Examine individual changes

'[[Image:Trevi Fountain, Rome, Italy 2 - May 2007.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Trevi Fountain.]] The '''''Trevi Fountain''''' ({{lang-it|Fontana di Trevi}}) is a fountain in the [[Trevi (rione of Rome)|Trevi rione]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]. Standing 25.9 meters (85 feet) high and 19.8 meters (65 feet) wide, it is the largest [[Baroque]] fountain in the city. ==Pre-1629 history of the aqueduct and the fountain site== [[Image:Fontana_di_Trevi_by_night.JPG|thumb|Trevi Fountain at night.]] The fountain at the junction of three roads (''tre vie'')<ref>Though other etymologies have been suggested, this is the straightforward modern etymology adopted by Pinto 1986 and others.</ref> marks the terminal point<ref>The technical Italian term for such a "terminal fountain" is a ''mostra'' ("display"): Peter J. Aicher, "Terminal Display Fountains ("Mostre") and the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome" ''Phoenix'' '''47'''.4 (Winter 1993:339-352).</ref> of the "modern" [[Acqua Vergine]], the revivified [[Aqua Virgo]], one of the ancient [[aqueduct (Roman)|aqueducts]] that supplied water to ancient Rome. In 19 BC, supposedly with the help of a virgin, Roman technicians located a source of pure water some 13 km (8 miles) from the city. (This scene is presented on the present fountain's façade.) However, the eventual indirect route of the aqueduct made its length some 22 km (14 miles). This ''Aqua Virgo'' led the water into the Baths of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]]. It served Rome for more than four hundred years.<ref>Pintochs. I and II.</ref> The ''[[coup de grâce]]'' for the urban life of late classical Rome came when the [[Siege of Rome (537-538)|Goth besiegers in 537/38]] broke the aqueducts. Medieval Romans were reduced to drawing water from polluted wells and the [[Tiber]] River, which was also used as a sewer. The Roman custom of building a handsome fountain at the endpoint of an aqueduct that brought water to Rome was revived in the 15th century, with the [[Renaissance]]. In 1453, [[Pope Nicholas V]] finished mending the Acqua Vergine aqueduct and built a simple basin, designed by the humanist architect [[Leon Battista Alberti]], to herald the water's arrival.<ref>Hanns Gross, ''Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: the Post-Tridentine syndrome and the ancien régime.'' (Cambridge University Press) 1990:28.</ref> ==The present fountain== ===Commission, construction and design=== In 1629 [[Pope Urban VIII]], finding the earlier fountain insufficiently dramatic, asked [[Bernini]] to sketch possible renovations, but when the Pope died, the project was abandoned. Bernini's lasting contribution was to resite the fountain from the other side of the square to face the [[Quirinal Palace]] (so the Pope could look down and enjoy it). Though Bernini's project was torn down for Salvi's fountain, there are many Bernini touches in the fountain as it was built. An early, striking and influential model by [[Pietro da Cortona]], preserved in the [[Albertina]], Vienna, also exists, as do various early 18th century sketches, most unsigned, as well as a project attributed to Nicola Michetti<ref>John A. Pinto, "An Early Project by Nicola Michetti for the Trevi Fountain" ''The Burlington Magazine'' '''119''' No. 897 (December 1977:853-857).</ref> one attributed to [[Ferdinando Fuga]]<ref>{{cite journal|first=John |last=Pinto |coauthors=Elisabeth Kieven|title=An Early Project by Ferdinando Fuga for the Trevi Fountain in Rome|journal=The Burlington Magazine|volume=125|issue=|date=December 1983|pages=746-749, 751}}</ref> and a French design by [[Edme Bouchardon]].<ref>Pinto 1986. Bouchardon's drawing is conserved in the Musée Vivènal, Compiègne.</ref> [[Image:Trevi Fountain wide.jpg|thumb|left|Panorama of the Trevi Fountain.]] Competitions had become the rage during the [[Baroque]] era to design buildings, fountains, and even the [[Spanish Steps]]. In 1730 [[Pope Clement XII]] organized a contest in which [[Nicola Salvi]] initially lost to [[Alessandro Galilei]] &mdash; but due to the outcry in Rome over the fact that a Florentine won, Salvi was awarded the commission anyway.<ref name=gross>{{cite book | last =Gross | first =Hanns | title =Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: the Post-Tridentine syndrome and the ancien regime | publisher =Cambridge University Press | date =1990 | location =New York | pages =28| isbn = 0521372119 }}</ref> Work began in 1732, and the fountain was completed in 1762, long after Clement's death, when [[Pietro Bracci]]'s Oceanus (god of all water) was set in the central niche. [[Image:Trevi - l'asso di coppe 1000270.JPG|thumb|upright|The ''[[Ace of Cups|asso di coppe]]'']] Salvi died in 1751, with his work half-finished, but before he went he made sure a stubborn barber's unsightly sign would not spoil the ensemble, hiding it behind a sculpted vase, called by Romans the ''asso di coppe'', "the "[[Ace of Cups]]". The Trevi Fountain was finished in 1762 by [[Giovanni Paolo Pannini|Giuseppe Pannini]], who substituted the present allegories for planned sculptures of [[Agrippa]] and "Trivia", the Roman virgin. ===Restoration=== The fountain was refurbished in 1998; the stonework was scrubbed and the fountain provided with recirculating pumps. [[Image:Fontana0307.jpg|thumb|left|The fountain filled with coins, from another perspective.]] ===Iconography=== The backdrop for the fountain is the [[Palazzo Poli]], given a new facade with a [[giant order]] of [[Corinthian order|Corinthian pilasters]] that link the two main stories. ''Taming of the waters'' is the theme of the gigantic scheme that tumbles forward, mixing water and rockwork, and filling the small square. [[Triton (god)|Triton]]s guide Oceanus' shell chariot, taming seahorses ([[hippocamp]]s). In the center is superimposed a robustly modelled [[triumphal arch]]. The center niche or [[exedra]] framing [[Oceanus |Oceanus]] has free-standing columns for maximal light-and-shade. In the niches flanking Oceanus, ''Abundance'' spills water from her urn and ''Salubrity'' holds a cup from which a snake drinks. Above, [[bas relief]]s illustrate the Roman origin of the aqueducts. The tritons and horses provide symmetrical balance, with the maximum contrast in their mood and poses (by 1730, [[rococo]] was already in full bloom in [[France]] and [[Germany]]). [[Image:Nikon (171).JPG|thumb|''Fontana di Trevi'' by night.]] ===Coin throwing=== A traditional legend holds that if visitors throw a coin into the fountain, they are ensured a return to Rome. Among those who are unaware that the "three coins" of ''[[Three Coins in the Fountain (1954 film)|Three Coins in the Fountain]]'' were thrown by three different individuals, a reported current interpretation is that two coins will lead to a new romance and three will ensure either a marriage or divorce. A reported current version of this legend is that it is lucky to throw three coins with one's right hand over one's left shoulder into the Trevi Fountain. Approximately 3,000 [[euro]]s are thrown into the fountain each day. The money has been used to subsidize a supermarket for Rome's needy. However, there are regular attempts to steal coins from the fountain. <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6188052.stm BBC News. ''Trevi coins to fund food for poor.''</ref> ==In culture== * The fountain is the setting for an iconic scene in [[Federico Fellini]]'s film ''[[La dolce vita]]''. * Scaled-down replicas of the Trevi fountain can be found at the [[Window of the World]] theme park in [[Shenzen]], [[China]], and near the [[Forum Shops]] at [[Caesars Palace]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[USA]]. * One of [[Ottorino Respighi|Respighi]]'s ''[[Fontane di Roma]]''. *''[[Three Coins in the Fountain (1954 film)|Three Coins in the Fountain]]''. (1954) * A scene in the movie ''[[The Lizzie McGuire Movie]]'' depicts Lizzie McGuire ([[Hilary Duff]]) tossing a coin in the fountain. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Sources== *{{cite book|first=John A. |last=Pinto|title=The Trevi Fountain|location=New Haven|publisher= Yale University Press|year= 1986}} ==External links== {{commons|Trevi Fountain}} {{wikinewsart|Man throws red paint in Roman Trevi fountain to protest film festival}} * {{cite web | title=Aerial view of Trevi Fountain. | work=Google Maps | url=http://maps.google.com/maps?q=rome,+italy&hl=en&t=h&ie=UTF8&ll=41.90068,12.483355&spn=0.001964,0.005021&z=18&om=1| accessdate=August 6 | accessyear=2007}}The fountain is the blue rounded rectangle in the center of the photo, just west of the [[Quirinal Palace]]. *[http://romanbookshelf.com/prints/Fountain%20of%20Trevi/Trevi.html Roman Bookshelf - Trevi Fountain - Views from the 18th and 19th centuries] *[http://www.italyguides.it/us/roma/trevi.htm Trevi Fountain] Virtual 360° panorama and photo gallery. *[http://www.freereservation.com/roma2/79.htm Trevi Fountain] 360° iPIX panorama *[http://www2.siba.fi/~kkoskim//rooma/kuvat/fald325c.jpg Engraving of the fountain's more modest predecessor.] *[http://www.iath.virginia.edu/rome/ Aquae Urbis Romae: the Waters of the City of Rome, Katherine W. Rinne] <BR> {{Rome landmarks}} {{coord|41|54|03.15|N|12|28|59.4|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=title}} [[Category:Fountains in Rome]] [[Category:1762 architecture]] [[Category:Italian sculptures]] [[Category:Roman Baroque]] [[ar:نافورة تريفي]] [[bg:Фонтан ди Треви]] [[ca:Fontana di Trevi]] [[cs:Fontána di Trevi]] [[da:Trevi-fontænen]] [[de:Trevi-Brunnen]] [[es:Fontana de Trevi]] [[eu:Fontana di Trevi]] [[fr:Fontaine de Trevi]] [[ko:트레비 분수]] [[it:Fontana di Trevi]] [[he:מזרקת טרווי]] [[hu:Trevi-kút]] [[mk:Фонтана Треви]] [[nl:Trevifontein]] [[ja:トレヴィの泉]] [[no:Fontana di Trevi]] [[pl:Fontanna di Trevi]] [[pt:Fontana di Trevi]] [[ru:Фонтан Треви]] [[sk:Fontana di Trevi]] [[sr:Фонтана ди Треви]] [[fi:Fontana di Trevi]] [[sv:Fontana di Trevi]] [[uk:Фонтан ді Треві]] [[zh:特萊維噴泉]]'