Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Creator that produces YouTube videos}} {{multiple issues| {{Weasel|date=January 2021}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2021}} }} A '''YouTuber''', also known as a '''YouTube celebrity''', '''YouTube content creator''', '''YouTube Creator''' or '''YouTube personality''', is a type of [[Videography|videographer]] or [[entertainer]] who produces videos for the video-sharing website [[YouTube]], sometimes being supported by [[Multi-channel network|larger network]]s. Some YouTube personalities also have corporate sponsors who pay for [[product placement]] in their clips or production of online videos. These [[Content creation|content-creators]] are often considered to be "[[influencers]]". The content they post often consists of [[Vlog|vlogging]], [[Video game|gaming]], [[Role-playing|roleplay]], [[singing]] and many more other types of content. ==History== {{Main|History of YouTube}} The name "YouTuber" refers to individual(s) whose main or only platforms are [[YouTube]] channel(s), personalized subpages of the YouTube video sharing platform.<ref name="Jerslev 2016">{{Cite journal|last=Jerslev|first=Anne|date=2016-10-14|title=In the Time of the Microcelebrity: Celebriyiiii7ification the YouTuber Zoella|url=http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5078|journal=International Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=10|issue=2016|pages=5233–5251|issn=1932-8036}}</ref> [[File:Jawed Karim 2008.jpg|thumb|YouTube co-founder [[Jawed Karim]] created the first YouTube channel "jawed" on April 22, 2005.]] The Internet domain name "<code>www.youtube.com</code>" was activated on February 14, 2005 by [[Chad Hurley]], [[Steve Chen]], and [[Jawed Karim]], when they worked for [[PayPal]].<ref name=usatoday>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video-websites_x.htm|title=Video websites pop up, invite postings|access-date=May 2, 2018|last=Graham|first= Jefferson|date=November 21, 2005|work=USA Today}}</ref> The first YouTube channel "Jawed" was created on April 23, 2005 [[PST Time Zone|PDT]] (April 24, 2005 [[UTC]]) by the YouTube co-founder of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4QobU6STFB0P71PMvOGN5A|title=jawed|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citizenevidence.amnestyusa.org|title=Extract Meta Data|website=citizenevidence.amnestyusa.org|access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref> He uploaded the first YouTube video, a short [[vlog]] clip titled ''[[Me at the zoo]]'', on the same day.<ref>{{cite news |title=YouTube created a FOMO viewing culture over the past 13 years |url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/4/23/17272402/first-youtube-video-anniversary-13-jawed-karim |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> In October 2016, YouTube introduced the ability to subscribe to YouTube channels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2005/10/its-been-awhile-since-our-last-update.html|title=Official YouTube Blog|access-date=2018-06-10|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' claims that most YouTube videos up until 2006 were focused on different forms of talent, citing back-flip stunts, lip-syncing, and other people's talents being uploaded via [[Lazy Sunday (The Lonely Island song)|clips from ''Saturday Night Live'']].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/arts/people-who-watch-people-lost-in-an-online-hall-of-mirrors.html|title=People Who Watch People: Lost in an Online Hall of Mirrors|last=Carney|first=John|date=2006-04-16|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-06-03|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By June 2006, recognized Hollywood and music industry firms had begun to establish formal business ties with "homegrown" YouTube talent—the first believed to be comedian blogger [[Brooke Brodack|Brooke "Brookers" Brodack]] (through [[Carson Daly]]),<ref name=LATimes20060619>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jun/19/entertainment/et-channel19 |title=Now she has their attention |last=Collins |first=Scott |date=June 19, 2006 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6MfxAU28P?url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jun/19/entertainment/et-channel19 |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |access-date=June 6, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> then singer [[Justin Bieber]] (through [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]]),<ref name=Billboard20100319>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959001/justin-bieber-the-billboard-cover-story?page=0%2C1 |title=Justin Bieber - The Billboard Cover Story |last=Herrera |first=Monica |date=March 19, 2010 |website=Billboard |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6MfyFel8l?url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959001/justin-bieber-the-billboard-cover-story?page=0,1 |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |access-date=June 6, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and physician-become-political satirist [[Bassem Youssef]] (through an Egyptian television network).<ref name=CBS60Minutes20140316>{{cite web |last=Simon |first=Bob |title=Meet the "Jon Stewart of Egypt": Bassem Youssef (60 Minutes transcript) |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/meet-the-jon-stewart-of-egypt-bassem-youssef/ |publisher=CBS News |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6O9JOSxOp?url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/meet-the-jon-stewart-of-egypt-bassem-youssef/ |archive-date=March 17, 2014 |date=March 16, 2014 |access-date=June 7, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=DeutscheWelle20140207>{{cite web |title=Youssef: 'Important to have other opinions' |url=http://www.dw.com/en/youssef-important-to-have-other-opinions/a-17415965 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6O9JkmeBZ?url=http://www.dw.de/youssef-important-to-have-other-opinions/a-17415965 |archive-date=March 17, 2014 |date=February 7, 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=June 7, 2018 }}</ref> In 2007, YouTube started its "Partner Program", an ad-revenue-sharing arrangement that allowed for YouTubers to make money off the videos they uploaded to YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/01/16/streaming-dreams|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6MVASRAtr?url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/01/16/120116fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all|archive-date=9 January 2014|title=Streaming Dreams|website=www.newyorker.com|author=John Seabrook|date=January 16, 2012|language=en|access-date=2018-06-06|url-status=live}}</ref> By October 2015, there were more than 17,000 YouTube channels with more than 100,000 subscribers, and nearly 1,500 with more than a million.<ref name="Dredge 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/feb/03/why-youtube-stars-popular-zoella|title=Why are YouTube stars so popular?|last=Dredge|first=Stuart|date=2016-02-03|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> These numbers have grown to almost 44,000 channels with at least 250,000 subscribers in January 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/04/10-facts-about-americans-and-youtube/ |title=10 facts about Americans and YouTube |date=December 4, 2019 |author= Patrick van Kessel |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=December 17, 2019}}</ref> == Influence == {{See also|Social impact of YouTube}} [[File:Pewdiepie head shot.jpg|thumb|[[PewDiePie]], the platform's third [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|most-subscribed]] channel, and most subscribed individual creator,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alexander |first1=Julia |title=PewDiePie Becomes the First Individual YouTube Creator to Hit 100 Million Subscribers |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/26/20831853/pewdiepie-100-million-subscribers-youtube-tseries-competition |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date=4 October 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826173850/https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/26/20831853/pewdiepie-100-million-subscribers-youtube-tseries-competition |archive-date=26 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Spangler |first1=Todd |title=Top YouTuber PewDiePie Withdraws $50,000 Pledge to Anti-Defamation League, Calls It a 'Mistake' |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/pewdiepie-withdraws-adl-pledge-1203334090/ |website=Variety |publisher=Penske Business Media |access-date=4 October 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913020203/https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/pewdiepie-withdraws-adl-pledge-1203334090/ |archive-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> in July 2019]] According to multiple studies{{Who|date=January 2021}}, YouTubers have become an important source of information and entertainment for the [[Millennials|millennial]] and [[Generation Z]]-generations.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Influential YouTubers are frequently described as [[Celebrity|microcelebrities]].<ref name="Jerslev 2016"/> Since YouTube is widely conceived as a bottom-up social media video platform,{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} microcelebrities do not appear to be involved with the established and commercial system of celebrity culture but rather appear self-governed and independent.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} This appearance, in turn, leads to YouTubers being seen as more relatable and authentic, also fostered by the direct connection between artist and viewer using the medium of YouTube.<ref name="Dredge 2018" /><ref name="Jerslev 2016" /> These microcelebrities often communicate with their viewers which gives a more friendly outlook. YouTubers create content on a wide range of variety including [[vlogs]], instructive, how to, informative videos, and more.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} In a 2014 survey conducted by the [[University of Southern California]] among 13-18 year-olds in the United States on whether 10 YouTube celebrities or 10 traditional celebrities were more influential, YouTube personalities took the first five spots of the ranking, with [[Smosh]] ranking as most influential.<ref name="Dredge 2018" /> When repeated in 2015, the survey found six YouTubers on the first ranks, with [[KSI (entertainer)|KSI]] ranked as most influential.<ref name="Dredge 2018" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/youtubers-teen-survey-ksi-pewdiepie-1201544882/|title=Digital Star Popularity Grows Versus Mainstream Celebrities|last=Ault|first=Susanne|date=2015-07-23|work=Variety|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Several prominent YouTubers and their influence were subjects for scientific studies, such as [[Zoella]]<ref name="Jerslev 2016" /> and [[PewDiePie]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beers Fägersten|first=Kristy|date=2017-08-01|title=The role of swearing in creating an online persona: The case of YouTuber PewDiePie|journal=Discourse, Context & Media|language=en|volume=18|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/j.dcm.2017.04.002|issn=2211-6958}}</ref> Because of this level of influence, Robert Hovden argued for the creation of a new index similar to the [[g-index]] and [[h-index]] to evaluate a person's output and impact on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hovden|first=Robert|date=2013-09-12|title=Bibliometrics for Internet media: Applying theh-index to YouTube|journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=64|issue=11|pages=2326–2331|doi=10.1002/asi.22936|issn=1532-2882|arxiv=1303.0766|s2cid=38708903}}</ref> == Commercial success == YouTubers can earn revenue from [[Google AdSense]]. Additionally, they can supplement their income through [[affiliate links]], [[merchandising]], and 3rd party memberships using platforms such as [[Patreon]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-12-18|title=Evan Edinger: The five ways YouTubers make money|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/42395224/evan-edinger-the-five-ways-youtubers-make-money|access-date=2020-07-10|website=BBC Newsbeat|language=en-GB}}</ref> Popular channels have garnered corporate sponsors, who pay to be included in the videos.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, [[Walmart]], [[Nordstrom]], and others sought YouTube stars as [[influencer marketing|influencers]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Charisse|date=6 August 2018|title=Walmart, Nordstrom and others look to YouTube stars to woo millennials and Gen Z|work=[[CNBC]]|publisher=[[NBCUniversal]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/06/walmart-nordstrom-others-look-to-youtube-stars-millennials-and-gen-z.html|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref> In 2015, [[NME]] stated that "[[vlog]]ging has become big business."<ref>{{cite web|last=Bassett|first=Jordan|date=13 August 2015|title=NME Investigation: Are YouTubers The New Pop Stars?|url=https://www.nme.com/features/nme-investigation-are-youtubers-the-new-pop-stars-756865|access-date=28 January 2020|work=[[NME]]}}</ref> In 2015, ''[[Forbes]]'' reported that Felix Kjellberg, known on YouTube as [[PewDiePie]], had earned $12 million in 2014, more than some popular actors such as [[Cameron Diaz]] or [[Gwyneth Paltrow]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/forbes-names-pewdiepie-as-highest-earning-youtuber-with-annual-income-reaching-12m-a6695536.html |title=Forbes names PewDiePie as highest-earning YouTuber with annual income reaching $12m |last=Mandle |first=Chris |date=15 October 2015 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref> Additionally, YouTube stars have crossed over to other media platforms including late-night television such as Canadian Youtuber [[Lilly Singh]], who hosts the talk show ''[[A Little Late with Lilly Singh]]'' on [[NBC]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Leskin|first1=Paige|title=The life and rise of Lilly Singh, the YouTube star who now hosts her own late night show and is now worth over $10 million|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/lilly-singh-youtube-net-worth-life-career-late-night-show-2019-11|access-date=13 April 2020|website=Business Insider}} </ref> == See also == {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| *[[List of YouTubers]] *[[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels]] *[[List of most-viewed YouTube channels]] *[[Virtual YouTuber]] *[[YouTube Play Buttons]] }} == References == {{Reflist}} {{YouTube navbox}} {{Portal bar|Biography|Internet}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:YouTubers| ]] [[Category:Internet culture]] [[Category:2000s neologisms]]'