ref> The report has not yet been released in the [[public domain]]. ===Ministry of External Affairs=== The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] is the Indian government's [[Government agency|agency]] responsible for the foreign relations of India. The Minister of External Affairs holds cabinet rank as a member of the [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Council of Ministers]]. [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]] is current Minister of External Affairs. The Ministry has a [[Minister of State]] [[V Muraleedharan]]. The [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Indian Foreign Secretary]] is the head of [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) and therefore, serves as the head of all Indian (ambassadors) and high commissioners.<ref>[http://meaindia.nic.in/ Ministry of External Affairs website]. Meaindia.nic.in (29 October 2011). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> [[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]] is the current Foreign Secretary of India. ===Act East Policy=== {{main|Indian Look East policy}} In the [[post Cold War era]], a significant aspect of India's foreign policy is the Look East Policy. During the cold war, India's relations with its South East Asian neighbours was not very strong. After the end of the cold war, the government of India particularly realised the importance of redressing this imbalance in India's foreign policy. Consequently, the Narsimha Rao government in the early nineties of the last century unveiled the look east policy. Initially it focused on renewing political and economic contacts with the countries of East and South-East Asia. At present,{{when|date=August 2020}} under the Look East Policy, the Government of India is giving special emphasis on the economic development of backward north eastern region of India taking advantage of huge market of ASEAN as well as of the energy resources available in some of the member countries of ASEAN like Burma.<ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=jan1907\edit2] {{Dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref> Look-east policy was launched in 1991 just after the end of the cold war, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. After the start of liberalisation, it was a very strategic policy decision taken by the government in the foreign policy. To quote Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "it was also a strategic shift in India's vision of the world and India's place in the evolving global economy". The policy was given an initial thrust with the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao visiting China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Singapore and India becoming an important dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992. Since the beginning of this century, India has given a big push to this policy by becoming a summit level partner of ASEAN (2002) and getting involved in some regional initiatives such as the BIMSTEC and the Ganga–Mekong Cooperation and now becoming a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS) in December 2005.<ref name="indianmba.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianmba.com/Occasional_Papers/OP104/op104.html |title=India's Look-East Policy |publisher=Indianmba.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429113146/http://www.indianmba.com/Occasional_Papers/OP104/op104.html |archive-date=29 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, India has forged a closer partnership with Western powers. In the 1990s, India's economic problems and the demise of the bipolar world political system forced India to reassess its foreign policy and adjust its foreign relations. Previous policies proved inadequate to cope with the serious domestic and international problems facing India. The end of the Cold War gutted the core meaning of nonalignment and left Indian foreign policy without significant direction. The hard, pragmatic considerations of the early 1990s were still viewed within the nonaligned framework of the past, but the disintegration of the Soviet Union removed much of India's international leverage, for which relations with Russia and the other post-Soviet states could not compensate. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, India improved its relations with the United States, Canada, France, Japan and Germany. In 1992, India established formal diplomatic relations with Israel and this relationship grew during the tenures of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) government and the subsequent UPA (United Progressive Alliance) governments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassy.co.il/India-Israel%20Bilateral%20relations.htm |title=Embassy of India – India-Israel Bilateral relations |publisher=Indembassy.co.il |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310185904/http://www.indembassy.co.il/India-Israel%20Bilateral%20relations.htm |archive-date=10 March 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the mid-1990s, India attracted the world attention towards the Pakistan-backed [[terrorism in Kashmir]]. The [[Kargil War]] resulted in a major diplomatic victory for India. The United States and European Union recognised the fact that Pakistani military had illegally infiltrated into Indian territory and pressured Pakistan to withdraw from Kargil. Several anti-India militant groups based in Pakistan were labelled as [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist groups]] by the United States and [[European Union]]. [[File:BRICS heads of state and government hold hands ahead of the 2014 G-20 summit in Brisbane, Australia (Agencia Brasil).jpg|thumb|India has often represented the interests of developing countries at various international platforms. Shown here are [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Narendra Modi]], [[Dilma Rousseff]], [[Xi Jinping]] and [[Jacob Zuma]], 2014.]] In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons for the second time (see [[Pokhran-II]]) which resulted in several US, Japanese and European sanctions on India. India's then-defence minister, [[George Fernandes]], said that India's [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear programme]] was necessary as it provided a deterrence to potential Chinese nuclear threat. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fe/daily/19990511/fex10031.html Beyond Pokharan II] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929065309/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fe/daily/19990511/fex10031.html |date=29 September 2012 }}. Expressindia.com (11 May 1999). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> After [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, Indian intelligence agencies provided the US with significant information on [[Al-Qaeda]] and related groups' activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan. India's extensive contribution to the [[War on Terror]], coupled with a surge in its economy, has helped India's diplomatic relations with several countries. Over the past three years, India has held numerous joint military exercises with US and European nations that have resulted in a strengthened US-India and EU-India [[Bilateralism|bilateral relationship]]. India's bilateral trade with Europe and United States had more than doubled in the five years since 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=253537|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714035540/http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=253537|url-status=dead|title=PPI: U.S. Exports to India Have Doubled Since 2003|archive-date=14 July 2010}}</ref> India has been pushing for reforms in the UN and WTO with mixed results. India's candidature for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries including France, Russia,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4069453.stm South Asia – Putin backs India's UN seat bid]. BBC News (4 December 2004). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/UNSC_without_India_unrealistic_Brown/articleshow/2972896.cms UNSC without India unrealistic – The Economic Times]. Economictimes.indiatimes.com (22 April 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Germany, Japan, Brazil,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023145/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/17/stories/2008041762061400.htm India & World: "Working together for Security Council seat"]. The Hindu (17 April 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Australia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/categories/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141812/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/news/stories/200804/s2219356.htm?tab=australia|url-status=dead|title=Categories|archive-date=16 December 2008|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref> and UAE.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article906055.ece News National UNSC permanent seat is India's right : UAE]. The Hindu (23 November 2010). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> In 2004, the United States signed a [[India Nuclear Cooperation Promotion Act|nuclear co-operation agreement]] with India even though the latter is not a part of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]]. The US argued that India's strong nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception, however this has not persuaded other [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] members to sign similar deals with India. During a state visit to India in November 2010, US president [[Barack Obama]] announced US support for [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India|India's bid for permanent membership to UN Security Council]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/india/28260141_1_bid-for-permanent-seat-unsc-permanent-member |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103212320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/india/28260141_1_bid-for-permanent-seat-unsc-permanent-member |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |location=India |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Obama endorses India's bid for permanent seat in UNSC |date=8 November 2010}}</ref> as well as India's entry to [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]], [[Wassenaar Arrangement]], [[Australia Group]] and [[Missile Technology Control Regime]].<ref name="aje20101106">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/11/2010116132349390763.html |title=Obama seeks expanded India-US trade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="voa20101106">{{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Obama-Calls-For-More-Trade-with-India-106817488.html |title=Obama in Mumbai Calls India Market of the Future |date=6 November 2010 |work=[[Voice of America]] |access-date=7 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107033806/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Obama-Calls-For-More-Trade-with-India-106817488.html |archive-date=7 November 2010 |df=dmy}}</ref> As of January 2018, India has become member of [[Wassenaar Arrangement]], [[Australia Group]] and [[Missile Technology Control Regime]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/boost-for-nsg-membership-as-india-gains-entry-into-australia-group/articleshow/62567229.cms|title=NSG membership: Boost for NSG membership, as India gains entry into 'Australia Group' &#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> {{Clear}} ==Strategic partners== India's growing economy, strategic location, mix of friendly and diplomatic foreign policy and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|large and vibrant diaspora]] has won it more allies than enemies.<ref>India as an Emerging Power – By Sumit Ganguly {{ISBN|0-7146-5386-1}}</ref> India has friendly relations with several countries in the [[developing world]]. Though India is not a part of any major military alliance, it has close strategic and military relationship with most of the fellow major powers. Countries considered India's closest include the [[Russia|Russian Federation]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071017105030/http://saag.org/papers2/paper144.html Russia Strategic cooperation]. Web.archive.org (17 October 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> [[Israel]],<ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.westerndefense.org/bulletins/Dec-01.htm India and Israel: Dawn of a New Era] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173613/http://www.westerndefense.org/bulletins/Dec-01.htm |date=28 July 2011 }}. Westerndefense.org (1 January 2011).Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Afghanistan,<ref name="CFR"/> France,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024093747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-19/india/27817161_1_prachanda-indian-maoists-baburam-bhattarai "Indian Maoists haven't evolved"] ''The Times of India''</ref> Bhutan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0701/S00057.htm |title=Bhutanese Refugees: Trapped and Tantalized |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Bangladesh,<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263804 The Fish Swims Upriver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024191146/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263804 |date=24 October 2010 }}. http://www.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and the United States. Russia is the largest supplier of military equipment to India, followed by Israel and France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_338826.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202114013/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_338826.html|url-status=dead|title=Biggest Air Show ends in India|archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> According to some analysts, Israel is set to overtake Russia as India's largest military and strategic partner.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=110713&contrassID=2&subContrassID=5&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y&itemNo=110713 "Looking out for number one"]{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Amnon Barzilai</ref> The two countries also collaborate extensively in the sphere of counter-terrorism and space technology.<ref>[http://www.topnews.in/india-attains-spy-satellite-israel-2142462 "India Attains Spy Satellite From Israel2"]. Topnews.in (21 March 2009). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India also enjoys strong military relations with several other countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070809144645/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alliance/documents/Homepage/Paper-Jaffrelot.pdf Internet Archive Wayback Machine]. Web.archive.org (9 August 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Japan,<ref>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/india/partner0504.html "Japan-India Partnership in a New Asian Era: Strategic Orientation of Japan-India Global Partnership"]. MOFA. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Singapore, Brazil, South Africa and Italy.<ref>[http://www.centralchronicle.com/20080726/2607301.htm] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140032/http://www.centralchronicle.com/20080726/2607301.htm |date=16 December 2008 }}</ref> In addition, India operates an [[Farkhor Air Base|airbase]] in Tajikistan,<ref>[http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080715/FOREIGN/513386311/1103/NEWS&Profile=1103 New Delhi looks to Asia for energy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234710/http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080715/FOREIGN/513386311/1103/NEWS%26Profile%3D1103 |date=15 October 2015 }}. Thenational.ae. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> signed a landmark defence accord with Qatar in 2008,<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/security-pact-with-qatar-gives-india-gulf-toehold/384406/ "Security pact with Qatar gives India Gulf toehold"]. Indianexpress.com (12 November 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and has leased out [[Assumption Island]] from [[Seychelles]] to build a naval base in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-seychelles-agree-to-lease-assumption-island-for-infrastructure-development-2067859 |title=India, Seychelles agree to lease Assumption Island for 'infrastructure development' |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2015-03-11 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> India has also forged relationships with developing countries, especially South Africa, Brazil,<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/17/business/sxpesek.php Brazil finds a belated ally in India]. International Herald Tribune (29 March 2009). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Mexico.<ref>[http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=8330 India looks for key to Nafta in Mexico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044658/http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=8330 |date=27 September 2007 }}. Bilaterals.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> These countries often represent the interests of the developing countries through economic forums such as the [[G8+5]], [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]] and [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]. India was seen as one of the standard bearers of the developing world and claimed to speak for a collection of more than 30 other developing nations at the [[Doha Development Round]].<ref name=nixes/><ref name="bbc_doha">{{cite news |title=Dismay at collapse of trade talks |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7532302.stm |publisher=BBC |date=30 July 2008 |access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> [[Indian Look East policy]] has helped it develop greater economic and strategic partnership with [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|Southeast Asian countries]], South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. India also enjoys friendly relations with the [[Persian Gulf states|Persian Gulf countries]] and most members of the [[African Union]]. The Foundation for National Security Research in New Delhi published ''India's Strategic Partners: A Comparative Assessment'' and ranked India's top strategic partners with a score out of 90 points : Russia comes out on top with 62, followed by the United States (58), France (51), UK (41), Germany (37), and Japan (34).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/11/why-does-india-have-so-many-strategic-partners-and-no-allies/|title=Why Does India Have So Many 'Strategic Partners' and No Allies?|first=Ankit Panda, The|last=Diplomat}}</ref> ===Partnership agreements=== India has signed strategic partnership agreements with more than two dozen countries/supranational entities listed here in the chronological order of the pacts: <center> {| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center" |+ Agreements |- ! Si.no. ! Country ! Year of Agreement signed ! Reference |- |1 |[[France]] |1997 |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/hollandes-republic-day-visit-and-indiafrance-ties/article8175735.ece |title=Deepening the French connection |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2016-02-01 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |2 |[[Russia]] |2000 |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/for-russia-deepening-friendship-with-india-is-a-top-foreign-policy-priority/article4232857.ece |title=For Russia, deepening friendship with India is a top foreign policy priority |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |3 |[[Germany]] |2001 |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianembassy.de/pages.php?id=37 |title=Bilateral Relations – Embassy of India, Berlin – Germany |publisher=Indianembassy.de |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425164052/https://www.indianembassy.de/pages.php?id=37 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 4 |[[Mauritius]] |2003 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7703/IndiaMauritius+Joint+Statement |title=India-Mauritius Joint Statement |publisher=Mea.gov.in |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |5 |[[Iran]] |2003 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1644 |title=Iran-India Strategic Partnership Needs Resuscitation &#124; South Asia Analysis Group |publisher=Southasiaanalysis.org |date=2014-11-03 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |6 |[[United Kingdom]] |2004 |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hcilondon.in/pages.php?id=19 |title=Welcome to High Commission of India, London, UK |publisher=Hcilondon.in |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322074919/https://www.hcilondon.in/pages.php?id=19 |archive-date=22 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |7 |[[United States of America]] |2004 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/36290.htm |title=United States – India Joint Statement on Next Steps in Strategic Partnership |publisher=2001-2009.state.gov |date=2004-09-17 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |8 |[[European Union]] |2004 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/38_4/EUChinaandEUIndia |title=EU–China and EU–India: A Tale of Two Strategic Partnerships &#124; Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |publisher=Idsa.in |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |9 |[[Indonesia]] |2005 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7067/Joint+Declaration+between+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Republic+of+Indonesia|title=Joint Declaration between the Republic of India and the Republic of Indonesia|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> |- |10 |[[China]] |2005 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Apr/125627.htm |title=China, India to Build Strategic Partnership |publisher=China.org.cn |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |11 |[[Brazil]] |2006 |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/india-brazil-to-elevate-relations-to-strategic-partnership/article3074952.ece |title=India, Brazil to elevate relations to strategic partnership – Today's Paper |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |12 |[[Vietnam]] |2007 | <ref>{{cite magazine |first=Carl |last=Thayer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/india-and-vietnam-advance-their-strategic-partnership/ |title=India and Vietnam Advance Their Strategic Partnership |magazine=The Diplomat |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |13 |[[Oman]] |2008 | <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6V2KCgAAQBAJ&q=oman+india+strategic+partnership&pg=PA475 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy – Google Books |date=2015-07-23 |access-date=2016-12-01|isbn=9780191061196 |last1=Malone |first1=David M. |last2=Raja Mohan |first2=C. |last3=Raghavan |first3=Srinath }}</ref> |- |14 |[[Kazakhstan]] |2009 | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembsofia.org/en/joint-declaration-on-strategic-partnership-between-india-and-kazakhstan/ |title=Joint Declaration on Strategic Partnership between India and Kazakhstan – Embassy of India, Sofia (Bulgaria) |publisher=Indembsofia.org |access-date=2016-12-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006151349/https://www.indembsofia.org/en/joint-declaration-on-strategic-partnership-between-india-and-kazakhstan/ |archive-date=6 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- |15 |[[Australia]] |2009 |<ref>{{cite web |last=Earl |first=Greg |url=http://www.lowyinstitute.org/issues/india-australia-relations |title=India Australia Relations |publisher=Lowy Institute |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |16 |[[Malaysia]] |2010 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/4764/Joint+Statement+on+the+Framework+for+the+IndiaMalaysia+Strategic+Partnership |title=Joint Statement on the Framework for the India-Malaysia Strategic Partnership |publisher=Mea.gov.in |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |17 |[[South Korea]] |2010 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/22752/India+Republic+of+Korea+Joint+Statement+for+Expansion+of+the+Strategic+Partnership |title=India- Republic of Korea Joint Statement for Expansion of the Strategic Partnership |publisher=Mea.gov.in |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |18 |[[Saudi Arabia]] |2010 |<ref>http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Saudi_Arabia_Bilateral_Brief_for_website_-_28_January_2013.pdf</ref> |- |19 |[[Uzbekistan]] |2011 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/580/India+and+Uzbekistan+declare+Strategic+Partnership |title=India and Uzbekistan declare Strategic Partnership |publisher=Mea.gov.in |date=2011-05-18 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |20 |[[Afghanistan]] |2011 |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-15161776 |title=Afghanistan and India sign 'strategic partnership' – BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |date=2011-10-04 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> |- |21 |[[Tajikistan]] |2012 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/20454/Joint+Statement+on+Strategic+Partnership+between+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Republic+of+Tajikistan|title=Joint Statement on Strategic Partnership between the Republic of India and the Republic of Tajikistan|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> |- |22 |[[ASEAN]] |2012 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/singapore_headlines/2012/201212/news_20121221.html|title=Straits Times: Asean and India now strategic partners|website=www.mfa.gov.sg}}</ref> |- |23 |[[Japan]] | 2014 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|title=Business News Live, Share Market News - Read Latest Finance News, IPO, Mutual Funds News|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> |- |24 |[[Seychelles]] |2014 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/3588/Five+agreements+signed+as+Seychelles+President+Michel+begins+state+visit+in+India|title=Five agreements signed as Seychelles President Michel begins state visit in India|website=www.seychellesnewsagency.com}}</ref> |- |25 |[[Mongolia]] |2015 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Joint-statement-for-India-Mongolia-strategic-partnership/articleshow/47315412.cms|title=Joint statement for India-Mongolia strategic partnership &#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> |- |26 |[[Singapore]] |2015 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-singapore-enter-into-strategic-partnership/article7913143.ece|title=India, Singapore enter into strategic partnership|first=Prashanth|last=Chintala|date=25 November 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> |- |27 |[[United Arab Emirates]] |2015 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/where-does-india-uae-strategic-partnership-leave-pakistan-2396814.html|title=How India's strategic partnership with UAE will hit Pakistan where it hurts – Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref> |- |28 |[[Rwanda]] |2017 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/27915/DECLARATION+ON+STRATEGIC+PARTNERSHIP+BETWEEN+INDIA+AND+RWANDA|title=DECLARATION ON STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND RWANDA|date=10 January 2017|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> |- |29 |[[Israel]] |2017 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-israel-elevate-their-ties-to-strategic-partnership/articleshow/59461930.cms|title=PM Modi in Israel: India, Israel elevate their ties to strategic partnership &#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> |} </center> ===Future agreements=== Currently, India is taking steps towards establishing strategic partnerships with Canada<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-canada-hold-strategic-dialogue-discuss-nuclear-cooperation/articleshow/23006241.cms |title=India, Canada hold strategic dialogue, discuss nuclear cooperation |work=The Economic Times |date=2013-09-24 |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> and Argentina.<ref>http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Argentina_Mar_2013.pdf</ref> Although India has not signed any formal strategic partnership agreements with Bhutan and Qatar, its foreign ministry often describes relations with these countries as 'strategic'.<ref>https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/21385_Annual_Report_2012-2013_English.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/security-pact-with-qatar-gives-india-gulf-toehold/384406/|title=Security pact with Qatar gives India Gulf toehold – Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> ==India's relation with neighbouring countries == {{further|Neighbourhood first policy}} [[File:India and its neighbours.jpg|thumb|India and its neighbours]] === Afghanistan === {{Main|Afghanistan–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Afghanistan}}{{Flagicon|India}} Bilateral relations between India and Afghanistan have been traditionally strong and friendly. While India was the only South Asian country to recognise the Soviet-backed [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] in the 1980s, its relations were diminished during the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Afghan civil wars]] and the rule of the Islamist [[Taliban]] in the 1990s.<ref name="RED">{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/07/world/india-to-provide-aid-to-government-in-afghanistan.html |title=India to Provide Aid to Government in Afghanistan |access-date=2020-08-16 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Barbara |last=Crossette |date=7 March 1989}}</ref> India aided the overthrow of the Taliban and became the largest regional provider of humanitarian and reconstruction aid.<ref name="CFR">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/14969/ |title=India's Northern Exposure |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303135744/http://www.cfr.org/publication/14969/ |archive-date=3 March 2008 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/04/B5BFE0BE-ED5D-43DE-A768-99A6AB1E6C5C.html |title=Kabul's India ties worry Pakistan |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]], [[Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> The new democratically elected Afghan government strengthened its ties with India in wake of persisting tensions and problems with Pakistan, which is continuing to shelter and support the Taliban.<ref name="CFR"/><ref name="IP"/> India pursues a policy of close co-operation to bolster its standing as a regional power and contain its rival Pakistan, which it maintains is supporting Islamic militants in Kashmir and other parts of India.<ref name="CFR"/> India is the largest regional investor in Afghanistan, having committed more than US$2.2 billion for reconstruction purposes.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080060107&type=News India, Afghanistan united against terror] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508223623/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080060107&type=News |date=8 May 2013 }}, 4 August 2008</ref> === Bangladesh === {{Main|Bangladesh–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}}{{Flagicon|India}} India was the second country to recognise Bangladesh as a separate and independent state, doing so on 6 December 1971. India fought alongside the Bangladeshis to liberate Bangladesh from West Pakistan in 1971. Bangladesh's relationship with India has been difficult in terms of irrigation and land border disputes post 1976. However, India has enjoyed favourable relationship with Bangladesh during governments formed by the Awami League in 1972 and 1996. The recent solutions of land and maritime disputes have taken out irritants in ties. [[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg|thumb|Lt Gen [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|Niazi]] signing the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|Instrument of Surrender]] under the gaze of Lt Gen [[Jagjit Singh Aurora|Aurora]], effectively ending [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and creating the new state of [[Bangladesh]].]] At the outset India's relations with Bangladesh could not have been stronger because of India's unalloyed support for independence and opposition against Pakistan in 1971. During the independence war, many refugees fled to India. When the struggle of resistance matured in November 1971, India also intervened militarily and may have helped bring international attention to the issue through [[Indira Gandhi]]'s visit to Washington, D.C. Afterwards India furnished relief and reconstruction aid. India extended recognition to Bangladesh prior to the end of the war in 1971 (the second country to do so after Bhutan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Bhutan-not-India-was-first-to-recognize-Bangladesh/articleshow/45434808.cms|title=Bangladesh independende: Bhutan, not India, was first to recognize Bangladesh - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>) and subsequently lobbied others to follow suit. India also withdrew its military from the land of Bangladesh when [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] requested [[Indira Gandhi]] to do so during the latter's visit to Dhaka in 1972.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Indo-Bangladesh relations have been somewhat less friendly since the [[15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|fall of Mujib government]] in August 1975.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/01/22/edbow_ed3__2.php For Bangladesh: India is causing trouble], International Herald Tribune, 2003-01-22</ref> over the years over issues such as [[New Moore, or South Talpatti|South Talpatti Island]], the [[Tin Bigha Corridor]] and access to Nepal, the [[Farakka Barrage]] and water sharing, border conflicts near [[Tripura]] and the construction of a fence along most of the border which India explains as security provision against migrants, insurgents and terrorists. Many Bangladeshis feel India likes to play "big brother" to smaller neighbours, including Bangladesh. Bilateral relations warmed in 1996, due to a softer Indian foreign policy and the new [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]] Government. A 30-year water-sharing agreement for the [[Ganges]] River was signed in December 1996, after an earlier bilateral water-sharing agreement for the Ganges River lapsed in 1988. Both nations also have cooperated on the issue of flood warning and preparedness. The Bangladesh Government and tribal [[Insurgency|insurgents]] signed a peace accord in December 1997, which allowed for the return of tribal refugees who had fled into India, beginning in 1986, to escape violence caused by an insurgency in their homeland in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. The [[Bangladesh Army]] maintains a very strong presence in the area to this day. The army is increasingly concerned about a growing problem of [[Plant cultivation|cultivation]] of [[illegal drugs]]. There are also small pieces of land along the border region that Bangladesh is diplomatically trying to reclaim. Padua, part of [[Sylhet Division]] before 1971, has been under Indian control since the war in 1971. This small strip of land was [[2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes|re-occupied by the BDR in 2001]], but later given back to India after Bangladesh government decided to solve the problem through diplomatic negotiations. The Indian New Moore island no longer exists, but Bangladesh repeatedly claims it<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8584665.stm |title=BBC News – Disputed Bay of Bengal island 'vanishes' say scientists |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> to be part of the Satkhira district of Bangladesh. In recent years India has increasingly complained that Bangladesh does not secure its border properly. It fears an increasing flow of poor Bangladeshis and it accuses Bangladesh of harbouring Indian separatist groups like [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] and alleged terrorist groups. The Bangladesh government has refused to accept these allegations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Bangladesh-promises-India-all-help-against-insurgents/article14728781.ece|title=Bangladesh promises India all help against insurgents|date=4 March 2007|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5183862.stm Dhaka dismisses Mumbai bomb claim], BBC World News, 2006-07-15</ref> India estimates that over 20 million [[Illegal immigration in India|Bangladeshis are living illegally in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030928/main1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> One Bangladeshi official responded that "there is not a single Bangladeshi migrant in India".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030217/edit.htm#3Problem|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Editorial|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> Since 2002, India has been constructing an [[Indo-Bangladeshi barrier|India – Bangladesh Fence]] along much of the 2500 mile border.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=13 November 2005 |title=India fences off Bangladesh to keep out Muslim terror |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article589627.ece |work=The Sunday Times |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220120456/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article589627.ece |archive-date=20 February 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007}}</ref> The failure to resolve migration disputes bears a human cost for illegal migrants, such as imprisonment and health risks (namely [[HIV/AIDS]]).<ref name=ODI1>Fiona Samuels and Sanju Wagle 2011. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5733&title=hiv-aids-migration-emphasis-bangladesh-nepal-india Population mobility and HIV and AIDS: review of laws, policies and treaties between Bangladesh, Nepal and India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920024611/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5733&title=hiv-aids-migration-emphasis-bangladesh-nepal-india |date=20 September 2012 }}. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> India's prime minister Narendra Modi and his Bangladeshi counterpart [[Sheikh Hasina]] have completed a landmark deal redrawing their messy shared border and there by solving disputes between India and Bangladesh. Bangladesh has also given India transit route to travel through Bangladesh to its North East states. India and Bangladesh also have free trade agreement on 7 June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/india-bangladesh-seal-land-swap-deal-150606012711866.html|title=India and Bangladesh seal land-swap deal|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Both countries solved its border dispute on 6 June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33733911|title=India and Bangladesh swap enclaves|date=31 July 2015|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> To connect Kolkata with [[Tripura]] via Bangladesh through railway, the Union Government on 10 February 2016 sanctioned about 580 crore rupees. The project that is expected to be completed by 2017 will pass through Bangladesh. The Agartala-Akhaura rail-link between Indian Railway and Bangladesh Railway will reduce the current 1700&nbsp;km road distance between Kolkata to Agartala via Siliguri to just 350-kilometer by railway. The project ranks high on Prime Minister's [[Look East policy (India)|'Act East Policy']], and is expected to increase connectivity and boost trade between India and Bangladesh. === Bhutan === {{Main|Bhutan–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Bhutan}}{{Flagicon|India}} Historically, there have been close ties with India. Both countries signed a friendship treaty in 1949, where India would assist Bhutan in foreign relations. On 8 February 2007, the Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty was substantially revised under the Bhutanese King, [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]]. Whereas in the Treaty of 1949 Article 2 read as "The Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On its part the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government of India in regard to its external relations." In the revised treaty it now reads as, "In keeping with the abiding ties of close friendship and cooperation between Bhutan and India, the Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Government of the Republic of India shall cooperate closely with each other on issues relating to their national interests. Neither government shall allow the use of its territory for activities harmful to the national security and interest of the other". The revised treaty also includes in it the preamble "Reaffirming their respect for each other's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity", an element that was absent in the earlier version. The Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty of 2007 strengthens Bhutan's status as an independent and sovereign nation. India continues to be the largest trade and development partner of Bhutan. Planned development efforts in Bhutan began in the early 1960s. The First Five Year Plan (FYP) of Bhutan was launched in 1961. Since then, India has been extending financial assistance to Bhutan's FYPs. The 10th FYP ended in June 2013. India's overall assistance to the 10th FYP was a little over Rs. 5000 crores, excluding grants for hydropower projects. India has committed Rs. 4500 crores for Bhutan's 11th FYP along with Rs. 500 crores as an Economic Stimulus Package.<ref name="mea.gov.in">http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bilateral_Briefs_of_Bhutan.pdf</ref> The hydropower sector is one of the main pillars of bilateral co-operation, exemplifying mutually beneficial synergy by providing clean energy to India and exports revenue to Bhutan (power contributes 14% to the Bhutanese GDP, comprising about 35% of Bhutan's total exports). Three hydroelectric projects (HEPs) totalling 1416 MW, (336 MW Chukha HEP, the 60 MW Kurichu HEP, and the 1020 MW Tala HEP), are already exporting electricity to India. In 2008 the two governments identified ten more projects for development with a total generation capacity of 10,000 MW. Of these, three projects totalling 2940 MW (1200 MW Punatsangchu-I, 1020 MW Punatsangchu-II and 720 MW Mangdechu HEPs) are under construction and are scheduled to be commissioned in the last quarter of 2017–2018. Out of the remaining 7 HEPs, 4 projects totalling 2120 MW (600 MW Kholongchhu, 180 MW Bunakha, 570 MW Wangchu and 770 MW Chamkarchu) will be constructed under Joint Venture model, for which a Framework Inter-Governmental Agreement was signed between both governments in 2014. Of these 4 JV-model projects, pre-construction activities for Kholongchhu HEP have commenced.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/> [[Tata Power]] is also building a hydro-electric dam in Bhutan. India had assisted Bhutan by [[2017 China–India border standoff|deploying its troops in Doklam in 2017]]- a territory claimed and controlled under Bhutanese government- to resist a Chinese army's control and construction of military structures.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2017|title=Blow by blow: A timeline of India, China face-off over Doklam|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/blow-by-blow-a-timeline-of-india-china-face-off-over-doklam/story-qBIEwZI7kUcXxNmCfHzHCP.html|access-date=23 April 2021|publisher=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> === China === {{Main|China–India relations}} {{See also|Tibet-India relations|India-Hong Kong relations}} {{Flagicon|China}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|A Chinese container ship unloads cargo at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] in India. Bilateral trade between the two countries has surpassed US$65 billion by 2015 making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431 |title=Indo-China trade to surpass $60 bn before 2010 |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=6 June 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>|220x220px]] [[File:Liu Shaoqi and Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Liu Shaoqi]], the then [[Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Chairman]] of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee]] of the [[National People's Congress]] with [[Indira Gandhi]] when she was the President of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|date=6 June 2008|title=Indo-China trade to surpass $60 bn before 2010|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431|access-date=21 November 2009|publisher=Business-standard.com}}</ref>]] Despite lingering suspicions remaining from the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the 1967 [[Nathu La and Cho La incidents]], and continuing boundary disputes over [[Aksai Chin]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalise relations.<ref>John W. Garver, ''Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century'' (2001), post 1950</ref> A series of high-level visits between the two nations have helped improve relations. In December 1996, [[President of the People's Republic of China|PRC President]] [[Jiang Zemin]] visited India during a tour of South Asia. While in New Delhi, he signed with the Indian Prime Minister a series of confidence-building measures for the disputed borders. Sino-Indian relations suffered a brief setback in May 1998 when the Indian Defence minister justified the country's nuclear tests by citing potential threats from the PRC. However, in June 1999, during the [[Kargil War|Kargil]] crisis, then-External Affairs Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] visited Beijing and stated that India did not consider China a threat. By 2001, relations between India and the PRC were on the mend, and the two sides handled the move from [[Tibet]] to India of the 17th [[Karmapa]] in January 2000 with delicacy and tact. In 2003, India formally recognised Tibet as a part of China, and China recognised [[Sikkim]] as a formal part of India in 2004. Since 2004, the economic rise of both China and India has also helped forge closer relations between the two. Sino-Indian trade reached US$65.47 billion in 2013–14, making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite news |first=Saibal |last=Dasgupta |date=17 January 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2706372,prtpage-1.cms |title=China is India's largest trade ally – International Business – Biz – The Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> The increasing economic reliance between India and China has also bought the two nations closer politically, with both India and China eager to resolve their boundary dispute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668 |title=news.outlookindia.com |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425231736/http://outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668 |archive-date=25 April 2005 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> They have also collaborated on several issues ranging from [[WTO]]'s [[Doha Development Round|Doha round]] in 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329920 |title=US blames India, China for blocking Doha talks |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=29 July 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> to regional [[free trade agreement]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2798864,prtpage-1.cms |title=India, China to work on FTA recommendations- Foreign Trade-Economy-News-The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=20 February 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Similar to [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]], India and China have also agreed to co-operate in the field of civilian [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013173555/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2008 |title=Front Page : India, China to promote cooperation in civil nuclear energy |date=15 January 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> However, China's economic interests have clashed with those of India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Global |first=IndraStra |title=Gauging India's Response to OBOR |url=http://www.indrastra.com/2017/07/Gauging-India-s-Response-to-OBOR-003-07-2017-0013.html |journal=IndraStra |issn=2381-3652}}</ref> Both the countries are the largest Asian investors in Africa<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30143539_ITM |title=Article: India, China top Asian FDI list in Africa. &#124; AccessMyLibrary – Promoting library advocacy |publisher=AccessMyLibrary |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> and have competed for control over its large natural resources.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200711160462.html Africa: China's Africa Overture Needs Common Touch], 16 November 2007</ref> There was a tensed situation due to both the soldiers' [[2017 China–India border standoff|stand-off in Doklam]], Bhutan; but that was too resolved out early.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/> Relations were lost due to [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|Galwan valley skirmishes]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Kiran|date=28 May 2020|title=India and China face off along disputed Himalayan border|work=[[The Nikkei]]|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-China-face-off-along-disputed-Himalayan-border|url-status=live|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=2021-03-31|title=India-China border row: Air forces hold formation in Ladakh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indiachina-border-row-air-forces-hold-formation-in-ladakh-101617138487983.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and [[Timeline of the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|it's progress]]. India ceased on imports of Chinese products.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandey|first=Neelam|date=2020-06-16|title=Traders’ body calls for boycott of 3,000 Chinese products over ‘continued’ border clashes|url=https://theprint.in/india/traders-body-calls-for-boycott-of-3000-chinese-products-over-continued-border-clashes/442885/|access-date=2021-04-23|publisher=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Various measures were taken, such as several contracts with the Chinese companies involving in railways, networks and several items productions, were cancelled in response.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-23|title=States, PSUs back off from Chinese contracts; new orders also scarce as India calls for China boycott|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/economic-face-off-states-psus-lead-china-hit-back/2000090/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The outbreak of [[Covid-19 pandemic in India|Coronavirus pandemic]] from Wuhan also hampered the relations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=2020-11-01|title=As pandemic unfolded, ties with China came under severe stress: Jaishankar|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/as-pandemic-unfolded-relationship-with-china-has-come-under-severe-stress-jaishankar-11604170323934.html|access-date=2021-04-23|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|The Mint]]|language=en}}</ref> Following the straining of the bonds, both the sides blamed each other on the conflict on LAC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Geeta|title=China accuses Indian troops of firing first during Monday's skirmish at LAC|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-accuses-indian-troops-of-firing-first-during-monday-s-skirmish-at-lac-1719832-2020-09-08|access-date=2021-04-23|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> On August 29–30, it was reported that China had allegedly attempted to cross LAC to attain important hill tops, which was failed by Indian troops, as they were in advantage of acquiring important tops near LAC.<ref>{{Cite web|title='China Made 2nd Provocative Action on Aug 31, While Talks to Resolve Aug 30 Face-Off Were On'|url=https://thewire.in/security/china-lac-india-pangong-tso-lake-standoff|access-date=2021-04-23|website=[[The Wire]]}}</ref> India banned more than 250 Chinese apps,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arora|first=Devesh|date=2020-11-24|title=Complete list of 267 Chinese apps banned in India: PUBG Mobile, TikTok, AliExpress and more|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news-list-of-all-chinese-apps-banned-in-india-2020-667131|access-date=2021-04-23|publisher=[[India TV]]|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> and on 16 October, it had banned the import of AC's, Refrigerators and Coolers from China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India bans import of air conditioners with refrigerants in blow to China|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/india-air-conditioner-ban-dgft-domestic-manufacturing-boost-china-1732184-2020-10-16|access-date=2021-04-23|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> Several core-commanders negotiations and talks were held,<ref>{{Cite web|title=India-China meeting of Army Commanders on June 06, 2020|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32746/IndiaChina_meeting_of_Army_Commanders_on_June_06_2020|access-date=2021-04-23|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> which resulted nothing other than vague promises then. [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes#In media|Cross-media blaming]] was common. There was even a conference held in [[Moscow]], Russia, on September 5 between the Defence Minister of India, [[Rajnath Singh]] and Chinese Army General, [[Wei Fenghe]], but that also ended up with no success.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=Foreign ministers of Russia, India, China meet in Moscow|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/foreign-ministers-of-russia-india-china-meet-in-moscow/articleshow/78041123.cms|access-date=2021-04-23}}</ref> The recent meeting of the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad-alliance]] was also question by China,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=2021-03-15|title=Quad summit {{!}} Small cliques will destroy international order, says China|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/quad-summit-small-cliques-will-destroy-international-order-says-china/article34076342.ece|access-date=2021-04-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> but was then downed by India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-14|title=Quad Summit Shows India Ready to Reciprocate China Policy of Containing Us Even As It Engages Us|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/quad-summit-shows-india-ready-to-reciprocate-china-policy-of-containing-us-even-as-it-engages-us-3532205.html|access-date=2021-04-23|publisher=[[News 18]]|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref> In mid-January, 2021, it was reported that both the countries had finally agreed upon the de-escalation from their positions. Several footages of Chinese troops removing tents/barracks were released. Both the countries also agreed that India would move back to Finger-3, while China retained its position back to Finger-8, and was also declared the area from Finger-3 to Finger-8 to be "[[No man's land]]".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2021-02-15|title=Explained {{!}} The disengagement plan between India and China along the LAC|language=en-IN|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-the-disengagement-plan-between-india-and-china-along-the-lac/article33841285.ece|access-date=2021-04-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> === Maldives === {{Main|India–Maldives relations}} {{Flagicon|Maldives}}{{Flagicon|India}} India enjoys a considerable influence over Maldives' foreign policy and provides extensive security co-operation especially after the [[1988 Maldives coup d'état#Operation Cactus|Operation Cactus]] in 1988 during which India repelled Tamil mercenaries who invaded the country. As a founder member in 1985 of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], which brings together [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]], the country plays a very active role in SAARC. The Maldives has taken the lead in calling for a South Asian Free Trade Agreement, the formulation of a Social Charter, the initiation of informal political consultations in SAARC forums, the lobbying for greater action on environmental issues, the proposal of numerous human rights measures such as the regional convention on child rights and for setting up a SAARC Human Rights Resource Centre. The Maldives is also an advocate of greater international profile for SAARC such as through formulating common positions at the UN. India is starting the process to bring the island country into India's security grid. The move comes after the moderate Islamic nation approached New Delhi earlier this year over fears that one of its island resorts could be taken over by terrorists given its lack of military assets and surveillance capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/India-bringing-Maldives-into-its-security-net/501583 |title=India bringing Maldives into its security net |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=13 August 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> India also signed an agreement with the Maldives in 2011 which is centred around the following: * India shall permanently base two helicopters in the country to enhance its surveillance capabilities and ability to respond swiftly to threats. One helicopter from the Coast Guard was handed over during [[A. K. Antony]]'s visit while another from the Navy will be cleared for transfer shortly. * Maldives has coastal radars on only two of its 26 atolls. India will help set up radars on all 26 for seamless coverage of approaching vessels and aircraft. * The coastal radar chain in Maldives will be networked with the Indian coastal radar system. India has already undertaken a project to install radars along its entire coastline. The radar chains of the two countries will be interlinked and a central control room in India's Coastal Command will get a seamless radar picture. * The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) will carry out regular Dornier sorties over the island nation to look out for suspicious movements or vessels. The Southern Naval Command will facilitate the inclusion of Maldives into the Indian security grid. * Military teams from Maldives will visit the tri-services Andaman & Nicobar Command (ANC) to observe how India manages security and surveillance of the critical island chain. ===Myanmar (Burma)=== {{Main|India-Myanmar relations}} {{Flagicon|Myanmar}}{{Flagicon|India}} India established diplomatic relations after Burma's independence from Great Britain in 1948. For many years, Indo-Burmese relations were strong due to cultural links, flourishing commerce, common interests in regional affairs and the presence of a significant [[Burmese Indians|Indian community]] in Burma.<ref name="VJ">[https://web.archive.org/web/20010522142628/http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 Burma shows India the road to Southeast Asia]. Atimes.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India provided considerable support when Myanmar struggled with regional [[insurgency|insurgencies]]. However, the overthrow of the democratic government by the [[Military of Burma]] led to strains in ties. Along with much of the world, India condemned the suppression of democracy and Myanmar ordered the [[Burmese Indians|expulsion]] of the Burmese Indian community, increasing its own [[isolationism|isolation from the world]].<ref name="VJ"/><ref name="VQR">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE4DA163AF937A15754C0A96E948260 Years of Isolation Produced Intensely Poor Nation]. New York Times (24 July 1988). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Only China maintained close links with Myanmar while India supported the [[National League for Democracy|pro-democracy movement]].<ref name="VJ"/><ref name="G">Bhaumik, Subir. (26 September 2007) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7013975.stm India-Burma ties]. BBC News. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=42065 Realism in India-Burma relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034744/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=42065 |date=15 May 2013 }}. Financialexpress.com (15 September 2003). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> However, due to geo-political concerns, India revived its relations and recognised the [[military junta]] ruling Myanmar in 1993, overcoming strains over drug trafficking, the suppression of democracy and the rule of the [[State Peace and Development Council|military junta]] in Myanmar. Myanmar is situated to the south of the states of [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in [[Northeast India]]. and the proximity of the People's Republic of China gives strategic importance to Indo-Burmese relations. The Indo-Burmese border stretches over 1,600 kilometres<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010522142628/http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |url-status=unfit |archive-date=22 May 2001 |title=Asia Times: Myanmar shows India the road to Southeast Asia |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> and some insurgents in [[North-east India]] seek refuge in Myanmar. Consequently, India has been keen on increasing military co-operation with Myanmar in its counter-insurgency activities. In 2001, the [[Indian Army]] completed the construction of a major road along its border with Myanmar. India has also been building major roads, highways, ports and pipelines within Myanmar in an attempt to increase its strategic influence in the region and also to counter China's growing strides in the [[Indochina]] peninsula. Indian companies have also sought active participation in oil and natural gas exploration in Myanmar. In February 2007, India announced a plan to develop the [[Sittwe]] port, which would enable ocean access from Indian Northeastern states like [[Mizoram]], via the [[Kaladan River]]. India is a major customer of Burmese oil and gas. In 2007, Indian exports to Myanmar totalled US$185 million, while its imports from Myanmar were valued at around US$810 million, consisting mostly of oil and gas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=1374 |title=Why India shifts its policy on Burma :: KanglaOnline ~ Your Gateway |publisher=Kanglaonline.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135458/http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=1374 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has granted US$100 million credit to fund highway infrastructure projects in Myanmar, while US$57 million has been offered to upgrade Burmese railways. A further US$27 million in grants has been pledged for road and rail projects.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081105/jsp/opinion/story_10057616.jsp |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) &#124; Opinion &#124; The absent neighbour |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota, India |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=1 August 2010 |first=Krishnan |last=Srinivasan}}</ref> India is one of the few countries that has provided military assistance to the Burmese junta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/categories/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141806/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/news/stories/200804/s2206676.htm|url-status=dead|title=Categories|archive-date=16 December 2008|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref> However, there has been increasing pressure on India to cut some of its military supplies to Burma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innercitypress.com/un1att102108.html |title=Investigative Reporting from the United Nations |publisher=Inner City Press |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Relations between the two remain close which was evident in the aftermath of [[Cyclone Nargis]], when India was one of the few countries whose relief and rescue aid proposals were accepted by Myanmar's ruling junta.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/14/AR2008051400506_pf.html |title=Burma to Allow 160 Asian Aid Workers |work=The Washington Post |date=14 May 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Both India and the PRC maintain embassies in Rangoon and consulate-generals in Mandalay. === Nepal === {{Main|India–Nepal relations}} {{Flagicon|Nepal}}{{Flagicon|India}} Relations between India and Nepal are close yet fraught with difficulties stemming from border disputes, geography, economics, the problems inherent in big power-small power relations, and common ethnic and linguistic identities that overlap the two countries' borders. In 1950 New Delhi and [[Kathmandu]] initiated their intertwined relationship with the [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|Treaty of Peace and Friendship]] and accompanying secret letters that defined security relations between the two countries, and an agreement governing both bilateral trade and trade transiting Indian soil. The 1950 treaty and letters stated that "neither government shall tolerate any threat to the security of the other by a foreign aggressor" and obligated both sides "to inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two governments", and also granted the Indian and Nepali citizens right to get involved in any economic activity such as work and business related activity in each other's territory. These accords cemented a "special relationship" between India and Nepal that granted Nepalese in India the same economic and educational opportunities as Indian citizens. Relations between India and Nepal reached its lowest during 1989 when India imposed a 13-month-long economic blockade of Nepal. Indian PM Narendra Modi visited Nepal in 2014, the first by an Indian PM in nearly 17 years. In 2015, a blockade of the India-Nepal border has affected relations. The blockade is led by ethnic communities angered by Nepal's recently promulgated new constitution.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite web |title=UN: Nepal blockade puts millions of children at risk – BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34968252 |website=BBC News |access-date=2015-12-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, the Nepalese government accuses India of deliberately worsening the embargo, but India denies it.<ref name="bbc.com"/> India had [[Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake#India|aided Nepal]] during [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|2015 Kathmandu earthquake]] with financial aid of $1 billion, and launching [[Operation Maitri]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=India announces $1 billion aid for rebuilding Nepal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-announces-1-billion-aid-for-rebuilding-nepal/articleshow/47810366.cms|access-date=2021-04-24}}</ref> The relations were strained during mid 2020, when it was reported that a firing took place by the Nepalese police across Indo-Nepalese border of Bihar on July 12.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ramashankar|title=India Nepal border news: One killed, two injured in firing by Nepal police near border {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/one-killed-two-injured-in-shootout-at-india-nepal-border-in-bihars-sitamarhi/articleshow/76337313.cms|access-date=2021-04-23|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Nepal|Nepalese Prime Minister]] [[KP Sharma Oli]] commented about [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|the pandemic of Coronavirus]] that "Indian virus was more deadlier" than the one which [[COVID-19 pandemic|spread from Wuhan]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=Indian coronavirus more lethal than Chinese: Nepal PM K P Sharma Oli|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/coronavirus-coming-from-india-more-lethal-than-those-from-china-italy-oli/articleshow/75850117.cms|access-date=2021-04-24}}</ref> As the time progressed, certain claims were also made on the Indian territories, for example, [[Kalapani territory|Kalapani]], [[Kuthi Valley|Limpiyadhura]] and [[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]] of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-25|title=Controversy over old map of Nepal in Oli’s Dussehra greeting card|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/controversy-over-old-map-of-nepal-in-kp-oli-dussehra-greeting-card-6878975/|access-date=2021-04-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Similarly, the claims were also made culturally, when it was said that Hindu God [[Rama|Ram]] was Nepalese, that he was born in [[Thori]], west of [[Birgunj]], and that [[Ayodhya]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] was fake.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sujeet Jha|first=Geeta Mohan|title=Lord Ram was Nepali, India set up a 'fake Ayodhya', claims Nepal PM KP Oli|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lord-ram-was-nepali-india-set-up-a-fake-ayodhya-claims-nepal-pm-kp-oli-1700220-2020-07-13|access-date=2021-04-24|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> Rules were made strict for [[Indian Nepalis|Indians in Nepal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal amends citizenship law for Indians, cites Indian laws to justify change|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/nepal-amends-citizenship-law-for-indians-cites-indian-laws-to-justify-change/609491|access-date=2021-04-24|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|publisher=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> along with banning some Indian media<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=Scroll|title=Nepal bans transmission of private Indian news channels for allegedly ‘hurting national sentiments’|url=https://scroll.in/latest/967062/nepal-bans-transmission-of-private-indian-news-channels-for-allegedly-hurting-national-sentiments|access-date=2021-04-24|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> Indian media stated that the actions of Oli government were souring the relations, "and these were being done on the direction of China and propelled by Chinese ambassador [[Hou Yanqi]]". Speculations were made that since China could not handle India directly, in aftermath of the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|LAC skirmish]], it was lurking and trapping its neighboring countries and provoking them against India. In August, there were reports about the Chinese "illegal occupations" on Nepal's border states' areas.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China occupies Nepal village, land; deafening silence from Oli govt|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/china-occupies-nepal-village-land-deafening-silence-from-oli-govt/articleshow/76539082.cms|access-date=2021-04-24}}</ref> === Pakistan === {{Main|India–Pakistan relations}} {{Flagicon|Pakistan}}{{Flagicon|India}} Despite historical, cultural and ethnic links between them, relations between India and Pakistan have been plagued by years of mistrust and suspicion ever since the [[partition of India]] in 1947. The principal source of contention between India and its western neighbour has been the [[Kashmir conflict]]. After an invasion by [[Pashtuns|Pashtun tribesmen]] and Pakistani paramilitary forces, the Hindu Maharaja of the [[Dogras|Dogra]] Kingdom of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Hari Singh]], and its Muslim Prime Minister, [[Sheikh Abdullah]], signed an [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] with New Delhi. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|First Kashmir War]] started after the [[Indian Army]] entered [[Srinagar]], the capital of the state, to secure the area from the invading forces. The war ended in December 1948 with the [[Line of Control]] dividing the erstwhile princely state into territories administered by Pakistan (northern and western areas) and India (southern, central and northeastern areas). Pakistan contested the legality of the Instrument of Accession since the Dogra Kingdom has signed a [[standstill agreement]] with it. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] started following the failure of Pakistan's [[Operation Gibraltar]], which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the [[Tashkent Declaration]]. India and Pakistan [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|went to war]] again in 1971, this time the conflict being over [[East Pakistan]]. The [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|large-scale atrocities]] committed there by the Pakistan army led to millions of Bengali refugees pouring over into India. India, along with the [[Mukti Bahini]], defeated Pakistan and the Pakistani forces surrendered on the eastern front. The war resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. [[File:Nehrujinnah.jpg|thumb|279x279px|[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawahar Lal Nehru]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Muhammed Ali Jinnah]] walking in the grounds of Government House, [[Shimla|Simla]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref>{{cite web|date=6 June 2008|title=Indo-China trade to surpass $60 bn before 2010|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431|access-date=21 November 2009|publisher=Business-standard.com}}</ref>]] In 1998, India carried out the [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests which was followed by Pakistan's [[Chagai-I]] tests. Following the [[Lahore Declaration]] in February 1999, relations briefly improved. A few months later, however, Pakistani paramilitary forces and [[Pakistan Army]], infiltrated in large numbers into the [[Kargil district]] of Indian Kashmir. This initiated the [[Kargil War]] after India moved in thousands of troops to successfully flush out the infiltrators. Although the conflict did not result in a full-scale war between India and Pakistan, relations between the two reached all-time low which worsened even further following the involvement of Pakistan-based terrorists in the hijacking of the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] in December 1999. Attempts to normalise relations, such as the [[Agra summit]] held in July 2001, failed. An [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|attack on the Indian Parliament]] in December 2001, which was blamed on Pakistan, which had condemned the attack<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1707865.stm |title=SOUTH ASIA &#124; Indian parliament attack kills 12 |work=BBC News |date=13 December 2001 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> caused a [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff|military standoff between the two countries]] which lasted for nearly a year raising fears of a [[nuclear warfare]]. However, a peace process, initiated in 2003, led to improved relations in the following years. Since the initiation of the peace process, several confidence-building-measures (CBMs) between India and Pakistan have taken shape. The [[Samjhauta Express]] and [[Delhi–Lahore Bus]] service are two of these successful measures which have played a crucial role in expanding people-to-people contact between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/04/top13.htm |title=Pakistan, India inch closer to agreement: People-to-people contact -DAWN – Top Stories; 04 August, 2004 |publisher=DAWN |date=4 August 2004 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140030/http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/04/top13.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> The initiation of [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus]] service in 2005 and opening of a historic trade route across the Line of Control in 2008 further reflects increasing eagerness between the two sides to improve relations. Although bilateral trade between India and Pakistan was a modest US$1.7 billion in March 2007, it is expected to cross US$10 billion by 2010. After the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], India sent aid to affected areas in Pakistani Kashmir and Punjab as well as Indian Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/01/business/AS-FIN-India-Pakistan-Trade.php |title=Search – Global Edition – The New York Times |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> The [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] seriously undermined the relations between the two countries. India alleged Pakistan of harbouring militants on their soil, while Pakistan vehemently denied such claims. A new chapter started in India Pakistan relation when a new [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA government]] took charge in Delhi after victory in [[2014 Indian general election|2014 election]] and invited [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] members' leaders in oath taking ceremony. Subsequently visit of Indian Prime Minister on 25 December informally to wish Pakistani Prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] on his Birth Day and participate in his daughter's wedding. It was hoped that the relation between the neighbour will improve but [[2016 Uri attack|attack on Indian army camp by Pakistani infiltrators on 18 September 2016]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Militants attack Indian army base in Kashmir 'killing 17'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37399969|access-date=18 September 2016|agency=BBC News|date=18 September 2016}}</ref> and subsequent [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|surgical strike by India]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|title=India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 September 2016|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024056/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> aggravated the already strained relation between the nations. A SAARC summit scheduled in Islamabad was called off because of after boycott by India and other SAARC member's subsequently.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-28|title=Saarc summit collapses after India and three other members pull out|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/saarc-summit-collapses-after-india-and-3-other-members-pull-out/story-kIMWfSqirGLzB6MEfuS3CN.html|access-date=2021-04-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The relation took a further nosedive after another [[Pulwama attack|attack on CRPF on February 2019]] by a terrorist associated with the Pakistan based Terror Organisation, [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], when the terrorist rammed his vehicle packed with explosive against a bus carrying [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF soldiers]] in Pulwama, Kashmir, killing 40.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms|title=Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama &#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> India blamed Pakistan which was denied by the Pakistani establishment. India retaliated with [[2019 Balakot airstrike|an airstrike on Balakot]], a region claimed and controlled by Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chengappa|first=Raj|title=Balakot: How India planned IAF airstrike in Pakistan {{!}} An inside story|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20190325-balakot-airstrikes-pulwama-terror-attack-abhinandan-varthaman-narendra-modi-masood-azhar-1478511-2019-03-15|access-date=2021-04-24|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> A new chapter in peace was ignited, when it was suddenly declared that a back-door peace settlement over ceasing the cross-border firing across LOC was signed between the armies of both sides, and a steady growth in the countries' coming together was observed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Secret India-Pakistan peace roadmap brokered by top UAE royals|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/secret-india-pakistan-peace-roadmap-brokered-by-top-uae-royals/articleshow/81625837.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-04-24}}</ref> === Sri Lanka === {{Main|India–Sri Lanka relations}} {{Flagicon|Sri Lanka}}{{Flagicon|India}} Bilateral relations between Sri Lanka and India has enjoyed historically a good relationship. Sri Lanka is also the ground of one of the [[Yuddha Kanda|main focus point]] in Indian epic [[Ramayana]] being the country of [[Ravana]] who abducted [[Sita]]. The two countries share near-identical racial and cultural ties. According to traditional Sri Lankan chronicles ([[Dipavamsa]]), Buddhism was introduced into Sri Lanka in the 4th century BCE by Venerable [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda]], the son of Indian Emperor [[Ashoka]], during the reign of Sri Lanka's King [[Devanampiyatissa|Devanampiya Tissa]]. During this time, a sapling of the [[Bodhi Tree]] was brought to Sri Lanka and the first monasteries and Buddhist monuments were established. Nevertheless, relation [[Independence of Sri Lanka|post independence]] were affected by the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]] and by the failure of [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|Indian intervention]] during the civil war as well as India's support for Tamil Tiger militants. India is Sri Lanka's only neighbour, separated by the [[Palk Strait]]; both nations occupy a strategic position in South Asia and have sought to build a common security umbrella in the Indian Ocean.<ref name="SRI">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/735963.stm India's Sri Lankan scars]. BBC News (4 May 2000). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India-Sri Lanka relations have undergone a qualitative and quantitative transformation in the recent past. Political relations are close, trade and investments have increased dramatically, infrastructural linkages are constantly being augmented, defence collaboration has increased and there is a general, broad-based improvement across all sectors of bilateral co-operation. India was the first country to respond to Sri Lanka's request for assistance after the tsunami in December 2004. In July 2006, India evacuated 430 Sri Lankan nationals from Lebanon, first to Cyprus by Indian Navy ships and then to Delhi and Colombo by special Air India flights. There exists a broad consensus within the Sri Lankan polity on the primacy of India in Sri Lanka's external relations matrix. Both the major political parties in Sri Lanka, the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] and the [[United Nationalist Party]] have contributed to the rapid development of bilateral relations in the last ten years. Sri Lanka has supported India's candidature to the permanent membership of the UN Security Council.<ref>[http://mea.gov.in/foreignrelation/srilanka.htm Brief on India-Sri Lanka Relations], Ministry of External Affairs (BSM Division: Sri Lanka)</ref> === SAARC === Certain aspects of India's relations within the subcontinent are conducted through the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC). Other than India, its members are [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Established in 1985, SAARC encourages co-operation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics control and anti-terrorism. SAARC has intentionally stressed these "core issues" and avoided more divisive political issues, although political dialogue is often conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings. In 1993, India and its SAARC partners signed an agreement to gradually lower tariffs within the region. Forward movement in SAARC has come to a standstill because of the tension between India and Pakistan, and the SAARC Summit originally scheduled for, but not held in, November 1999 has not been rescheduled. The Fourteenth SAARC Summit was held during 3–4 April 2007 in New Delhi. Recent SAARC summit that was scheduled to be held in Islamabad [[19th SAARC summit|was postponed]] due to terrorist acts particularly [[2016 Uri attack|Uri attack]]. == India's relation with Indo–Pacific countries == === Australia === {{Main|Australia–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Australia}}{{Flagicon|India}} India & Australia are both Commonwealth members. Sporting and cultural ties are significant. Australian cricketers often undertake large commercial ventures in India, enhanced with the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]], and, to a lesser degree, the [[Indian Cricket League|ICL]]. Bollywood productions enjoy a large market in Australia. In 2007, PM [[John Howard]] visited Mumbai and its entertainment industry, in efforts to increase [[Tourism in India]] to Australia.<ref>[http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2007/12/bollywood-makes-minister-job-easier.html [[Bollywood]] makes minister Soni's job easier] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907003119/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2007/12/bollywood-makes-minister-job-easier.html |date=7 September 2008 }}. Realbollywood.com (26 December 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> [[File:Australia vs India.jpg|thumb|[[One-day International]] cricket match between Australia and India, [[MCG]] January 2004|220x220px]] There are ongoing strategic attempts to form an "Asian NATO" with India, [[Japan]], the [[United States|US]] and [[Australia]] through the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]].<ref>[http://www.theinsider.org/news/article.asp?id=2598 US, Japan, India & Australia announce military alliance against China]. The Insider. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2017}} During the first decade of the 21st century, the deepening of strategic relations between the two nations was prevented by a range of policy disagreements, such as India's refusal to sign the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|NPT]] and Australia's consequent refusal to provide India with [[uranium]]. Australia's parliament later allowed for the sale of uranium to India, following changes in government.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-06/prime-minister-tony-abbott-seals-uranium-deal-in-india/5724368]. ABC.net.au (6 September 2014). Retrieved 20 February 2018.</ref> Closer strategic cooperation between India, Japan, the United States and Australia also began during the second half of the 2010s, which some analysts attributed to a desire to balance Chinese initiatives in the Indo-Pacific region.<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/02/19/business/australia-u-s-india-japan-talks-establish-alternative-chinas-belt-road-initiative-report/#.WoriAmYy_EY]. Japantimes.co.jp (19 February 2018). Retrieved 20 February 2018.</ref> === Brunei === {{main|Brunei–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Brunei}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:PM Modi and Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah at Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Sultan of Brunei, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]], in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar|253x253px]] [[Brunei]] has a high commission in [[New Delhi]], and India has a high commission in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]. Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. === Fiji === {{Main|Fiji–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Fiji}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[Fiji]]'s relationship with the Republic of India is often seen by observers against the backdrop of the sometimes tense relations between its [[Fijians|indigenous people]] and the 44 percent of the population who are of [[Indians in Fiji|Indian descent]]. India has used its influence in international forums such as the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and United Nations on behalf of ethnic Indians in Fiji, lobbying for [[International sanctions|sanctions]] against Fiji in the wake of the [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|1987 coups]] and the [[2000 Fijian coup d'état|2000 coup]], both of which removed governments, one dominated and one led, by Indo-Fijians. === Indonesia === {{Main|India–Indonesia relations}} {{Flagicon|Indonesia}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Sukarno with children and Nehru.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] with [[Sukarno]], [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] and [[Guruh Sukarnoputra]], Indonesia, 1950.|240x240px]] The ties between Indonesia and India date back to the times of the [[Ramayana]],<ref>[http://www.melali-indonesia-tours.in/bollywood.php Ramayana to Bollywood, Indonesia Loves India]. Melali-indonesia-tours.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> "Yawadvipa" ([[Java]]) is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriva, the chief of [[Rama]]'s army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of [[Sita]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465 |title=History of Ancient India |last=Kapur |first=Kamlesh |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=9788120749108 |year=2010 |page=465}}</ref> Indonesians had absorbed many aspects of Indian culture since almost two millennia ago. The most obvious trace is the large [[List of loanwords in Indonesian#From Sanskrit|adoption of Sanskrit into Indonesian language]]. Several of Indonesian [[toponymy]] has Indian parallel or origin, such as [[Madura]] with [[Mathura]], [[Serayu]] and [[Sarayu]] rivers, [[Kalingga]] from [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga Kingdom]], and [[Yogyakarta|Ngayogyakarta]] from [[Ayodhya]]. Indianised [[Hindu]]–[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdoms, such as [[Kalingga]], [[Srivijaya]], [[Medang Kingdom|Medang i Bhumi Mataram]], [[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda]], [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]], [[Singhasari]] and [[Majapahit]] were the predominant governments in Indonesia, and lasted from 200<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daceband.com/read_blog/20112/indonesia |title=Daceband.com |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170706/http://daceband.com/read_blog/20112/indonesia |archive-date=21 February 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> to the 1500s, with the last remaining being in [[Bali]]. The example of profound Hindu-Buddhist influences in [[History of Indonesia|Indonesian history]] are the 9th century [[Prambanan]] and [[Borobudur]] temples. In 1950, the first President of Indonesia – [[Sukarno]] called upon the peoples of Indonesia and India to "intensify the cordial relations" that had existed between the two countries "for more than 1000 years" before they had been "disrupted" by colonial powers.<ref>Foreign Policy of India: Text of Documents 1947–59 (p.54)</ref> In the spring of 1966, the foreign ministers of both countries began speaking again of an era of friendly relations. India had supported Indonesian independence and Nehru had raised the Indonesian question in the [[United Nations Security Council]]. India has an embassy in Jakarta<ref>[http://www.embassyofindiajakarta.org/ Embassy of India in Jakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809200704/http://embassyofindiajakarta.org/ |date=9 August 2018 }}. Embassyofindiajakarta.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Indonesia operates an embassy in Delhi.<ref>[http://www.indonesianembassy.org.in/ Indonesian Embassies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021194537/http://www.indonesianembassy.org.in/ |date=21 October 2008 }}. Indonesianembassy.org.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India regards Indonesia as a key member of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]]. Today, both countries maintain cooperative and friendly relations. India and Indonesia is one of the few (and also one of the largest) [[democracy|democracies]] in Asian region which can be projected as a real democracy.<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/19229647/IndiaIndonesia-Strategic-Partnership India-Indonesia Strategic Partnership]. Scribd.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Both nations had agreed to establish a strategic partnership.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/bhaskar-balakrishnan/article1143458.ece Getting closer to Indonesia]. Thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> As fellow Asian democracies that share common values, it is natural for both countries to nurture and foster strategic alliance. Indonesia and India are member states of the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]], the [[E7 (countries)|E7]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and the United Nations. === Japan === {{Main|India–Japan relations}} {{Flagicon|Japan}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Malabar 07-2 exercise.jpg|thumb|Two Japanese Naval warships took part in [[Malabar 2007]] off India's western coast, one of the few such multilateral exercises Japan has ever taken part in symbolising close military co-operation between India and Japan.|220x220px]] India-Japan relations have always been strong. India has culturally influenced Japan through [[Buddhism]]. During [[World War II]], the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] helped [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]]'s [[Indian National Army]]. Relations have remained warm since India's independence, despite Japan imposing [[International sanctions|sanctions]] on India after the 1998 [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests (the sanctions were removed in 2001).<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2001/09/09/national/japan-ready-to-lift-sanctions-on-india/ "Japan ready to lift sanctions on India"] – The [[Japan Times]], 9 September 2001.</ref> Japanese companies, like [[Sony]], [[Toyota]], and [[Honda]], have manufacturing facilities in India, and with the growth of the Indian economy, India is a big market for Japanese firms. The most prominent Japanese company to have a big investment in India is automobiles giant [[Suzuki]] which is in partnership with Indian automobiles company [[Maruti Suzuki]], the largest car manufacturer in India. Honda was also a partner in "[[Hero MotoCorp|Hero Honda]]", one of the largest motor cycle sellers in the world (the companies split in 2011<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2011 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_hero-honda-split-after-26-years_1482149 |title=Hero, Honda split after 26 years}}</ref>). [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi meeting Japanese PM Shinzo Abe.jpg|thumb|Extensive discussions with PM Shinzo Abe on the various ways to make India-Japan ties stronger & more diverse.|220x220px]] According to Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]]'s ''arc of freedom'' theory, it is in Japan's interests to develop closer ties with India, world's most populous democracy, while its relations with China remain chilly. To this end, Japan has funded many infrastructure projects in India, most notably in [[New Delhi]]'s metro subway system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pinr.com/maintenance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024174544/http://pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=706&language_id=1|url-status=dead|title=Maintenance &#124; Pinr - Local Business Directory|archive-date=24 October 2007|website=pinr.com}}</ref> In December 2006, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]'s visit to Japan culminated in the signing of the "Joint Statement Towards Japan-India Strategic and Global Partnership". Indian applicants were welcomed in 2006 to the JET Programme, starting with just one slot available in 2006 and 41 in 2007. Also, in 2007, the [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]] took part in a naval exercise in the Indian Ocean, known as [[Exercise Malabar|Malabar 2007]], which also involved the naval forces of India, Australia, Singapore and the United States. In October 2008, Japan signed an agreement with India under which it would grant the latter a low-interest loan worth US$4.5 billion to construct a high-speed rail line between Delhi and Mumbai. This is the single largest overseas project being financed by Japan and reflects growing economic partnership between the two.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2008 |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5giqHnL_f6-aawPmSTcHokJyngxbg |title=AFP: Boosting ties, Japan offers India record loan for railway |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104181200/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5giqHnL_f6-aawPmSTcHokJyngxbg |archive-date=4 November 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> India and Japan signed a security co-operation agreement<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |title=Pakistan: Now or Never? " Blog Archive " India, Japan in security pact; a new architecture for Asia? &#124; Blogs &#124; |publisher=Blogs.reuters.com |date=25 October 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> in which both will hold military exercises, police the Indian Ocean and conduct military-to-military exchanges on fighting [[terrorism]], making India one of only three countries, the other two being the United States and Australia, with which Japan has such a security pact.<ref name="blogs.reuters.com">{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-Japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |work=Reuters |title=India, Japan in security pact; a new architecture for Asia? |date=25 October 2008 |access-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301213612/http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are 25,000 Indians in Japan as of 2008. === Laos === {{main|India–Laos relations}} {{Flagicon|Laos}}{{Flagicon|India}} In recent years, India has endeavoured to build relations, with this small [[Southeast Asia]]n nation. They have strong military relations, and India shall be building an Airforce Academy in Laos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-to-set-up-air-force-academy-in-laos/355204/ |title=India to set up Air Force Academy in Laos |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=30 August 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> === Malaysia === {{main|India–Malaysia relations}} {{Flagicon|Malaysia}}{{Flagicon|India}} India has a high commission in [[Kuala Lumpur]], and Malaysia has a high commission in New Delhi. Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the [[Asia Cooperation Dialogue|Asian Union]]. India and Malaysia are also connected by various cultural and historical ties that date back to antiquity. The two countries are on friendly terms with each other and Malaysia harbours a small population of [[Malaysian Indian|Indian immigrants]]. [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohamad]] the fourth and longest serving Prime Minister of Malaysia is of Indian origin. His father Mohamad Iskandar, is a Malayalee Muslim who migrated from [[Kerala]] and his mother Wan Tampawan, is a [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahathir: Riwayat Gagah Berani |first=J. Victor |last=Morais|author-link=John Victor Morais |translator=Abdul Razak bin Haji Abdul Rahman |publisher=Arenabuku |year=1982 |pages=1–Kuasa Yang Merjudikan Seorang Budak Itu Bewasa, Bab 1}}</ref> Relations were escalated, when the Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad questioned the action of [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revocating the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]], and on [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|CAA-NRC protests]]. The relations continue to be diminished, also during the palm oil export from Malaysia to India. Even with the [[2020 Malaysian political crisis|new government in power]], currently, there seems no recovery, as former [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] sill favored Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/mahathir-admits-malaysias-ties-with-india-strained-due-to-his-kashmir-remarks-6545011/|title=Mahathir admits Malaysia's ties with India strained due to his Kashmir remarks|access-date=August 7, 2020|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> === Nauru === {{main|India–Nauru relations}} {{Flagicon|Nauru}}{{Flagicon|India}} India and [[Nauru]] relations have been established since the island nation's independence in 1968. Leaders of both countries have been meeting on the sidelines of some of the international forums of which both the nations are part of such as the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement. India is one of the largest donors to the island by improving the education ministry and creating transportation and computer connections for the MPs and the [[Speaker of the Parliament of Nauru]]. There were numerous visits by the [[President of Nauru]] to the republic for further strengthen in ties and co-operation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Nauru-January-2012.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012648/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Nauru-January-2012.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === New Zealand === {{main|India-New Zealand relations}} {{Flagicon|New Zealand}}{{Flagicon|India}} Bilateral relations were established between India and New Zealand in 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hicomind.org.nz/hcinz/india-new-zealand/bilateral-relations/|title=Bilateral Relations »|website=www.hicomind.org.nz|access-date=2016-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721235929/http://www.hicomind.org.nz/hcinz/india-new-zealand/bilateral-relations/|archive-date=21 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> India has a High Commission in [[Wellington, New Zealand|Wellington]] with an [[Honorary consul|Honorary Consulate]] in [[Auckland]], while New Zealand has a High Commission in [[New Delhi]] along with a [[Consulate]] in [[Mumbai]], [[trade office]]s in New Delhi and Mumbai and an Honorary Consulate in [[Chennai]]. India–New Zealand relations were cordial but not extensive after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]]. More recently, New Zealand has shown interest in extending ties with India due to [[Economy of India|India's impressive GDP growth]]. === North Korea === {{main|India–North Korea relations}} {{Flagicon|North Korea}}{{Flagicon|India}} India and North Korea have growing trade and diplomatic relations. India maintains a fully functioning embassy in Pyongyang, and North Korea has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. India has said that it wants the "reunification" of Korea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049826 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405025720/http://www.mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049826 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Papua New Guinea === {{main|India-Papua New Guinea Relations}} {{Flagicon|Papua New Guinea}}{{Flagicon|India}} India and Papua New Guinea established relations in 1975, following PNG's independence from Australia. Since 1975, relations have grown between the two nations. India maintains a High Commission in [[Port Moresby]] while Papua New Guinea maintains a High Commission in [[New Delhi]] In the 2010 Fiscal Year, Trade between the two nations grew to US$239 Million. PNG has sent numerous military officers and students to be trained and educated in India's academies and universities respectively. In recent years, India and PNG have signed an Economic Partnership Agreement, allowing India to further invest into PNG's infrastructure, telecommunications and educational institutions. === Philippines === {{main|India–Philippines relations}} {{Flagicon|Philippines}}{{Flagicon|India}} Through the [[Srivijaya]] and [[Majapahit]] empires, [[Hinduism in the Philippines|Hindu influence]] has been visible in Philippine history from the 10th to 14th centuries. During the 18th century, there was robust trade between Manila and the Coromandel Coast of Bengal, involving Philippine exports of tobacco, silk, cotton, indigo, sugar cane and coffee. Formal diplomatic relations between Philippines and India were established on 16 November 1949. The first Philippine envoy to India was the late Foreign Secretary Narciso Ramos. Seven years after India's independence in 1947, the Philippines and India signed a Treaty of Friendship on 11 July 1952 in Manila to strengthen the friendly relations existing between the two countries. Soon after, the Philippine Legation in New Delhi was established and then elevated to an embassy. However, due to foreign policy differences as a result of the bipolar alliance structure of the Cold War, the development of bilateral relations was stunted. It was only in 1976 that relations started to normalise when Aditya Birla, one of India's successful industrialists, met with then President Ferdinand E. Marcos to explore possibilities of setting up joint ventures in the Philippines. Today, like India, the Philippines is the leading voice-operated business process outsourcing (BPO) source in terms of revenue (US$5.7) and number of people (500,000) employed in the sector. In partnership with the Philippines, India has 20 IT/BPO companies in the Philippines. Philippines-India bilateral trade stood at US$986.60 million in 2009. In 2004 it was US$600 million. Both countries aim to reach US$1 billion by 2010. There are 60,000 Indians living in the Philippines. The Philippines and India signed in October 2007 the Framework for Bilateral Cooperation which created the PH-India JCBC. It has working groups in trade, agriculture, tourism, health, renewable energy and a regular policy consultation mechanism and security dialogue. === Samoa === {{Main|India–Samoa relations}} {{Flagicon|Samoa}}{{Flagicon|India}} Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfat.gov.ws/embassies/countries-with-established-diplomatic-relations-with-samoa/|title=Samoa Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade is under construction}}</ref> === Singapore === {{Main|India–Singapore relations}} {{Flagicon|Singapore}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:RSS Formidable (68) and INS Brahmaputra (F 31).jpg|thumb|Singapore Navy frigate RSS ''Formidable'' (68) steams alongside the [[Indian Navy]] frigate INS ''Brahmaputra'' (F-31) in the Bay of Bengal. Singapore is one of India's strongest allies in South East Asia.]] India and Singapore share long-standing cultural, commercial and strategic relations, with Singapore being a part of the "[[Greater India]]" cultural and commercial region. More than 300,000 people of Indian Tamil "[[தமிழ்]]" origin live in Singapore. Following its independence in 1965, Singapore was concerned with China-backed communist threats as well as domination from Malaysia and Indonesia and sought a close strategic relationship with India, which it saw as a counterbalance to [[People's Republic of China|Chinese influence]] and a partner in achieving regional security.<ref name="SO">{{cite web |title=IPCS Special Report – India-Singapore Relations |url=http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-41.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606205724/http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-41.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2007 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> Singapore had always been an important strategic trading post, giving India trade access to [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] and the Far East. Although the rival positions of both nations over the [[Vietnam War]] and the [[Cold War]] caused consternation between India and Singapore, their relationship expanded significantly in the 1990s;<ref name="SO"/> Singapore was one of the first to respond to [[Indian Look East policy]] of expanding its economic, cultural and strategic ties in Southeast Asia to strengthen its standing as a [[regional power]].<ref name="SO"/> Singapore, and especially, the Singaporean Foreign Minister, [[George Yeo]], have taken an interest, in re-establishing the ancient Indian university, [[Nalanda University]]. Singapore is the 8th largest source of investment in India and the largest amongst ASEAN member nations.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="J">{{cite web |title=India-Singapore Economic and Commercial Relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219015332/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |archive-date=19 February 2007 |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> It is also India's 9th biggest trading partner as of 2005–06.<ref name="SO"/> Its cumulative investment in India totals US$3 billion as of 2006 and is expected to rise to US 5 billion by 2010 and US 10 billion by 2015.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="O">{{cite web |title=India, Singapore ink pact |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050703001651/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=3 July 2005 |work=[[Asia Times]] |date=2 July 2005 |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="GV">{{cite web |title=India, Singapore trade to touch $50 bn by 2010 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/30/stories/2005063002400700.htm |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |location=India |date=30 June 2005 |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> India's economic liberalisation and its "Look East" policy have led to a major expansion in bilateral trade, which grew from USD 2.2 billion in 2001 to US 9–10 billion in 2006 – a 400% growth in span of five years – and to USD 50 billion by 2010.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="O"/><ref name="GV"/> Singapore accounts for 38% of India's trade with ASEAN member nations and 3.4% of its total foreign trade.<ref name="SO"/> India's main exports to Singapore in 2005 included petroleum, gemstones, jewellery, machinery and its imports from Singapore included electronic goods, organic chemicals and metals. More than half of Singapore's exports to India are basically "re-exports" – items that had been imported from India.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="J"/> === South Korea === {{Main|India–South Korea relations}} {{Flagicon|South Korea}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Narendra Modi and the President of the Republic of South Korea, Mr. Moon Jae-in take Delhi Metro ride on the way to inaugurate the Samsung manufacturing plant, World’s Largest Mobile Factory, in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.JPG|thumb|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the President of the Republic of South Korea, Mr. [[Moon Jae-in]] take [[Delhi Metro]] ride on the way to inaugurate the Samsung manufacturing plant, World’s Largest Mobile Factory, in [[Noida|Noida, Uttar Pradesh]].]] The cordial relationship between the two countries extends back to 48AD, when Queen Suro, or [[Heo Hwang-ok|Princess Heo]], travelled from the kingdom of Ayodhya to Korea.<ref name="NDTV">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134322/http://www.ndtv.com/features/showfeatures.asp?id=813&frmsrch=1&txtsrch=korea%2Ckim%2Cdynasty NDTV article]. Web.archive.org (29 September 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> According to the [[Samguk Yusa]], the princess had a dream about a heavenly king who was awaiting heaven's anointed ride. After Princess Heo had the dream, she asked her parents, the king and queen, for permission to set out and seek the man, which the king and queen urged with the belief that god orchestrated the whole fate.<ref name="Samguk">Iryeon, pp. 161–164. (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) (1972). Samguk Yusa. Seoul: Yonsei University Press. {{ISBN|89-7141-017-5}}.</ref> Upon approval, she set out on a boat, carrying gold, silver, a tea plant, and a stone which calmed the waters.<ref name="NDTV"/> Archeologists discovered a stone with two fish kissing each other, a symbol of the [[Geumgwan Gaya|Gaya kingdom]] that is unique to the [[Mishra]] royal family in [[Ayodhya]], India. This royal link provides further evidence that there was an active commercial engagements between India and Korea since the queen's arrival to Korea.<ref name="NDTV"/> Current descendants live in the city of Kimhae as well as abroad in America's state of New Jersey and Kentucky. Many of them became prominent and well-known around the world like President Kim Dae Jung, Prime Minister Jong Pil Kim. The relations between the countries have been relatively limited, although much progress arose during the three decades. Since the formal establishment of the diplomatic ties between two countries in 1973, several trade agreements have been reached. Trade between the two nations has increased exponentially, exemplified by the $530 million during the fiscal year of 1992–1993, and the $10 billion during 2006–2007.<ref name="IDSA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070521072455/http://www.idsa.in/publications/stratcomments/RohitPattnaik220906.htm IDSA publication]. Web.archive.org (21 May 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> During the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], South Korean businesses sought to increase access to the global markets, and began trade investments with India.<ref name="IDSA"/> The last two presidential visits from South Korea to India were in 1996 and 2006,<ref name="blue house">{{Cite web|url=http://www.president.go.kr/cwd/kr/archive/popup_archive_print.php?meta_id=diplomacy_2004_03_1&id=e40ef57671fb72a4b3269f7d|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015633/http://www.president.go.kr/cwd/kr/archive/popup_archive_print.php?meta_id=diplomacy_2004_03_1&id=e40ef57671fb72a4b3269f7d|url-status=dead|title=Blue House commentary|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> and the embassy works between the two countries are seen as needing improvements.<ref name="joongang">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050309194250/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200310/06/200310062328421439900090309031.html Joong-ang Daily News article]. Web.archive.org (9 March 2005). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Recently, there have been acknowledgements in the Korean public and political spheres that expanding relations with India should be a major economical and political priority for South Korea. Much of the economic investments of South Korea have been drained into China;<ref name="chosun">[http://www.chosun.com/editorials/news/200611/200611170385.html Chosun news article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180513/http://www.chosun.com/editorials/news/200611/200611170385.html |date=3 March 2016 }}. Chosun.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> however, South Korea is currently the fifth largest source of investment in India.<ref name="FICCI KOREA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080221061403/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/korea/koreacommercialrelation.htm FICCI i nfo]. Web.archive.org (21 January 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> To [[The Times of India]], President [[Roh Moo-hyun]] voiced his opinion that co-operation between India's software and Korea's IT industries would bring very efficient and successful outcomes.<ref name="blue house"/> The two countries agreed to shift their focus to the revision of the visa policies between the two countries, expansion of trade, and establishment of [[free trade agreement]] to encourage further investment between the two countries. Korean companies such as [[Lucky Goldstar|LG]], [[Hyundai Motor Group|Hyundai]] and [[Samsung]] have established manufacturing and service facilities in India, and several Korean construction companies won grants for a portion of the many infrastructural building plans in India, such as the "National Highway Development Project".<ref name="FICCI KOREA"/> Tata Motor's purchase of [[Daewoo]] Commercial Vehicles at the cost of $102 million highlights the India's investments in Korea, which consist mostly of subcontracting.<ref name="FICCI KOREA"/> === Taiwan === {{Main|India–Taiwan relations}} {{Flagicon|Republic of China}}{{Flagicon|India}} India recognized the Republic of China(R.O.C) from 1947 to 1950. On 1 April 1950,India officially recognised the People's Republic of China (P.R.C) as "China" and continued to recognise the PRC's "One China" policy in which island of Taiwan is a part of the Chinese territory. However, the bilateral relations between India and Taiwan have improved since the 1990s despite both nations not maintaining official diplomatic relations. Taiwan and India maintains non-governmental interaction via [[India-Taipei Association]] and via '''Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre''' respectively. In July 2020, the Indian government appointed a top career diplomat, Joint Secretary Gourangalal Das, the former head of the U.S. division in India's Ministry of External Affairs, as its new envoy to Taiwan === Thailand === {{Main|India–Thailand relations}} {{Flagicon|Thailand}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Emerald Buddha Temple - 2017-06-11 (073).jpg|thumb| The mural of the Temple of the Emerald Buddha depicting Ninlaphat (Nila in Ramayana) a monkey soldier, serves as a bridge during an event in [[Ramakien]] ("Glory of Rama"), a Thai version of the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]].]] India's [[Indian Look East policy]], saw India grow relations with [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] countries including Thailand, and Thailand's Look West policy, also saw it grow its relations with India. Both countries are members of [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation|BIMSTEC]]. Indian Prime Ministers [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], and [[Manmohan Singh]], have visited Thailand, which were reciprocated by contemporary Thai Prime Ministers [[Chatichai Choonhavan]], [[Thaksin Sinawatra]], and [[Surayud Chulanont]]. In 2003, a [[Free trade area|Free Trade Agreement]] was signed between the two countries. India, is the 13th largest investor in Thailand. The spheres of trade are in [[chemicals]], [[pharmaceuticals]], textiles, nylon, tyre cord, real estate, rayon fibres, paper grade pulps, steel wires, and rods. However, [[IT service management|IT services]], and manufacturing, are the main spheres. Through Buddhism, India, has culturally influenced Thailand. The Indian epics, [[Mahabharata]], and [[Ramayana]], are popular and are widely taught in schools as part of the curriculum in Thailand. The example can also be seen in temples around Thailand, where the story of Ramayana and renowned Indian folk stories are depicted on the temple wall. Thailand, has become a big tourist destination for Indians. Moreover, India and Thailand have been culturally linked for centuries and India has had a deep influence on Thai culture. There are a substantial number of words in Thai that are borrowed from Sanskrit, India's classical language. Pali, which was the language of Magadha and is medium of Theravada, is another important root of Thai vocabulary. Buddhism, the major religion of Thailand, itself originates from India. The Hindu story of Ramayana is also well known throughout Thailand in the name Ramakien. === Vietnam === {{Main|India–Vietnam relations}} {{Flagicon|Vietnam}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with Ho Chi Minh.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (left) and Vietnamese President Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi.]] India supported Vietnam's independence from France, opposed US involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] and supported unification of Vietnam. India established official diplomatic relations in 1972 and maintained friendly relations, especially in the wake of Vietnam's hostile relations with the People's Republic of China, which had become India's strategic rival.<ref name="IPCS">{{cite web |title=India and Vietnam in changing East Asia |url=http://ipcs.org/southeastasia_publications2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=2278&country=1016&status=article&mod=a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607034939/http://www.ipcs.org/southeastasia_publications2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=2278&country=1016&status=article&mod=a |archive-date=7 June 2007 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> India granted the "[[Most favoured nation]]" status to Vietnam in 1975<ref name="IPCS"/> and both nations signed a bilateral trade agreement in 1978 and the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) on 8 March 1997.<ref name="FCCI">{{cite web |title=India – Vietnam Economic and Commercial Relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/vietnam/vietnamcommercialrelation.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210040001/http://ficci.com/international/countries/vietnam/vietnamcommercialrelation.htm |archive-date=10 December 2007 |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> In 2007, a fresh joint declaration was issued during the state visit of the [[Prime Minister of Vietnam]] [[Nguyen Tan Dung]].<ref name="VN">{{cite web |title=Vietnam, India issue joint declaration on strategic partnership |url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/2007/07/715169/ |publisher=VietNamNet Bridge |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141740/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/2007/07/715169/ |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> Bilateral trade has increased rapidly since the liberalisation of the economies of both Vietnam and India.<ref name="IPCS"/> India is the 13th-largest exporter to Vietnam, with exports have grown steadily from US$11.5 million in 1985–86 to USD 395.68 million by 2003.<ref name="FCCI"/> Vietnam's exports to India rose to USD 180 million, including agricultural products, handicrafts, textiles, electronics and other goods.<ref name="IV">{{cite web |title=India-Vietnam: Developing a Strategic Partnership |url=http://www.asianaffairs.com/may2008/cdrfiles/india_vietnam.pdf. |format=PDF |publisher=Asian Affairs |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2006, the volume of bilateral trade expanded at 20–30% per annum to reach $1 billion by 2006.<ref name="HL">{{cite news |title=Vietnam favours FTA with India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761171600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017114352/http://hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761171600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2007 |date=7 July 2007 |access-date=16 June 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="HTA">{{cite web |title=Vietnam PM urges greater trade ties with India |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070752021000.htm |date=7 July 2007 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216142207/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070752021000.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Continuing the rapid pace of growth, bilateral trade is expected to rise to $2 billion by 2008, two years ahead of the official target.<ref name="HTA"/><ref name="VL">{{cite web |title=Trade with India to reach US $2 billion in 2008 |url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/05/trade-with-india-to-reach-us2-billion.html |date=3 May 2008 |publisher=Vietnam Business Finance |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505072912/http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/05/trade-with-india-to-reach-us2-billion.html |archive-date=5 May 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> India and Vietnam have also expanded co-operation in information technology, education and collaboration of the respective national [[space program]]mes.<ref name="VN"/> Direct air links and lax [[visa (document)|visa]] regulations have been established to bolster tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=India, Vietnam to start direct flights |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/10/18/stories/2004101801780500.htm |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |location=India |date=18 October 2004 |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> India and Vietnam are members of the [[Mekong–Ganga Cooperation]], created to develop to enhance close ties between India and nations of Southeast Asia. Vietnam has supported India's bid to become a permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]] and join the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|Indo-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC).<ref name="HL2">{{cite web |title=Vietnam backs India for APEC membership |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/08/stories/0308000c.htm |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=7 November 2000 |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135044/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/08/stories/0308000c.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the 2003 joint declaration, India and Vietnam envisaged creating an "Arc of Advantage and Prosperity" in Southeast Asia;<ref name="VN"/> to this end, Vietnam has backed a more important relationship and role between India and the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) and its negotiation of an Indo–ASEAN [[Free trade area|free trade agreement]].<ref name="IPCS"/><ref name="VN"/> India and Vietnam have also built strategic partnerships, including extensive co-operation on developing [[nuclear power]], enhancing regional security and fighting terrorism, [[transnational crime]] and drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Vietnam sign MoU for bilateral cooperation on security |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/India_Vietnam_sign_MoU_for_bilateral_cooperation_on_security/articleshow/2895191.cms |date=24 March 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="VN"/><ref name="IV"/> === ASEAN === {{Flagicon|ASEAN}}-{{Flagicon|India}} India's interaction with [[ASEAN]] during the Cold War was very limited. India declined to get associated with ASEAN in the 1960s when full membership was offered even before the grouping was formed.<ref name="indianmba.com"/> It is only with the formulation of the Look East policy in the last decade (1992), India had started giving this region due importance in the foreign policy. India became a sectoral dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992, a full dialogue partner in 1995, a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in 1996, and a summit-level partner (on par with China, Japan and Korea) in 2002. The first India–ASEAN Business Summit was held at New Delhi in October 2002. The then Prime Minister [[A B Vajpayee|A. B. Vajpayee]] addressed this meet and since then this business summit has become an annual feature before the India–ASEAN Summits, as a forum for networking and exchange of business experiences between policy makers and business leaders from ASEAN and India. Four India-ASEAN Summits, first in 2002 at Phnom Penh (Cambodia), second in 2003 at Bali, Indonesia, third in 2004 at Vientiane, Laos, and the fourth in 2005 at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, have taken place. The following agreements have been entered into with ASEAN: * Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (for establishing a FTA in a time frame of 10 years) was concluded in Bali in 2003. * An ASEAN-India Joint Declaration for Cooperation to Combat International Terrorism has been adopted. * India has acceded to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) in 2003, on which ASEAN was formed initially (in 1967). * Agreement on "India-ASEAN Partnership for Peace, Progress and Shared Prosperity" was signed at the 3rd ASEAN-India Summit in November 2004. * Setting up of Entrepreneurship Development Centres in ASEAN member states – Cambodia, Burma, Laos, and Vietnam. (The one in Laos is already functional) The following proposals were announced by the Prime Minister at the 4th ASEAN-India Summit: * Setting up centres for English Language Training (ELT) in Cambodia, Laos, Burma and Vietnam. * Setting up a tele-medicine and tele-education network for Cambodia, Burma, Laos and Vietnam. * Organising special training courses for diplomats from ASEAN countries. * Organising an India-ASEAN Technology Summit in 2006. * Organising education fairs and road shows in ASEAN countries. * Conducting an India-ASEAN IT Ministerial and Industry Forum in 2006. The ASEAN region has an abundance of natural resources and significant technological skills. These provide a natural base for the integration between ASEAN and India in both trade and investment. The present level of bilateral trade with ASEAN of nearly US$18 billion is reportedly increasing by about 25% per year. India hopes to reach the level of US$30 billion by 2007. India is also improving its relations with the help of other policy decisions like offers of lines of credit, better connectivity through air (open skies policy), rail and road links.<ref name="indianmba.com"/> == India's relation with the Americas == India's commonalities with developing nations in Latin America, especially Brazil and Mexico have continued to grow. India and Brazil continue to work together on the [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|reform of Security Council]] through the [[G4 nations]] while have also increased strategic and economic co-operation through the [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]]. The process of finalising [[Preferential Trade Agreement]] (PTA) with [[MERCOSUR]] (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay) is on the itinerary and negotiations are being held with Chile.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/India-Mercosur_PTA_to_be_ratified/articleshow/2216138.cms |title=India-Mercosur PTA to be ratified- International Business-News-The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] was the guest of honour at the 2004 [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations in New Delhi.<ref>[http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm Indian embassy] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120907043713/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm |date=7 September 2012 }}. Indian embassy (30 November 2004). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> [[File:Cristina.kirchner.enindia.2009.jpg|thumb|(L-R): Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], President of Argentina, [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] and President [[Pratibha Patil]] at [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]].]] === Antigua and Barbuda === {{Main|Antigua and Barbuda–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}}{{Flagicon|India}} Both countries have established diplomatic relations and have an Extradition Arrangement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/leta.htm|title=MEA – List of Extradition Treaties/Arrangements|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref><ref>[https://mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/AntiguaBarbuda.pdf]</ref> === Argentina === {{Main|Argentina-India relations}} {{Flagicon|Argentina}}{{Flagicon|India}} Formal relations between both the countries were first established in 1949. India has an embassy in [[Buenos Aires]] and Argentina has an embassy in New Delhi. The current Indian Ambassador to Argentina (concurrently accredited to Uruguay and Paraguay) is [[R Viswanathan]]. According to the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] of the [[Government of India]], "Under the 1968 Visa agreement, (Argentine)fees for transit and tourist visas have been abolished. Under the new visa agreement signed during Argentine Presidential visit in October 2009, it has been agreed that five-year multi-entry business visas would be given free of cost. The Embassy of India in Buenos Aires gives Cafe Con Visa (coffee with visa) to Argentine visitors. The applicants are invited for coffee and visa is given immediately. This has been praised by the Argentine media, public and the Foreign Minister himself."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=500410027 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> === Barbados === {{Main|Barbados–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Barbados}}{{Flagicon|India}} India and Barbados established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1966 (the date of Barbados' national independence).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Pananma.pdf|title=404|last=Anlicor|website=www.foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=23 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823064558/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Pananma.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> On that date, the government of India gifted Barbados the throne in Barbados' national [[Barbados House of Assembly|House of Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/7 |title=The House of Assembly |publisher=The Barbados Parliament |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> India is represented in Barbados through its embassy in Suriname<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/October.pdf|title=404|last=Anlicor|website=www.foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060527/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/October.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassysuriname.com/ |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Paramaribo, Suriname |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50047550 Barbados India Relations] (Note: to view this file, convert the extension of php to pdf.)</ref> and an Indian consulate in [[Holetown]], [[Saint James, Barbados|St. James]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Germany.pdf|title=404|last=Anlicor|website=www.foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060532/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Germany.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011–12 the Indian-based firm Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, established the American University of Barbados (AUB), as the island's first Medical School for international students. In 2015 the governments of Barbados and India signed a joint Open Skies Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/10/31/barbados-signs-air-services-agreement-with-india/|title=Barbados signs air services agreement with India|date=31 October 2015}}</ref> Today around 3,000 persons from India call Barbados home. Two-thirds are from the India's Surat district of Gujarat known as Suratis. Most of the Suratis are involved in trading. The rest are mainly of Sindhis ancestry. === Belize === {{Main|Belize-India relations}} {{Flagicon|Belize}}{{Flagicon|India}} India has an Honorary Consulate in [[Belize City]] and Belize has an Honorary Consulate in [[New Delhi]]. Bilateral trade stood at US$45.3 Million in 2014 and has steadily increased since. [[Belize]] and India have engaged in dialogue in [[Central American Integration System]] (SICA) discussing anti-terrorism, climate change and food security. India signed a [[Tax Information Exchange Agreement]] in 2013 with Belize. India also provides Belize US$30 Million as part of its foreign aid commitment to SICA countries. Citizens of Belize are eligible for scholarships in Indian universities under [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]. The two nations share a close cultural link due to Belize's large East Indian Population, estimated at 4% of the total population. === Brazil === {{Main|Brazil–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Brazil}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and the Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee receiving the Chief Guest of this year's Republic Day Parade and the visiting President of the Federative Republic of Brazil Mr. Luiz Inacio.jpg|alt=|thumb|The President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] and the Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] receiving the Chief Guest of this year's Republic Day Parade and the visiting President of the Federative Republic of Brazil [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Mr. Luiz Inacio Lula Da Silva]] on his arrival at the Saluting Dais of the Republic Day Parade-2004]] Relations between Brazil and India has been extended to diverse areas as science and technology, pharmaceuticals and space as both are member nations of [[BRICS]]. The two-way trade in 2007 nearly tripled to US$3.12 billion from US$1.2 billion in 2004. India attaches tremendous importance to its relationship with this Latin American giant and hopes to see the areas of co-operation expand in the coming years. Both countries want the participation of developing countries in the UNSC permanent membership since the underlying philosophy for both of them are: UNSC should be more democratic, legitimate and representative – the G4 is a novel grouping for this realisation. Brazil and India are deeply committed to [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]] (South-South co-operation) initiatives and attach utmost importance to this trilateral co-operation between the three large, multi-ethnic, multi-racial and multi-religious developing countries, which are bound by the common principle of pluralism and democracy. === Canada === {{Main|Canada–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Canada}}{{Flagicon|India}} Indo-Canadian relations, are the longstanding bilateral relations between India and Canada, which are built upon a "mutual commitment to democracy", "pluralism", and "people-to-people links", according to the government of Canada. In 2004, bilateral trade between India and Canada was at about C$2.45 billion. However, the botched handling of the [[Air India Flight 182|Air India investigation]] and the case in general suffered a setback to Indo-Canadian relations. India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test led to connections between the two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the terms of the [[Colombo Plan]]. Although Jean Chrétien and Roméo LeBlanc both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted after the Pokhran-II tests. Canada-India relations have been on an upward trajectory since 2005. Governments at all levels, private-sector organisations, academic institutes in two countries, and people-to-people contacts—especially diaspora networks—have contributed through individual and concerted efforts to significant improvements in the bilateral relationship. The two governments have agreed on important policy frameworks to advance the bilateral relationship. In particular, the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (signed in June 2010) and the current successful negotiations of the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) constitute a watershed in Canada-India relations. The two governments have attempted to make up for lost time and are eager to complete CEPA negotiations by 2013 and ensure its ratification by 2014. After conclusion of CEPA, Canada and India must define the areas for their partnership which will depend on their ability to convert common interests into common action and respond effectively for steady co-operation. For example, during "pull-aside" meetings between Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Stephen Harper at the G-20 summit in Mexico in June 2012, and an earlier meeting in Toronto between External Affairs Minister S. M. Krishna and John Baird, the leaders discussed developing a more comprehensive partnership going beyond food security and including the possibility of tie-ups in the energy sector, mainly hydrocarbon. === Colombia === {{Main|Colombia–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Colombia}}{{Flagicon|India}} Both countries established diplomatic ties on 19 January 1959. Since then the relationship between the two countries has been gradually increasing with more frequent diplomatic visits to promote political, commercial cultural and academic exchanges. Colombia is currently the commercial point of entry into Latin America for Indian companies.<ref name=minrelextcol>[http://www.minrelext.gov.co/WebContentManager/webapp/display.jsp?sid=9902&pid=7256 {{in lang|es}} Colombian ministry of foreign affairs: Colombia-India relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216114159/http://www.minrelext.gov.co/WebContentManager/webapp/display.jsp?sid=9902&pid=7256 |date=16 December 2007 }} Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 14 December 2007.</ref> === Cuba === {{main|Cuba–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Cuba}}{{Flagicon|India}} Relations between India and Cuba are relatively warm. Both nations are part of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Cuba has repeatedly called for a more "democratic" representation of the United Nations Security Council and supports India's candidacy as a permanent member on a reformed Security Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassyhavana.org/?q=en/node/9 |title=Ind Embassy Havana |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> [[Fidel Castro]] said that "The maturity of India…, its unconditional adherence to the principles which lay at the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement give us the assurances that under the wise leadership of [[Indira Gandhi]] (the former [[Prime Minister of India]]), the non-aligned countries will continue advancing in their inalienable role as a bastion for peace, national independence and development..."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30179977.ece |title=50 years of friendship |access-date=2020-08-15 |date=2010-04-23 |work=Frontline}}</ref> India has an embassy in Havana, the capital of Cuba which opened in January 1960. This had particular significance as it symbolised Indian solidarity with the Cuban revolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cubaminrex.cu/english/currentissues/Excellent%20Relations%20Between.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-06-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119065056/http://www.cubaminrex.cu/English/currentissues/Excellent%20Relations%20Between.htm |archive-date=19 January 2013 |df=dmy}}</ref> India had been one of the first countries in the world to have recognised the new Cuban government after the [[Cuban Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049866 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114213901/http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049866 |archive-date=14 November 2011 |df=dmy}}</ref> Cuba has an embassy in [[New Delhi]], the Indian capital.<ref>http://www.cubadiplomatica.cu/india/EN/{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Jamaica === {{Main|India–Jamaica relations}} {{Flagicon|Jamaica}}{{Flagicon|India}} Relations between India and Jamaica are generally cordial and close. There are many cultural and political connections inherited from British colonial rule, such as membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], parliamentary democracy, the English language and cricket.<ref name="hcikingston.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.hcikingston.com/indjam.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618034820/http://www.hcikingston.com/indjam.html |archive-date=18 June 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Jamaica-July-2012.pdf</ref> Both nations are members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[United Nations]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], and Jamaica supports India's candidacy for permanent membership on a reformed UN Security Council. During the British era, Indians voluntarily went to jobs in Jamaica and the West Indies. This has created a considerable population of people of Indian origin in Jamaica. India has a [[High Commission]] in Kingston,<ref name="hcikingston.com"/> whilst Jamaica has a consulate in New Delhi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congenjamaica-ny.org/jamaicancommissions/ |title=Jamaican High Commissions |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221180723/http://www.congenjamaica-ny.org/jamaicancommissions/ |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and plans to upgrade it to a High Commission soon. === Mexico === {{Main|India–Mexico relations}} {{Flagicon|Mexico}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Budistas en México D.F., México, 2013-10-16, DD 122.JPG|thumb|[[Indian Mexicans|Indians]] in [[Mexico City]]]] Mexico is a very important and major economic partner of India. Nobel Prize laureate and ambassador to India [[Octavio Paz]] wrote is book ''In Light of India'' which is an analysis of Indian history and culture.<ref>{{cite book |title=In Light of India (9780151002221): Octavio Paz: Books |isbn=0151002223 |url=https://archive.org/details/inlightofindia00pazo |last1=Paz |first1=Octavio |year=1997 }}</ref> Both nations are [[regional power]]s and members of the [[G-20 major economies]]. * India has an embassy in [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indembassy.org/ |title=Embassy of India, Mexico |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> * Mexico has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/india/ |title=Embajada de México en India |author=César A. Quezada S |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> === Nicaragua === {{Main|India–Nicaragua relations}} {{Flagicon|Nicaragua}}{{Flagicon|India}} Bilateral relations between [[India]] and [[Nicaragua]] have been limited to [[Central American Integration System|SICA]] dialogue and visits by Nicaraguan Ministers to India. India maintains an honorary consul general in Nicaragua,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?159/159/0|title=MEA – Indian Missions Abroad – Indian Mission|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> concurrently accredited to the Indian embassy in Panama City and Nicaragua used to maintain an embassy in India but was reduced to honorary consulate general in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy6083/|title=Consulate General of Nicaragua in New Delhi, India|website=www.embassypages.com}}</ref> the current Foreign minister [[Samuel Santos López]] visited India in 2008 for the SICA-India Foreign ministers' meeting and in 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/22078/Visit+of+Foreign+Minister+of+Nicaragua+Mr+Samuel+Santos+Lopez+to+India+August+1923+2013|title=Visit of Foreign Minister of Nicaragua, Mr. Samuel Santos Lopez to India (August 19–23, 2013)|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> for high-level talks with the then External Affairs minister [[Salman Khurshid]] which also expanded bilateral trade with the two countries reaching a total of US$60.12 million during 2012–13. === Panama === {{Main|India–Panama relations}} {{Flagicon|Panama}}{{Flagicon|India}} Bilateral relations between Panama and India have been growing steadily, reflecting the crucial role the [[Panama Canal]] plays in global trade and commerce. Moreover, with over 15,000 Indians living in Panama, diplomatic ties have considerably increased over the past decade. The opening of the expanded Canal in 2016 is expected to provide new prospects for maritime connectivity. In seeking to rapidly strengthen trade relations such the flow of trade triples between the two countries, India is keen to leverage these transit trade facilities in Panama to access the wider market of [[Latin America]]. Along with pursuing a free trade agreement, India wants to promote investment in various sectors of Panama's economy, including the banking and maritime industry and the multimodal centre of the [[Colón Free Trade Zone]].<ref>[http://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/home/Economic_Relations_Between_India_and_Panama]. Central America Data (27 February 2012). Retrieved 15 January 2014</ref> === Paraguay === {{Main|India–Paraguay relations}} {{Flagicon|Paraguay}}{{Flagicon|India}} The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Paraguay have been traditionally strong due to strong commercial, cultural and strategic co-operation. India is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires in Argentina. India also has an Honorary Consul-General in Asuncion. Paraguay opened its embassy in India in 2005.<ref>^ http://www.paraguayembassy.in/news.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113064702/http://www.paraguayembassy.in/news.php |date=13 January 2012 }}</ref> === {{anchor|Trinidad and Tobago}}Trinidad & Tobago === {{Main|India–Trinidad and Tobago relations}} {{Flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}}{{Flagicon|India}} Bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago have considerably expanded in recent years with both nations building strategic and commercial ties. Both nations formally established diplomatic relations in 1962.<ref name="High Commission of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Bilateral Relations">{{cite web|url= http://hctt.net/about-br/ |title=About Us: Bilateral Relations, India |publisher=The High Commission of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> Both nations were part of the [[British Empire]]; India supported the independence of Trinidad and Tobago from British rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1962 – the year that Trinidad and Tobago officially gained independence. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The Republic of India operates a High Commission in [[Port of Spain]], whilst the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago operates a High Commission in New Delhi. === United States === {{Main|India–United States relations}} {{Flagicon|United States}}{{Flagicon|India}} Before and during the Second World War, the United States under [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] gave strong support to the Indian independence movement despite being allies to Britain.<ref>Foster Rhea Dulles, and Gerald E. Ridinger. "The Anti-Colonial Policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt." ''Political Science Quarterly'' (1955): 1–18. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2145412 in JSTOR]</ref><ref>Kenton J. Clymer, ''Quest for freedom: the United States and India's independence'' (2013).</ref> [[India–United States relations|Relations]] between India and the United States were lukewarm following Indian independence, as India took a leading position in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and received [[Indo–Russia relations#Soviet Union and India|support from the Soviet Union]]. The US provided support to India in 1962 during its war with China. For most of the [[Cold War]], the USA tended to have warmer relations with Pakistan, primarily as a way to contain Soviet-friendly India and to use Pakistan to back the Afghan [[Mujahideen]] against the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet occupation of Afghanistan]]. An [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]], signed in 1971, also positioned India against the USA. [[File:Indira and Nixon.JPG|thumb|United States President [[Richard Nixon]] and Prime Minister of India [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1971. They had a deep personal antipathy that coloured bilateral relations.|268x268px]] After the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], India made considerable changes to its foreign policy. It developed a close relationship with the Soviet Union and started receiving massive military equipment and financial assistance from the USSR. This had an adverse effect on the Indo-US relationship. The United States saw Pakistan as a counterweight to pro-Soviet India and started giving the former military assistance. This created an atmosphere of suspicion between India and the US. The Indo-US relationship suffered a considerable setback when [[Soviet–Afghan War|the Soviets took over Afghanistan]] and India overtly supported the Soviet Union. [[File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg|thumb|240x240px|[[Kamala Harris]] is the [[List of vice presidents of the United States|49th Vice President]] of the United States. She is the first female, the first [[Person of color|person of colour]], as well as the first [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] vice president.]] Relations between India and the United States came to an all-time low during the early 1970s. Despite reports of [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|atrocities in East Pakistan]], and being told, most notably in the ''[[Blood telegram]]'', of genocidal activities being perpetrated by Pakistani forces, US. Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and US President [[Richard Nixon]] did nothing to discourage then Pakistani President [[Yahya Khan]] and the [[Pakistan Army]]. Kissinger was particularly concerned about Soviet expansion into South Asia as a result of a treaty of friendship that had recently been signed between India and the Soviet Union, and sought to demonstrate to the People's Republic of China the value of a tacit alliance with the United States.<ref name="nixonarchive">Gandhi, Sajit (ed.), [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ The Tilt: The US and the South Asian Crisis of 1971: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79]</ref> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], [[Indian Armed Forces]], along with the [[Mukti Bahini]], succeeded in liberating [[East Pakistan]] which soon declared independence. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of [[West Pakistan]] would mean total Soviet domination of the region, and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. To demonstrate to China the ''bona fides'' of the United States as an ally, and in direct violation of the Congress-imposed sanctions on Pakistan, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran,<ref name="Shalom">Shalom, Stephen R., [http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971]</ref> while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan. When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon sent the {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}} to the [[Bay of Bengal]], a move deemed by the Indians as a nuclear threat. The ''Enterprise'' arrived on station on 11 December 1971. On 6 and 13 December, the [[Soviet Navy]] dispatched two groups of ships, armed with nuclear missiles, from [[Vladivostok]]; they trailed US [[Task Force 74]] into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also sent nuclear submarines to ward off the threat posed by USS ''Enterprise'' in the Indian Ocean.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html Cold war games] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915093344/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html |date=15 September 2006 }}. Bharat-rakshak.com (12 December 1971). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Though American efforts had no effect in turning the tide of the war, the incident involving USS ''Enterprise'' is viewed as the trigger for India's subsequent [[India and weapons of mass destruction|interest in developing nuclear weapons]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Dhirendra |title=India's lopsided science |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=32–36 |date=May 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAwAAAAAMBAJ&q=Dhirendra&pg=PA32|bibcode=1991BuAtS..47d..32S |doi=10.1080/00963402.1991.11459973 }}</ref> American policy towards the end of the war was dictated primarily by a need to restrict the escalation of war on the western sector to prevent the 'dismemberment' of West Pakistan.<ref name="St.Dept">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm U.S. State Department]. State.gov. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Years after the war, many American writers criticised the White House policies during the war as being badly flawed and ill-serving the interests of the United States.<ref>The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissenger and American Foreign Policy by Jussi M. Hanhimeaki Page 156, Published by Oxford University Press US</ref> India carried out [[Smiling Buddha|nuclear tests]] a few years later resulting in sanctions being imposed by United States, further drifting the two countries apart. In recent years, Kissinger came under fire for comments made during the Indo-Pakistan War in which he described Indians as "bastards."<ref>Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48529.htm 150. Conversation Among President Nixon, the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), and the President's Chief of Staff (Haldeman), Washington] 5 November 1971, 8:15–9:00&nbsp;am</ref> Kissinger has since expressed his regret over the comments.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4640773.stm |title=South Asia &#124; Kissinger regrets India comments |work=BBC News |date=1 July 2005 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> ==== After the Cold War ==== Since the end of the [[Cold War]], India-USA relations have improved dramatically. This has largely been fostered by the fact that the United States and India are both democracies and have a large and growing trade relationship. During the [[Gulf War]], the [[economy of India]] went through an extremely difficult phase. The Government of India [[Economic liberalism|adopted liberalised economic systems]]. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, India improved diplomatic relations with the members of the [[NATO]] particularly Canada, France and Germany. In 1992, India established formal diplomatic relations with Israel. In recent years, India-United Staes relations have still improved significanly during the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]] since 2014.<ref>https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/05/10/how-modi-changed-the-india-us-relationship/</ref> ==== Pokhran tests reaction ==== {{Further|India–United States relations#Pokhran tests reaction}} {{Further|Pokhran-II}} In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons which resulted in several US, Japanese and European sanctions on India. India's then defence minister, [[George Fernandes]], said that India's [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear programme]] was necessary as it provided a deterrence to some potential nuclear threat. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001. India has categorically stated that it will never use weapons first but will defend if attacked. The economic sanctions imposed by the United States in response to India's nuclear tests in May 1998 appeared, at least initially, to seriously damage Indo-American relations. President [[Bill Clinton]] imposed wide-ranging sanctions pursuant to the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act]]. US sanctions on Indian entities involved in the nuclear industry and opposition to international financial institution loans for non-humanitarian assistance projects in India. The United States encouraged India to sign the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] (CTBT) immediately and without condition. The United States also called for restraint in missile and nuclear testing and deployment by both India and Pakistan. The non-proliferation dialogue initiated after the 1998 nuclear tests has bridged many of the gaps in understanding between the countries. === Venezuela === {{main|India–Venezuela relations}} {{Flagicon|Venezuela}}{{Flagicon|India}} Diplomatic relations between India and Venezuela were established on 1 October 1959.<ref name="Embassy of Venezuela">{{cite web|title=Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.embaveneindia.com/|website=Embassy of Venezuela, New Delhi|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111065032/http://embaveneindia.com/|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> India maintains an embassy in [[Caracas]], while Venezuela maintains an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. There have been several visits by heads of state and government, and other high-level officials between the countries. President [[Hugo Chávez]] visited New Delhi on 4–7 March 2005.<ref name="Embassy of Venezuela"/> Chávez met with Indian President [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] and Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]. The two countries signed six agreements including one to establish a Joint Commission to promote bilateral relations and another on cooperation in the hydrocarbon sector. Foreign Minister [[Nicolás Maduro]] visited India to attend the First Meeting of the India-CELAC Troika Foreign Ministers meeting in New Delhi on 7 August 2012.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web|title=India-Venezuela Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Venezuela_July_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=8 January 2017|date=July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113021153/http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Venezuela_July_2016.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Election Commission of India (ECI) and the National Electoral Council (CNE) of Venezuela signed an MoU during a visit by Indian Election Commissioner V S Sampath to Caracas in 2012. Minister of State for Corporate Affairs visited Venezuela to attend the state funeral of President Chavez in March 2013.<ref name="MEA2016"/> The President and Prime Minister of India expressed condolences on the death of Chávez. The [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Parliament, observed a minute's silence to mark his death. Ambassador Smita Purushottam represented India at the swearing-in ceremony of Chávez's successor Nicolás Maduro on 19 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=India – Venezuela Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/706_Bilateral_Brief_1_August_2013.pdf|website=Embassy of India, Caracas|access-date=8 January 2017|date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511181402/http://mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/706_Bilateral_Brief_1_August_2013.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Citizens of Venezuela are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2016"/><ref>{{cite web|title=ITEC|url=http://www.embindia.org/eoi.php?id=ITEC|website=Embassy of India, Caracas|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108192305/http://www.embindia.org/eoi.php?id=ITEC|archive-date=8 January 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==India's relation with Europe == === Austria === {{main|Austria–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Austria}}{{Flagicon|India}} Austria–India relations refers to the bilateral ties between Austria and India. Indo-Austrian relations were established in May 1949 by the first [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and the [[Chancellor of Austria]] [[Leopold Figl]].<ref>http://www.ficci.com/international/75126/Project_docs/Austria_Profile.pdf</ref> Historically, Indo-Austrian ties have been particularly strong and India intervened in June 1953 in Austria's favour whilst negotiations were going on with Soviet Union about the Austrian State Treaty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/embassy/new-delhi/bilateral-relations/india.html |title=Austrian Foreign Ministry &rarr; Embassy &rarr; New Delhi &rarr; India |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> There is a fully functioning Indian embassy in Vienna, Austria's capital, which is concurrently accredited to the United Nations offices in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delhigate.com/in2delhi/missions.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905214613/http://delhigate.com/in2delhi/missions.htm |archive-date=5 September 2008 |df=dmy}}</ref> Austria is represented in India by its embassy and Trade commission in New Delhi, India's capital, as well as honorary consulates in Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Goa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.advantageaustria.org/in/oesterreich-in-india/netzwerk/network.en.html |title=Austrian Representatives in India |work=Advantage Austria |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> === Czech Republic === {{main|Czech Republic–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}}{{Flagicon|India}} Czech-Indian relations were established in 1921 by a consulate in Bombay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.czechindia.com/en/history-of-relations|title=History of Relations – Czech-Indian Chamber of Commerce|first=Santiaco.cz – tvorba WWW stranek, programovani|last=citaty|website=www.czechindia.com|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104349/http://www.czechindia.com/en/history-of-relations|archive-date=6 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Czech Republic has an embassy in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://czech-republic.visahq.com/embassy/India/ |title=Czech Republic Embassy in India |publisher=VisaHQ |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827155630/http://czech-republic.visahq.com/embassy/india |archive-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Consulates of Czech Republic in India are in [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]. India has an embassy in Prague.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visatoindia.com/indian-embassy-in-czech-republic.html |title=Embassy of India, Czech Republic |work=Visa to India |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004131727/http://www.visatoindia.com/indian-embassy-in-czech-republic.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Denmark === {{main|Denmark–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Denmark}}{{Flagicon|India}} Denmark has an embassy in [[New Delhi]], and India has an embassy in [[Copenhagen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambnewdelhi.um.dk/en |title=Danish Embassy in New Delhi |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark |access-date=14 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132543/http://www.ambnewdelhi.um.dk/en |archive-date=19 July 2011 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indian-embassy.dk/mainPages/home.asp |title=Indian Embassy in Copenhagen |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy |access-date=14 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730054224/http://www.indian-embassy.dk/mainPages/home.asp |archive-date=30 July 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Tranquebar]], a town in the southern Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], was a Danish colony in India from 1620 to 1845. It is spelled ''Trankebar'' or ''Tranquebar'' in [[Danish language|Danish]], which comes from the native [[Tamil language|Tamil]], Tarangambadi, meaning "place of the singing waves". It was sold, along with the other Danish settlements in mainland India, most notably [[Serampore]] (now in [[West Bengal]]), to [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] in 1845. The [[Nicobar Islands]] were also colonised by Denmark, until sold to the British in 1868, who made them part of the British Indian Empire. After Independence in 1947, Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s visit to Denmark in 1957 laid the foundation for a friendly relationship between India and Denmark that has endured ever since. The [[Bilateralism|bilateral relations]] between India and Denmark are cordial and friendly, based on synergies in political, economic, academic and research fields. There have been periodic high level visits between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indian-embassy.dk/others/DENMARK_MISSION_WEBSITE_OCT_2010.pdf/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309050205/http://www.indian-embassy.dk/others/DENMARK_MISSION_WEBSITE_OCT_2010.pdf|url-status=dead|title=indian-embassy.dk – Just another WordPress site|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref> [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]], former [[Prime Minister of Denmark]], accompanied by a large business delegation, paid a [[state visit]] to India from 4 to 8 February 2008. He visited [[Infosys]], [[Biocon]] and [[IIM Bangalore]] in [[Bangalore]] and [[Agra]]. He launched an 'India Action Plan', which called for strengthening of the political dialogue, strengthening of co-operation in trade and investments, research in science and technology, [[energy]], [[climate]] and [[Environmental policy|environment]], culture, education, student exchanges and attracting skilled manpower and IT experts to Denmark for short periods. The two countries signed an Agreement for establishment of a Bilateral Joint Commission for Cooperation. In July 2012, the [[Government of India]] decided to scale down its diplomatic ties with Denmark after that country's refusal to appeal in their Supreme Court against a decision of its lower court rejecting the extradition of [[Purulia arms drop case]] prime accused Kim Davy a.k.a. [[Niels Holck]]. Agitated over Denmark's refusal to act on India's repeated requests to appeal in their apex court to facilitate Davy's [[extradition]] to India, government issued a circular directing all senior officials not to meet or entertain any Danish diplomat posted in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-to-scale-down-diplomatic-ties-with-Denmark/Article1-887814.aspx |title=India to scale down diplomatic ties with Denmark |date=12 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509045043/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-to-scale-down-diplomatic-ties-with-Denmark/Article1-887814.aspx |archive-date=9 May 2013 |df=dmy}}</ref> === Estonia === {{Main|Estonia–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Estonia}}{{Flagicon|India}} India's first recognition of Estonia came on 22 September 1921 when the former had just acquired membership in the [[League of Nations]]. India re-recognised Estonia on 9 September 1991 and diplomatic relations were established on 2 December of the same year in [[Helsinki]]. Neither country has a resident ambassador. Estonia is represented in India by and an Embassy in New Delhi one honorary consulate in [[Mumbai]] . India is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland) and through an honorary consulate in [[Tallinn]]. === France === {{Main|France–India relations}} {{Flagicon|France}}{{Flagicon|India}} France and India established diplomatic relationships soon after India's [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence from the British Empire]] in 1947. France's Indian possessions were returned to India after a treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956. On 16 August 1962, India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held. [[Pondicherry]] and the other enclaves of Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam came to be administered as the Union Territory of Puducherry from 1 July 1963. France, Russia and Israel were the only countries that did not condemn [[Pokhran-II|India's decision to go nuclear in 1998]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/reaction.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 November 2001 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011123140851/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/reaction.htm |archive-date=23 November 2001 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2003, France became the largest supplier of nuclear fuel and technology to India and remains a large military and economic trade partner. India's candidacy for permanent membership in the UN Security Council has found very strong support from former French President Nicolas Sarkozy. The Indian Government's decisions to purchase French {{sclass2|Scorpène|submarine|1}}s worth US$3 billion and 43 [[Airbus]] aircraft for [[Air India]] worth US$2.5 billion have further cemented the strategic, military and economic co-operation between India and France. France's decision to ban schoolchildren from wearing of head-dresses and veils had the unintended consequence of affecting Sikh children who have been refused entry in public schools. The Indian Government, citing historic traditions of the Sikh community, has requested French authorities to review the situation so as to not to exclude Sikh children from education. President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] and [[François Hollande]] visited India in January 2008 and 2016 respectively as the Chief Guest of the annual [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] parade in New Delhi. France was the first country to sign a nuclear energy co-operation agreement with India; this was done during Prime Minister Singh's visit, following the waiver by the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]. During the [[Bastille Day]] celebrations on 14 July 2009, a detachment of 400 Indian troops marched alongside the French troops and the then [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] Manmohan Singh was the guest of honour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090714-france-honours-india-bastille-day-military-parade |title=France honours India in Bastille Day military parade |publisher=France 24 |date=14 July 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715132038/http://www.france24.com/en/20090714-france-honours-india-bastille-day-military-parade |archive-date=15 July 2009}}</ref> === Germany === {{Main|Germany–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Germany}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-09709-0002, Dresden, Ankunft eines indischen Gaststudenten.jpg|thumb|Arrival of the first Indian student to Dresden, East Germany, in 1951|256x256px]] During the [[Cold War]] India maintained diplomatic relations with both West Germany and East Germany. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the reunification of Germany, relations have further improved. Germany is India's largest trade partner in Europe. Between 2004 and 2013, Indo-German trade grew in volume but dropped in importance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tracking India's bilateral trade with Germany, Europe's powerhouse |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/statsguru-tracking-india-s-bilateral-trade-with-germany-europe-s-powerhouse-115101200051_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=12 October 2015}}</ref> According to Indian Ministry of Commerce MX data: Total trade between India and Germany was $5.5billion (3.8% share of Indian trade and ranked 6) in 2004 and $21.6billion (2.6% share of Indian trade and ranked 9) in 2013. Indian exports to Germany were $2.54billion (3.99% ranked 6) in 2004 and $7.3billion (2.41% ranked 10) in 2013. Indian imports from Germany were $2.92billion (3.73% ranked 6) in 2004 and $14.33billion (2.92% ranked 10) in 2013. [[File:Be Indian Embassy 01.jpg|thumb|left|Embassy of the Republic of India in [[Berlin]] (2008)]] Indo-German ties are transactional. The strategic relationship between Germany and India suffers from sustained anti-Asian sentiment,<ref name="2014 World Service Poll">[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf 2014 World Service Poll] ''[[BBC]]''</ref> {{Citation needed|reason=Does not claim anti-Asian sentiment|date=November 2016}} [[institutionalized discrimination]] against minority groups,<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany's neo-Nazi investigation exposes institutional racism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/13/germany-neo-nazi-investigation-institutional-racism |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Salentin |first1=Kurt |title=Determinants of Experience of Discrimination in Minorities in Germany |publisher=University of Bielefeld, Germany |edition=International Journal of Conflict and Violence |url=http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/viewFile/19/19 |ref=J C V : Vol. 1 ( 1 ) 2007, pp. 32 – 50 |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234711/http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/viewFile/19/19 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wage Discrimination and Occupational Segregation of Foreign Male Workers in Germany |date=March 1995 |publisher=Zentrumjiir Europiiische Wirtschajtsjorschung (ZEW) |url=http://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp9504.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yentl Solari |first1=Sarah |title=German Nationality: An Illustration of Institutionalized Discrimination |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |hdl=10919/32117 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32117 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026032556/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-093141/unrestricted/Thesis.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and xenophobic incidents against Indians in Germany. The [[Mügeln#Mügeln mob attack|2007 Mügeln mob attack on Indians]] and the [[Leipzig University internship controversy|2015 Leipzig University internship controversy]] has clouded the predominantly commercial-oriented relationship between the two countries. Stiff competition between foreign manufactured goods within the Indian market has seen machine-tools, automotive parts and medical supplies from German ''[[Mittelstand]]'' ceding ground to high-technology imports manufactured by companies located in [[ASEAN]] & [[BRICS]] countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=How much is 'Made in Germany' really worth? |url=http://www.dw.de/how-much-is-made-in-germany-really-worth/a-17372908 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=20 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German machinery manufacturers face Chinese challenge |url=http://automotiveproductsfinder.com/APFCONTENT/articles/german-machinery-manufacturers-face-chinese-challenge.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150407164448/http://automotiveproductsfinder.com/APFCONTENT/articles/german-machinery-manufacturers-face-chinese-challenge.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-04-07 |issue=October 2013 |publisher=Automotive Products Finder}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German machine tool industry aims to catch up with Japan in Thailand |url=http://www.vdw.de/bin/load_file_inter.pl?p_bereich=presse_info&p_paket_id=16&p_dok_id=6959&p_sprache=e&p_typ=att |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101902/http://www.vdw.de/bin/load_file_inter.pl?p_bereich=presse_info&p_paket_id=16&p_dok_id=6959&p_sprache=e&p_typ=att |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |publisher=VDW (German Machine Tool Builders' Association) |date=26 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The future of German mechanical engineering |url=http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/client_service/Automotive%20and%20Assembly/PDFs/Updated%20VDMA%20reports/VDMA_ENGLISH_FINAL.ashx |issue=July 2014 |publisher=McKinsey & Company}}</ref> The [[Volkswagen emissions scandal]] drew the spotlight to corrupt behaviour in German boardrooms<ref>{{cite news |title='Made in Germany' lies in the 'gutter' after Volkswagen caught cheating |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11880921/Made-in-Germany-lies-in-the-gutter-after-Volkswagen-caught-cheating.html |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=VW scandal more proof something is rotten in European corporations |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/vw-scandal-is-more-proof-that-something-is-rotten-in-european-corporations-2015-09-22 |publisher=Market Watch |date=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German Cheats |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/leyen-plagarism-germany-gutenberg-scandal/ |work=Politico |date=28 September 2015}}</ref> and brought back memories of the [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft|HDW]] bribery scandal surrounding the procurement of {{sclass|Shishumar|submarine|1}}s by the Indian Navy. The India-Germany strategic relationship is limited by the insignificance of German geopolitical influence in Asian affairs. Germany has no strategic footprint in Asia. Germany like India is working towards gaining permanent seats in the [[United Nations Security Council]]. === Greece === {{Main|Greece–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Greece}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Deities on the coins of Agathocles of Bactria.jpg|alt=|thumb|Greek and Indian deities on the coinage of [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]], circa 180 BCE. Besides the Greek god [[Zeus]], the Indian deities have been variously identified as the [[Buddha]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Vasudeva]] or [[Balarama]].|223x223px]] For the Ancient Greeks "India" (Greek: Ινδία) meant only the upper Indus till the time of Alexander the Great. Afterwards, "India" meant to the Greeks most of the northern half of the Indian subcontinent. The Greeks referred to the Indians as "Indói" (Greek: Ἰνδοί), literally meaning "the people of the Indus River". Indians called the Greeks Yonas or “Yavanas” from Ionians. [[Indo-Greek kingdoms]] were founded by the successor of Alexander the Great. (Greek conquests in India) The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] was a manual written in Greek for navigators who carried trade between Roman Empire and other regions, including ancient India. It gives detailed information about the ports, routes and commodities. The Greek ethnographer and explorer of the Hellenistic period, [[Megasthenes]] was the ambassador of [[Seleucus I]] at India. In his work, Indika (Greek: Ινδικά), he wrote the history of Indians and their culture. Megasthenes also mentioned the prehistoric arrival of God [[Dionysus]] and [[Herakles]] (Megasthenes' Herakles) in India. There is now tangible evidence indicating that the settlement of Greek merchants in Bengal must have begun as early as the beginning of the seventeenth century.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elinepa.org/three-centuries-of-hellenic-presence-in-bengal |title = Three Centuries of Hellenic Presence in Bengal|date = 31 December 2005}}</ref> Dimitrios Galanos (Greek: Δημήτριος Γαλανός, 1760–1833) was the earliest recorded Greek Indologist. His translations of Sanskrit texts into Greek made knowledge of the philosophical and religious ideas of India available to many Europeans. A "Dimitrios Galanos" Chair for Hellenic Studies was established at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India in September 2000. In modern time, diplomatic relations between Greece and India were established in May 1950. The new Greek Embassy building in New Delhi was inaugurated on 6 February 2001.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tomilson |first1=C |title=Greek leader says earthquake could bring together India, Pakistan |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/0F891F6D412BD726?p=AWNB |access-date=1 February 2017 |publisher=Associated Press Archive |date=6 February 2001}}</ref> As of 2020, the relation between the two countries is closer than ever and is considered historical and strategic by both parts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/10/30/india-greece-historical-friendship/|title=Indian FM Emphasizes "historical Friendship" With Greece As Bilateral Ties Rapidly Foster}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/11/15/indian-fm-greece-strategic-partner/|title=Indian FM: Greece Is Our Strategic Partner|first=Paul|last=Antonopoulos}}</ref> === Iceland === {{Main|Iceland–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Iceland}}{{Flagicon|India}} Iceland and India established diplomatic relations in 1972. The Embassy of Iceland in London was accredited to India and the Embassy of India in [[Oslo]], Norway, was accredited to Iceland. However, it was only after 2003 that the two countries began close diplomatic and economic relationships.<ref name="Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi"/> In 2003, [[President of Iceland]] [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]] visited India on a diplomatic mission. This was the first visit by an Icelandic President to India. During the visit, Iceland pledged support to New Delhi's candidature for a permanent seat in the [[United Nation Security Council]] thus becoming the first [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] country to do so. This was followed by an official visit of [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] to Iceland in May 2005.<ref name="My background helps me: Kalam">{{cite news |last=Prasad |first=K. V. |date=30 May 2005 |title=My background helps me: Kalam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/30/stories/2005053014431200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115104755/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/30/stories/2005053014431200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2006 |location=Chennai, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> Following this a new embassy of Iceland was opened in New Delhi on 26 February 2006.<ref name="Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/1748|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003172058/http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/1748|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2006 |title=Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi |date=26 February 2006 |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> Soon, an [[Indian Navy]] team visited Iceland on friendly mission.<ref name="Indian Navy Team in Iceland">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/2929 |title=Indian Navy Team in Iceland |date=25 August 2006 |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203003017/http://www.iceland.org./in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/2929 |archive-date=3 December 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Gunnar Pálsson]] is the ambassador of Iceland to India. The Embassy's area of accreditation, apart from India includes Bangladesh, Indonesia, the Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius and Nepal.<ref name="About the Embassy">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/about-the-embassy/ |title=About the Embassy |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928072152/http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/about-the-embassy/ |archive-date=28 September 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> India appointed [[S. Swaminathan]] as the first resident ambassador to Iceland in March 2008.<ref name="Shri S. Swaminathan to be India's first resident Ambassador to Iceland">{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2008/09/03pr01.htm |title=Shri S. Swaminathan to be India's first resident Ambassador to Iceland |date=3 September 2008 |publisher=NIC India Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410162813/http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2008/09/03pr01.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref> * India has an embassy established in 2006 at [[Reykjavík]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianembassy.is/|title=Home – Embassy of India – Iceland|website=Embassy of India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100148/http://indianembassy.is/|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Iceland has an embassy established in 2005 at [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/in/|title=Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi|website=www.iceland.is}}</ref> === Ireland === {{Main|India–Ireland relations}} {{Flagicon|Ireland}}{{Flagicon|India}} Indo-Irish relations picked up steam during their respective campaigns for independence from the British Empire. Political relations between the two states have largely been based on socio-cultural ties, although political and economic ties have also helped build relations. Indo-Irish relations were greatly strengthened by such luminaries as [[Pandit Nehru]], [[Éamon de Valera]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[W. B. Yeats]], [[James Joyce]], and, above all, [[Annie Besant]]. Politically, relations have not been cold or warm. Mutual benefit has led to economic ties that are fruitful for both states.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Visits by government leaders have kept relations cordial at regular intervals. * India has an embassy in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.ie/|title=Acasa – Indi|website=Indi}}</ref> * Republic of Ireland has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>[http://web.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52432 Embassy of Republic of Ireland in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727184941/http://web.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52432 |date=27 July 2014 }}</ref> === Italy === {{Main|India–Italy relations}} {{Flagicon|Italy}}{{Flagicon|India}} India maintains an embassy in [[Rome]], and a consulate-general in [[Milan]]. Italy has an embassy in [[New Delhi]], and consulate-generals in [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. Indo-Italian relations have historically been cordial. In recent times, their state has mirrored the political fortunes of [[Sonia Gandhi|Sonia Maino-Gandhi]], the Italian-born leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] and ''de facto'' leader of the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA government]] of [[Manmohan Singh]]. Since 2012 the relationship has been affected by the ongoing [[Enrica Lexie case]]: two Indian fishermen were killed on the Indian fishing vessel ''St. Antony'' as a result of gunshot wounds following a confrontation with the Italian oil tanker ''Enrica Lexie'' in international waters, off the [[Kerala]] coast. After a period of tensions, in 2017 [[Prime Minister of Italy|Italian Prime Minister]] [[Paolo Gentiloni]] visited India and met his [[Prime Minister of India|Indian counterpart]] [[Narendra Modi]]; they held extensive talks in order to strengthen the political cooperation and to boost the bilateral trade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-holds-talks-with-italian-pm-paolo-gentiloni/articleshow/61337356.cms?from=mdr|title=Narendra Modi holds talks with Italian PM Paolo Gentiloni|date=2017-10-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> There are around 150,000 people of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian Origins]] living in Italy. Around 1,000 Italian citizens reside in India, mostly working on behalf of Italian industrial groups. === Luxembourg === {{Main|India–Luxembourg relations}} {{Flagicon|Luxembourg}}{{Flagicon|India}} Relations were established in 1947, following India's independence. Luxembourg operates an Embassy in [[New Delhi]] whilst India operates a Consulate General in [[Luxembourg City]]. Bilateral Trade stood at US$37 Million in 2014 and trade continues to grow every year. Diplomats from both countries have visited the other several time. In 2019, Luxembourg plans to host the annual [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] and open an economic mission in India. === Netherlands === {{Main|India-Netherlands relations}} {{Flagicon|Netherlands}}{{Flagicon|India}} India–Netherlands relations refer to foreign relations between India and the [[Netherlands]]. India maintains an embassy in [[The Hague]], Netherlands and the Netherlands maintains an [[embassy]] in [[New Delhi]] and a [[consulate general]] in [[Mumbai]]. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1947. === Norway === {{Main|India–Norway relations}} {{Flagicon|Norway}}{{Flagicon|India}} In 2012, [[Trond Giske]] met with Minister of Finance [[Pranab Mukherjee]], to save<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/samfunn/-har-gjort-det-vi-kan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421121412/http://www.dagsavisen.no/samfunn/-har-gjort-det-vi-kan/|url-status=dead|title="Redningsforsøk: Trond Giske mener forsøket på å redde Telenors investeringer i India er "den største saken" han noen gang har arbeidet med. "|archive-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> [[Telenor]]'s investments to put forth Norway's "strong wish" that there must not be a waiting period between the confiscation of telecom licences and the re-sale of those.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/okonomi/Giske---India-kjenner-vare-argumenter-na-6802047.html|title=Giske: – India kjenner våre argumenter nå}}</ref> The leader of [[Telenor]] attended the meeting. === Soviet Union === {{Main|Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation}} {{Flagicon|Soviet Union}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[Image:1984 CPA 5493.jpg|thumb|Soviet Stamp celebrating [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation|Indo-Soviet friendship & Cooperation]]|246x246px]] The [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the emergence of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) had major repercussions for Indian foreign policy. Substantial trade with the former Soviet Union plummeted after the Soviet collapse and has yet to recover. Longstanding military supply relationships were similarly disrupted due to questions over financing, although Russia continues to be India's largest supplier of military systems and spare parts. The relationship with USSR was tested (and proven) during the 1971 war with Pakistan, which led to the subsequent liberation of Bangladesh. Soon after the victory of the Indian Armed Forces, one of the foreign delegates to visit India was [[Sergey Gorshkov|Admiral S.G. Gorshkov]], Chief of the Soviet Navy. During his visit to Mumbai (Bombay) he came on board INS ''Vikrant''. During a conversation with Vice Admiral Swaraj Prakash, Gorshkov asked the Vice Admiral, "Were you worried about a battle against the American carrier?" He answered himself: "Well, you had no reason to be worried, as I had a Soviet nuclear submarine trailing the American task force all the way into the Indian Ocean."<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/history/1971war/9-cold-war.html] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702234406/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/history/1971war/9-cold-war.html |date=2 July 2012 }}</ref> === Russia === {{Main|India–Russia relations}} {{Flagicon|Russia}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Modi and Putin.jpeg|thumb|Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] with Russian President Vladimir Putin. India and Russia enjoy strong strategic and military relations.]] India's ties with the Russian Federation are time-tested and based on continuity, trust and mutual understanding. There is national consensus in both the countries on the need to preserve and strengthen India-Russia relations and further consolidate the strategic partnership between the two countries. A Declaration on Strategic Partnership was signed between present Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] and former Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in October 2000 the partnership is also referred as ''' "special and privileged strategic partnership" '''. [[File:Brahmos imds.jpg|thumb|Joint Indo-Russian [[BrahMos]] nuclear cruise missile, has a top speed of Mach 2.8, making it the one of the fastest supersonic [[cruise missile]].]] Russia and India have decided not to renew the 1971 Indo-Soviet Peace and Friendship Treaty and have sought to follow what both describe as a more pragmatic, less ideological relationship. Russian President Yeltsin's visit to India in January 1993 helped cement this new relationship. Ties have grown stronger with President Vladimir Putin's 2004 visit. The pace of high-level visits has since increased, as has discussion of major defence purchases. Russia, is working for the development of the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]], that will be capable of producing 1000 MW of electricity. [[Gazprom]], is working for the development of oil and natural gas, in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. India and Russia, have collaborated extensively, on space technology. Other areas of collaboration include software, [[ayurveda]], etc. India and Russia, have set a determination in increasing trade to $10 billion. Cooperation between clothing manufacturers of the two countries continues to strengthen. India and Russia signed an agreement on joint efforts to increase investment and trade volumes in the textile industry in both countries. In signing the document included representatives of the Russian Union of Entrepreneurs of Textile and Light Industry Council and apparel exports of India (AEPC). A co-operation agreement provides, inter alia, exchange of technology and know-how in textile production. For this purpose, a special Commission on Affairs textile (Textile Communication Committee). Counter-terrorism techniques are also in place between Russia and India. In 2007 President Vladimir Putin was guest of honour at [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebration on 26 January 2007. 2008, has been declared by both countries as the Russia-India Friendship Year. Bollywood films are quite popular in Russia. The Indian public sector oil company [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] bought [[Imperial Energy Corporation]] in 2008. In December 2008, during President Medvedev's visit, to New Delhi, India and Russia, signed a nuclear energy co-operation agreement. In March 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed an additional 19 pacts with India which included civilian nuclear energy, space and military co-operation and the final sale of Admiral Gorshkov (Aircraft Carrier) along with MiG-29K fighter jets. During the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|2014 Crimean crisis]] India refused to support American sanctions against Russia and one of India's national security advisers [[Shivshankar Menon]] was reported to have said "There are legitimate Russian and other interests involved and we hope they are discussed and resolved."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Russian-interests-in-Crimea-legitimate-India/articleshow/31557852.cms |title=Russian interests in Crimea 'legitimate': India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-03-07 |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> From 7 August 2014 India and Russia will hold a joint counter-terrorism exercise near Moscow boundary with China and Mongolia. It will involve the use of tanks and armoured vehicles.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/armies-of-india-russia-to-hold-joint-counter-terror-exercise-250598 |title=Armies of India, Russia to hold joint counter-terror exercise |work=NDTV.com |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> India and Russia have so far conducted three rounds of INDRA exercises. The first exercise was carried out in 2005 in Rajasthan, followed by Prshkov in Russia. The third exercise was conducted at Chaubattia in Kumaon hills in October 2010.<ref name="ndtv.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-russia-joint-army-exercise-underway-61987 |title=India-Russia joint Army exercise underway |work=NDTV.com |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> === Spain === {{Main|India–Spain relations}} {{Flagicon|Spain}}{{Flagicon|India}} Diplomatic ties with Spain started in 1956.<ref>[http://www.embassyindia.es/IndianEmbassy/IndianEmbassy/IndexBase/index2.php?lang=eng&key=relationindiaspain Embajada de la India en España – Embassy of India in Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903221716/http://www.embassyindia.es/IndianEmbassy/IndianEmbassy/IndexBase/index2.php?lang=eng&key=relationindiaspain |date=3 September 2011 }}. Embassyindia.es. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> The first Spanish embassy was established in Delhi in 1958. India and Spain have had cordial relationship with each other especially after the establishment of democracy in Spain in 1978. Spain has been a main tourist spot for Indians over the years. Many presidents including Prathibha Patil visited Spain. The royal family of Spain have always liked the humble nature of the Indian government and they have thus paid several visits to India. There was no direct flight from India to Spain but it all changed in 1986 when Iberain travels started to fly directly from Mumbai to Madrid. However, it was stopped in 22 months. In 2006 this issue of direct flight was reconsidered so as to improve the ties between India and Spain. "[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]" was shot completely in Spain in 2011. The tourism ministry of Spain are using this movie to promote tourism to Spain in India. === Sweden === {{Main|India–Sweden relations}} {{Flagicon|Sweden}}{{Flagicon|India}} *India has an embassy in [[Stockholm]], which is also accredited to [[Latvia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassy.se/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309012532/http://www.indianembassy.se/index.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-03-09|title=Embassy of India, Sweden & Latvia|website=www.indianembassy.se}}</ref> *Sweden has an embassy in New Delhi, which is also accredited to Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives. It has three honorary consulates in Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swedenabroad.com/en-GB/Embassies/New-Delhi/About-us/The-Embassy/|title=Swedish Embassy in New Delhi}}</ref> === Ukraine === {{Main|India–Ukraine relations}} {{Flagicon|Ukraine}}{{Flagicon|India}} Diplomatic relations between India and Ukraine were established in January 1992. The Indian Embassy in [[Kyiv]] was opened in May 1992 and Ukraine opened its mission in New Delhi in February 1993. The Consulate General of India in [[Odessa]] functioned from 1962 till its closure in March 1999. * India has an embassy in [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://embassyofindiaukraine.in/index.php|title=Embassy of India, Kyiv, Ukraine|website=embassyofindiaukraine.in}}</ref> * Ukraine has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.mfa.gov.ua/en/index/city/id/139|title=Embassy of Ukraine in India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072802/http://india.mfa.gov.ua/en/index/city/id/139|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and an honorary consulate in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.mfa.gov.ua/en/index/city/id/139|title=Ukrainian Consulate in India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072802/http://india.mfa.gov.ua/en/index/city/id/139|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> === United Kingdom === {{Main|India–United Kingdom relations}} {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}}{{Flagicon|India}} India has a high commission in London and two consulates-general in [[Birmingham]] and [[Edinburgh]].<ref>[http://hcilondon.in/contactus.php High Commission of India in the UK] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115052916/http://hcilondon.in/contactus.php |date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> The United Kingdom has a high commission in New Delhi and five deputy high commissions in [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukinindia.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/other-locations/ |title=British High Commission New Delhi – GOV.UK |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Since 1947, India's relations with the United Kingdom have been through bilateral, as well as through the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] framework. Although the Sterling Area no longer exists and the Commonwealth is much more an informal forum, India and the UK still have many enduring links. This is in part due to the significant number of people of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian origin]] living in the UK. The large South Asian population in the UK results in steady travel and communication between the two countries. The [[British Raj]] allowed for both cultures to imbibe tremendously from the other. The English language and cricket are perhaps the two most evident British exports, whilst in the UK food from the Indian subcontinent is very popular.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northwest/series1/curry.shtml |title=THE NATION'S FAVOURITE DISH |publisher=BBC |date=4 November 2002 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> The United Kingdom's favourite food is often reported to be [[Indian cuisine]], although no official study reports this.<ref name="Curry"/> Economically the relationship between Britain and India is also strong. India is the second largest investor in Britain after the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/6717/945/ |title=India becomes second largest investor in Britain |publisher=ITWire |date=30 October 2006 |first=Sufia |last=Tippu |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017132253/http://itwire.com.au/content/view/6717/945/ |archive-date=17 October 2007 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6599693.stm |title=Indian investment in London jumps |publisher=BBC |date=27 April 2007 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Britain is also one of the largest investors in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dipp.nic.in/fdi_statistics/india_fdi_dec_2006.pdf |title=Central, FDI 2005–2006 statistics |publisher=Ministry of Commerce, Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315235742/http://dipp.nic.in/fdi_statistics/india_fdi_dec_2006.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2007 |df=dmy}}</ref> <ref name="News.xinhuanet.com">{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/30/content_10135165.htm |title=EU, India to expand cooperation_English_Xinhua |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=30 September 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135458/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/30/content_10135165.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/19/britain-aid-to-india-825m |title=British minister defends £825m aid to help India's poor &#124; World news |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=21 November 2009 |first=Randeep |last=Ramesh |date=19 November 2008}}</ref> === Vatican City & the Holy See === {{main|Holy See–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Holy See}}{{Flagicon|India}} Formal bilateral relations between India and the Vatican City have existed since 12 June 1948. An Apostolic Delegation existed in India from 1881. The Holy See has a [[Apostolic Nunciature to India|nunciature in New Delhi]] whilst India has accredited its embassy in [[Bern]], Switzerland to the Holy See as well. India's Ambassador in Bern has traditionally been accredited to the Holy See. The connections between the [[Catholic Church]] and India can be traced back to the apostle [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], who, according to tradition, came to India in 52 CE in the 9th century, the patriarch of the Nestorians in [[Persia]] sent bishops to India. There is a record of an Indian bishop visiting [[Rome]] in the early part of the 12th century. The [[diplomatic mission]] was established as the [[Apostolic Delegation]] to the East Indies in 1881, and included [[Ceylon]], and was extended to [[Malacca|Malaca]] in 1889, and then to Burma in 1920, and eventually included [[Goa]] in 1923. It was raised to an Internunciature by Pope [[Pius XII]] on 12 June 1948 and to a full Apostolic Nunciature by [[Pope Paul VI]] on 22 August 1967. There have been three Papal visits to India. The first Pope to visit India was [[Pope Paul VI]], who visited [[Mumbai]] in 1964 to attend the [[Eucharistic Congress]]. Pope [[John Paul II]] visited India in February 1986 and November 1999. Several Indian dignitaries have, from time to time, called on the Pope in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. These include Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1981 and Prime Minister [[I. K. Gujral]] in September 1987. [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Prime Minister, called on the Pope in June 2000 during his official visit to Italy. Vice-President [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] represented the country at the funeral of Pope John Paul II. === Other European countries === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" |- ! style="width:15%;"|Country ! style="width:12%;"|Formal relations began !Notes |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Albania}}||1956 |See [[Albania–India relations]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Armenia}}||<!--Date started-->26 December 1992||See [[Armenia–India relations]] India established diplomatic relations with Armenia in December 1992. It wasn't recognised by some countries including Pakistan, which most of the nations did. As of earliest days of silk route, there has been a strong cultural, moral and several other relations among the nations. It fully supports India's bid for permanent seat in [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]] and even completely supports India on Kashmir conflicts. There exists a small community of [[Armenians in India]] while there is also a small community of Indians. |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}||<!--Date started-->28 February 1991|| See [[Azerbaijan–India relations]] India has embassy in [[Baku]] and Azerbaijan has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Belarus}}||<!--Date started-->17 April 1992||See [[Belarus–India relations]] * Belarus has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belembassy.org/eng/15.html|title=belembassy.org – This website is for sale! – Посольства адреса координаты Resources and Information.|website=www.belembassy.org|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005160625/http://www.belembassy.org/eng/15.html|archive-date=5 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Since 14 May 1992, India has an embassy in [[Minsk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indembminsk.org/ |title=Ind Emb Minsk |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116092305/http://www.indembminsk.org/?page=3760 |archive-date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Belgium}}||1954||See [[Belgium–India relations]] * Belgium has an [[Embassy of Belgium, New Delhi|embassy in New Delhi]], consulates in [[Chennai]] and [[Mumbai]], and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.diplomatie.belgium.be/en/embassy-and-consulates|title=Embassy and consulates|date=4 December 2014}}</ref> * India has an [[Embassy of India, Brussels|embassy in Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassybrussels.gov.in/|title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Belgium, Luxembourg & European Union|website=www.indianembassybrussels.gov.in}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Bulgaria}}||1954||See [[Bulgaria–India relations]] * Bulgaria has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/delhi/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501072933/http://www.mfa.bg/delhi/|url-status=dead|title=Bulgarian embassy in New Delhi|archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> * India has an embassy in [[Sofia]].<ref>[http://www.indembsofia.org/ Indian embassy in Sofia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719032901/http://www.indembsofia.org/ |date=19 July 2009 }}. Indembsofia.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Croatia}}||<!--Date started-->9 July 1992||See [[Croatia–India relations]] * Since February 1995, Croatia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and an honorary consulate in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/diplomatic-directory/diplomatic-missions-and-consular-offices-of-croatia/india-new-delhi,143.html|title=MVEP • Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices of Croatia • India, New Delhi|website=www.mvep.hr}}</ref> * Since 28 April 1996, India has an embassy in [[Zagreb]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.hr/ |title=Indian embassy in Zagreb |publisher=Indianembassy.hr |date=2009-01-09 |access-date=2010-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424131308/http://www.indianembassy.hr/ |archive-date=24 April 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Cyprus}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Cyprus–India relations]] * Cyprus has a High Commission in [[New Delhi]] and 2 honorary consulates (in [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/highcom/highcom_newdelhi.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?OpenDocument|title=High Commission of Cyprus in India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093712/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/highcom/highcom_newdelhi.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?OpenDocument|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * India has a High Commission in [[Nicosia]].<ref>[http://www.hcinicosia.org.cy/ Indian high commission in Nicosia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115024604/http://www.hcinicosia.org.cy/ |date=15 January 2012 }}</ref> * Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120225131239/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/210EAF74262E6F34C22571E100240EC8/$file/India.pdf?OpenElement Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with India] India supported Cyprus during its struggle for independence from British colonial rule. India supported Greeks in Cyprus during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, and lobbied for the international recognition of the Government of Nicosia as the sole legal representative of the entire nation. India has consistently supported and voted for a peaceful resolution of the Cyprus dispute at the United Nations. |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Finland}}||<!--Date started-->1 October 1949||See [[Finland–India relations]] * India has an embassy in [[Helsinki]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.fi/ |title=Home – Embassy of India – Finland and Estonia |work=Embassy of India |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223092020/http://www.indianembassy.fi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Finland has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and three honorary consulates in [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finland.org.in/public/default.aspx?contentid=77955|title=Embassy – Embassy of Finland, New Delhi : Embassy|website=www.finland.org.in}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Georgia}}||<!--Date started-->{{dts|format=dmy|1992|9|28}}||See [[Georgia–India relations]] * Georgia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=691&lang_id=|title=Georgian embassy in India|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623122401/http://india.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=691&lang_id=|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * India is represented in Georgia through its embassy in [[Yerevan]] ([[Armenia]]) and an honorary consulate in [[Tbilisi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.am/ |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Yerevan, Armenia |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220230759/http://www.indianembassy.am/ |archive-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111116052839/http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=373&lang_id=ENG Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with India] |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Hungary}}||1948 |See [[Hungary–India relations]] * Indian embassy is located in [[Budapest]]. |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Malta}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[India–Malta relations]] Malta opened a [[High Commission]] in New Delhi in 2007. Malta also has an honorary consulate in Mumbai. India is represented in Malta through its embassy in [[Tripoli]], Libya and an honorary consulate in [[Valletta]]. |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Moldova}}||1993 |See [[India–Moldova relations]] *The Indian embassy to Moldova is accredited from [[Bucharest]], Romania. *Moldova maintains an honorary consulate in [[New Delhi]] and a consulate in [[Mumbai]]. Both countries have taken steps to deepen their ties, which is still maintained in a modest level. Both countries have been found supporting each other at many international platforms like the United Nations through reciprocal support mechanism. India-Moldova bilateral trade has been rather modest. |- valign="top" |{{Flag|North Macedonia}}||1996 |See [[India–North Macedonia relations]] Mother Teresa, honoured in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta became an Indian citizen in 1951, was born in Skopje (in present-day North Macedonia) in 1910. *India has embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria jointly accredited to Republic of Macedonia. *Both Macedonia has embassy in [[New Delhi]] and honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]] and [[Bangalore]]. |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Poland}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[India–Poland relations]] Historically, relations have generally been close and friendly, characterised by understanding and co-operation on international front.<ref name="Indo-Polish relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.pl/iprelation.html |title=Indo-Polish relations |publisher=Embassy of India in Poland. |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031031155652/http://www.indianembassy.pl/iprelation.html |archive-date=31 October 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * India has an embassy in [[Warsaw]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indembwarsaw.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903232122/http://www.indembwarsaw.in/index.php/en/|url-status=dead|title=Indian Embassy: Discover Home and Help in Warsaw, Poland|archive-date=3 September 2015|website=www.indembwarsaw.in}}</ref> * Poland has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl/en/|title=Embassy of the Republic of Poland in New Delhi|website=www.newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Romania}}||<!--Date started-->14 December 1948 |See [[India–Romania relations]] * India has an embassy in [[Bucharest]]<ref>[http://www.embassyofindia.ro/ Indian embassy in Bucharest] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720011954/http://www.embassyofindia.ro/ |date=20 July 2009 }}. Embassyofindia.ro. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and an honorary consulate in [[Timișoara]]. * Romania has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>[http://newdelhi.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en Romanian embassy in New Delhi]. Newdelhi.mae.ro. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> * See also [[Hinduism in Romania]] |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Serbia}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[India–Serbia relations]] * India has an embassy in [[Belgrade]].<ref>[http://www.embassyofindiabelgrade.org/ Indian embassy in Belgrade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410030741/http://www.embassyofindiabelgrade.org/ |date=10 April 2009 }}. Embassyofindiabelgrade.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> * Serbia has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Chennai]].<ref>[http://www.embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in/ Serbian embassy in New Delhi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828111812/http://www.embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in/ |date=28 August 2009 }}. Embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> * See also [[Hinduism in Serbia]] * [http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/India/index_e.html Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623145837/http://mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/India/index_e.html |date=23 June 2011 }} |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Slovakia}}||<!--Date started--> ||See [[India-Slovakia relations]] * India has an embassy in [[Bratislava]]. * Slovakia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. |- valign="top" |{{Flag|Slovenia}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[India-Slovenia relations]] * India has an embassy in [[Ljubljana]].<ref>[http://www.indianembassy.si/ Embassy of India in Ljubljana]. Indianembassy.si. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> * Slovenia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newdelhi.embassy.si/index.php?id=37&L=1|title=Embassy of the Republic of Slovenija New Delhi|website=newdelhi.embassy.si}}</ref> * See also [[Hinduism in Slovenia]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Switzerland}}||<!--Date started-->|| See [[India-Switzerland relations]] * Switzerland has an embassy in New Delhi and a consulate in [[Bangalore]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>[http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/asia/vind/embnd.html Embassy New Delhi]. Eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> * India has an embassy in [[Bern]] and consulates in [[Geneva]] and [[Zurich]].<ref>[http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/asia/vind/achind.html Representations in Switzerland]. Eda.admin.ch (14 October 2011). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India is one of Switzerland's most important partners in Asia. Bilateral and political contacts are constantly developing, and trade and scientific co-operation between the two countries are flourishing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfae.ch/eda/en/home/recent/media/single.html?id=41355|title=Error|website=www.dfae.ch}}</ref> Switzerland was the first country in the World to sign a Friendship treaty with India in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tsr.ch/info/suisse/3433893-la-presidente-indienne-pratibha-devisingh-patil-sera-en-suisse-lundi-et-mardi-pour-une-visite-d-etat.html |title=La présidente indienne Pratibha Devisingh Patil sera en Suisse lundi et mardi pour une visite d'Etat |work=rts.ch |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> |} === European Union === {{Main|India–European Union relations}} {{Flagicon|European Union}}-{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi with the President European Council Donald Tusk, and the President European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker, at the EU-INDIA Summit.jpg|thumb|Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] with the President of [[European Council]] [[Donald Tusk]], and the President of [[European Commission]] [[Jean-Claude Juncker]], at the EU-India Summit, [[Brussels]], 2016]] India was one of the first countries to develop relations with the European Union. The Joint Political Statement of 1993 and the 1994 Co-operation Agreement were the foundational agreements for the bilateral partnership. In 2004, India and European Union became "Strategic Partners". A Joint Action Plan was agreed upon in 2005 and updated in 2008. India-EU Joint Statements was published in 2009 and 2012 following the India-European Union Summits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/india/index_en.htm|title=EEAS – European External Action Service – European Commission|website=EEAS – European External Action Service}}</ref> India and the European Commission initiated negotiations on a ''Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement'' (BTIA) in 2007. Seven rounds of negotiations have been completed without reaching a Free Trade Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indembassy.be/pages.php?id=59|title=India-EU Trade Economic and Technological cooperation|publisher=Indian Mission to EU}}</ref> According to the Government of India, trade between India and the EU was $57.25 billion between April and October 2014 and stood at $101.5 billion for the fiscal period of 2014–2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU ups FTA ante with eye on India's vibrant business climate |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46577442.cms |agency=ET Bureau |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=16 March 2015}}</ref> The European Union is India's second largest trading bloc, accounting for around 20% of Indian trade ([[Gulf Cooperation Council]] is the largest trading bloc with almost $160 billion in total trade<ref>{{cite news |title=Gulf Arab nations seek India to rein in Iran |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Gulf-Arab-nations-seek-India-to-rein-in-Iran/articleshow/15792288.cms?referral=PM |agency=TNN |newspaper=Times of India |date=27 August 2012}}</ref>). India was the European Union's [[List of the largest trading partners of the European Union|8th largest trading partner]] in 2010. EU-India trade grew from €28.6 billion in 2003 to €72.7 billion in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/india/|title=India – Trade – European Commission|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> France, Germany and UK collectively represent the major part of EU-India trade.<ref name="EU and BRIC">{{cite news |title=A range of statistics to compare the EU with Brazil, Russia, India and China |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=STAT/12/80&format=PDF&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |access-date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=EUROPA |year=2010}}</ref> Annual trade in commercial services tripled from €5.2billion in 2002 to €17.9 billion in 2010.<ref name="India-EU Bilateral Trade">{{cite web |url=http://www.ficci-ineupf.com/trade.html |title=India-EU Bilateral Trade Relations |publisher=ficci-ineupf.com |date=2013-01-01 |access-date=2015-02-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014015842/http://ficci-ineupf.com/trade.html |archive-date=14 October 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Denmark, Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands are the other more prominent European Union countries who trade with India.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU: Relations with other Asian partners |url=http://www.ecfr.eu/scorecard/2015/china/46 |publisher=European Council for Foreign Relations |date=18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/india/index_en.htm Bilateral trade relations with India] ec.europa.eu</ref> ==India's relation with the Middle East == === Bahrain === {{Main|Bahrain–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Bahrain}}{{Flagicon|India}} India is a close ally of Bahrain, the Kingdom along with its GCC partners are (according to Indian officials) among the most prominent backers of India's bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council,<ref>'India against Security Council membership without veto', Web India, 29 December 2004</ref> and Bahraini officials have urged India to play a greater role in international affairs. For instance, over concerns about Iran's nuclear programme Bahrain's Crown Prince appealed to India to play an active role in resolving the crisis.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2789056.ece Bahrain accuses Iran of nuclear weapons lie] [[The Times]], 2 November 2007</ref> Ties between India and Bahrain go back generations, with many of Bahrain's most prominent figures having close connections: poet and constitutionalist [[Ebrahim Al-Arrayedh]] grew up in Bombay, while 17th century Bahraini theologians Sheikh [[Salih Al-Karzakani]] and Sheikh Ja'far bin Kamal al-Din were influential figures in the Kingdom of [[Golkonda]]<ref>Juan Cole, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&pg=PA45 Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam], IB Tauris, 2002 p. 45</ref> and the development of Shia thought in the sub-continent. Bahraini politicians have sought to enhance these long standing ties, with Parliamentary Speaker [[Khalifa Al Dhahrani]] in 2007 leading a delegation of parliamentarians and business leaders to meet the then Indian President [[Pratibha Patil]], the then opposition leader [[L K Advani]], and take part in training and media interviews.<ref>[http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=201397 MPs on goodwill visit to India...] Gulf Daily News, 29 November 2007</ref> Politically, it is easier for Bahrain's politicians to seek training and advice from India than it is from the United States or other western alternative. Adding further strength to the ties, [[Sheikh Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa]] visited India during which MOUs and bilateral deals worth $450 million were approved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/bahrain-seeks-to-boost-ties-with-india-during-king-hamad-al-khalifa-s-first-visit-485144 |title=Bahrain seeks to boost ties with India during King Hamad Al Khalifa's first visit |work=NDTV.com |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> India expressed its support for Bahrain's bid for a non-permanent seat in the [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]] in 2026–27.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Bahrain to back each other for UN seat |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/india-bahrain-to-back-each-other-for-un-seat/article1-461854.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313025500/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/india-bahrain-to-back-each-other-for-un-seat/article1-461854.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2014 |df=dmy}}</ref> === Egypt === {{Main|Egypt–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Egypt}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Nasser and his children with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (01).jpg|thumb|Abdel Nasser and his children with Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1955, Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the Commonwealth of Nations.|213x213px]] Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between [[Saad Zaghloul]] and [[Mohandas Gandhi]] on the common goals of their respective movements of independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembcairo.com/Web%20Pages/gandhi.aspx |title=Embassy of India, Cairo |publisher=Indembcairo.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503193003/http://www.indembcairo.com/Web%20Pages/gandhi.aspx |archive-date=3 May 2010 |df=dmy}}</ref> In 1955, Egypt under [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]] and India under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became the founders of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. In 1967, following the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]], India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the visit of President [[Anwar al-Sadat]] to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilisers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco, lentils, pharmaceutical products and transport equipment. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertiliser plant with another Indian company. In 2004 the [[GAIL|Gas Authority of India Limited]], bought 15% of Egypt Nat Gas distribution and marketing company. In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.<ref>Egypt State Information Service: [http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Activity/000001/0401050400000000000964.htm Mubarak starts historic visit to India to boost strategic partnership between the two countries] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> After [[Arab Spring]] of 2011, with ousting of Hosni Mubarak, Egypt has asked for help of India in conducting nationwide elections.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} === Iran === {{Main|India–Iran relations}} {{Flagicon|Iran}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Tagore Iran.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Rabindranath Tagore]] as a guest of [[Majles|Iran's parliament]] in the 1930s.]] Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on 15 March 1950.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81006985/Politic/Iran,_India_relations_span_centuries_marked_by_meaningful_interactions |title=Iran, India relations span centuries marked by meaningful interactions |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> After the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979, Iran withdrew from [[Central Treaty Organization|CENTO]] and dissociated itself from US-friendly countries, including Pakistan, which automatically meant improved relationship with the Republic of India. Currently, the two countries have friendly relations in many areas. There are significant trade ties, particularly in crude oil imports into India and diesel exports to Iran. Iran frequently objected to Pakistan's attempts to draft anti-India resolutions at international organisations such as the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]]. India welcomed Iran's inclusion as an observer state in the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] regional organisation. [[Lucknow]] continues to be a major centre of Shiite culture and Persian study in the subcontinent. In the 1990s, India and Iran both supported the [[Northern Alliance]] in Afghanistan against the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Taliban regime]]. They continue to collaborate in supporting the broad-based anti-Taliban government led by [[Hamid Karzai]] and backed by the United States. However, one complex issue in Indo-Iran relations is the issue of Iran's nuclear programme. In this intricate issue, India tries to make a delicate balance. According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar|Rejaul Laskar]], an Indian expert on international relations, "India's position on Iran's nuclear programme has been consistent, principled and balanced, and makes an endeavour to reconcile Iran's quest for energy security with the international community's concerns on proliferation. So, while India acknowledges and supports Iran's ambitions to achieve energy security and in particular, its quest for peaceful use of nuclear energy, it is also India's principled position that Iran must meet all its obligations under the international law, particularly its obligations under the nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and other such treaties to which it is a signatory"<ref>Beyond Historical Linkages, [http://www.geopolitics.in/jan2012.aspx Geopolitics, January 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234710/http://www.geopolitics.in/jan2012.aspx |date=15 October 2015 }}; Page 71</ref> Following an attack on an Israeli diplomat in India in February 2012, the [[Delhi Police]] contended that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had some involvement in the attack. This was subsequently confirmed in July 2012, after a report by the Delhi Police found evidence that members of Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had been involved in the 13 February bomb attack in the capital.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130129164215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-30/delhi/32941054_1_israeli-diplomat-houshang-afshar-irani-mohammad-reza-abolghasemi "Cops name Iran military arm for attack on Israeli diplomat"], "Times of India", 30 July 2012</ref> === Iraq === {{Main|India–Iraq relations}} {{Flagicon|Iraq}}{{Flagicon|India}} Iraq was one of the few countries in the Middle East with which India established diplomatic relations at the embassy level immediately after its [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947.<ref name="US">[http://www.issi.org.pk/journal/2003_files/no_2/article/7a.htm US-Iraq War: India's Middle East policy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135457/http://www.issi.org.pk/journal/2003_files/no_2/article/7a.htm |date=16 December 2008 }}</ref> Both nations signed the "Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship" in 1952 and an agreement of co-operation on cultural affairs in 1954.<ref name="US"/> India was amongst the first to recognise the [[Ba'ath Party]]-led government, and Iraq remained neutral during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. However, Iraq sided alongside other Persian Gulf states in supporting Pakistan against India during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], which saw the creation of Bangladesh.<ref name="US"/> The eight-year-long [[Iran–Iraq War]] caused a steep decline in trade and commerce between the two nations.<ref name="US"/> During the 1991 [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], India remained neutral but permitted refuelling for US aircraft.<ref name="US"/> It opposed [[Sanctions against Iraq|UN sanctions on Iraq]], but the period of war and Iraq's isolation further diminished India's commercial and diplomatic ties.<ref name="US"/> From 1999 onwards, Iraq and India began to work towards a stronger relationship. Iraq had supported India's right to conduct [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear tests]] following its [[Pokhran-II|tests of five nuclear weapons]] on 11 and 13 May 1998.<ref name="US"/> In 2000, the then-[[Vice-President of Iraq]] [[Taha Yassin Ramadan]] visited India, and on 6 August 2002 President Saddam Hussein conveyed Iraq's "unwavering support" to India over the [[Kashmir conflict]] with Pakistan.<ref name="US"/><ref name="X">[http://english.people.com.cn/english/200011/30/eng20001130_56499.html India, Iraq Agree on Cooperation]. English.people.com.cn (30 November 2000). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India and Iraq established joint ministerial committees and trade delegations to promote extensive bilateral co-operation.<ref name="FICCI">[http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/iraq/iraqcommercialrelation.htm Iraq Economic and Commercial Relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227224506/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/iraq/iraqcommercialrelation.htm |date=27 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name="IS">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15459739.cms Iraq prizes ties with India: Saddam] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141937/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15459739.cms |date=16 December 2008 }}</ref> Although initially disrupted during the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], diplomatic and commercial ties between India and the new democratic government of Iraq have since been normalised.<ref name="IS"/> === Israel === {{Main|India–Israel relations}} {{Flagicon|Israel}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Beni-israel-india-2.jpg|thumb|right|A Beni-Israel family at Bombay.]] The establishment of Israel at the end of World War II was a complex issue. Based on its own experience during partition, when 14 million people were displaced<ref>{{cite web |title=Rupture in South Asia |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf |publisher=UNHCR |access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies |first=Crispin |last=Bates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml |work=BBC |date=2011-03-03 |access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref> and an estimated 200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in Punjab Province,<ref>{{cite web |title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes |first=Paul R. |last=Brass |author-link=Paul Brass |work=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |date=2003 |page=75 (5(1), 71–101) |access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref> India had recommended a single state, as did Iran and Yugoslavia (later to undergo its own genocidal partition). The state could allocate Arab- and Jewish-majority provinces with a goal of preventing partition of historic Palestine and prevent widespread conflict.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf3.html#a |title=Myths & Facts – Partition |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> But, the final UN resolution recommended partition of Mandatory Palestine into Arab and Jewish states based on religious and ethnic majorities. India opposed this in the final vote as it did not agree with the concept of partition on the basis of religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/partition.html |title=United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Due to the security threat from a US-backed Pakistan and its nuclear programme in the 1980s, Israel and India started a clandestine relationship that involved co-operation between their respective intelligence agencies.<ref name="RAW-MOSSAD">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm RAW and MOSSAD, the Secret Link],''rediff.com''</ref> Israel shared India's concerns about the growing danger posed by Pakistan and nuclear proliferation to Iran and other Arab states.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6170145/A.Q.-Khan-boasts-of-helping-Irans-nuclear-programme.html |title=A.Q. Khan boasts of helping Iran's nuclear programme |work=Telegraph |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009 |location=London}}</ref> Since the establishment of full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992, India has improved its relation with the Jewish state. India is regarded as Israel's strongest ally in Asia, and Israel is India's second-largest arms supplier. Since India achieved its [[Indian independence movement|independence in 1947]], it has supported Palestinian self-determination. India recognised Palestine's statehood following Palestine's [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|declaration]] on 18 November 1988<ref name="unesdoc.unesco.org">http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000827/082711eo.pdf</ref> and [[India–Palestine relations|Indo-Palestinian relations]] were first established in 1974.<ref name="meaindia.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/palestine.pdf |title=MEA – MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126020231/http://meaindia.nic.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/palestine.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This has not adversely affected India's improved relations with Israel. India has entertained the Israeli Prime Minister in a visit in 2003,<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/sharon.htm Ariel Sharon's India visit],''rediff.com''</ref> and Israel has entertained Indian dignitaries such as Finance Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] in diplomatic visits. India and Israel collaborate in scientific and technological endeavours. Israel's Minister for Science and Technology has expressed interest in collaborating with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) towards using satellites to better manage land and other resources. Israel has also expressed interest in participating in ISRO's [[Chandrayaan-1|Chandrayaan]] Mission involving an unmanned mission to the moon.<ref name="TimesofIndia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040119221313/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/25/stories/2003122502231200.htm Israel plans thrust on science and technology collaboration], ''The Times of India'', 24 December 2003</ref> On 21 January 2008, India successfully launched an Israeli spy satellite into orbit from Sriharikota space station in southern India.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7199736.stm "India launches Israeli satellite"], BBC News Online, 21 January 2008</ref> Israel and India share intelligence on terrorist groups. They have developed close defence and security ties since establishing diplomatic relations in 1992. India has bought more than $5 billion worth of Israeli equipment since 2002. In addition, Israel is training Indian military units and in 2008 was discussing an arrangement to give Indian commandos instruction in counter-terrorist tactics and urban warfare.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-indiaisrael29-2008nov29,0,440564.story Israel says Mumbai attackers targeted its citizens], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 29 November 2008</ref> In December 2008, Israel and India signed a memorandum to set up an Indo-Israel Legal Colloquium to facilitate discussions and exchange programmes between judges and jurists of the two countries.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104032824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-31/india/27896422_1_legal-systems-india-and-israel-israeli-president India, Israel set up bilateral legal colloquium]. ''Times of India'' (31 December 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Following the Israeli invasion of [[2006 Lebanon War|Lebanon in 2006]], India stated that the Israeli use of force was "[[International reactions to the 2006 Lebanon War#India|disproportionate and excessive]]."<ref>[http://www.kuna.net.kw/home/story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=886234 LD Lebanon Reactions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195951/http://www.kuna.net.kw/home/story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=886234 |date=27 September 2007 }}, ''Kuwait News Agency''</ref> India-Israel relationship has been very close and warm under the premiership of [[Narendra Modi]] since 2014. In 2017, he was the first ever Prime Minister of India to visit Israel.<ref>https://qz.com/india/1551356/what-explains-modis-bonhomie-with-israels-netanyahu/</ref> === Lebanon === {{main|India–Lebanon relations}} {{Flagicon|Lebanon}}{{Flagicon|India}} India and Lebanon enjoy cordial and friendly relations based on many complementarities such as political system based on parliamentary democracy, non-alignment, human rights, commitment to a just world order, regional and global peace, liberal market economy and a vibrant entrepreneurial spirit. India has a peacekeeping force as part of the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL). One infantry battalion is deployed in Lebanon and about 900 personnel are stationed in the Eastern part of [[Southern Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pallam-raju-to-visit-indian-peacekeepers-in-lebanon_10093673.html |title=Pallam Raju to visit Indian peacekeepers in Lebanon |publisher=Thaindian.com |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> The force also provided non-patrol aid to citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/inDepthNews/idUSEIC54708020061026?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=Indian UN vet treats animal victims of Lebanon war |work=Reuters |date=26 October 2006 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> India and Lebanon have very good relations since the 1950s. === Oman === {{Main|India-Oman relations}} {{Flagicon|Oman}}{{Flagicon|India}} <!-- Commented out: [[File:India-oman1.jpg|thumb|250px|The then Indian Prime Minister, [[H.D. Deve Gowda]](Left) and then President of India, [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]](Right) with the [[Sultan of Oman]], [[Qaboos Bin Said]](Centre) on his state visit to India.]] --> India–Oman relations are foreign relations between India and the Sultanate of Oman. India has an embassy in Muscat, Oman. The Indian consulate was opened in Muscat in February 1955 and five years later it was upgraded to a consulate general and later developed into a full-fledged embassy in 1971. The first Ambassador of India arrived in Muscat in 1973. Oman established its embassy in New Delhi in 1972 and a consulate general in Mumbai in 1976. $5.6 bn Oman-India energy pipeline plans progressing: Fox Petroleum Group envisions a roughly five-year timeframe for the execution of the pipeline project.<ref name="omanobserver.om">{{cite web |url=http://omanobserver.om/5-6-bn-oman-india-energy-pipeline-plans-progressing/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701012600/http://omanobserver.om/5-6-bn-oman-india-energy-pipeline-plans-progressing/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ajay Kumar, the chairman and managing director of Fox Petroleum, based in New Delhi, which is an associate company of Fox Petroleum FZC in the UAE, said that Mr Modi had "fired the best weapon of economic development and growth". "He has given a red carpet for global players to invest in India," Mr Kumar added. "It will boost all sectors of industry – especially for small-scale manufacturing units and heavy industries too." <ref name="omanobserver.om"/> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/modi-reveals-plan-to-attract-foreign-investment-into-india|title=Modi reveals plan to attract foreign investment into India}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/modi-and-the-sino-indian-game-for-iranian-gas/|title=Modi and the Sino-Indian Game for Iranian Gas|first=Micha'el Tanchum, The|last=Diplomat}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/CONS_282811.html|title=$5.6bn Oman-India pipeline plans on track|website=www.tradearabia.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://bgs-group.eu/our-events.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901104335/http://www.bgs-group.eu/our-events.html |archive-date=1 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://lngcongress.com/|title=5th International LNG Congress|website=lngcongress.com}}</ref> === Palestine === {{Main|India–Palestine relations}} {{Flagicon|Palestine}}{{Flagicon|India}} After India achieved its [[Indian independence movement|independence in 1947]], the country has moved to support Palestinian self-determination following the [[Partition of India|partition]] of India. In the light of a religious partition between India and Pakistan, the impetus to boost ties with [[Muslim]] states around the world was a further tie to India's support for the [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] cause. Though it started to waver in the late 1980s and 1990s as the recognition of Israel led to diplomatic exchanges, the ultimate support for the Palestinian cause was still an underlying concern. Beyond the recognition for Palestinian self-determination ties have been largely dependent upon socio-cultural bonds, while economic relations were neither cold nor warm. India recognised Palestine's statehood following its own [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|declaration]] on 18 November 1988;<ref name="unesdoc.unesco.org"/> although relations were first established in 1974.<ref name="meaindia.nic.in"/> PNA President Abbas paid a State visit to India in September 2012, during which India pledged $10 million as aid. Indian officials said it was the third such donation, adding that New Delhi was committed to helping other development projects. India also pledged support to Palestine's bid for full and equal membership of the UN. === Saudi Arabia === {{Main|India–Saudi Arabia relations}} {{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}{{Flagicon|India}} Bilateral relations between India and the Saudi Arabia have strengthened considerably owing to co-operation in regional affairs and trade. Saudi Arabia is the one of largest suppliers of oil to India, who is one of the top seven trading partners and the 5th biggest investor in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="CH">{{cite web|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/-india-saudi-arabia-to-better-understanding-108060200074_1.html |title=India, Saudi Arabia to better understanding |access-date=2020-08-15 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=2008-06-02}}</ref> India was one of the first nations to establish ties with the [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|Third Saudi State]]. During the 1930s, India heavily funded [[Nejd]] through financial subsidies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kostiner |first=Joseph |title=The making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: from chieftaincy to monarchical state |publisher=Oxford University Press US, 1993 |isbn=9780195074406|year=1993 }}</ref> India's strategic relations with Saudi Arabia have been affected by the latter's close ties with Pakistan.<ref name="SO2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4645836.stm |title=Saudi king on rare visit to India |access-date=4 June 2008 |work=BBC News |date=25 January 2006}}</ref> Saudi Arabia supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]] and during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] at the expense of its relations with India.<ref name="VA2"> {{cite book |first=Prithvi Ram |last=Mudiam |title=India and the Middle East |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiamiddleeast00prit/page/88 88–94] |publisher=British Academic Press |year=1994 |isbn=1-85043-703-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiamiddleeast00prit/page/88 }}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]]'s close relations with India also served as a source of consternation.<ref name="SO2"/><ref name="VA2"/> During the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] (1990–91), India officially maintained [[Neutral country|neutrality]]. Saudi Arabia's close military and strategic ties with Pakistan have also been a source of continuing strain.<ref name="SO2"/><ref name="VA2"/> Since the 1990s, both nations have taken steps to improve ties. Saudi Arabia has supported granting [[observer status]] to India in the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) and has expanded its co-operation with India to fight [[terrorism]].<ref name="new era">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4655268.stm |title="New era" for Saudi-Indian ties |access-date=4 June 2008 |work=BBC News |date=27 January 2006}}</ref> In January 2006, King [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] made a special visit to India, becoming the first Saudi monarch in 51 years to do so.<ref name="SO2"/> The Saudi king and former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] signed an agreement forging a strategic energy partnership that was termed the "Delhi Declaration".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/India-Saudi-Arabia-sign-strategic-energy-pact-Long-term-contracts-planned-for-crude-supplies/article20196973.ece |title=India, Saudi Arabia sign strategic energy pact |date=2011-04-23 |access-date=2020-08-16 |work=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> The pact provides for a "reliable, stable and increased volume of crude oil supplies to India through long-term contracts."<ref name="DG">{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/01/27/news/international/india_saudi.dj/ |title=India, Saudi Arabia in energy deal |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=CNN |date=27 January 2006}}</ref> Both nations also agreed on joint ventures and the development of oil and natural gas in public and private sectors.<ref name="DG"/> An Indo-Saudi joint declaration in the Indian capital [[New Delhi]] described the king's visit as "heralding a new era in India-Saudi Arabia relations."<ref name="new era"/> === Syria === {{main|India–Syria relations}} {{Flagicon|Syria}}{{Flagicon|India}} Bilateral relations between the India and [[Syria]] are historic where the two have ancient civilizational ties. Both countries were on the [[Silk Road]] through which civilizational exchanges took place for centuries. The [[Syriac Christianity]], originating in ancient Syria, spread further to the East and created the first [[Christianity in India|Christian]] communities in ancient India. The ancient Syriac language among the Syrian Christians of Kerala was also brought to Kerala by St Thomas in the 1st century CE. Even today the language continues to be taught in colleges and universities in Kerala. A common nationalism and secular orientation, membership of NAM and similar perceptions on many issues further strengthened a bond between the two states. India supported "Syria’s legitimate right to regain the occupied Golan Heights." In turn, this was reciprocated with Syrian recognition that Kashmir is a bilateral issue as well as general support of India’s concerns and even candidature at various international forums. === Turkey === {{Main|India–Turkey relations}} {{Flagicon|Turkey}}{{Flagicon|India}} Due to controversial issues such as Turkey's close relationship with Pakistan, relations between the two countries have often been blistered at certain times, but better at others. India and Turkey's relationship alters from unsureness to collaboration when the two nations work together to combat terrorism in Central and South Asia, and the Middle East. India and Turkey are also connected by history, seeing as they have known each other since the days of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and seeing as India was one of the countries to send aid to Turkey following its [[Turkish War of Independence|war of independence]]. The Indian real estate firm GMR, has invested in and is working towards the modernisation of [[Istanbul]]'s [[Sabiha Gökçen International Airport]]. The relations took a nose-dive after [[President of Turkey|Turkish president]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] spoke against of India on [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir issue]] and supported Pakistan, during his address at [[United Nations General Assembly]] after Pakistan PM [[Imran Khan]], in September 2019. In February 2020, he visited Islamabad and held talks with Imran Khan, on "improving and bolding the relations with Islamabad". At the end of the month, during the [[2020 Delhi riots|riots of Delhi]] and [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|CAA-NRC protests]] in India, he criticized the government for its policies. He also had criticized the move of Indian Government on the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley skirmishes with China]] on [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]]. === United Arab Emirates === {{Main|India–UAE relations}} {{Flagicon|UAE}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:India Republic Day 2017 Crown Prince.jpg|thumb| The President, [[Pranab Mukherjee|Shri Pranab Mukherjee]] and the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the Chief Guest of the Republic Day, The Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, Deputy Supreme Commander of U.A.E. Armed Forces, General [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], at [[Rajpath]], on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017, in New Delhi.]] India–United Arab Emirates relations refers to the bilateral relations that exist between the Republic of India and the United Arab Emirates.After the creation of the Federation in 1971, India-UAE relations flourished. Today UAE and India share political, economical and cultural links. There are over a million Indians in the United Arab Emirates, being by far the largest migrant group in the country.[1] A large Indian expatriate community resides and engages in the UAE in economically productive activities and has played a significant role in the evolution of the UAE. In 2008–09, India emerged as the largest trade partner of the UAE with bilateral trade between the two countries exceeding US$44.5 billion. [9] UAEand India are each other's main trading parthers. The trade totals over $75 billion (AED275.25 billion). === Arab states of the Persian Gulf === {{Flagicon|GCC}}-{{Flagicon|India}} India and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]] enjoy strong cultural and economic ties. This is reflected in the fact that more than 50% of the oil consumed by India comes from the Persian Gulf countries<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/India_Gulf_share_special_relationship/articleshow/2700623.cms |title=India, Gulf share special relationship- Indicators-Economy-News-The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 January 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> and Indian nationals form the largest expatriate community in the Arabian peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/1019 |title=Saudi Arabia Woos China and India :: Middle East Quarterly |publisher=Meforum.org |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> The annual remittance by Indian expatriates in the region amounted to US$20 billion in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/28/world/fg-kerala28 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |publisher=[[Tribune Company]] |date=28 January 2007 |last=Daragahi |first=Borzou |title=Bringing home a new Islam |location=Vengara |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504080613/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/28/world/fg-kerala28}}</ref> India is one of the largest trading partners of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|CCASG]] with non-oil trade between India and [[Dubai]] alone amounting to US$19 billion in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/Foreign_Trade/India-Dubai_trade_records_74_rise/articleshow/3093800.cms |title=India-Dubai trade records 74% rise- Foreign Trade-Economy-News-The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2 June 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141849/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/Foreign_Trade/India-Dubai_trade_records_74_rise/articleshow/3093800.cms |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> The Persian Gulf countries have also played an important role in addressing India's energy security concerns, with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait regularly increasing their oil supply to India to meet the country's rising energy demand. In 2005, Kuwait increased its oil exports to India by 10% increasing the net oil trade between the two to US$4.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Oil.html |title=Kuwait Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis – Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal |publisher=Eia.doe.gov |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119055216/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Oil.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2008, Qatar decided to invest US$5 billion in India's energy sector.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111261371200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218070835/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111261371200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Front Page : Qatar to invest $5 billion in India |date=12 November 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> India has maritime security arrangement in place with Oman and Qatar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083247/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Front Page : Navy foils bid to hijack Indian ship in Gulf of Aden |date=12 November 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In 2008, a landmark defence pact was signed, under which India committed its military assets to protect "Qatar from external threats".<ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/AC643928791FF4F2652574FE00466484?OpenDocument]{{Dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref> There has been progress in a proposed deep-sea gas pipeline from Qatar, via Oman, to India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Priyanka |url=http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=2245 |title=A Qatar-to-India Pipeline? |publisher=Energy Tribune |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226125132/http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=2245 |archive-date=26 February 2012 |df=dmy}}</ref> == India's relation with Central Asia == {{Main|India's 'Connect Central Asia' Policy}} === Kazakhstan === {{Main|India–Kazakhstan relations}} {{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}}{{Flagicon|India}} India is working towards developing strong relations with this resource rich Central Asian country. The Indian oil company, [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]], has got oil exploration and petroleum development grants in Kazakhstan. The two countries are collaborating in [[petrochemical]]s, information technology, and space technology. Kazakhstan has offered India five blocks for oil and gas exploration. India and Kazakhstan, are to set up joint projects in construction, minerals and metallurgy. India also signed four other pacts, including an extradition treaty, in the presence of President Prathibha Patil and her Kazakh counterpart [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]. Kazakhstan will provide [[uranium]] and related products under the MoU between Nuclear Power Corp. of India and KazatomProm. These MoU also opens possibilities of joint exploration of uranium in Kazakhstan, which has the world's second largest reserves, and India building atomic power plants in the Central Asian country. === Mongolia === {{Main|India–Mongolia relations}} {{Flagicon|Mongolia}}{{Flagicon|India}} The relations between India and Mongolia are still at a nascent stage and Indo-Mongolian co-operation is limited to diplomatic visits, provision of soft loans and financial aid and the collaborations in the IT sector. India established diplomatic relations in December 1955. India was the first country outside the Soviet bloc to establish diplomatic relations with Mongolia. Since then, there have been treaties of mutual friendship and co-operation between the two countries in 1973, 1994, 2001 and 2004. === Tajikistan === {{Main|India–Tajikistan relations}} {{Flagicon|Tajikistan}}{{Flagicon|India}} Diplomatic relations were established India and Tajikistan following Tajikistan's independence from the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, which had been friendly with India. Tajikistan occupies a strategically important position in Central Asia, bordering Afghanistan, the People's Republic of China and separated by a small strip of Afghan territory from Pakistan. India's role in fighting the Taliban and Al-Qaeda and its strategic rivalry with both China and Pakistan have made its ties with Tajikistan important to its strategic and security policies. Despite their common efforts, bilateral trade has been comparatively low, valued at USD 12.09 million in 2005; India's exports to Tajikistan were valued at USD 6.2 million and its imports at USD 5.89 million. India's military presence and activities have been significant, beginning with India's extensive support to the anti-Taliban [[Northern Alliance|Afghan Northern Alliance]] (ANA). India began renovating the [[Farkhor Air Base]] and stationed aircraft of the Indian Air Force there. The [[Farkhor Air Base]] became fully operational in 2006, and 12 MiG-29 bombers and trainer aircraft are planned to be stationed there. === Kyrgyzstan === {{Main|India–Kyrgyzstan relations}} {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}}{{flagicon|India}} === Turkmenistan === {{Main|India–Turkmenistan relations}} {{flagicon|Turkmenistan}}{{Flagicon|India}} === Uzbekistan === {{main|India–Uzbekistan relations}} {{Flagicon|Uzbekistan}}{{Flagicon|India}} India has an embassy in Tashkent. Uzbekistan has an embassy in New Delhi. Uzbekistan has had a great impact on Indian culture mostly due to the [[Mughal Empire]] which was founded by [[Babur]] of [[Ferghana]] (in present-day Uzbekistan) who created his empire southward first in Afghanistan and then in India. ==India's relation with Africa == {{Main|Africa–India relations}} [[File:Lulasinghmbeki16092006.jpg|thumb|Indian PM Manmohan Singh with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and South African President [[Thabo Mbeki]].|284x284px]] === Burundi === {{Main|Burundi-India relations}} {{Flagicon|Burundi}}{{Flagicon|India}} *[[Burundi]] has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>[https://www.mae.gov.bi/en/burundi-embassies-abroad/]</ref> *[[India]] is represented in Burundi by its embassy in [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]].<ref>[https://www.mae.gov.bi/en/foreign-missions-in-burundi-with-residence-abroad/]</ref> *Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.<ref>[https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/20619/list+of+documents+signed+during+the+state+visit+of+president+of+burundi]</ref> === Comoros === {{Main|Comoros-India relations}} {{Flagicon|Comoros}}{{Flagicon|India}} *Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1976.<ref>[http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Comoros_Relations.pdf]</ref> *Both countries are full members of the [[Indian-Ocean Rim Association]]. === Congo === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" |- valign="top" | {{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}} |See [[Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations]] Relations were established in 1962. The Embassy of India in Kinshasa is also working as an accredited embassy for [[Republic of Congo]] as well. |- valign="top" | {{flag|Republic of Congo}} |See [[Republic of Congo–India relations]] The Republic of Congo has an embassy in New Delhi, while embassy in Kinshasa, (DRC) is currently accredited for ROC. |} === Ethiopia === {{Main|Ethiopia–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Ethiopia}}{{Flagicon|India}} India and Ethiopia have warm bilateral ties based on mutual co-operation and support. India has been a partner in Ethiopia's developmental efforts, training Ethiopian personnel under its [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme|ITEC programmer]], providing it with several [[Line of credit|lines of credit]] and launching the [[Pan-African e-Network project|Pan-African e-Network Project]] there in 2007. The Second [[India–Africa Forum Summit]] was held in [[Addis Ababa]] in 2011. India is also Ethiopia's second largest source of [[foreign direct investments]]. === Gabon === {{Main|Gabon–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Gabon}}{{Flagicon|India}} Gabon maintains an embassy in New Delhi. The Embassy of India in [[Kinshasa]], Democratic Republic of Congo is jointly accredited to Gabon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eoi.gov.in/kinshasa/|title=Embassy of India Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo|website=eoi.gov.in}}</ref> === Ghana === {{Main|Ghana–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Ghana}}{{Flagicon|India}} Relations between [[Ghana]] and India are generally close and cordial mixed with economic and cultural connections. Trade between India and Ghana amounted to US$818 million in 2010–11 and is expected to be worth US$1 billion by 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=India aims to double trade with W. Africa |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article3624588.ece |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 July 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=Sujay |last=Mehdudia}}</ref> Ghana imports automobiles and buses from India and companies like [[Tata Motors]] and [[Ashok Leyland]] have a significant presence in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Motors to sell cars in Ghana |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75595 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123010427/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75595 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2013 |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=16 October 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ashok Leyland delivers 100 buses to Ghanaian firm |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ashok-leyland-delivers-100-buses-to-ghanaian-firm/476962/ |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Business Standard |date=11 June 2012}}</ref> Ghanaian exports to India consist of [[gold]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] and timber while Indian exports to Ghana comprise [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceuticals]], agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, plastics, steel and cement.<ref name="mea" /> The Government of India has extended $228 million in [[Line of credit|lines of credit]] to Ghana which has been used for projects in sectors like agro-processing, fish processing, waste management, rural electrification and the expansion of Ghana's railways.<ref name="ghanabizmedia">{{cite web |title=Evolving India-Africa commerce relations: Ghana's lot |url=http://www.ghanabizmedia.com/ghanabizmedia/july-2012-diplomatic-relations/716-evolving-india-africa-commerce-relations-ghanas-lot.html |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416211607/http://www.ghanabizmedia.com/ghanabizmedia/july-2012-diplomatic-relations/716-evolving-india-africa-commerce-relations-ghanas-lot.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has also offered to set up an India-Africa Institute of Information Technology (IAIIT) and a Food Processing Business Incubation Centre in Ghana under the [[India–Africa Forum Summit]].<ref name="mea" /> India is among the largest foreign investors in [[Economy of Ghana|Ghana's economy]]. At the end of 2011, Indian investments in Ghana amounted to $550 million covering some 548 projects.<ref name="ghanabizmedia" /> Indian investments are primarily in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors of Ghana while Ghanaian companies manufacture drugs in collaboration with Indian companies. The IT sector in Ghana too has a significant Indian presence in it. India and Ghana also have a Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement between them.<ref>{{cite book |title=Doing Business in Ghana |year=2012 |publisher=KPMG |location=Accra |pages=15, 21 |url=http://www.kpmg.com/GH/en/Documents/Doing%20business%20in%20Ghana%20-2012.pdf}}</ref> India's [[Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers|Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilisers]] is in the process of setting up a fertiliser plant in Ghana at Nyankrom in the [[Shama District]] of the [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region of Ghana]]. The project entails an investment of US$1.3 billion and the plant would have an annual production capacity of 1.1 million tonnes, the bulk of which would be exported to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Ghana to finalise gas price |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/7edyfKWDEn5JBcrNYaqODN/India-Ghana-to-finalize-gas-price.html |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=HT Mint |date=16 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Work On Ghana-India Fertilizer Project To Begin At Nyankrom |url=http://news.moneygh.com/pages/agriculture/201207/354.php |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Ghana Money |date=13 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122005413/http://news.moneygh.com/pages/agriculture/201207/354.php |archive-date=22 January 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> There are also plans to develop a sugar processing plant entailing an investment of US$36 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=India to establish fertiliser plant in Ghana |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/11121-india-to-establish-fertilizer-plant-in-ghana |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Daily Graphic |date=21 February 2012}}</ref> [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Tata Motors]] and [[Tech Mahindra]] are amongst the major Indian companies in Ghana.<ref name="ghanaian-chronicle">{{cite news |title=High Commissioner calls on Indian firms to invest in Ghana |url=http://ghanaian-chronicle.com/high-commissioner-calls-on-indian-firms-to-invest-in-ghana/ |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Chronicle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429135257/http://ghanaian-chronicle.com/high-commissioner-calls-on-indian-firms-to-invest-in-ghana/ |archive-date=29 April 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> There are about seven to eight thousand Indians and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Persons of Indian Origin]] living in Ghana today with some of them having been there for over 70 years.<ref name="mea">{{cite web |title=India-Ghana Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Ghana-January-2012.pdf |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> Ghana is home to a growing [[Hinduism in Ghana|indigenous Hindu population]] that today numbers 3000 families. [[Hinduism]] first came to Ghana only in the late 1940s with the [[Sindhis|Sindhi traders]] who migrated here following [[Partition of India|India's Partition]]. It has been growing in Ghana and neighbouring Togo since the mid-1970s when an African Hindu monastery was established in Accra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghana's unique African-Hindu temple |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10401741 |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=BBC |date=29 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hinduism spreads in Ghana, reaches Togo |url=http://www.indiaafricaconnect.in/index.php?param=news/3610/india-in-africa/117 |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723005509/http://www.indiaafricaconnect.in/index.php?param=news%2F3610%2Findia-in-africa%2F117 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ivory Coast === {{Main|Ivory Coast–India relations}} {{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}}{{Flagicon|India}} The bilateral relations between India and [[Ivory Coast]] have expanded considerably in recent years as India seeks to develop an extensive commercial and strategic partnership in the [[West Africa]]n region. The Indian diplomatic mission in [[Abidjan]] was opened in 1979. Ivory Coast opened its resident mission in New Delhi in September 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation//11fr05.pdf |title=Foreign Relations of India-Ivory Coast |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] |access-date=2 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226070642/http://www.meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation//11fr05.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref> Both nations are currently fostering efforts to increase trade, investments and economic co-operation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4791381.stm |title=India to put $1bn in African oil |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 October 2008 |date=14 August 2006}}</ref> === Kenya === {{Main|India–Kenya relations}} {{Flagicon|Kenya}}{{Flagicon|India}} As littoral states of the Indian Ocean, trade links and commercial ties between India and Kenya go back several centuries. Kenya has [[Indians in Kenya|a large minority of Indians]] and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Persons of Indian Origin]] living there who are descendants of labourers who were brought in by the British to construct the [[Uganda Railway]] and [[Gujarati merchants]].<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA – KENYA BILATERAL RELATIONS |url=http://www.hcinairobi.co.ke/Pages/Kenya_india_overview.html |publisher=High Commission of India, Nairobi |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828121542/http://www.hcinairobi.co.ke/Pages/Kenya_india_overview.html |archive-date=28 August 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> India and Kenya have growing trade and commercial ties. Bilateral trade amounted to $2.4 billion in 2010–2011 but with Kenyan imports from India accounting for $2.3 billion, the [[balance of trade]] was heavily in India's favour. India is Kenya's sixth largest trading partner and the largest exporter to Kenya. Indian exports to Kenya include [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceuticals]], [[steel]], machinery and [[Automobile industry in India|automobiles]] while Kenyan exports to India are largely primary commodities such as [[soda ash]], vegetables and [[tea]]. Indian companies have a significant presence in Kenya with Indian corporates like the [[Tata Group]], [[Essar Group]], [[Reliance Industries]] and [[Bharti Airtel]] operating there. === Lesotho === {{Main|India–Lesotho relations}} {{Flagicon|Lesotho}}{{Flagicon|India}} India operates a High Commission in Pretoria which serves Lesotho and Lesotho operates a residential mission in India. Lesotho and India have strong ties. Lesotho has backed India's bid for a [[G4 nations|Permanent UN seat]] and has also recognized Jammu and Kashmir as a part of India. India exported US$11 Million to Lesotho in the 2010–2011 year while only importing US$1 Million in goods from Lesotho. Since 2001, an India Army Training Team has trained several soldiers in the [[Lesotho Defence Force|LDF]]. === Liberia === {{Main|India–Liberia relations}} {{Flagicon|Liberia}}{{Flagicon|India}} The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Liberia have expanded on growing bilateral trade and strategic co-operation. India is represented in Liberia through its embassy in [[Abidjan]] ([[Ivory Coast]]) and an active honorary consulate in [[Monrovia]] since 1984. Liberia was represented in India through its resident mission in New Delhi which subsequently closed due to budgetary constraints.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |url=http://www.indemabj.com/index.html |title=Embassy of India |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005023417/http://www.indemabj.com/index.html |archive-date=5 October 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Mauritania === {{Main|India-Mauritania relations}} {{Flagicon|Mauritania}}{{Flagicon|India}} India is represented in Mauritania by its embassy in [[Bamako]], [[Mali]].<ref>[https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29916/pradeep+kumar+gupta+concurrently+accredited+as+the+next+ambassador+of+india+to+the+lslamic+republic+of+mauritania]</ref><ref>[https://www.embassyofindiabamako.gov.in/page/ma-indian/]</ref> India also has an honorary consulate in [[Nouakchott]].<ref>[https://www.embassyofindiabamako.gov.in/page/ma-cgi/]</ref> === Mauritius === {{Main|India–Mauritius relations}} {{Flagicon|Mauritius}}{{Flagicon|India}} The relations between India and Mauritius existed since 1730, diplomatic relations were established in 1948, before Mauritius became an independent state.<ref name="issuu">{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/pravasitoday/docs/march_2010_e-magazine?mode=window&pageNumber=6 |title=A Perspective for Future |first=Mookhesswur |last=Choonee |page=4 |work=issuu.com |access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref> The relationship is very cordial due to cultural affinities and long historical ties that exist between the two nations. More than 68% of the Mauritian population are of [[Indian people|Indian]] origin, most commonly known as [[Mauritian of Indian origin|Indo-Mauritian]]. Economic and commercial corporation has been increasing over the years. India has become Mauritius' largest source of imports since 2007 and Mauritius imported US$816 million worth of goods in the April 2010 – March 2011 financial year. Mauritius has remained the largest source of [[Foreign direct investment|FDI]] for India for more than a decade with FDI equity inflows totalling US$55.2 billion in the period April 2000 to April 2011. India and Mauritius co-operate in combating piracy which has emerged as a major threat in the [[Indian Ocean]] region and support India's stand against terrorism.<ref name="defi1">{{cite web |url=http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/interview/item/5260-india-special-report-%E2%80%93-tp-seetharam-%E2%80%98mauritius-has-remained-the-largest-source-of-fdi-for-india-for-more-than-a-decade%E2%80%99.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |title=India Special Report – T.P. Seetharam : Mauritius has remained the largest source of FDI for India for more than a decade |publisher=Le Defimedia |access-date=22 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220001203/http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/interview/item/5260-india-special-report-%E2%80%93-tp-seetharam-%E2%80%98mauritius-has-remained-the-largest-source-of-fdi-for-india-for-more-than-a-decade%E2%80%99.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The relationship between Mauritius and India date back in the early 1730s, when artisans were brought from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="issuu" /> Diplomatic relations between India and Mauritius were established in 1948. Mauritius maintained contacts with India through successive Dutch, French and British rule. From the 1820s, Indian workers started coming into Mauritius to work on sugar plantations. From 1833 when slavery was abolished by [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], large numbers of Indian workers began to be brought into Mauritius as [[Indentured servant|indentured labourers]]. On 2 November 1834 the ship named 'Atlas' docked in Mauritius carrying the first batch of Indian indentured labourers. === Morocco === {{main|India–Morocco relations}} {{Flagicon|Morocco}}{{Flagicon|India}} Morocco has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. It also has an Honorary Consul based in [[Mumbai]]. India operates an embassy in [[Rabat]]. Both nations are part of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm |title=NAM Member States |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm |archive-date=9 December 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the United Nations, India supported the decolonisation of Morocco and the Moroccan freedom movement. India recognised Morocco on 20 June 1956 and established relations in 1957.<ref>[http://www.moroccoembassyin.org/morocco-india.html Morocco – India Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514064232/http://www.moroccoembassyin.org/morocco-india.html |date=14 May 2012 }}</ref> The Ministry of External Affairs of the [[Government of India]] states that "India and Morocco have enjoyed cordial and friendly relations and over the years bilateral relations have witnessed significant depth and growth."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50044502 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> The [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] promotes Indian culture in Morocco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureholidays.com/embassy/indian-embassy-morocco.html|title=Rabat Morocco Embassy Of India In Charia Michiifen Agdal|website=www.cultureholidays.com}}</ref> Morocco seeks to increase its trade ties with India and is seeking Indian investment in various sectors<ref name=da>{{cite web |url=http://www.dayafterindia.com/detail.php?headline=content&catid=1851 |title=Morocco proposes to spice up bilateral relations with India |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221171241/http://www.dayafterindia.com/detail.php?headline=content&catid=1851 |archive-date=21 February 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The bilateral relations between India and Morocco strengthened after the Moroccan Ambassador to India spent nearly a week in [[Srinagar]], the capital city of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. This showed Moroccan solidarity with India in regard to Kashmir.<ref name=da /> === Mozambique === {{main|India–Mozambique relations}} {{Flagicon|Mozambique}}{{Flagicon|India}} India has a [[high commissioner]] in [[Maputo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hicomind-maputo.org/ |title=High Commission of India, Maputo |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005180001/http://www.hicomind-maputo.org/ |archive-date=5 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Mozambique has a high commissioner in [[New Delhi]]. === Namibia === {{main|India–Namibia relations}} {{Flagicon|Namibia}}{{Flagicon|India}} Relations between India and Namibia are warm and cordial.<ref name="Mha.gov.in">[http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/08fr03.pdf Indo-Namibian Relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313200039/http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/08fr03.pdf |date=13 March 2012 }} Ministry of External Affairs of India, September 2010</ref> India was one of [[SWAPO]]'s earliest supporters during the [[Namibian War of Independence|Namibian liberation movement]]. The first SWAPO embassy was established in India in 1986. India's observer mission was converted to a full [[High Commissioner]] on Namibia's independence day of 21 March 1990.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> India has helped train the [[Namibian Air Force]] since its creation in 1995. The two countries work closely in mutual multilateral organisations such as the [[United Nations]], [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. Namibia supports [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India|expansion]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]] to include a permanent seat for India.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> In 2008–09, trade between the two countries stood at approximately US$80 million. Namibia's main imports from India were drugs and pharmaceuticals, chemicals, agricultural machinery, automobile and automobile parts, glass and glassware, plastic and linoleum products. India primarily imported nonferrous metals, ores and metal scarps. Indian products are also exported to neighbouring South Africa and re-imported to Namibia as South African imports. Namibian diamonds are often exported to European diamond markets before being again imported to India. In 2009, the first direct sale of Namibian diamonds to India took place.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> In 2008, two Indian companies won a US$105 million contract from [[NamPower]] to lay a [[high-voltage direct current]] bi-polar line from [[Katima Mulilo]] to [[Otjiwarongo]].<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> Namibia is a beneficiary of the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme|Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme]] for telecommunications professionals from developing countries. India has a [[high commissioner]] in [[Windhoek]]<ref>[http://www.highcommissionofindia.web.na/ High Commission of India in Namibia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703041544/http://www.highcommissionofindia.web.na/ |date=3 July 2013 }}</ref> and Namibia has a high commissioner in [[New Delhi]]. Namibia's high commissioner is also accredited for Bangladesh, the Maldives and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nhcdelhi.com/|title=High Commission of the Republic of Namibia in the Republic of India|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314141542/http://nhcdelhi.com/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Nigeria === {{Main|India–Nigeria relations}} {{Flagicon|Nigeria}}{{Flagicon|India}} India has close relations with this oil rich West African country. Twenty percent of India's crude oil needs are met, by Nigeria. {{convert|40000|oilbbl/d}} of oil, is the amount of oil, that India receives from Nigeria. Trade, between these two countries stands at $875 million in 2005–2006. Indian companies have also invested in manufacturing, [[pharmaceuticals]], iron ore, steel, information technology, and communications, amongst other things. Both India and Nigeria, are members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Group of 77|G-77]], and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Former Nigerian President, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] was the guest of honour, at the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] parade, in 1999, and the Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, visited Nigeria in 2007, and addressed the Nigerian Parliament. === Rwanda === {{Main|India–Rwanda relations}} {{Flagicon|Rwanda}}{{Flagicon|India}} Indo-Rwandan relations are the foreign relations between the [[India|Republic of India]] and the [[Rwanda|Republic of Rwanda]]. India is represented in Rwanda through its honorary consulate in [[Kigali]]. Rwanda has been operating its [[Embassy]] in [[New Delhi]] since 1998 and appointed its first resident Ambassador in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/mystart.php?id=50049960 |title=India-Rwanda Relations |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> === Seychelles === {{main|India–Seychelles relations}} {{Flagicon|Seychelles}}{{Flagicon|India}} '''India–Seychelles relations''' are bilateral relations between the [[India|Republic of India]] and the [[Seychelles|Republic of Seychelles]]. India has a [[High Commissioner|High Commission]] in [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] while Seychelles maintains a High Commission in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=High Commission of India, Seychelles |url=http://www.seychelles.net/hicomind/ |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> === South Africa === {{Main|India–South Africa relations}} {{Flagicon|South Africa}}{{Flagicon|India}} [[File:Gandhi group South-Africa.jpg|thumb|right|Mahatma Gandhi (middle row centre) with the leaders of the non-violent resistance movement in South Africa.]] India and South Africa, have always had strong relations even though India revoked diplomatic relations in protest to the apartheid regime in the mid 20th century. The history of British rule connects both lands. There is a large group of [[Indian South Africans]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], spent many years in South Africa, during which time, he fought for the rights of the ethnic Indians. [[Nelson Mandela]] was inspired by Gandhi. After India's independence, India strongly condemned [[apartheid]], and refused diplomatic relations while apartheid was conducted as state policy in South Africa. The two countries, now have close economic, political, and sports relations. Trade between the two countries grew from $3 million in 1992–1993 to $4 billion in 2005–2006, and aim to reach trade of $12 billion by 2010. One third of India's imports from South Africa is [[gold bar]]. Diamonds, that are mined from South Africa, are polished in India. Nelson Mandela was awarded the [[Gandhi Peace Prize]]. The two countries are also members of the [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]], with Brazil. India hopes to get large amounts of [[uranium]], from resource rich South Africa, for India's growing civilian nuclear energy sector. === South Sudan === {{Main|India–South Sudan relations}} {{Flagicon|South Sudan}}{{Flagicon|India}} India recognised South Sudan on 10 July 2011, a day after South Sudan became an independent state. At the moment relations are primarily economic. Pramit Pal Chaudhuri wrote in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' that South Sudan "has other{{Clarify|date=September 2011}} attractions. As the Indian Foreign Ministry's own literature notes, South Sudan [is] 'reported to has (''[[sic]]'') some of the largest oil reserves in Africa outside Nigeria and Angola.'"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-stake-in-South-Sudan/Article1-718966.aspx |title=India's stake in South Sudan |work=hindustantimes.com/ |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027185931/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-stake-in-South-Sudan/Article1-718966.aspx |archive-date=27 October 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> An article in ''[[The Daily Telegraph|''The Telegraph'']]'' read that South Sudan is "one of the poorest [countries] in the world, [but] is oil rich. Foreign ministry officials said New Delhi has [a] keen interest in increasing its investments in the oil fields in South Sudan, which now owns over two-thirds of the erstwhile united Sudan's oil fields."<ref name=Greets>{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/india-greets-south-sudan/cid/368757 |title=India greets South Sudan |date=10 July 2011 |work=The Telegraph Online |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> In return for the oil resources that can be provided by South Sudan, India said it was willing to assist in developing infrastructure, training officials in health, education and rural development. "We have compiled a definite road map using (''sic'') which India can help South Sudan."<ref name=Greets/> === Sudan === {{Main|India–Sudan relations}} {{Flagicon|Sudan}}{{Flagicon|India}} Indo-Sudanese relations have always been characterised as longstanding, close, and friendly, even since the early development stages of their countries. At the time of Indian independence, Sudan had contributed 70,000 pounds, which was used to build part of the National Defence Academy in Pune. The main building of NDA is called Sudan Block. The two nations established diplomatic relations shortly after India became known as one of the first Asian countries to recognise the newly independent African country. India and Sudan also share geographic and historical similarities, as well as economic interests. Both countries are [[British Empire|former British colonies]], and remotely border Saudi Arabia by means of a body of water. India and Sudan continue to have cordial relations, despite issues such as [[India–Israel relations|India's close relationship with Israel]], India's solidarity with Egypt over border issues with Sudan, and Sudan's intimate bonds with Pakistan and Bangladesh. India had also contributed some troops as United Nations peacekeeping force in [[Darfur]]. === Togo === {{Main|India–Togo relations}} {{Flagicon|Togo}}{{Flagicon|India}} Togo opened its embassy in New Delhi in October 2010. The High Commission of India in Accra, Ghana is concurrently accredited to Togo. Togolese President [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] made an official state visit to India in September 1994. During the visit, the two countries agreed to establish Joint Commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Togo_Relations.pdf|title=India Togo Relations}}</ref> === Uganda === {{Main|India–Uganda relations}} {{Flagicon|Uganda}}{{Flagicon|India}} India and Uganda established [[diplomatic relations]] in 1965 and each maintain a [[High Commissioner]] in the other's capital. The Indian High Commission in [[Kampala]] has concurrent accreditation to Burundi and Rwanda. Uganda hosts a large Indian community and India–Uganda relations cover a broad range of sectors including political, economic, commercial, cultural and scientific co-operation.<ref>{{cite web |title=High Commission of India in Kampala |url=http://hcikampala.co.ug/ |access-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107123636/http://hcikampala.co.ug/ |archive-date=7 January 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Relations between India and Uganda began with the arrival of over 30,000 Indians in Uganda in the 19th century who were brought there to construct the [[Uganda Railway|Mombasa–Kampala railway line]]. Ugandan independence activists were inspired in their struggle for Ugandan independence by the success of the [[Indian independence movement]] and were also supported in their struggle by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="enteruganda">{{cite news |title=India is Uganda's biggest investor, trading partner |url=http://www.enteruganda.com/brochures/indianaindeday.html |newspaper=New Vision |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122092723/http://www.enteruganda.com/brochures/indianaindeday.html |archive-date=22 January 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="hcikampala">{{cite web |title=India-Uganda Relations |url=http://www.hcikampala.co.ug/downloads/India-UgandaRelations.pdf |publisher=High Commission of India in Kampala |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124062736/http://www.hcikampala.co.ug/downloads/India-UgandaRelations.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Indo-Ugandan relations have been good since Uganda's independence except during the regime of [[Idi Amin]]. Amin in 1972 [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expelled]] over 55,000 [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|people of Indian origin]] and 5,000 Indians who had largely formed the commercial and [[Economy of Uganda|economic backbone of the country]] accusing them of exploiting native Ugandans.<ref name="hcikampala" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Idi Amin under Indian scanner |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/idi-amin-under-indian-scanner/article3300020.ece |access-date=27 December 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 April 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=Rajiv |last=Bhatia}}</ref> Since the mid-1980s when [[President of Uganda|President]] [[Yoweri Museveni]] came to power, relations have steadily improved. Today some 20,000 Indians and PIOs live or work in Uganda.<ref name="hcikampala" /> Ethnic tensions between Indians and Ugandans have been a recurring issue in bilateral relations given the role of Indians in the Ugandan economy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ugandan Minister assures Indian business his country is safe |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/0tncw3bBIkgIyGxK7YAPdP/Ugandan-Minister-assures-Indian-business-his-country-is-safe.html |access-date=27 December 2012 |newspaper=HT Mint |date=4 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uganda killing: four held |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/17/stories/2007041703501300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125115004/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/17/stories/2007041703501300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=27 December 2012 |date=17 April 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> === African Union === {{flagicon|African Union}}-{{flagicon|India}} As of year 2011, India's total trade with Africa is over US$46 billion and total investment is over US$11 billion with US$5.7 billion line of credit for executing various projects in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/pugmarks-in-a-dragon-den/271997 |title=Pugmarks In A Dragon Den |work=Outlook India |access-date=2020-08-16 |date=6 June 2011}}</ref> India has had good relationships with most sub-Saharan African nations for most of its history. In the Prime Minister's visit to Mauritius in 1997, the two countries secured a deal to a new Credit Agreement of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 105&nbsp;million (US$3 million) to finance import by Mauritius of capital goods, consultancy services and consumer durable from India. The government of India secured a rice and medicine agreement with the people of Seychelles. India continued to build upon its historically close relations with Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Visits from political ministers from Ethiopia provided opportunities for strengthening bilateral co-operation between the two countries in the fields of education and technical training, water resources management and development of small industries. This has allowed India to gain benefits from nations that are generally forgotten by other Western Nations. The South African President, [[Thabo Mbeki]] has called for a strategic relationship between India and South Africa to avoid imposition by Western Nations. India continued to build upon its close and friendly relations with Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Minister of Foreign Affairs arranged for the sending of Special Envoys to each of these countries during 1996–97 as a reaffirmation of India's assurance to strengthening co-operation with these countries in a spirit of South-South partnership. These relations have created a position of strength with African nations that other nations may not possess.<ref>{{cite web |author=Embassy of India |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/africa.htm |title=Africa (South of Sahara): India's foreign policy |publisher=Indianembassy.org |date=16 May 1996 |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005002809/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/africa.htm |archive-date=5 October 1999 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==International organisations== India participates in the following international organisations:<ref>CIA World Fact Book https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html</ref> * AALCO – [[Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization]] * ADB – [[Asian Development Bank]] * AfDB – [[African Development Bank]] (non-regional members) * AG – [[Australia Group]] * [[ASEAN Regional Forum]] * [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] (dialogue partner) * BIMSTEC – [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation]] * BIS – [[Bank for International Settlements]] * BRICS – [[BRICS|Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa]] * [[Commonwealth of Nations]] * CERN – [[CERN|European Organization for Nuclear Research]] <ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/India-becomes-Associate-member-of-CERN/article17050579.ece | title=India becomes Associate member of CERN| newspaper=The Hindu| date=17 January 2017| last1=Prasad| first1=R.}}</ref> * CP – [[Colombo Plan]] * EAS – [[East Asia Summit]] * FAO – [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] * [[G4 nations|G-4]] * [[Group of 15|G-15]] * [[G-20 major economies|G-20]] * [[Group of 24|G-24]] * [[Group of 77|G-77]] * IAEA – [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] * IBRD – [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (World Bank) * ICAO – [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] * ICC – [[International Chamber of Commerce]] * ICRM – [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] * IDA – [[International Development Association]] * IEA – [[International Energy Agency]] * IFAD – [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] * IFC – [[International Finance Corporation]] * IFRCS – [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] * IHO – [[International Hydrographic Organisation]] * ILO – [[International Labour Organization]] * IMF – [[International Monetary Fund]] * IMO – [[International Maritime Organization]] * IMSO – [[International Mobile Satellite Organization]] * Interpol – [[Interpol|International Criminal Police Organization]] * IOC – [[International Olympic Committee]] * IOM – [[International Organization for Migration]] (observer) * IPEEC – [[International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation]] * IPU – [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] * ISA – [[International Solar Alliance]] * ISO – [[International Organization for Standardization]] * ITSO – [[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]] * ITU – [[International Telecommunication Union]] * ITUC – [[International Trade Union Confederation]] (the successor to ICFTU (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions) and the WCL (World Confederation of Labour)) * LAS – [[Arab League|League of Arab States]] (observer) * MIGA – [[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] * MTCR – [[Missile Technology Control Regime]] * NAM – [[Non-Aligned Movement]] * OAS – [[Organization of American States]] (observer) * OPCW – [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] * PCA – [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] * PIF – [[Pacific Islands Forum]] (partner) * SAARC – [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] * SACEP – [[South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme]] * SCO – [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (member) * UN – [[United Nations]] ** UNAIDS- [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] ** UNCTAD – [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] ** UNDOF – [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force]] ** UNESCO – [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] ** UNHCR – [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] ** UNIDO – [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] ** UNIFIL – [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] ** UNMEE – [[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea]] ** UNMIS – [[United Nations Mission in Sudan]] ** UNOCI – [[United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire]] ** MONUSCO – [[MONUSCO|United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * UNWTO – [[World Tourism Organization]] * UPU – [[Universal Postal Union]] * WA – [[Wassenaar Arrangement]] * WCL – [[World Confederation of Labour]] * WCO – [[World Customs Organization]] * WFTU – [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] * WHO – [[World Health Organization]] * WIPO – [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] * WMO – [[World Meteorological Organization]] * WTO – [[World Trade Organization]] ===India and the Commonwealth of Nations=== India became independent within the [[British Commonwealth]] in August 1947 as the [[Dominion of India]] after the [[partition of India]] into India and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. King George VI, the last [[Emperor of India]] became the [[Emperor of India|King of India]] with the [[Governor-General of India]] as his viceregal representative. India became the very first [[Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth republic]] on 26 January 1950, as a result of the [[London Declaration]]. ===Non-Aligned Movement=== {{Main|India and the Non-Aligned Movement}} India played an important role in the multilateral movements of colonies and newly independent countries that developed into the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. [[Non-Aligned Movement|Nonalignment]] had its origins in India's [[colonial India|colonial]] experience and the nonviolent [[Indian independence movement]] led by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], which left India determined to be the master of its fate in an international system dominated politically by [[Cold War]] alliances and economically by Western [[capitalism]] and Soviet [[communism]]. The principles of nonalignment, as articulated by Nehru and his successors, were preservation of India's freedom of action internationally through refusal to align India with any bloc or alliance, particularly those led by the United States or the [[Soviet Union]]; nonviolence and international co-operation as a means of settling international disputes. Nonalignment was a consistent feature of Indian foreign policy by the late 1940s and enjoyed strong, almost unquestioning support among the Indian elite. The term "Non-Alignment" was coined by [[V. K. Krishna Menon|V K Menon]] in his speech at UN in 1953 which was later used by Indian Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] during his speech in 1954 in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for [[China–India relations]], which were first put forth by [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|PRC Premier]] [[Zhou Enlai]]. Called [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|Panchsheel]] (five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were: # ''Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty'' # ''Mutual non-aggression'' # ''Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs'' # ''Equality and mutual benefit'' # ''Peaceful co-existence'' [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s concept of nonalignment brought India considerable international prestige among newly independent states that shared India's concerns about the military confrontation between the [[superpower]]s and the influence of the former colonial powers. [[New Delhi]] used nonalignment to establish a significant role for itself as a leader of the newly independent world in such multilateral organisations as the [[United Nations]] (UN) and the Nonaligned Movement. The signing of the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation between India and the Soviet Union in 1971 and India's involvement in the internal affairs of its smaller neighbours in the 1970s and 1980s tarnished New Delhi's image as a nonaligned nation and led some observers to note that in practice, nonalignment applied only to India's relations with countries outside South Asia. === Quad Alliance === {{Main|Quadrilateral Security Dialogue}} {{Flagicon|United States}}-{{Flagicon|India}}-{{Flagicon|Japan}}-{{Flagicon|Australia}} The '''Quadrilateral Security Dialogue''' ('''QSD''', also known as the '''Quad''') is an informal strategic dialogue between the [[United States]], [[India]], [[Japan]] and [[Australia]] that is maintained by talks between member countries. The dialogue was initiated in 2007 by [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] [[Shinzo Abe]], with the support [[Vice President of the United States|American Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]], [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] [[John Howard]] and Former [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]. The dialogue was paralleled by joint military exercises of an unprecedented scale, titled [[Malabar (naval exercise)|Exercise Malabar]]. The diplomatic and military arrangement was widely viewed as a response to increased Chinese economic and military power. On March 12, 2021 '''the first summit meeting''' was held virtually between [[President of the United States|U.S President]] [[Joe Biden]], Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Japanese Prime Minister [[Yoshihide Suga]] and Australian Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]]. ===United Nations=== {{Main|India and the United Nations}} {{flagicon|United Nations}}-{{flagicon|India}} India was among the original members of the [[United Nations]] that signed the [[Declaration by United Nations]] at Washington on 1 January 1942 and also participated in the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] at [[San Francisco]] from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions to implementing the goals of the [[United Nations Charter|Charter]], and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.int/india/india%20&%20un/introduction.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-02-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111110428/http://www.un.int/india/india%20%26%20un/introduction.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2014 |df=dmy}}</ref> India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of its [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialised agencies]] and organisations. India has contributed troops to [[United Nations peacekeeping]] efforts in [[Korea]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ias.sagepub.com/content/13/2/21.abstract |title=The Role of India in the Korean War* |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://congress.aks.ac.kr/korean/files/2_1358402525.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111101749/http://congress.aks.ac.kr/korean/files/2_1358402525.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Egypt and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]] in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the [[Ethnic violence in South Sudan (2011–present)|South Sudan conflict]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25456862 |title=BBC News – Indian UN peacekeepers killed in S Sudan attack |work=BBC News |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> India has been [[List of members of the United Nations Security Council|a member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] for six terms (a total of 12 years), and was a member for the term 2011–12. India is a member of the [[G4 states|G4]] group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the security council and advocate in favour of [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|the reformation of the UNSC]]. India is also part of the [[Group of 77]]. ===World Trade Organization=== Described by the WTO's former chief, [[Pascal Lamy]], as one of the organisation's "big brothers",<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-is-among-big-brothers-of-wto-pascal-lamy/articleshow/3373292.cms |title=India is among "big brothers" of WTO: Pascal Lamy |work=The Economic Times |date=17 August 2008 |access-date=2020-08-15}}</ref> India was instrumental in bringing down the [[Doha Development Round]] of talks in 2008.<ref name=nixes>{{cite news|url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/india-nixes-wto-deal-to-cut-tariffs/article4222319/ |title=India nixes WTO deal to cut tariffs |access-date=2020-08-15 |date=2008-07-30 |work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> It has played an important role of representing as many as 100 developing nations during WTO summits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/28/business/EU-WTO-Trade-Talks.php |title=EU WTO Trade Talks |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> ==Border disputes== India's territorial disputes with neighbouring Pakistan and People's Republic of China have played a crucial role in its foreign policy. India is also involved in minor [[territorial dispute]]s with neighbouring Bangladesh, Nepal and Maldives. India currently maintains two [[Indian Antarctic Program|manned stations]] in Antarctica but has made some unofficial [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|territorial claims]], which are yet to be clarified. India is involved in the following border disputes: ===Nepal=== Kalapani village of India is claimed by [[Nepal]] and [[Susta]] village in [[Nawalparasi district]] of Nepal is claimed by India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://scroll.in/article/831576/as-a-river-changed-its-course-a-village-on-the-india-nepal-border-became-disputed-territory |title= As a river changed its course, a village on the India-Nepal border became disputed territory|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> The dispute between India and Nepal involves about {{cvt|75|km²|-1}} of area in Kalapani, where China, India, and Nepal meet. Indian forces occupied the area in 1962 after China and India fought their border war. Three villages are located in the disputed zone: Kuti [Kuthi, 30°19'N, 80°46'E], Gunji, and Knabe. India and Nepal disagree about how to interpret the 1816 Sugauli treaty between the British East India Company and Nepal, which delimited the boundary along the Maha Kali River (Sarda River in India). The dispute intensified in 1997 as the Nepali parliament considered a treaty on hydro-electric development of the river. India and Nepal differ as to which stream constitutes the source of the river. Nepal regards the Limpiyadhura as the source; India claims the Lipu Lekh. Nepal has reportedly tabled an 1856 map from the British India Office to support its position. The countries have held several meetings about the dispute and discussed jointly surveying to resolve the issue.<ref>''The Kathmandu Post'', 16 July 1997, 2 July 1997, 31 May 1996;''The Hindustan Times'' (Delhi), 9 June 1997, p. 13; Xinhua 11 April 1997</ref> Although the Indo-Nepali dispute appears to be minor, it was aggravated in 1962 by tensions between China and India. Because the disputed area lies near the Sino-Indian frontier, it gains strategic value.<ref>[http://www.boundaries.com/India.htm International Boundary Consultants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407111722/http://www.boundaries.com/India.htm |date=7 April 2007 }}. Boundaries.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> ===Pakistan=== [[File:Indus river.svg|thumb|Indus and tributaries]] * The unresolved [[Kashmir conflict]] and the status of Kashmir with India: Pakistan claims that it is a disputed territory with India, meanwhile Pakistan claims its side of the disputed territory and calls it "[[Azad Kashmir]]". *Dispute over Sir Creek and the [[maritime boundary]] regarding the Rann of Kachchh area of southern tip of Sindh. * Water-sharing problems with Pakistan over the Indus River (Wular Barrage). ''([[Indus Waters Treaty]])'' ===People's Republic of China=== * India claims [[Aksai Chin]] and [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]], as part of [[Ladakh]]. * [[China]] claims most of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a contested disputed territory of [[north-east India]] by not recognising the [[McMahon Line]]. Two regions are claimed by both India and China. Aksai Chin is in the disputed territory of [[Ladakh]], at the junction of [[India]], [[Tibet]] and [[Xinjiang]], India claims the 38,000-square-kilometre territory, currently administered by China after [[Sino-Indian War]]. India also considers the cessation of [[Trans-Karakoram Tract|Shaksam Valley]] to China by Pakistan as illegal and a part of [[Kashmir conflict|its territory]]. [[Arunachal Pradesh]] is a state of India in the country's northeast, bordering on [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar|Burma]] and China's [[Tibet]], though it is under Indian administration since [[Simla Accord (1914)|1914]], China claims the 90,000-square-kilometre area as [[South Tibet]]. Also the boundary between the [[North India]]n states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] with China's [[Tibet]] is not properly demarcated with some portions under de facto administration of India.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/china/borderdisputes.html CBC News: China]. Cbc.ca. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> ==See also== {{commons category|International relations of India}} {{Portal|India}} * [[India and the United Nations]] * [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement]] * [[List of diplomatic missions in India]] * [[List of diplomatic missions of India]] * [[List of diplomatic visits to India]] * [[Republic Day (India)#Chief guest|List of state guests on Indian Republic Day (1950–)]] * [[Research and Analysis Wing]] * [[Visa policy of India]] * [[Visa requirements for Indian citizens]] ==References== <!--Please DO ''not'' use a scroll template or form/table for the reflink, please read warning on the scroll template page [[Template:Scroll box#Warning]].--> {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== {{Library resources box}} * Bajpai, Kanti, Selina Ho, and Manjari Chatterjee Miller, eds. ''Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations'' (Routledge, 2020). [https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-China-India-Relations-Bajpai-ebook/dp/B0855JQYJJ/ excerpt] * Brands, H. W. ''India and the United States: The Cold Peace'' (1990) [https://archive.org/details/indiaunitedstat00bran online free to borrow] * Bradnock, Robert W. '' India's Foreign Policy Since 1971'' (1990) 128pp; by a geographer * Budhwar, Prem K. "India-Russia relations: Past, Present and the future." ''India Quarterly'' 63.3 (2007): 51–83. * Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." ''Indian Foreign Affairs Journal'' 13.1 (2018): 1–50. essays by seven experts.[http://www.associationdiplomats.org/publications/ifaj/Vol%2013/13.1/IFAJ-13.1-DEBATE.pdf online] * Chacko, Priya. ''Indian foreign policy: the politics of postcolonial identity from 1947 to 2004'' (Routledge, 2013). * Chakma, Bhumitra, ed. ''The politics of nuclear weapons in South Asia'' (Ashgate, 2011). * Chaudhuri, Rudra. ''Forged In Crisis: India and the United States since 1947'' (2014) * [[Stephen P. Cohen|Cohen, Stephen P.]], and Sunil Dasgupta. ''Arming Without Aiming: India's Military Modernisation'' (2010) [https://www.amazon.com/Arming-Without-Aiming-Military-Modernization/dp/081570402X/ excerpt and text search] * Gaan, Narottam. ''India and the United States: from Estrangement to Engagement'' (2007) * Ganguly, Sumit. ''India's Foreign Policy: Retrospect and Prospect'' (2012) * Ganguly, Sumit. "Has Modi Truly Changed India's Foreign Policy?." ''The Washington Quarterly'' 40.2 (2017): 131–143. * Gopal, Sarvepalli. ''Jawaharlal Nehru: 1947–56 v.2: A Biography'' (1979); ''Jawaharlal Nehru: Vol.3: 1956–1964: A Biography'' (1984), a major scholarly biography with full coverage of foreign policy * Gould, Harold A. ''The South Asia story: The first sixty years of US relations with India and Pakistan'' (SAGE Publications India, 2010). * Guha, Ramachandra. ''India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/India-After-Gandhi-History-Democracy/dp/0060958588/ excerpt and text search] * Gupta, Surupa, et al. "Indian Foreign Policy under Modi: A New Brand or Just Repackaging?." ''International Studies Perspectives'' 20.1 (2019): 1–45. [https://www.academia.edu/download/60752956/eky008.pdf online] * Heimsath, Charles H., and Surjit Mansingh. ''Diplomatic History of Modern India'' (1971), major scholarly history * Jain, B. M. ''Global Power: India's Foreign Policy, 1947–2006'' (2009) * Jain, Rashmi K. ''The United States and India: 1947–2006 A Documentary Study'' (2007) * Karunakaran, K.P. ''India in World Affairs, August 1947 – January 1950'' (1952) * Karunakaran, K.P. ''India in World Affairs'', Feb. 1950– Dec. 1953. Calcutta. (1958), * Kust, Matthew J. ''Foreign Enterprise in India: Laws and Policies'' (2011) * Mallavarapu, Siddharth. "Development of international relations theory in India." ''International Studies'' 46.1–2 (2009): 165–183. * Malone, David. ''Does the Elephant Dance?: Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy'' (2011) [https://www.amazon.com/Does-Elephant-Dance-Contemporary-Foreign/dp/0199552029/ excerpt and text search] * Mansinghm Surjit. ''India′s Search for Power: Indira Gandhi′s Foreign Policy 1966–1982'' (1984) * Mansinghm Surjit. ''Nehru's foreign policy, fifty years on'' (1998) * Michael, Arndt. ''India's Foreign Policy and Regional Multilateralism'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) [https://www.amazon.com/Foreign-Regional-Multilateralism-Critical-Asia-Pacific/dp/1137263113/ excerpt] * Miller, Manjari Chatterjee, and Kate Sullivan de Estrada. "Pragmatism in Indian foreign policy: how ideas constrain Modi." ''International Affairs'' 93.1 (2017): 27–49. [http://www.bu.edu/pardeeschool/files/2017/01/INTA93_1_03_Miller_Sullivan.pdf online] * Mukherjee, Mithi. "‘A World of Illusion’: The Legacy of Empire in India's Foreign Relations, 1947–62." ''International History Review'' 32.2 (2010): 253–271. [http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1811/1/A_World_of_Illusion_The_Legacy_of_Empir%20%281%29.pd online free]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Muni, S. D. ''India's Foreign Policy: The Democracy Dimension'' (2009) * Pant, Harsh V., and Julie M. Super. "India's ‘non-alignment’ conundrum: a twentieth-century policy in a changing world." ''International Affairs'' 91.4 (2015): 747–764. * Pant, Harsh, and Yogesh Joshi. ''The US Pivot and Indian Foreign Policy: Asia's Evolving Balance of Power'' (Springer, 2015). * Sathasivam, Kanishkan. ''Uneasy Neighbors: India, Pakistan and US Foreign Policy'' (Routledge, 2017). * Schaffer, Teresita C. ''India and the United States in the 21st Century: Reinventing Partnership'' (2009) * Shukla, Subhash. "Foreign Policy Of India Under Narasimha Rao Government" (PhD dissertation, U of Allahabad, 1999) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.14466 online free], bibliography pp 488–523. * Singh, Sangeeta. "Trends in India’s Foreign Policy: 1991–2009." (PhD dissertation, Aligarh Muslim University, 2016) [https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230921/http://ir.amu.ac.in/11775/1/T10126.pdf online], bibliography pp 270–86. * Sridharan, Eswaran. "Where is India headed? Possible future directions in Indian foreign policy." ''International Affairs'' 93.1 (2017): 51–68. ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080612/https://www.mea.gov.in/foreign-relations.htm Briefs on India's Bilateral Relations, Ministry of External Affairs] * [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17778/indias_foreign_policy.html Harvard University homepage] India's Foreign Policy, [[Xenia Dormandy]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090831193028/http://www.mrecic.gov.ar/portal/seree/ditra/in.html List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and India (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)] * [http://www.ibsanews.com IBSA – India, Brazil, South Africa – News and Media] {{Foreign relations of the Commonwealth of Nations}} {{Foreign relations of India}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} {{Non-Aligned Movement}} {{Asia topic|Foreign relations of}} [[Category:Foreign relations of India| ]] [[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]'