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{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ed Schafer
|image = Ed Schafer -- February 2008.jpg
|office = [[List of Presidents of the University of North Dakota|President of the University of North Dakota]]
|status = Acting
|term_start = January 14, 2016
|term_end = July 1, 2016
|predecessor = [[Robert Kelley (academic administrator)|Robert Kelley]]
|successor = [[Mark Kennedy (politician)|Mark Kennedy]]
|office1 = 29th [[United States Secretary of Agriculture]]
|president1 = [[George W. Bush]]
|term_start1 = January 28, 2008
|term_end1 = January 20, 2009
|predecessor1 = [[Mike Johanns]]
|successor1 = [[Tom Vilsack]]
|order2 = 30th [[Governor of North Dakota]]
|lieutenant2 = [[Rosemarie Myrdal]]
|term_start2 = December 15, 1992
|term_end2 = December 15, 2000
|predecessor2 = [[George A. Sinner]]
|successor2 = [[John Hoeven]]
|birth_name = Edward Thomas Schafer
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|8|8}}
|birth_place = [[Bismarck, North Dakota]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|spouse = Nancy Jones
|children = 2<br>2 stepchildren
|education = [[University of North Dakota]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Denver]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
}}
'''Edward Thomas Schafer''' (born August 8, 1946) is an American businessman and politician who was the 30th [[governor of North Dakota]] from 1992 to 2000. Schafer also served as the 29th [[United States Secretary of Agriculture]] from 2008 to 2009, appointed by President [[George W. Bush]]. From January to July 2016 he served as interim president of the [[University of North Dakota]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Burleson |first=Anna |url=http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/education/3879849-schafer-serve-interim-president-und |title=UPDATE: Schafer to serve as interim president at UND |newspaper=[[Grand Forks Herald]] |date=2015-11-10 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
==Early life, education, and family==
Schafer was born and raised in [[Bismarck, North Dakota]], and is the son of Marian Nelsen and businessman [[Harold Schafer]]. He is of [[German-American|German descent]].<ref>Brooke, James. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/02/us/north-dakota-with-german-roots-adopts-spanish-as-second-language.html]''. ''[[The New York Times]]''. March 2, 1996. Retrieved December 10, 2012.</ref> He has one sister, Pamela (Pam).
Schafer attended the [[University of North Dakota]], where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1969. There he became a member of [[Sigma Nu]] fraternity. He earned an [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A.]] degree from the [[University of Denver]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.edu/news/2016/01/ed-schafer.cfm |title=University of North Dakota alum Edward T. Schafer starts as Interim President of UND Today | 01 | 2016 | News | UND: University of North Dakota |website=Und.edu |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Schafer is married to the former Nancy Jones. They have two children: Thomas "Tom" Schafer and Ellie Schafer. Schafer has two stepchildren: Eric Jones and Kari (Jones) Hammer.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=bios_schafer.xml |title=Secretary of Agriculture Ed Schafer | USDA |website=Usda.gov |access-date=2017-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927214738/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=bios_schafer.xml |archive-date=2013-09-27 }}</ref>
His sister, Pam Schafer, was the first wife of former [[Democratic-NPL]] U.S. Senator [[Kent Conrad]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hagstrom |first=Jerry |url=http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1007/103107cdpm2.htm |title=Bush nominates former North Dakota governor as Agriculture secretary - Oversight |website=GovExec.com |date=2007-10-31 |access-date=2017-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203190546/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1007/103107cdpm2.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Gold Seal Company==
Schafer took a full-time job after graduation with his family's firm, the Gold Seal Company. Gold Seal was a [[North Dakota]]-based manufacturing company founded by his father, Harold Schafer, in 1942.
Gold Seal was the distributor of "[[Mr. Bubble]]" bubble bath, "Glass Wax" glass cleaner and "Snowy Bleach".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bismarckcafe.com/blogs/wiki/gold-seal-company |title=Gold Seal Company - BisManCafe.com |website=Bismarckcafe.com |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Ed Schafer rose through the ranks at Gold Seal, working in several divisions of the company until serving as company president from 1978 to 1985. At its height Gold Seal generated more than $50 million in annual revenues, making it one of North Dakota's largest privately held firms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.nd.gov/archives/manuscripts/inventory/31888.html |title=31888 - State Historical Society - State Agencies - Archives Holdings - Archives - Governor |website=History.nd.gov |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
==Junkyard Wars engineering game show TV competition==
Schafer has long had an interest in building machinery and equipment from used, scrap materials. He was selected as a contestant on the [[Discovery Channel]]'s engineering game show ''[[Junkyard Wars]].'' His team worked to build a machine from junked components.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/junkyard-wars.htm |title=How 'Junkyard Wars' Works | HowStuffWorks |website=Entertainment.howstuffworks.com |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
In 2003 Schafer competed during the show's fifth season, when he also served as the captain of the "High Flyers" team. His team took 2nd place in the competition, losing to the "Jet Doctors" in the season finale.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
==Governor of North Dakota==
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2017}}
Schafer was elected twice and served as the 30th governor of North Dakota, holding office from 1992 to 2000.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> He is a Republican and a self-styled conservative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kfyrtv.com/content/news/Former-ND-Gov-Ed-Schafer-Endorses-Burgum-382139891.html |title=Former N.D. Gov. Ed Schafer Endorses Burgum |website=Kfyrtv.com |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
In 1990 Schafer unsuccessfully challenged then-U.S. Congressman [[Byron Dorgan]] as Dorgan ran for reelection. Schafer captured 35% of the vote to Dorgan's 65%. He entered the [[1992 North Dakota gubernatorial election|1992 North Dakota gubernatorial campaign]] as the Republican nominee. He and Republican lieutenant governor nominee [[Rosemarie Myrdal]] defeated the Democratic nominee for governor, former North Dakota Attorney General [[Nicholas Spaeth]], and the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor, Julie Hill. Schafer and Myrdal captured nearly 58% of the vote, to 41% for Spaeth and Hill.
When Schafer became governor, North Dakota was facing major budgetary and financial hurdles. This continued, on and off, throughout his two terms. "As governor, Schafer had to deal with budget crunches during his eight years as state budget maker in the Capitol," according to the ''[[Bismarck Tribune]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bismarcktribune.com/news/opinion/editorial/columnists/disharmony-in-higher-education/article_f506496c-cbea-50a3-8a67-b956da1b67a5.html |title=Disharmony in higher education | Columnists |website=Bismarcktribune.com |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
While governor, Schafer oversaw annual state budgets that exceeded $4.5 billion and a state employee workforce of more than 12,000.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
Schafer prioritized the expansion and diversification of North Dakota's economy. For example, he worked with the private sector to expand the production and distribution of value-added agricultural products such as corn sweeteners and pasta.
During his time in office, he helped to build a closer trading relationship with China in concert with other North Dakota government officials, federal government trade specialists and private sector business leaders. These efforts assisted in the development of China into a primary export market for North Dakota's products and services in the 1990s.
As governor during the rise of the global [[internet]] and its introduction to broader society, Schafer realized the need for internet access across North Dakota. He worked with both government and business leaders, implementing various efforts "to upgrade North Dakota's communications infrastructure and make high-speed voice and data networks available to farmers, ranchers and rural businesses", and to individual households.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
In 1995 Schafer served as Chair of the [[Midwestern Governors Association]].
When Schafer ran for reelection in 1996, he and Myrdal defeated [[Lee Kaldor]], the Democratic gubernatorial nominee, and [[Barbara Pyle]], the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor. Schafer and Myrdal received about two-thirds of the vote.
Schafer's long-held interest in conservation led him to help arrange the U.S. Forest Service's May 2007 purchase of the 5,200-acre [[Elkhorn Ranch]] in North Dakota.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahomecontentidonly=true&contentid=bios_schafer.xml |title=Secretary of Agriculture Ed Schafer | USDA |website=Usda.gov |access-date=2017-01-08 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Elkhorn Ranch was established by former United States president Theodore Roosevelt as his main working ranch in the [[North Dakota Badlands]], and is now protected as a unit of the [[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]].
In 1999-2000 Schafer served as chair of the [[Republican Governors Association]]. He did not seek reelection in 2000.
==Work life and political activities in the 2000s==
Schafer was co-founder and CEO of [[Extend America]], a start-up wireless communications company he founded after leaving office as governor.
In 2002 Schafer was appointed as civilian aide to the [[United States Secretary of the Army]].
Schafer acted as a frequent guest host of the "Hot Talk" radio program on [[WDAY-AM]] in [[Fargo, North Dakota]].
Before his appointment as Secretary of Agriculture, Schafer served as an advisor and occasional spokesperson for the North Dakota chapter of [[Americans for Prosperity]], a conservative advocacy group [[Political activities of the Koch brothers|backed by the Koch Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Schwartzel |first=Erich |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/group-backed-by-koch-brothers-takes-aim-at-tax-credits-for-films-1458934367 |title=Group Backed by Koch Brothers Takes Aim at Tax Credits for Films |publisher=WSJ |date=2016-03-25 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Ed Schafer became a supporter of the North Dakota Taxpayers' Association, serving as an advisor and a keynote speaker.
==U.S. Secretary of Agriculture==
In October 2007 Schafer was nominated by then-President [[George W. Bush]] to be the next Secretary of Agriculture.<ref name="WH">{{cite press release|title=President Bush Nominates Ed Schafer for Secretary of Agriculture |publisher=White House|date=October 31, 2007|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071031-9.html|access-date=January 25, 2008}}</ref>
Schafer had wide support in the Senate. His hearing was originally scheduled for January 30, 2008, but was moved up by request of North Dakota Senator [[Kent Conrad]] so that Schafer could attend the [[State of the Union address]] as a cabinet member.<ref>Jalonick, Mary Clare. ''[http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2008/01/12/news/state/146407.txt Schafer hearing to be held] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120720170802/http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2008/01/12/news/state/146407.txt |date=2012-07-20 }}''. AP. January 12, 2008. Accessed 2008-01-25. "I was talking to Gov. Schafer, and he said it'd be nice if he could be confirmed earlier so he could go to the State of the Union address as a member of the president's cabinet," Conrad said. "That's a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity."</ref> That confirmation hearing was held on January 24,<ref>Pates, Mikkel. ''[http://www.thedickinsonpress.com/articles/index.cfm?id=13732§ion=news Schafer gets a warm reception in Washington]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Grand Forks Herald. January 25, 2008. Accessed 2008-01-25. "Schafer, who served as North Dakota governor from 1992 to 2000, made it through a decidedly friendly Senate Agriculture Committee confirmation hearing Thursday on Capitol Hill."</ref> with senators asking Schafer questions on various topics such as US beef exports to Japan and South Korea, the Department of Agriculture's ability to deliver on programs passed by Congress, policy on sugar, and cotton prices.<ref>Tonneson, Lon. ''[http://dakotafarmer.com/index.aspx?ascxid=fpStory&fpsid=31906&fpstid=2 Senate Ag Committee Quizzes Schafer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223124230/http://www.dakotafarmer.com/index.aspx?ascxid=fpStory |date=2008-02-23 }}''. Dakota Farmer. January 25, 2008. Accessed 2008-01-25."</ref> On January 28 he was unanimously confirmed by the Senate. Later that day, as Secretary of Agriculture, Schafer attended the State of the Union Address with other members of the President's cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/stateoftheunion/2008/index.html |title=State of the Union 2008 |website=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Schafer was in office for less than two days when a major scandal erupted concerning animal cruelty and unsafe food practices by [[Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company]], the nation's second-largest supplier of ground beef to the National School Lunch Program, which is administered by the Department of Agriculture.
This led to the largest recall of meat in the history of the United States. The issues of how best to handle the problems of unsafe food practices and animal cruelty by USDA-inspected meat processing plants became a major focus of Schafer's administration.
The [[Humane Society of the United States]] received video showing multiple instances of workers abusing and torturing cattle who had fallen and were unable to walk into kill pens on their own, videographed in October and November 2007. The Humane Society and many meat animal experts, ethicists and nutritionists objected to the use of [[downer (animal)|downer cattle]], or non-ambulatory cattle for human food, because of health, food safety, and because the cruelty showed ethical lapses on Hallmark's part in overseeing its employees' behavior.
The company recalled massive quantities of beef and voluntarily shut down the plant where the videos were taken. According to the Cattlemen's Beef Promotions Board, "The 143 million pound recall of beef from Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company triggered significant coverage and renewed skepticism about the safety of the nation's beef supply and the competency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160917135223/http://www.beefusa.org/uDocs/janfebmediaanalysis499.pdf ]</ref>
At issue for USDA, under Schafer, and the Senate was whether these sick, injured and/or aged non-ambulatory cattle were safe for humans to eat.
In his February 28, 2008, testimony before the [[U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies]], Schafer said he "would not endorse an outright ban on 'downer' cows entering the food supply or back stiffer penalties for regulatory violations by meat-processing plants in the wake of the largest beef recall in the nation's history."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/28/AR2008022804117.html |title=USDA Rejects 'Downer' Cow Ban |website=Washingtonpost.com |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Specifically, "the penalties are strong and swift, as we have shown," Schafer said. "Financially, I don't see how this company can survive. People need to be responsible and, from USDA's standpoint, they will be held responsible. . . . They broke the rules. That does not mean the rules are wrong. I believe the rules are adequate."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161003120406/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110shrg44333/pdf/CHRG-110shrg44333.pdf]</ref>
Under Schafer's leadership, the Agriculture Department promised to improve animal welfare and human food safety. On August 27, 2008, the USDA announced a proposed change in the rule regarding the treatment and handling of downer cattle. In a reversal of his February testimony to the Senate, Schafer said that "to maintain consumer confidence in the food supply, eliminate further misunderstanding of the rule and, ultimately, to make a positive impact on the humane handling of cattle, I believe it is sound policy to simplify this matter by initiating a complete ban on the slaughter of downer cattle."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=2008/08/0218.xml |title=USDA Announces Proposed Rule for Requirements of the Disposition of Downer Cattle | USDA Newsroom |website=Usda.gov |access-date=2017-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120001707/https://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=2008%2F08%2F0218.xml |archive-date=2017-01-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As Schafer had predicted in his February 2008 testimony, Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company subsequently went out of business.
Based in part on the initial work USDA personnel did during Schafer's tenure as Agriculture Secretary, the U.S. government sued Hallmark/Westland for farm animal cruelty (to downer cattle), misrepresentation and fraud, winning a massive final judgment of $497 million.
This was the largest judgment ever entered for agriculture-related fraud and farm animal cruelty in federal court history. In this first-of-its-kind fraud case, the United States Department of Justice (DoJ), at the USDA's behest, joined a lawsuit with the Humane Society against Hallmark. The lawsuit alleged that the Hallmark defrauded the federal government by misrepresenting its compliance with the terms of its federal school lunch program contracts requiring the humane handling of animals.
Most of the $497 million judgment was not recovered by the DoJ because of Hallmark's bankruptcy and cessation of business. The amount was reduced to $155 million as part of the final settlement with the remaining defendants. Part of the judgment amount was paid personally by company executives and members of the Hallmark family in [[structured settlements]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/394827/slaughterhouse-owners-hit-with-500m-judgment-in-fca-case |title=Slaughterhouse Owners Hit With $500M Judgment In FCA Case |publisher=Law360 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-ag-gag-laws |title=Detailed Discussion of Ag-gag Laws | Animal Legal & Historical Center |website=Animallaw.info |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
The DoJ and Agriculture Department intended these huge judgments and settlements in the government's favor to deter future animal cruelty and fraud by the nation's slaughterhouses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/news/press_releases/2012/11/hallmark-meat-company-settlement-111612.html?credit=aa_a6749?referrer=https://www.google.com/ |title=Owners of Infamous Hallmark Meat Company Pay $300,000 in HSUS Slaughterhouse Cruelty Case : The Humane Society of the United States |website=Humanesociety.org |date=2015-11-13 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Schafer left the Secretary of Agriculture position at the end of the Bush administration in January 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zeleny |first1=Jeff |last2=Herszenhorn |first2=David M. |date=December 16, 2008 |title=Iowa Ex-Governor Picked for Agriculture Secretary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/us/politics/17appoint.html |work=The New York Times |location=New York, NY}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Tom Vilsack Fast Facts |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/07/us/tom-vilsack-fast-facts/index.html |work=CNN.com |location=Atlanta, GA}}</ref>
== Interim president of the University of North Dakota ==
Schafer was appointed interim president of the [[University of North Dakota]] on November 9, 2016, by the Board of Higher Education. He said he had no intention to apply to become the next permanent president.<ref>{{cite web|title = Former Gov. Ed Schafer takes over as interim UND president {{!}} KSL.com|url = https://www.ksl.com/?nid=157&sid=38140207&title=former-gov-ed-schafer-takes-over-as-interim-und-president|website = www.ksl.com|access-date = January 16, 2016}}</ref> Schafer signed a contract on December 2, 2015, to fill in for former University of North Dakota president [[Robert Kelley (academic administrator)|Robert Kelley]] upon Kelley's retirement, which took place on January 14, 2016. This interim position Schafer accepted with "some hesitancy", he said.
Schafer's appointment as interim president "did not sit well with a significant portion of the university faculty, according to the faculty representative on the Board of Higher Education." This lack of support by that portion of the university faculty was in large part because Schafer did not have an earned doctorate or any administrative experience at a research university, according to Eric Murphy, the advisor to the North Dakota State Board of Higher Education. "The faculty voice is in opposition to" Schafer's selection, Murphy said.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bismarcktribune.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/ed-schafer-named-interim-und-president/article_9f2d2063-3bb4-5207-a7a4-364937595715.html |title=Ed Schafer named interim UND president | Government and Politics |website=bismarcktribune.com |date=2017-01-04 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> Schafer's working life was spent primarily in business and politics.
Despite his lack of academic leadership experience, Schafer became the highest-paid administrator in the state's entire higher education system history to that time. He was paid $33,216 per month for his work from January 15 to June 30, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title = Ed Schafer starts as UND president Friday|url = http://www.valleynewslive.com/news/local/headlines/Ed-Schafer-starts-as-UND-president-Friday-365394301.html|website = www.valleynewslive.com|access-date = January 16, 2016|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160130123939/http://www.valleynewslive.com/news/local/headlines/Ed-Schafer-starts-as-UND-president-Friday-365394301.html|archive-date = 2016-01-30}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = Unpacking a new president: Schafer takes over UND|url = http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/education/3925904-unpacking-new-president-schafer-takes-over-und|website = Grand Forks Herald|access-date = January 16, 2016}}</ref> Schafer's contract paid him $2,250 per month more than retiring President Kelley had been earning after more than seven years in that position.
Among the tasks Schafer inherited was overseeing the final stages of the [[North Dakota Fighting Sioux controversy|Fighting Sioux naming issue]] that erupted over objections by various tribes, ethnic groups, and First Nation peoples identifying as [[Sioux]], as well as many other groups and thought leaders, because of the University's use of the [[Sioux]] name for its sports teams. On Schafer's first day as interim president, the University's Graphic Identity RFP Evaluation and Recommendation Team met to begin reviewing the 16 proposals from design firms for a new logo design for the [[North Dakota Fighting Hawks|Fighting Hawks]]. Five months later, near the end of his interim term, Schafer revealed the new logo at a news conference on June 22, 2016, calling the logo's debut a "historic moment".<ref>{{cite news|last=Rupard |first=Wade |url=http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/local/4059989-determined-hawk-adopted-new-und-fighting-hawks-logo |title='Determined hawk' adopted as new UND Fighting Hawks logo |newspaper=[[Grand Forks Herald]] |date=2016-06-22 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
On March 15, 2016, the selection of [[Mark Kennedy (politician)|Mark Kennedy]] as the 12th president of the University of North Dakota was announced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.edu/news/2016/03/presidential-announcement-mark-kennedy.cfm|title=State Board of Higher Education appoints Mark Kennedy UND president {{!}} 03 {{!}} 2016 {{!}} News {{!}} UND: University of North Dakota|last=Dakota|first=- The University of North|website=und.edu|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> Kennedy's term began on July 1.
==Electoral history==
*'''[[1996 North Dakota gubernatorial election|1996 Race for Governor]]'''
**Ed Schafer (R) (inc.), 66%
**Lee Kaldor (D), 34%
*'''[[1992 North Dakota gubernatorial election|1992 Race for Governor]]'''
**Ed Schafer (R), 58%
**[[Nicholas Spaeth|Nick Spaeth]] (D), 41%
*'''1990 Race for U.S. House of Representatives - At Large'''
**[[Byron Dorgan]] (D) (inc.), 65%
**Ed Schafer (R), 35%
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090104030518/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=bios_schafer.xml USDA biography of Secretary Schafer]
*{{C-SPAN|Edward Schafer}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of the University of North Dakota|President of the University of North Dakota]]<br>Acting|years=2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mark Kennedy (politician)|Mark Kennedy]]}}
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{{Governors of North Dakota}}
{{USSecAg}}
{{GW Bush cabinet}}
{{University of North Dakota presidents}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schafer, Edward T.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1990 United States elections]]
[[Category:George W. Bush administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Governors of North Dakota]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:North Dakota Republicans]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bismarck, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of North Dakota]]
[[Category:Republican Party state governors of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Army civilians]]
[[Category:2000 United States presidential electors]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of Agriculture]]
[[Category:University of Denver alumni]]
[[Category:University of North Dakota alumni]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|29th United States Secretary of Agriculture}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ed Schafer
| image = Ed Schafer -- February 2008.jpg
| office = Acting [[List of Presidents of the University of North Dakota|President of the University of North Dakota]]
| status =
| term_start = January 14, 2016
| term_end = July 1, 2016
| predecessor = [[Robert Kelley (academic administrator)|Robert Kelley]]
| successor = [[Mark Kennedy (politician)|Mark Kennedy]]
| office1 = 29th [[United States Secretary of Agriculture]]
| president1 = [[George W. Bush]]
| term_start1 = January 28, 2008
| term_end1 = January 20, 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Mike Johanns]]
| successor1 = [[Tom Vilsack]]
| order2 = 30th [[Governor of North Dakota]]
| lieutenant2 = [[Rosemarie Myrdal]]
| term_start2 = December 15, 1992
| term_end2 = December 15, 2000
| predecessor2 = [[George A. Sinner]]
| successor2 = [[John Hoeven]]
| birth_name = Edward Thomas Schafer
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|8|8}}
| birth_place = [[Bismarck, North Dakota]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse = Nancy Jones
| children = 2<br>2 stepchildren
| education = [[University of North Dakota]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Denver]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
}}
'''Edward Thomas Schafer''' (born August 8, 1946) is an American businessman and politician who was the 30th [[governor of North Dakota]] from 1992 to 2000. Schafer also served as the 29th [[United States Secretary of Agriculture]] from 2008 to 2009, appointed by President [[George W. Bush]]. From January to July 2016 he served as interim president of the [[University of North Dakota]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Burleson |first=Anna |url=http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/education/3879849-schafer-serve-interim-president-und |title=UPDATE: Schafer to serve as interim president at UND |newspaper=[[Grand Forks Herald]] |date=2015-11-10 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
==Early life, education, and family==
Schafer was born and raised in [[Bismarck, North Dakota]], and is the son of Marian Nelsen and businessman [[Harold Schafer]]. He is of [[German-American|German descent]].<ref>Brooke, James. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/02/us/north-dakota-with-german-roots-adopts-spanish-as-second-language.html]''. ''[[The New York Times]]''. March 2, 1996. Retrieved December 10, 2012.</ref> He has one sister, Pamela (Pam).
Schafer attended the [[University of North Dakota]], where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1969. There he became a member of [[Sigma Nu]] fraternity. He earned an [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A.]] degree from the [[University of Denver]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.edu/news/2016/01/ed-schafer.cfm |title=University of North Dakota alum Edward T. Schafer starts as Interim President of UND Today | 01 | 2016 | News | UND: University of North Dakota |website=Und.edu |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Schafer is married to the former Nancy Jones. They have two children: Thomas "Tom" Schafer and Ellie Schafer. Schafer has two stepchildren: Eric Jones and Kari (Jones) Hammer.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=bios_schafer.xml |title=Secretary of Agriculture Ed Schafer | USDA |website=Usda.gov |access-date=2017-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927214738/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=bios_schafer.xml |archive-date=2013-09-27 }}</ref>
His sister, Pam Schafer, was the first wife of former [[Democratic-NPL]] U.S. Senator [[Kent Conrad]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hagstrom |first=Jerry |url=http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1007/103107cdpm2.htm |title=Bush nominates former North Dakota governor as Agriculture secretary - Oversight |website=GovExec.com |date=2007-10-31 |access-date=2017-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203190546/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1007/103107cdpm2.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Gold Seal Company==
Schafer took a full-time job after graduation with his family's firm, the Gold Seal Company. Gold Seal was a [[North Dakota]]-based manufacturing company founded by his father, Harold Schafer, in 1942.
Gold Seal was the distributor of "[[Mr. Bubble]]" bubble bath, "Glass Wax" glass cleaner and "Snowy Bleach".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bismarckcafe.com/blogs/wiki/gold-seal-company |title=Gold Seal Company - BisManCafe.com |website=Bismarckcafe.com |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Ed Schafer rose through the ranks at Gold Seal, working in several divisions of the company until serving as company president from 1978 to 1985. At its height Gold Seal generated more than $50 million in annual revenues, making it one of North Dakota's largest privately held firms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.nd.gov/archives/manuscripts/inventory/31888.html |title=31888 - State Historical Society - State Agencies - Archives Holdings - Archives - Governor |website=History.nd.gov |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
==Junkyard Wars engineering game show TV competition==
Schafer has long had an interest in building machinery and equipment from used, scrap materials. He was selected as a contestant on the [[Discovery Channel]]'s engineering game show ''[[Junkyard Wars]].'' His team worked to build a machine from junked components.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/junkyard-wars.htm |title=How 'Junkyard Wars' Works | HowStuffWorks |website=Entertainment.howstuffworks.com |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
In 2003 Schafer competed during the show's fifth season, when he also served as the captain of the "High Flyers" team. His team took 2nd place in the competition, losing to the "Jet Doctors" in the season finale.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
==Governor of North Dakota==
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2017}}
Schafer was elected twice and served as the 30th governor of North Dakota, holding office from 1992 to 2000.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> He is a Republican and a self-styled conservative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kfyrtv.com/content/news/Former-ND-Gov-Ed-Schafer-Endorses-Burgum-382139891.html |title=Former N.D. Gov. Ed Schafer Endorses Burgum |website=Kfyrtv.com |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
In 1990 Schafer unsuccessfully challenged then-U.S. Congressman [[Byron Dorgan]] as Dorgan ran for reelection. Schafer captured 35% of the vote to Dorgan's 65%. He entered the [[1992 North Dakota gubernatorial election|1992 North Dakota gubernatorial campaign]] as the Republican nominee. He and Republican lieutenant governor nominee [[Rosemarie Myrdal]] defeated the Democratic nominee for governor, former North Dakota Attorney General [[Nicholas Spaeth]], and the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor, Julie Hill. Schafer and Myrdal captured nearly 58% of the vote, to 41% for Spaeth and Hill.
When Schafer became governor, North Dakota was facing major budgetary and financial hurdles. This continued, on and off, throughout his two terms. "As governor, Schafer had to deal with budget crunches during his eight years as state budget maker in the Capitol," according to the ''[[Bismarck Tribune]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bismarcktribune.com/news/opinion/editorial/columnists/disharmony-in-higher-education/article_f506496c-cbea-50a3-8a67-b956da1b67a5.html |title=Disharmony in higher education | Columnists |website=Bismarcktribune.com |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
While governor, Schafer oversaw annual state budgets that exceeded $4.5 billion and a state employee workforce of more than 12,000.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
Schafer prioritized the expansion and diversification of North Dakota's economy. For example, he worked with the private sector to expand the production and distribution of value-added agricultural products such as corn sweeteners and pasta.
During his time in office, he helped to build a closer trading relationship with China in concert with other North Dakota government officials, federal government trade specialists and private sector business leaders. These efforts assisted in the development of China into a primary export market for North Dakota's products and services in the 1990s.
As governor during the rise of the global [[internet]] and its introduction to broader society, Schafer realized the need for internet access across North Dakota. He worked with both government and business leaders, implementing various efforts "to upgrade North Dakota's communications infrastructure and make high-speed voice and data networks available to farmers, ranchers and rural businesses", and to individual households.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
In 1995 Schafer served as Chair of the [[Midwestern Governors Association]].
When Schafer ran for reelection in 1996, he and Myrdal defeated [[Lee Kaldor]], the Democratic gubernatorial nominee, and [[Barbara Pyle]], the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor. Schafer and Myrdal received about two-thirds of the vote.
Schafer's long-held interest in conservation led him to help arrange the U.S. Forest Service's May 2007 purchase of the 5,200-acre [[Elkhorn Ranch]] in North Dakota.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahomecontentidonly=true&contentid=bios_schafer.xml |title=Secretary of Agriculture Ed Schafer | USDA |website=Usda.gov |access-date=2017-01-08 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Elkhorn Ranch was established by former United States president Theodore Roosevelt as his main working ranch in the [[North Dakota Badlands]], and is now protected as a unit of the [[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]].
In 1999-2000 Schafer served as chair of the [[Republican Governors Association]]. He did not seek reelection in 2000.
==Work life and political activities in the 2000s==
Schafer was co-founder and CEO of [[Extend America]], a start-up wireless communications company he founded after leaving office as governor.
In 2002 Schafer was appointed as civilian aide to the [[United States Secretary of the Army]].
Schafer acted as a frequent guest host of the "Hot Talk" radio program on [[WDAY-AM]] in [[Fargo, North Dakota]].
Before his appointment as Secretary of Agriculture, Schafer served as an advisor and occasional spokesperson for the North Dakota chapter of [[Americans for Prosperity]], a conservative advocacy group [[Political activities of the Koch brothers|backed by the Koch Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Schwartzel |first=Erich |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/group-backed-by-koch-brothers-takes-aim-at-tax-credits-for-films-1458934367 |title=Group Backed by Koch Brothers Takes Aim at Tax Credits for Films |publisher=WSJ |date=2016-03-25 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Ed Schafer became a supporter of the North Dakota Taxpayers' Association, serving as an advisor and a keynote speaker.
==U.S. Secretary of Agriculture==
In October 2007 Schafer was nominated by then-President [[George W. Bush]] to be the next Secretary of Agriculture.<ref name="WH">{{cite press release|title=President Bush Nominates Ed Schafer for Secretary of Agriculture |publisher=White House|date=October 31, 2007|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071031-9.html|access-date=January 25, 2008}}</ref>
Schafer had wide support in the Senate. His hearing was originally scheduled for January 30, 2008, but was moved up by request of North Dakota Senator [[Kent Conrad]] so that Schafer could attend the [[State of the Union address]] as a cabinet member.<ref>Jalonick, Mary Clare. ''[http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2008/01/12/news/state/146407.txt Schafer hearing to be held] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120720170802/http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2008/01/12/news/state/146407.txt |date=2012-07-20 }}''. AP. January 12, 2008. Accessed 2008-01-25. "I was talking to Gov. Schafer, and he said it'd be nice if he could be confirmed earlier so he could go to the State of the Union address as a member of the president's cabinet," Conrad said. "That's a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity."</ref> That confirmation hearing was held on January 24,<ref>Pates, Mikkel. ''[http://www.thedickinsonpress.com/articles/index.cfm?id=13732§ion=news Schafer gets a warm reception in Washington]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Grand Forks Herald. January 25, 2008. Accessed 2008-01-25. "Schafer, who served as North Dakota governor from 1992 to 2000, made it through a decidedly friendly Senate Agriculture Committee confirmation hearing Thursday on Capitol Hill."</ref> with senators asking Schafer questions on various topics such as US beef exports to Japan and South Korea, the Department of Agriculture's ability to deliver on programs passed by Congress, policy on sugar, and cotton prices.<ref>Tonneson, Lon. ''[http://dakotafarmer.com/index.aspx?ascxid=fpStory&fpsid=31906&fpstid=2 Senate Ag Committee Quizzes Schafer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223124230/http://www.dakotafarmer.com/index.aspx?ascxid=fpStory |date=2008-02-23 }}''. Dakota Farmer. January 25, 2008. Accessed 2008-01-25."</ref> On January 28 he was unanimously confirmed by the Senate. Later that day, as Secretary of Agriculture, Schafer attended the State of the Union Address with other members of the President's cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/stateoftheunion/2008/index.html |title=State of the Union 2008 |website=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Schafer was in office for less than two days when a major scandal erupted concerning animal cruelty and unsafe food practices by [[Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company]], the nation's second-largest supplier of ground beef to the National School Lunch Program, which is administered by the Department of Agriculture.
This led to the largest recall of meat in the history of the United States. The issues of how best to handle the problems of unsafe food practices and animal cruelty by USDA-inspected meat processing plants became a major focus of Schafer's administration.
The [[Humane Society of the United States]] received video showing multiple instances of workers abusing and torturing cattle who had fallen and were unable to walk into kill pens on their own, videographed in October and November 2007. The Humane Society and many meat animal experts, ethicists and nutritionists objected to the use of [[downer (animal)|downer cattle]], or non-ambulatory cattle for human food, because of health, food safety, and because the cruelty showed ethical lapses on Hallmark's part in overseeing its employees' behavior.
The company recalled massive quantities of beef and voluntarily shut down the plant where the videos were taken. According to the Cattlemen's Beef Promotions Board, "The 143 million pound recall of beef from Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company triggered significant coverage and renewed skepticism about the safety of the nation's beef supply and the competency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160917135223/http://www.beefusa.org/uDocs/janfebmediaanalysis499.pdf ]</ref>
At issue for USDA, under Schafer, and the Senate was whether these sick, injured and/or aged non-ambulatory cattle were safe for humans to eat.
In his February 28, 2008, testimony before the [[U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies]], Schafer said he "would not endorse an outright ban on 'downer' cows entering the food supply or back stiffer penalties for regulatory violations by meat-processing plants in the wake of the largest beef recall in the nation's history."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/28/AR2008022804117.html |title=USDA Rejects 'Downer' Cow Ban |website=Washingtonpost.com |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Specifically, "the penalties are strong and swift, as we have shown," Schafer said. "Financially, I don't see how this company can survive. People need to be responsible and, from USDA's standpoint, they will be held responsible. . . . They broke the rules. That does not mean the rules are wrong. I believe the rules are adequate."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161003120406/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110shrg44333/pdf/CHRG-110shrg44333.pdf]</ref>
Under Schafer's leadership, the Agriculture Department promised to improve animal welfare and human food safety. On August 27, 2008, the USDA announced a proposed change in the rule regarding the treatment and handling of downer cattle. In a reversal of his February testimony to the Senate, Schafer said that "to maintain consumer confidence in the food supply, eliminate further misunderstanding of the rule and, ultimately, to make a positive impact on the humane handling of cattle, I believe it is sound policy to simplify this matter by initiating a complete ban on the slaughter of downer cattle."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=2008/08/0218.xml |title=USDA Announces Proposed Rule for Requirements of the Disposition of Downer Cattle | USDA Newsroom |website=Usda.gov |access-date=2017-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120001707/https://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=2008%2F08%2F0218.xml |archive-date=2017-01-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As Schafer had predicted in his February 2008 testimony, Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company subsequently went out of business.
Based in part on the initial work USDA personnel did during Schafer's tenure as Agriculture Secretary, the U.S. government sued Hallmark/Westland for farm animal cruelty (to downer cattle), misrepresentation and fraud, winning a massive final judgment of $497 million.
This was the largest judgment ever entered for agriculture-related fraud and farm animal cruelty in federal court history. In this first-of-its-kind fraud case, the United States Department of Justice (DoJ), at the USDA's behest, joined a lawsuit with the Humane Society against Hallmark. The lawsuit alleged that the Hallmark defrauded the federal government by misrepresenting its compliance with the terms of its federal school lunch program contracts requiring the humane handling of animals.
Most of the $497 million judgment was not recovered by the DoJ because of Hallmark's bankruptcy and cessation of business. The amount was reduced to $155 million as part of the final settlement with the remaining defendants. Part of the judgment amount was paid personally by company executives and members of the Hallmark family in [[structured settlements]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/394827/slaughterhouse-owners-hit-with-500m-judgment-in-fca-case |title=Slaughterhouse Owners Hit With $500M Judgment In FCA Case |publisher=Law360 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-ag-gag-laws |title=Detailed Discussion of Ag-gag Laws | Animal Legal & Historical Center |website=Animallaw.info |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
The DoJ and Agriculture Department intended these huge judgments and settlements in the government's favor to deter future animal cruelty and fraud by the nation's slaughterhouses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/news/press_releases/2012/11/hallmark-meat-company-settlement-111612.html?credit=aa_a6749?referrer=https://www.google.com/ |title=Owners of Infamous Hallmark Meat Company Pay $300,000 in HSUS Slaughterhouse Cruelty Case : The Humane Society of the United States |website=Humanesociety.org |date=2015-11-13 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
Schafer left the Secretary of Agriculture position at the end of the Bush administration in January 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zeleny |first1=Jeff |last2=Herszenhorn |first2=David M. |date=December 16, 2008 |title=Iowa Ex-Governor Picked for Agriculture Secretary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/us/politics/17appoint.html |work=The New York Times |location=New York, NY}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Tom Vilsack Fast Facts |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/07/us/tom-vilsack-fast-facts/index.html |work=CNN.com |location=Atlanta, GA}}</ref>
== Interim president of the University of North Dakota ==
Schafer was appointed interim president of the [[University of North Dakota]] on November 9, 2016, by the Board of Higher Education. He said he had no intention to apply to become the next permanent president.<ref>{{cite web|title = Former Gov. Ed Schafer takes over as interim UND president {{!}} KSL.com|url = https://www.ksl.com/?nid=157&sid=38140207&title=former-gov-ed-schafer-takes-over-as-interim-und-president|website = www.ksl.com|access-date = January 16, 2016}}</ref> Schafer signed a contract on December 2, 2015, to fill in for former University of North Dakota president [[Robert Kelley (academic administrator)|Robert Kelley]] upon Kelley's retirement, which took place on January 14, 2016. This interim position Schafer accepted with "some hesitancy", he said.
Schafer's appointment as interim president "did not sit well with a significant portion of the university faculty, according to the faculty representative on the Board of Higher Education." This lack of support by that portion of the university faculty was in large part because Schafer did not have an earned doctorate or any administrative experience at a research university, according to Eric Murphy, the advisor to the North Dakota State Board of Higher Education. "The faculty voice is in opposition to" Schafer's selection, Murphy said.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bismarcktribune.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/ed-schafer-named-interim-und-president/article_9f2d2063-3bb4-5207-a7a4-364937595715.html |title=Ed Schafer named interim UND president | Government and Politics |website=bismarcktribune.com |date=2017-01-04 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> Schafer's working life was spent primarily in business and politics.
Despite his lack of academic leadership experience, Schafer became the highest-paid administrator in the state's entire higher education system history to that time. He was paid $33,216 per month for his work from January 15 to June 30, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title = Ed Schafer starts as UND president Friday|url = http://www.valleynewslive.com/news/local/headlines/Ed-Schafer-starts-as-UND-president-Friday-365394301.html|website = www.valleynewslive.com|access-date = January 16, 2016|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160130123939/http://www.valleynewslive.com/news/local/headlines/Ed-Schafer-starts-as-UND-president-Friday-365394301.html|archive-date = 2016-01-30}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = Unpacking a new president: Schafer takes over UND|url = http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/education/3925904-unpacking-new-president-schafer-takes-over-und|website = Grand Forks Herald|access-date = January 16, 2016}}</ref> Schafer's contract paid him $2,250 per month more than retiring President Kelley had been earning after more than seven years in that position.
Among the tasks Schafer inherited was overseeing the final stages of the [[North Dakota Fighting Sioux controversy|Fighting Sioux naming issue]] that erupted over objections by various tribes, ethnic groups, and First Nation peoples identifying as [[Sioux]], as well as many other groups and thought leaders, because of the University's use of the [[Sioux]] name for its sports teams. On Schafer's first day as interim president, the University's Graphic Identity RFP Evaluation and Recommendation Team met to begin reviewing the 16 proposals from design firms for a new logo design for the [[North Dakota Fighting Hawks|Fighting Hawks]]. Five months later, near the end of his interim term, Schafer revealed the new logo at a news conference on June 22, 2016, calling the logo's debut a "historic moment".<ref>{{cite news|last=Rupard |first=Wade |url=http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/local/4059989-determined-hawk-adopted-new-und-fighting-hawks-logo |title='Determined hawk' adopted as new UND Fighting Hawks logo |newspaper=[[Grand Forks Herald]] |date=2016-06-22 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
On March 15, 2016, the selection of [[Mark Kennedy (politician)|Mark Kennedy]] as the 12th president of the University of North Dakota was announced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.edu/news/2016/03/presidential-announcement-mark-kennedy.cfm|title=State Board of Higher Education appoints Mark Kennedy UND president {{!}} 03 {{!}} 2016 {{!}} News {{!}} UND: University of North Dakota|last=Dakota|first=- The University of North|website=und.edu|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> Kennedy's term began on July 1.
==Electoral history==
*'''[[1996 North Dakota gubernatorial election|1996 Race for Governor]]'''
**Ed Schafer (R) (inc.), 66%
**Lee Kaldor (D), 34%
*'''[[1992 North Dakota gubernatorial election|1992 Race for Governor]]'''
**Ed Schafer (R), 58%
**[[Nicholas Spaeth|Nick Spaeth]] (D), 41%
*'''1990 Race for U.S. House of Representatives - At Large'''
**[[Byron Dorgan]] (D) (inc.), 65%
**Ed Schafer (R), 35%
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090104030518/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=bios_schafer.xml USDA biography of Secretary Schafer]
*{{C-SPAN|Edward Schafer}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Leon Mallberg]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[Governor of North Dakota]]|years=[[1992 North Dakota gubernatorial election|1992]], [[1996 North Dakota gubernatorial election|1996]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[Republican Governors Association]]|years=1999–2000}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of North Dakota]]|years=1992–2000}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Mike Johanns]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Secretary of Agriculture]]|years=2008–2009}}
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{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Robert Kelley (academic administrator)|Robert Kelley]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of the University of North Dakota|President of the University of North Dakota]]<br>Acting|years=2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mark Kennedy (politician)|Mark Kennedy]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Governors of North Dakota}}
{{USSecAg}}
{{GW Bush cabinet}}
{{University of North Dakota presidents}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schafer, Edward T.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1990 United States elections]]
[[Category:George W. Bush administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Governors of North Dakota]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:North Dakota Republicans]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bismarck, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of North Dakota]]
[[Category:Republican Party state governors of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Army civilians]]
[[Category:2000 United States presidential electors]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of Agriculture]]
[[Category:University of Denver alumni]]
[[Category:University of North Dakota alumni]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -2,33 +2,33 @@
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
-|name = Ed Schafer
-|image = Ed Schafer -- February 2008.jpg
-|office = [[List of Presidents of the University of North Dakota|President of the University of North Dakota]]
-|status = Acting
-|term_start = January 14, 2016
-|term_end = July 1, 2016
-|predecessor = [[Robert Kelley (academic administrator)|Robert Kelley]]
-|successor = [[Mark Kennedy (politician)|Mark Kennedy]]
-|office1 = 29th [[United States Secretary of Agriculture]]
-|president1 = [[George W. Bush]]
-|term_start1 = January 28, 2008
-|term_end1 = January 20, 2009
-|predecessor1 = [[Mike Johanns]]
-|successor1 = [[Tom Vilsack]]
-|order2 = 30th [[Governor of North Dakota]]
-|lieutenant2 = [[Rosemarie Myrdal]]
-|term_start2 = December 15, 1992
-|term_end2 = December 15, 2000
-|predecessor2 = [[George A. Sinner]]
-|successor2 = [[John Hoeven]]
-|birth_name = Edward Thomas Schafer
-|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|8|8}}
-|birth_place = [[Bismarck, North Dakota]], U.S.
-|death_date =
-|death_place =
-|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
-|spouse = Nancy Jones
-|children = 2<br>2 stepchildren
-|education = [[University of North Dakota]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Denver]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
+| name = Ed Schafer
+| image = Ed Schafer -- February 2008.jpg
+| office = Acting [[List of Presidents of the University of North Dakota|President of the University of North Dakota]]
+| status =
+| term_start = January 14, 2016
+| term_end = July 1, 2016
+| predecessor = [[Robert Kelley (academic administrator)|Robert Kelley]]
+| successor = [[Mark Kennedy (politician)|Mark Kennedy]]
+| office1 = 29th [[United States Secretary of Agriculture]]
+| president1 = [[George W. Bush]]
+| term_start1 = January 28, 2008
+| term_end1 = January 20, 2009
+| predecessor1 = [[Mike Johanns]]
+| successor1 = [[Tom Vilsack]]
+| order2 = 30th [[Governor of North Dakota]]
+| lieutenant2 = [[Rosemarie Myrdal]]
+| term_start2 = December 15, 1992
+| term_end2 = December 15, 2000
+| predecessor2 = [[George A. Sinner]]
+| successor2 = [[John Hoeven]]
+| birth_name = Edward Thomas Schafer
+| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|8|8}}
+| birth_place = [[Bismarck, North Dakota]], U.S.
+| death_date =
+| death_place =
+| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
+| spouse = Nancy Jones
+| children = 2<br>2 stepchildren
+| education = [[University of North Dakota]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Denver]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
}}
'''Edward Thomas Schafer''' (born August 8, 1946) is an American businessman and politician who was the 30th [[governor of North Dakota]] from 1992 to 2000. Schafer also served as the 29th [[United States Secretary of Agriculture]] from 2008 to 2009, appointed by President [[George W. Bush]]. From January to July 2016 he served as interim president of the [[University of North Dakota]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Burleson |first=Anna |url=http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/education/3879849-schafer-serve-interim-president-und |title=UPDATE: Schafer to serve as interim president at UND |newspaper=[[Grand Forks Herald]] |date=2015-11-10 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
' |
New page size (new_size) | 28149 |
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4 => '| term_start = January 14, 2016',
5 => '| term_end = July 1, 2016',
6 => '| predecessor = [[Robert Kelley (academic administrator)|Robert Kelley]]',
7 => '| successor = [[Mark Kennedy (politician)|Mark Kennedy]]',
8 => '| office1 = 29th [[United States Secretary of Agriculture]]',
9 => '| president1 = [[George W. Bush]]',
10 => '| term_start1 = January 28, 2008',
11 => '| term_end1 = January 20, 2009',
12 => '| predecessor1 = [[Mike Johanns]]',
13 => '| successor1 = [[Tom Vilsack]]',
14 => '| order2 = 30th [[Governor of North Dakota]]',
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17 => '| term_end2 = December 15, 2000',
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20 => '| birth_name = Edward Thomas Schafer',
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28 => '| education = [[University of North Dakota]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Denver]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])'
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1 => '|image = Ed Schafer -- February 2008.jpg',
2 => '|office = [[List of Presidents of the University of North Dakota|President of the University of North Dakota]]',
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4 => '|term_start = January 14, 2016',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">29th United States Secretary of Agriculture</div>
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</p>
<table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="display:inline-block; font-size:130%;" class="fn">Ed Schafer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ed_Schafer_--_February_2008.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Ed Schafer -- February 2008.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ed_Schafer_--_February_2008.jpg/220px-Ed_Schafer_--_February_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Acting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_University_of_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the University of North Dakota">President of the University of North Dakota</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 14, 2016 – July 1, 2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Kelley_(academic_administrator)" title="Robert Kelley (academic administrator)">Robert Kelley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_(politician)" title="Mark Kennedy (politician)">Mark Kennedy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">29th <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 28, 2008 – January 20, 2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">30th <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota" title="Governor of North Dakota">Governor of North Dakota</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 15, 1992 – December 15, 2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosemarie_Myrdal" title="Rosemarie Myrdal">Rosemarie Myrdal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_A._Sinner" title="George A. Sinner">George A. Sinner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">John Hoeven</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edward Thomas Schafer</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1946-08-08</span>) </span>August 8, 1946<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 74)</span><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck, North Dakota</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Nancy Jones</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2<br />2 stepchildren</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota" title="University of North Dakota">University of North Dakota</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Denver" title="University of Denver">University of Denver</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Edward Thomas Schafer</b> (born August 8, 1946) is an American businessman and politician who was the 30th <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota" title="Governor of North Dakota">governor of North Dakota</a> from 1992 to 2000. Schafer also served as the 29th <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a> from 2008 to 2009, appointed by President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. From January to July 2016 he served as interim president of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota" title="University of North Dakota">University of North Dakota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life,_education,_and_family"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life, education, and family</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Gold_Seal_Company"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Gold Seal Company</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Junkyard_Wars_engineering_game_show_TV_competition"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Junkyard Wars engineering game show TV competition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Governor_of_North_Dakota"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Governor of North Dakota</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Work_life_and_political_activities_in_the_2000s"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Work life and political activities in the 2000s</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#U.S._Secretary_of_Agriculture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">U.S. Secretary of Agriculture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Interim_president_of_the_University_of_North_Dakota"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Interim president of the University of North Dakota</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Electoral_history"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Electoral history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span id="Early_life.2C_education.2C_and_family"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life,_education,_and_family">Early life, education, and family</span></h2>
<p>Schafer was born and raised in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck, North Dakota</a>, and is the son of Marian Nelsen and businessman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harold_Schafer" title="Harold Schafer">Harold Schafer</a>. He is of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German-American" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American">German descent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> He has one sister, Pamela (Pam).
</p><p>Schafer attended the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota" title="University of North Dakota">University of North Dakota</a>, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1969. There he became a member of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Nu" title="Sigma Nu">Sigma Nu</a> fraternity. He earned an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">M.B.A.</a> degree from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Denver" title="University of Denver">University of Denver</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Schafer is married to the former Nancy Jones. They have two children: Thomas "Tom" Schafer and Ellie Schafer. Schafer has two stepchildren: Eric Jones and Kari (Jones) Hammer.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>His sister, Pam Schafer, was the first wife of former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic-NPL" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-NPL">Democratic-NPL</a> U.S. Senator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Kent Conrad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gold_Seal_Company">Gold Seal Company</span></h2>
<p>Schafer took a full-time job after graduation with his family's firm, the Gold Seal Company. Gold Seal was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>-based manufacturing company founded by his father, Harold Schafer, in 1942.
</p><p>Gold Seal was the distributor of "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mr._Bubble" title="Mr. Bubble">Mr. Bubble</a>" bubble bath, "Glass Wax" glass cleaner and "Snowy Bleach".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Ed Schafer rose through the ranks at Gold Seal, working in several divisions of the company until serving as company president from 1978 to 1985. At its height Gold Seal generated more than $50 million in annual revenues, making it one of North Dakota's largest privately held firms.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Junkyard_Wars_engineering_game_show_TV_competition">Junkyard Wars engineering game show TV competition</span></h2>
<p>Schafer has long had an interest in building machinery and equipment from used, scrap materials. He was selected as a contestant on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a>'s engineering game show <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Junkyard_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkyard Wars">Junkyard Wars</a>.</i> His team worked to build a machine from junked components.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2003 Schafer competed during the show's fifth season, when he also served as the captain of the "High Flyers" team. His team took 2nd place in the competition, losing to the "Jet Doctors" in the season finale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governor_of_North_Dakota">Governor of North Dakota</span></h2>
<table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ed_Schafer&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ed+Schafer%22">"Ed Schafer"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ed+Schafer%22+-wikipedia">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ed+Schafer%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ed+Schafer%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ed+Schafer%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ed+Schafer%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Schafer was elected twice and served as the 30th governor of North Dakota, holding office from 1992 to 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-4">[4]</a></sup> He is a Republican and a self-styled conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1990 Schafer unsuccessfully challenged then-U.S. Congressman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byron_Dorgan" title="Byron Dorgan">Byron Dorgan</a> as Dorgan ran for reelection. Schafer captured 35% of the vote to Dorgan's 65%. He entered the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1992_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1992 North Dakota gubernatorial election">1992 North Dakota gubernatorial campaign</a> as the Republican nominee. He and Republican lieutenant governor nominee <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosemarie_Myrdal" title="Rosemarie Myrdal">Rosemarie Myrdal</a> defeated the Democratic nominee for governor, former North Dakota Attorney General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_Spaeth" title="Nicholas Spaeth">Nicholas Spaeth</a>, and the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor, Julie Hill. Schafer and Myrdal captured nearly 58% of the vote, to 41% for Spaeth and Hill.
</p><p>When Schafer became governor, North Dakota was facing major budgetary and financial hurdles. This continued, on and off, throughout his two terms. "As governor, Schafer had to deal with budget crunches during his eight years as state budget maker in the Capitol," according to the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bismarck_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismarck Tribune">Bismarck Tribune</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>While governor, Schafer oversaw annual state budgets that exceeded $4.5 billion and a state employee workforce of more than 12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Schafer prioritized the expansion and diversification of North Dakota's economy. For example, he worked with the private sector to expand the production and distribution of value-added agricultural products such as corn sweeteners and pasta.
</p><p>During his time in office, he helped to build a closer trading relationship with China in concert with other North Dakota government officials, federal government trade specialists and private sector business leaders. These efforts assisted in the development of China into a primary export market for North Dakota's products and services in the 1990s.
</p><p>As governor during the rise of the global <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> and its introduction to broader society, Schafer realized the need for internet access across North Dakota. He worked with both government and business leaders, implementing various efforts "to upgrade North Dakota's communications infrastructure and make high-speed voice and data networks available to farmers, ranchers and rural businesses", and to individual households.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1995 Schafer served as Chair of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midwestern_Governors_Association" title="Midwestern Governors Association">Midwestern Governors Association</a>.
</p><p>When Schafer ran for reelection in 1996, he and Myrdal defeated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lee_Kaldor" title="Lee Kaldor">Lee Kaldor</a>, the Democratic gubernatorial nominee, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbara_Pyle" title="Barbara Pyle">Barbara Pyle</a>, the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor. Schafer and Myrdal received about two-thirds of the vote.
</p><p>Schafer's long-held interest in conservation led him to help arrange the U.S. Forest Service's May 2007 purchase of the 5,200-acre <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elkhorn_Ranch" title="Elkhorn Ranch">Elkhorn Ranch</a> in North Dakota.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> The Elkhorn Ranch was established by former United States president Theodore Roosevelt as his main working ranch in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Dakota_Badlands" class="mw-redirect" title="North Dakota Badlands">North Dakota Badlands</a>, and is now protected as a unit of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt National Park</a>.
</p><p>In 1999-2000 Schafer served as chair of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a>. He did not seek reelection in 2000.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Work_life_and_political_activities_in_the_2000s">Work life and political activities in the 2000s</span></h2>
<p>Schafer was co-founder and CEO of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Extend_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extend America (page does not exist)">Extend America</a>, a start-up wireless communications company he founded after leaving office as governor.
</p><p>In 2002 Schafer was appointed as civilian aide to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">United States Secretary of the Army</a>.
</p><p>Schafer acted as a frequent guest host of the "Hot Talk" radio program on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WDAY-AM" class="mw-redirect" title="WDAY-AM">WDAY-AM</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo, North Dakota</a>.
</p><p>Before his appointment as Secretary of Agriculture, Schafer served as an advisor and occasional spokesperson for the North Dakota chapter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity" title="Americans for Prosperity">Americans for Prosperity</a>, a conservative advocacy group <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_activities_of_the_Koch_brothers" title="Political activities of the Koch brothers">backed by the Koch Brothers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Ed Schafer became a supporter of the North Dakota Taxpayers' Association, serving as an advisor and a keynote speaker.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="U.S._Secretary_of_Agriculture">U.S. Secretary of Agriculture</span></h2>
<p>In October 2007 Schafer was nominated by then-President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> to be the next Secretary of Agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Schafer had wide support in the Senate. His hearing was originally scheduled for January 30, 2008, but was moved up by request of North Dakota Senator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Kent Conrad</a> so that Schafer could attend the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union address">State of the Union address</a> as a cabinet member.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> That confirmation hearing was held on January 24,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> with senators asking Schafer questions on various topics such as US beef exports to Japan and South Korea, the Department of Agriculture's ability to deliver on programs passed by Congress, policy on sugar, and cotton prices.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> On January 28 he was unanimously confirmed by the Senate. Later that day, as Secretary of Agriculture, Schafer attended the State of the Union Address with other members of the President's cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Schafer was in office for less than two days when a major scandal erupted concerning animal cruelty and unsafe food practices by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hallmark/Westland_Meat_Packing_Company" title="Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company">Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company</a>, the nation's second-largest supplier of ground beef to the National School Lunch Program, which is administered by the Department of Agriculture.
</p><p>This led to the largest recall of meat in the history of the United States. The issues of how best to handle the problems of unsafe food practices and animal cruelty by USDA-inspected meat processing plants became a major focus of Schafer's administration.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> received video showing multiple instances of workers abusing and torturing cattle who had fallen and were unable to walk into kill pens on their own, videographed in October and November 2007. The Humane Society and many meat animal experts, ethicists and nutritionists objected to the use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Downer_(animal)" title="Downer (animal)">downer cattle</a>, or non-ambulatory cattle for human food, because of health, food safety, and because the cruelty showed ethical lapses on Hallmark's part in overseeing its employees' behavior.
</p><p>The company recalled massive quantities of beef and voluntarily shut down the plant where the videos were taken. According to the Cattlemen's Beef Promotions Board, "The 143 million pound recall of beef from Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company triggered significant coverage and renewed skepticism about the safety of the nation's beef supply and the competency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>At issue for USDA, under Schafer, and the Senate was whether these sick, injured and/or aged non-ambulatory cattle were safe for humans to eat.
</p><p>In his February 28, 2008, testimony before the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Agriculture,_Rural_Development,_Food_and_Drug_Administration,_and_Related_Agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies">U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies</a>, Schafer said he "would not endorse an outright ban on 'downer' cows entering the food supply or back stiffer penalties for regulatory violations by meat-processing plants in the wake of the largest beef recall in the nation's history."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>Specifically, "the penalties are strong and swift, as we have shown," Schafer said. "Financially, I don't see how this company can survive. People need to be responsible and, from USDA's standpoint, they will be held responsible. . . . They broke the rules. That does not mean the rules are wrong. I believe the rules are adequate."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Under Schafer's leadership, the Agriculture Department promised to improve animal welfare and human food safety. On August 27, 2008, the USDA announced a proposed change in the rule regarding the treatment and handling of downer cattle. In a reversal of his February testimony to the Senate, Schafer said that "to maintain consumer confidence in the food supply, eliminate further misunderstanding of the rule and, ultimately, to make a positive impact on the humane handling of cattle, I believe it is sound policy to simplify this matter by initiating a complete ban on the slaughter of downer cattle."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> As Schafer had predicted in his February 2008 testimony, Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company subsequently went out of business.
</p><p>Based in part on the initial work USDA personnel did during Schafer's tenure as Agriculture Secretary, the U.S. government sued Hallmark/Westland for farm animal cruelty (to downer cattle), misrepresentation and fraud, winning a massive final judgment of $497 million.
</p><p>This was the largest judgment ever entered for agriculture-related fraud and farm animal cruelty in federal court history. In this first-of-its-kind fraud case, the United States Department of Justice (DoJ), at the USDA's behest, joined a lawsuit with the Humane Society against Hallmark. The lawsuit alleged that the Hallmark defrauded the federal government by misrepresenting its compliance with the terms of its federal school lunch program contracts requiring the humane handling of animals.
</p><p>Most of the $497 million judgment was not recovered by the DoJ because of Hallmark's bankruptcy and cessation of business. The amount was reduced to $155 million as part of the final settlement with the remaining defendants. Part of the judgment amount was paid personally by company executives and members of the Hallmark family in <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Structured_settlements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structured settlements (page does not exist)">structured settlements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>The DoJ and Agriculture Department intended these huge judgments and settlements in the government's favor to deter future animal cruelty and fraud by the nation's slaughterhouses.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Schafer left the Secretary of Agriculture position at the end of the Bush administration in January 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Interim_president_of_the_University_of_North_Dakota">Interim president of the University of North Dakota</span></h2>
<p>Schafer was appointed interim president of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota" title="University of North Dakota">University of North Dakota</a> on November 9, 2016, by the Board of Higher Education. He said he had no intention to apply to become the next permanent president.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> Schafer signed a contract on December 2, 2015, to fill in for former University of North Dakota president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Kelley_(academic_administrator)" title="Robert Kelley (academic administrator)">Robert Kelley</a> upon Kelley's retirement, which took place on January 14, 2016. This interim position Schafer accepted with "some hesitancy", he said.
</p><p>Schafer's appointment as interim president "did not sit well with a significant portion of the university faculty, according to the faculty representative on the Board of Higher Education." This lack of support by that portion of the university faculty was in large part because Schafer did not have an earned doctorate or any administrative experience at a research university, according to Eric Murphy, the advisor to the North Dakota State Board of Higher Education. "The faculty voice is in opposition to" Schafer's selection, Murphy said.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> Schafer's working life was spent primarily in business and politics.
</p><p>Despite his lack of academic leadership experience, Schafer became the highest-paid administrator in the state's entire higher education system history to that time. He was paid $33,216 per month for his work from January 15 to June 30, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a></sup> Schafer's contract paid him $2,250 per month more than retiring President Kelley had been earning after more than seven years in that position.
</p><p>Among the tasks Schafer inherited was overseeing the final stages of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Sioux_controversy" title="North Dakota Fighting Sioux controversy">Fighting Sioux naming issue</a> that erupted over objections by various tribes, ethnic groups, and First Nation peoples identifying as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, as well as many other groups and thought leaders, because of the University's use of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> name for its sports teams. On Schafer's first day as interim president, the University's Graphic Identity RFP Evaluation and Recommendation Team met to begin reviewing the 16 proposals from design firms for a new logo design for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Hawks" title="North Dakota Fighting Hawks">Fighting Hawks</a>. Five months later, near the end of his interim term, Schafer revealed the new logo at a news conference on June 22, 2016, calling the logo's debut a "historic moment".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>On March 15, 2016, the selection of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_(politician)" title="Mark Kennedy (politician)">Mark Kennedy</a> as the 12th president of the University of North Dakota was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Kennedy's term began on July 1.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</span></h2>
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1996_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1996 North Dakota gubernatorial election">1996 Race for Governor</a></b>
<ul><li>Ed Schafer (R) (inc.), 66%</li>
<li>Lee Kaldor (D), 34%</li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1992_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1992 North Dakota gubernatorial election">1992 Race for Governor</a></b>
<ul><li>Ed Schafer (R), 58%</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_Spaeth" title="Nicholas Spaeth">Nick Spaeth</a> (D), 41%</li></ul></li>
<li><b>1990 Race for U.S. House of Representatives - At Large</b>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byron_Dorgan" title="Byron Dorgan">Byron Dorgan</a> (D) (inc.), 65%</li>
<li>Ed Schafer (R), 35%</li></ul></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzel2016" class="citation web cs1">Schwartzel, Erich (March 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/group-backed-by-koch-brothers-takes-aim-at-tax-credits-for-films-1458934367">"Group Backed by Koch Brothers Takes Aim at Tax Credits for Films"</a>. WSJ<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Group+Backed+by+Koch+Brothers+Takes+Aim+at+Tax+Credits+for+Films&rft.pub=WSJ&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft.aulast=Schwartzel&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fgroup-backed-by-koch-brothers-takes-aim-at-tax-credits-for-films-1458934367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WH-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WH_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071031-9.html">"President Bush Nominates Ed Schafer for Secretary of Agriculture"</a> (Press release). White House. October 31, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Bush+Nominates+Ed+Schafer+for+Secretary+of+Agriculture&rft.pub=White+House&rft.date=2007-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2007%2F10%2F20071031-9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jalonick, Mary Clare. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2008/01/12/news/state/146407.txt">Schafer hearing to be held</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120720170802/http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2008/01/12/news/state/146407.txt">Archived</a> 2012-07-20 at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></i>. AP. January 12, 2008. Accessed 2008-01-25. "I was talking to Gov. Schafer, and he said it'd be nice if he could be confirmed earlier so he could go to the State of the Union address as a member of the president's cabinet," Conrad said. "That's a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pates, Mikkel. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedickinsonpress.com/articles/index.cfm?id=13732&section=news">Schafer gets a warm reception in Washington</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></i>. Grand Forks Herald. January 25, 2008. Accessed 2008-01-25. "Schafer, who served as North Dakota governor from 1992 to 2000, made it through a decidedly friendly Senate Agriculture Committee confirmation hearing Thursday on Capitol Hill."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tonneson, Lon. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dakotafarmer.com/index.aspx?ascxid=fpStory&fpsid=31906&fpstid=2">Senate Ag Committee Quizzes Schafer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223124230/http://www.dakotafarmer.com/index.aspx?ascxid=fpStory">Archived</a> 2008-02-23 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Dakota Farmer. January 25, 2008. Accessed 2008-01-25."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/stateoftheunion/2008/index.html">"State of the Union 2008"</a>. <i>Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov&rft.atitle=State+of+the+Union+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fstateoftheunion%2F2008%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917135223/http://www.beefusa.org/uDocs/janfebmediaanalysis499.pdf">[2]</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/28/AR2008022804117.html">"USDA Rejects 'Downer' Cow Ban"</a>. <i>Washingtonpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=USDA+Rejects+%27Downer%27+Cow+Ban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F02%2F28%2FAR2008022804117.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003120406/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110shrg44333/pdf/CHRG-110shrg44333.pdf">[3]</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120001707/https://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=2008%2F08%2F0218.xml">"USDA Announces Proposed Rule for Requirements of the Disposition of Downer Cattle | USDA Newsroom"</a>. <i>Usda.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=2008/08/0218.xml">the original</a> on January 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Usda.gov&rft.atitle=USDA+Announces+Proposed+Rule+for+Requirements+of+the+Disposition+of+Downer+Cattle+%26%23124%3B+USDA+Newsroom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usda.gov%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fusda%2Fusdahome%3Fcontentidonly%3Dtrue%26contentid%3D2008%2F08%2F0218.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law360.com/articles/394827/slaughterhouse-owners-hit-with-500m-judgment-in-fca-case">"Slaughterhouse Owners Hit With $500M Judgment In FCA Case"</a>. Law360<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slaughterhouse+Owners+Hit+With+%24500M+Judgment+In+FCA+Case&rft.pub=Law360&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F394827%2Fslaughterhouse-owners-hit-with-500m-judgment-in-fca-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-ag-gag-laws">"Detailed Discussion of Ag-gag Laws | Animal Legal & Historical Center"</a>. <i>Animallaw.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animallaw.info&rft.atitle=Detailed+Discussion+of+Ag-gag+Laws+%26%23124%3B+Animal+Legal+%26+Historical+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animallaw.info%2Farticle%2Fdetailed-discussion-ag-gag-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanesociety.org/news/press_releases/2012/11/hallmark-meat-company-settlement-111612.html?credit=aa_a6749?referrer=https://www.google.com/">"Owners of Infamous Hallmark Meat Company Pay $300,000 in HSUS Slaughterhouse Cruelty Case : The Humane Society of the United States"</a>. <i>Humanesociety.org</i>. November 13, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanesociety.org&rft.atitle=Owners+of+Infamous+Hallmark+Meat+Company+Pay+%24300%2C000+in+HSUS+Slaughterhouse+Cruelty+Case+%3A+The+Humane+Society+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2015-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanesociety.org%2Fnews%2Fpress_releases%2F2012%2F11%2Fhallmark-meat-company-settlement-111612.html%3Fcredit%3Daa_a6749%3Freferrer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFZelenyHerszenhorn2008" class="citation news cs1">Zeleny, Jeff; Herszenhorn, David M. (December 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/us/politics/17appoint.html">"Iowa Ex-Governor Picked for Agriculture Secretary"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York, NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iowa+Ex-Governor+Picked+for+Agriculture+Secretary&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.aulast=Zeleny&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Herszenhorn%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F17%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F17appoint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/07/us/tom-vilsack-fast-facts/index.html">"Tom Vilsack Fast Facts"</a>. <i>CNN.com</i>. Atlanta, GA. December 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=Tom+Vilsack+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2013%2F03%2F07%2Fus%2Ftom-vilsack-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ksl.com/?nid=157&sid=38140207&title=former-gov-ed-schafer-takes-over-as-interim-und-president">"Former Gov. Ed Schafer takes over as interim UND president | KSL.com"</a>. <i>www.ksl.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ksl.com&rft.atitle=Former+Gov.+Ed+Schafer+takes+over+as+interim+UND+president+%7C+KSL.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksl.com%2F%3Fnid%3D157%26sid%3D38140207%26title%3Dformer-gov-ed-schafer-takes-over-as-interim-und-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bismarcktribune.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/ed-schafer-named-interim-und-president/article_9f2d2063-3bb4-5207-a7a4-364937595715.html">"Ed Schafer named interim UND president | Government and Politics"</a>. <i>bismarcktribune.com</i>. January 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bismarcktribune.com&rft.atitle=Ed+Schafer+named+interim+UND+president+%26%23124%3B+Government+and+Politics&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbismarcktribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fgovt-and-politics%2Fed-schafer-named-interim-und-president%2Farticle_9f2d2063-3bb4-5207-a7a4-364937595715.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130123939/http://www.valleynewslive.com/news/local/headlines/Ed-Schafer-starts-as-UND-president-Friday-365394301.html">"Ed Schafer starts as UND president Friday"</a>. <i>www.valleynewslive.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valleynewslive.com/news/local/headlines/Ed-Schafer-starts-as-UND-president-Friday-365394301.html">the original</a> on January 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.valleynewslive.com&rft.atitle=Ed+Schafer+starts+as+UND+president+Friday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valleynewslive.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fheadlines%2FEd-Schafer-starts-as-UND-president-Friday-365394301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/education/3925904-unpacking-new-president-schafer-takes-over-und">"Unpacking a new president: Schafer takes over UND"</a>. <i>Grand Forks Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grand+Forks+Herald&rft.atitle=Unpacking+a+new+president%3A+Schafer+takes+over+UND&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandforksherald.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2F3925904-unpacking-new-president-schafer-takes-over-und&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRupard2016" class="citation news cs1">Rupard, Wade (June 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/local/4059989-determined-hawk-adopted-new-und-fighting-hawks-logo">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>Determined hawk' adopted as new UND Fighting Hawks logo"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Forks_Herald" title="Grand Forks Herald">Grand Forks Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Forks+Herald&rft.atitle=%27Determined+hawk%27+adopted+as+new+UND+Fighting+Hawks+logo&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.aulast=Rupard&rft.aufirst=Wade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandforksherald.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F4059989-determined-hawk-adopted-new-und-fighting-hawks-logo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDakota" class="citation web cs1">Dakota, - The University of North. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://und.edu/news/2016/03/presidential-announcement-mark-kennedy.cfm">"State Board of Higher Education appoints Mark Kennedy UND president | 03 | 2016 | News | UND: University of North Dakota"</a>. <i>und.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=und.edu&rft.atitle=State+Board+of+Higher+Education+appoints+Mark+Kennedy+UND+president+%7C+03+%7C+2016+%7C+News+%7C+UND%3A+University+of+North+Dakota&rft.aulast=Dakota&rft.aufirst=-+The+University+of+North&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fund.edu%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2Fpresidential-announcement-mark-kennedy.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEd+Schafer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104030518/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=bios_schafer.xml">USDA biography of Secretary Schafer</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?edwardschafer">Appearances</a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Leon_Mallberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Mallberg (page does not exist)">Leon Mallberg</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota" title="Governor of North Dakota">Governor of North Dakota</a></b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1992_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1992 North Dakota gubernatorial election">1992</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1996_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1996 North Dakota gubernatorial election">1996</a>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">John Hoeven</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Keating" title="Frank Keating">Frank Keating</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></b><br />1999–2000
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_A._Sinner" title="George A. Sinner">George Sinner</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota" title="Governor of North Dakota">Governor of North Dakota</a></b><br />1992–2000
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">John Hoeven</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a></b><br />2008–2009
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Kelley_(academic_administrator)" title="Robert Kelley (academic administrator)">Robert Kelley</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_University_of_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the University of North Dakota">President of the University of North Dakota</a><br />Acting</b><br />2016
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_(politician)" title="Mark Kennedy (politician)">Mark Kennedy</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_and_Lieutenant_Governors_of_North_Dakota" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Governors_of_North_Dakota" title="Template:Governors of North Dakota"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_North_Dakota" title="Template talk:Governors of North Dakota"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Governors_of_North_Dakota&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_Lieutenant_Governors_of_North_Dakota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of North Dakota">Governors</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of North Dakota">Lieutenant Governors</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Miller_(North_Dakota_politician)" title="John Miller (North Dakota politician)">Miller</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_H._Burke" title="Andrew H. Burke">A. Burke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eli_C._D._Shortridge" title="Eli C. D. Shortridge">Shortridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Allin" title="Roger Allin">Allin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_A._Briggs" title="Frank A. Briggs">Briggs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_M._Devine" title="Joseph M. Devine">Devine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_B._Fancher" title="Frederick B. Fancher">Fancher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_White_(North_Dakota_politician)" title="Frank White (North Dakota politician)">White</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elmore_Y._Sarles" title="Elmore Y. Sarles">Sarles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Burke_(politician)" title="John Burke (politician)">J. Burke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L._B._Hanna" title="L. B. Hanna">Hanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynn_Frazier" title="Lynn Frazier">Frazier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ragnvald_Nestos" title="Ragnvald Nestos">Nestos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_G._Sorlie" title="Arthur G. Sorlie">Sorlie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_Maddock" title="Walter Maddock">Maddock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_F._Shafer" title="George F. Shafer">Shafer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Langer" title="William Langer">Langer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ole_H._Olson" title="Ole H. Olson">O. Olson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_H._Moodie" title="Thomas H. Moodie">Moodie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_Welford" title="Walter Welford">Welford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Langer" title="William Langer">Langer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Moses_(American_politician)" title="John Moses (American politician)">Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fred_G._Aandahl" title="Fred G. Aandahl">Aandahl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norman_Brunsdale" title="Norman Brunsdale">Brunsdale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_E._Davis_(North_Dakota_politician)" title="John E. Davis (North Dakota politician)">Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_L._Guy" title="William L. Guy">Guy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_A._Link" title="Arthur A. Link">Link</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allen_I._Olson" title="Allen I. Olson">A. Olson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_A._Sinner" title="George A. Sinner">Sinner</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schafer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">Hoeven</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Dalrymple" title="Jack Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doug_Burgum" title="Doug Burgum">Burgum</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Coat_of_Arms_of_North_Dakota.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_North_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="96" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Coat_of_Arms_of_North_Dakota.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Coat_of_Arms_of_North_Dakota.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="213" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant<br />Governors</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Dickey" title="Alfred Dickey">Dickey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Allin" title="Roger Allin">Allin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elmer_D._Wallace" title="Elmer D. Wallace">Wallace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_H._Worst" title="John H. Worst">Worst</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_M._Devine" title="Joseph M. Devine">Devine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=David_Bartlett_(North_Dakota)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Bartlett (North Dakota) (page does not exist)">Bartlett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_S._Lewis" title="Robert S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Usher_L._Burdick" title="Usher L. Burdick">Burdick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anton_Kraabel" title="Anton Kraabel">Kraabel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_H._Fraine" title="John H. Fraine">Fraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anton_Kraabel" title="Anton Kraabel">Kraabel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howard_R._Wood" title="Howard R. Wood">Wood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_H._Hyland" title="Frank H. Hyland">Hyland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_Maddock" title="Walter Maddock">Maddock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_W._Carr" title="John W. Carr">Carr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ole_H._Olson" title="Ole H. Olson">Olson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_Welford" title="Walter Welford">Welford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thorstein_H.H._Thoresen" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorstein H.H. Thoresen">Thoresen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_A._Patterson" title="Jack A. Patterson">Patterson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oscar_W._Hagen" title="Oscar W. Hagen">Oscar Hagen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Holt_(North_Dakota_politician)" title="Henry Holt (North Dakota politician)">Holt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarence_P._Dahl" title="Clarence P. Dahl">Dahl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ray_Schnell" title="Ray Schnell">Schnell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarence_P._Dahl" title="Clarence P. Dahl">Dahl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Clyde_Duffy" title="Francis Clyde Duffy">Duffy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarence_P._Dahl" title="Clarence P. Dahl">Dahl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orville_W._Hagen" title="Orville W. Hagen">Hagen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_A._Wenstrom" title="Frank A. Wenstrom">Wenstrom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Tighe" title="Charles Tighe">Tighe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_F._Larsen" title="Richard F. Larsen">Larsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayne_Sanstead" title="Wayne Sanstead">Sanstead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest_Sands" title="Ernest Sands">Sands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruth_Meiers" title="Ruth Meiers">Meiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lloyd_Omdahl" title="Lloyd Omdahl">Omdahl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosemarie_Myrdal" title="Rosemarie Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Dalrymple" title="Jack Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drew_Wrigley" title="Drew Wrigley">Wrigley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brent_Sanford" title="Brent Sanford">Sanford</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Secretaries_of_Agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:USSecAg" title="Template:USSecAg"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:USSecAg" title="Template talk:USSecAg"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:USSecAg&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Secretaries_of_Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretaries of Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norman_Jay_Coleman" title="Norman Jay Coleman">Coleman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeremiah_McLain_Rusk" title="Jeremiah McLain Rusk">Rusk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton" title="Julius Sterling Morton">Morton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Wilson_(Secretary_of_Agriculture)" title="James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)">Wilson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwin_T._Meredith" title="Edwin T. Meredith">Meredith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">H. C. Wallace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howard_Mason_Gore" title="Howard Mason Gore">Gore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Marion_Jardine" title="William Marion Jardine">Jardine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_M._Hyde" title="Arthur M. Hyde">Hyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">H. A. Wallace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Wickard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clinton_Presba_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Presba Anderson">Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan" title="Charles F. Brannan">Brannan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Benson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Freeman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clifford_M._Hardin" title="Clifford M. Hardin">Hardin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Butz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Albert_Knebel" title="John Albert Knebel">Knebel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Bergland" title="Robert Bergland">Bergland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Rusling_Block" title="John Rusling Block">Block</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Edmund_Lyng" title="Richard Edmund Lyng">Lyng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clayton_Keith_Yeutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Clayton Keith Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Rell_Madigan" title="Edward Rell Madigan">Madigan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Espy" title="Mike Espy">Espy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dan_Glickman" title="Dan Glickman">Glickman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Veneman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Johanns</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schafer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Vilsack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Perdue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Vilsack</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the United States Secretary of Agriculture.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> (2001–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a> (2001–2002)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">John W. Snow</a> (2003–2006)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (2001–2006)</li>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a> (2001–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> (2005–2007)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gale_Norton" title="Gale Norton">Gale Norton</a> (2001–2006)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne" title="Dirk Kempthorne">Dirk Kempthorne</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Ann Veneman</a> (2001–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns</a> (2005–2007)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ed Schafer</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Donald Evans</a> (2001–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Carlos Gutierrez</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a> (2001–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Mel Martínez</a> (2001–2003)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alphonso_Jackson" title="Alphonso Jackson">Alphonso Jackson</a> (2003–2008)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steve_Preston" title="Steve Preston">Steve Preston</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a> (2001–2006)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_E._Peters" title="Mary E. Peters">Mary E. Peters</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Spencer Abraham</a> (2001–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rod_Paige" title="Rod Paige">Rod Paige</a> (2001–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Spellings" title="Margaret Spellings">Margaret Spellings</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthony_Principi" title="Anthony Principi">Anthony Principi</a> (2001–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Jim Nicholson</a> (2005–2007)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Peake" title="James Peake">James Peake</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a> (2003–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Christine Todd Whitman</a> (2001–2003)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2003–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_L._Johnson" title="Stephen L. Johnson">Stephen L. Johnson</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a> (2001–2003)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2003–2006)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2006–2007)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Nussle" title="Jim Nussle">Jim Nussle</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a> (2001–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2005–2006)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susan_Schwab" title="Susan Schwab">Susan Schwab</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_P._Walters" title="John P. Walters">John P. Walters</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a> (2001–2006)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_University_of_North_Dakota" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#009A44;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:University_of_North_Dakota_presidents" title="Template:University of North Dakota presidents"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color:#009A44;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_North_Dakota_presidents" title="Template talk:University of North Dakota presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color:#009A44;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:University_of_North_Dakota_presidents&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color:#009A44;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_University_of_North_Dakota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_the_University_of_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the University of North Dakota"><span style="color:white">Presidents of the University of North Dakota</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_M._Blackburn" title="William M. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1884–1885)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Henery_Montgomery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henery Montgomery (page does not exist)">Montgomery</a></i> (1885–1887)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homer_Sprague" title="Homer Sprague">Sprague</a> (1887–1891)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Webster_Merrifield" title="Webster Merrifield">Merrifield</a> (1891–1909)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_L._McVey" title="Frank L. McVey">McIvey</a> (1909–1917)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Earl_Babcock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earl Babcock (page does not exist)">Babcock</a></i> (1917–1918)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Kane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas F. Kane (page does not exist)">Kane</a> (1918–1933) </span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_C._West_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John C. West (academic) (page does not exist)">West</a> (1933–1954)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Starcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Starcher (page does not exist)">Starcher</a> (1954-1971)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Thomas_J._Clifford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas J. Clifford (page does not exist)">Clifford</a> (1971–1992)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kendall_Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kendall Baker (page does not exist)">Baker</a> (1992–1999)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Kupchella" title="Charles Kupchella">Kupchella</a> (1999–2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Kelley_(academic_administrator)" title="Robert Kelley (academic administrator)">Kelley</a> (2008–2016)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schafer</a></i> (2016)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_(politician)" title="Mark Kennedy (politician)">Kennedy</a> (2016–2019)</span></li></ul>
<p><i>Italics denote interim president</i>
</p>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q887102#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q887102#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q887102#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1193258863">1193258863</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000032065328">0000 0000 3206 5328</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n94009536">n94009536</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SNAC-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SNAC-ID (identifier)">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r21sjd">w6r21sjd</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73079065">73079065</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n94009536">lccn-n94009536</a></span></li></ul>
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' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1621035467 |