Examine individual changes

'{{short description|American photographer}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Infobox artist |image = Vivian Maier.jpg |imagesize = |caption = Self-portrait, New York City, c. 1950s |birth_name = Vivian Dorothy Maier |birth_date = {{birth date|1926|2|1}} |birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|2009|4|21|1926|2|1}} |death_place = [[Oak Park, Illinois]], U.S. |nationality = American |field = [[Photography]] |training = |movement = |works = |patrons = |influenced = |awards = |signature = }} '''Vivian Dorothy Maier''' (February 1, 1926 – April 21, 2009) was an American [[Street photography|street photographer]] whose work was discovered and recognized after her death. She worked for about 40 years as a [[nanny]], mostly in [[Chicago|Chicago's]] [[North Shore (Chicago)|North Shore]], while pursuing photography. She took more than 150,000 photographs during her lifetime, primarily of the people and architecture of Chicago, [[New York City]], and [[Los Angeles]], although she also traveled and photographed worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vivianmaier.com/2012/01/vivian-maier-a-life-discovered-hosted-by-tim-roth-at-merry-karnowsky-gallery-in-los-angeles/|title="Vivian Maier: A Life Discovered" hosted by Tim Roth at the Merry Karnowsky Gallery in Los Angeles. – Vivian Maier Photographer|work=Vivian Maier Photographer}}</ref> During her lifetime, Maier's photographs were unknown and unpublished; many of her [[Negative (photography)|negatives]] were never developed. A Chicago collector, John Maloof, acquired some of Maier's photos in 2007, while two other Chicago-based collectors, Ron Slattery and Randy Prow, also found some of Maier's prints and negatives in her boxes and suitcases around the same time. Maier's photographs were first published on the Internet in July 2008, by Slattery, but the work received little response.<ref name="auto">Slattery, Ron. (July 2008) "[http://www.bighappyfunhouse.com/archives/08/07/22/12-30-34.html Story]", in ''Big Happy Fun House''. Retrieved on January 11, 2011.</ref> In October 2009, Maloof linked his blog to a selection of Maier's photographs on the image-sharing website [[Flickr]], and the results went [[Viral phenomenon|viral]], with thousands of people expressing interest. Maier's work subsequently attracted critical acclaim,<ref name=bbc>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12247395 | title = Vivian Maier: A life's lost work seen for first time | first = Katie | last = Beck |date = January 21, 2011 | work = [[BBC]] | access-date = January 21, 2011}}</ref><ref name=wttw>[http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=42%2C8%2C80&pid=A1hO97qcWo7ViDL_rWniVH2LakYxNa7J "Vivian Maier"], ''Chicago Tonight'', broadcast by WTTW, December 22, 2010. Retrieved on January 4, 2011</ref> and since then, Maier's photographs have been exhibited around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vivianmaierprints.com/exhibitions/ |title=Exhibitions &#124; Vivian Maier | website = Vivian Maier Photography | publisher = Jeffrey Goldstein |date=September 14, 2013 |access-date=May 26, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.culturallascondes.cl/home2/vivian-maier.html | title = Vivian Maier: La Fotógrafa Revelada | access-date = November 6, 2015 | publisher = Corporación Cultural de Las Condes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151021205155/http://www.culturallascondes.cl/home2/vivian-maier.html | archive-date = October 21, 2015 | url-status = dead | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Her life and work have been the subject of books and documentary films, including the film ''[[Finding Vivian Maier]]'' (2013), which premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/awards-and-festivals/tiff/new-doc-exposes-photo-snapping-nanny-vivian-maier/article14173322/|title=New doc exposes photo-snapping nanny Vivian Maier|access-date=January 27, 2018}}</ref> and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]] at the [[87th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.out.com/entertainment/popnography/2015/01/15/lgbt-oscar-nominations-imitation-game-meryl-streep-still-alice-|title=2015 Oscar Nominations: Imitation Game, Meryl Streep, Still Alice & More|work=Out Magazine}}</ref> == Personal life == Many details of Maier's life remain unknown. She was born in New York City in 1926, the daughter of a French mother, Maria Jaussaud Justin, and an Austrian father, Charles Maier (also known as Wilhelm).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/13/a-peek-into-vivian-maiers-family-album/|title=A Peek Into Vivian Maier's Family Album|last=MacDonald|first=Kerri|date=2016|website=Lens Blog|language=en-US|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref> Several times during her childhood she moved between the U.S. and France, living with her mother in the Alpine village of [[Saint-Bonnet-en-Champsaur]] near her mother's relatives. Her father seems to have left the family temporarily for unknown reasons by 1930. In the [[1930 United States Census|1930 Census]], the head of the household was listed as Jeanne Bertrand, a successful photographer who knew [[Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney]], founder of the [[Whitney Museum of American Art]].<ref name=chicmag/><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.tecomm.com/JBertrand.pdf | title = From Factory to High Place as Artist, Jeanne J. Bertrand| date = August 23, 1902| access-date = July 2, 2014| publisher = The Boston Globe}}</ref> When Maier was 4, she and her mother moved to the Bronx with Bertrand, who at the time was a professional photographer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/12/digging-deeper-into-vivian-maiers-past/|title=Digging Deeper Into Vivian Maier's Past|last=MacDonald|first=Kerri|date=2016|website=Lens Blog|language=en-US|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref> In 1935, Vivian and her mother were living in [[Saint-Julien-en-Champsaur]]; three years later, they returned to New York. In the [[1940 United States Census|1940 Census]], Charles, Maria, Vivian and Charles Jr were listed as living in New York, where the father worked as a steam engineer.<ref>United States Federal Census 1940; New York, New York; Roll: T627_2653; Page: 8A; Enumeration District: 31-1242.</ref> In 1951, aged 25, Maier moved from France to New York, where she worked in a [[sweatshop]]. She moved to the Chicago's [[North Shore (Chicago)|North Shore]] area in 1956, where she worked primarily as a nanny and carer for the next 40 years. In her first 17 years in Chicago, Maier worked as a nanny for two families: the Gensburgs from 1956 to 1972, and the Raymonds from 1967 to 1973. Lane Gensburg later said of Maier, "She was like a real, live [[Mary Poppins (character)|Mary Poppins]]," and said she never talked down to kids and was determined to show them the world outside their affluent suburb.<ref>Cahan, ''Vivian Maier: Out of the Shadows'', pp. 86–87</ref> The families who employed her described her as very private and reported that she spent her days off walking the streets of Chicago and taking photographs, usually with a [[Rolleiflex]] camera.<ref name=houlihan>Houlihan, Mary (January 2, 2011). [http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/2973223-421/maier-maloof-vivian-chicago-negatives.html A developing picture: The story of Vivian Maier ], ''The Chicago Sun-Times''. Retrieved on January 4, 2011.</ref> [[John Maloof]], curator of some of Maier's photographs, summarized the way the children she nannied would later describe her: {{quote|She was a Socialist, a Feminist, a movie critic, and a tell-it-like-it-is type of person. She learned English by going to theaters, which she loved ... She was constantly taking pictures, which she didn't show anyone.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://vivianmaier.blogspot.com/2009/10/unfolding-vivian-maier-mystery.html | title = Vivian Maier – her discovered work| author = Maloof, John| date = October 22, 2009| access-date = August 6, 2014| website = Vivian Maier – Her Discovered Work}}</ref>|}} In 1959 and 1960, Maier embarked on a solo trip around the world, where she took pictures in Los Angeles, Manila, Bangkok, Shanghai, Beijing, India, Syria, Egypt and Italy.<ref name = Cahan40/> The trip was probably financed by the sale of a family farm in [[Saint-Julien-en-Champsaur]]. For a brief period in the 1970s, Maier worked as a housekeeper for talk-show host [[Phil Donahue]].<ref name="finding-vivian-maier">{{cite AV media | people=Maloof, John (Director), Siskel, Charlie (Director) | date=September 9, 2013 | title= Finding Vivian Maier | medium=Motion picture}}</ref> She kept her belongings at her employers'; at one residence, she had 200 boxes of materials. Most were photographs or negatives, but Maier also collected newspapers;<ref name=chicmag/> in at least one instance, it involved "shoulder-high piles."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Matthews|first1=Linda|title=Diary: Living with Vivian Maier|journal=London Review of Books|date=October 26, 2015|volume=37|issue=20|pages=38–39|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v37/n20/linda-matthews/diary|access-date=January 17, 2016}}</ref> She also recorded audiotapes of conversations she had with people she photographed.<ref name=houlihan/><ref>Lane, Anthony, "Candid Camera: 'Finding Vivian Maier' and 'The French Minister,'" New Yorker, March 31, 2014, p. 80-81</ref> In the documentary films ''[[Finding Vivian Maier]]'' (2013) and ''Vivian Maier: Who Took Nanny's Pictures'' / ''The Vivian Maier Mystery'' (2013), interviews with Maier's employers and their children suggest that Maier presented herself to others in multiple ways, with various accents, names, life details, and that with some children, she had been inspiring and positive, while with others she could be frightening and abusive.<ref name="finding-vivian-maier"/> The Gensburg brothers, whom Maier had looked after as children, tried to help her as she became destitute in old age. When she was about to be evicted from a cheap apartment in the suburb of [[Cicero, Illinois|Cicero]], the Gensburg brothers arranged for her to live in a better apartment on [[Sheridan Road]] in the [[Rogers Park, Chicago|Rogers Park]] area of Chicago. In November 2008, Maier fell on the ice and hit her head. She was taken to a hospital but failed to recover. In January 2009, she was transported to a nursing home in the Chicago suburbs, where she died on April 21, 2009.<ref name = Cahan263>Cahan, ''Vivien Maier: Out of the Shadows'', 2012, p. 263</ref> ==Discovery and recognition== In 2007, two years before she died, Maier failed to keep up payments on storage space she had rented on Chicago's North Side. As a result, her negatives, prints, audio recordings, and [[8 mm film]] were auctioned. Three photo collectors bought parts of her work: John Maloof, Ron Slattery and Randy Prow.<ref name = Cahan283>Cahan, ''Vivien Maier: Out of the Shadows'', 2012, p.283</ref> Maier's photographs were first published on the internet in July 2008 by Slattery, but the work received little response.<ref name="auto"/> Maloof had bought the largest part of Maier's work, about 30,000 negatives, because he was working on a book about the history of the Chicago neighborhood of [[Portage Park, Chicago|Portage Park]].<ref>[http://www.nwchicagohistory.org/JPHS%20-%20Jan%202009.pdf Newsletter January 2009 – Number IX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103013208/http://www.nwchicagohistory.org/JPHS%20-%20Jan%202009.pdf |date=January 3, 2019 }}, Jefferson Park Historical Society. p. 2. "... we celebrated the publishing of a new book, 'Portage Park', authored by JPHS executive board members Dan Pogorzelski and John Maloof."</ref> Maloof later bought more of Maier's photographs from another buyer at the same auction.<ref name=chicmag/> Maloof discovered Maier's name in his boxes but was unable to discover anything about her until a [[Google Search|Google search]] led him to Maier's death notice in the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' in April 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/chicagotribune/obituary.aspx?pid=126527421| title = Vivian Maier death notice| date = April 23, 2009| access-date = July 18, 2014| publisher = Chicago Tribune}}</ref> In October 2009, Maloof linked his blog to a selection of Maier's photographs on [[Flickr]]; they became a [[viral phenomenon]], with thousands of people expressing interest.<ref name=chicmag/> In early 2010, Chicago art collector Jeffrey Goldstein acquired a portion of the Maier collection from Prow, one of the original buyers.<ref name = Cahan283/> Since Goldstein's original purchase, his collection has grown to include 17,500 negatives, 2,000 prints, 30 homemade movies, and numerous slides. In December 2014, Goldstein sold his collection of B&W negatives to Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. Maloof, who runs the Maloof Collection, now owns around 90% of Maier's total output, including 100,000 to 150,000 negatives, more than 3,000 vintage prints, hundreds of rolls of film, home movies, audio tape interviews, and ephemera including cameras and paperwork, which he claims represents roughly 90 percent of her known work.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maloof Collection|url=http://www.vivianmaier.com/about-the-maloof-collection/|access-date=July 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717225601/http://www.vivianmaier.com/about-the-maloof-collection/|archive-date=July 17, 2011|url-status=dead}}{{Dubious|date=January 2012}}<!-- Independent, disinterested source for this claim, please. --></ref> Since her posthumous discovery, Maier's photographs, and their discovery, have received international attention in mainstream media,<ref name=bbc/><ref name=wttw/><ref name=indep/><ref>Profetico, Cecilia (October 22, 2009)."[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2009/10/22/um/m-02024494.htm Tras una subasta, encuentran 40.000 negativos escondidos en un mueble]", ''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]'' (Buenos Aires) in Spanish; Thorén, Line (November 9, 2009)."[http://www.aftonbladet.se/temafotofilm/article6092178.ab Hemlös fotograf slår igenom – efter sin död]", ''[[Aftonbladet]]'' (Stockholm) in Swedish. Retrieved on January 4, 2011.</ref> and her work has appeared in gallery exhibitions, several books, and documentary films. ===Legal challenge=== In June 2014, lawyer and former photographer David C. Deal filed a legal case challenging the rights of current owners of Maier's negatives to commercialize them.<ref name="NYT Kennedy">{{cite news|last1=Kennedy|first1=Randy|title=The heir's not apparent|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/06/arts/design/a-legal-battle-over-vivian-maiers-work.html?_r=0|access-date=September 10, 2014|work=The New York Times|date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> The case sought to establish whether there is a legal heir to Maier's estate – a cousin in France – who should be recognized under American law. Under [[Copyright law of the United States|copyright law in the US]], owning a photograph is distinct from owning copyright and the case may take several years to resolve, particularly since the potential heirs to the estate live outside the US.<ref name="NYT Kennedy"/> Maloof, who owns the majority of Maier's known photographs, had previously tracked down a [[first cousin once removed]] in France and paid him for the rights; however, Deal believes he has found a closer relative in France who may be the estate's beneficiary.<ref name="Indie Clark">{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Nick|title=Relatives fight over Vivian Maier's rare photos|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/relatives-fight-over-vivian-maiers-rare-photos-9719501.html|access-date=September 10, 2014|work=The Independent| location = London | date=September 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>Meisner, Jason, 2015,"Artist Challenges County on Vivian Maier's Estate", ''Chicago Tribune'', 14 May, p. 6.</ref> == Photography == Artist and photography critic [[Allan Sekula]] has suggested that the fact that Maier spent much of her early life in France sharpened her visual appreciation of American cities and society. Sekula compared her work with the photography of Swiss-born [[Robert Frank]]: "I find myself imagining her as a female Robert Frank, without a [[Guggenheim Fellowship|Guggenheim grant]], unknown and working as a nanny to get by. I also think she showed the world of women and children in a way that is pretty much unprecedented."<ref name = Cahan40>Cahan, ''Vivien Maier: Out of the Shadows'', 2012, pp. 40–41</ref> Maloof has said of her work: "Elderly folk congregating in Chicago's Old [[Polish Downtown]], garishly dressed dowagers, and the urban [[African-American]] experience were all fair game for Maier's lens."<ref name="street-photographer">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ui_2tgAACAAJ| title= Street Photographer | author=John Maloof |year=2011 | publisher=[[powerHouse Books]] | isbn = 978-1-57687-577-3 | page=5}}</ref> Photographer [[Mary Ellen Mark]] has compared her work to that of [[Helen Levitt]], Robert Frank, [[Lisette Model]], and [[Diane Arbus]]. [[Joel Meyerowitz]], also a street photographer, has said that Maier's work was "suffused with the kind of human understanding, warmth and playfulness that proves she was 'a real shooter'."<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/finding-vivian-maier-movie-review-portrait-of-a-great-if-not-a-straight-shooter/2014/04/23/9a17ab22-c990-11e3-a75e-463587891b57_story.html|title= 'Finding Vivian Maier' movie review: Portrait of a great, if not a straight, shooter|author=Hornaday, Ann|date=April 14, 2014|access-date=June 30, 2014|work= The Washington Post}}</ref> '' Maier's best-known photographs depict street scenes in Chicago and New York during the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kotlowitz|first=Alex|title=The Best Street Photographer You've Never Heard Of|url=http://motherjones.com/media/2011/04/vivian-maier-john-maloof|access-date=November 11, 2011|newspaper=Mother Jones|date=May–June 2011}}</ref> A critic in ''[[The Independent]]'' wrote that "the well-to-do shoppers of Chicago stroll and gossip in all their department-store finery before Maier, but the most arresting subjects are those people on the margins of successful, rich America in the 1950s and 1960s: the kids, the black maids, the bums flaked out on shop stoops."<ref name=indep>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/little-miss-big-shot-fifties-america-exposed-ndash-by-a-french-nanny-1811040.html Little Miss Big Shot]", ''The Independent'' (November 1, 2009). Retrieved on January 4, 2011.</ref> Most of Maier's photographs are [[black and white]], and many are casual shots of passers-by caught in transient moments "that nonetheless possess an underlying gravity and emotion".<ref name=chicmag/> In 1952 she purchased her first Rolleiflex camera. Over the course of her career she used Rolleiflex 3.5T, Rolleiflex 3.5F, Rolleiflex 2.8C, Rolleiflex Automat and others. She later also used a Leica IIIc, an Ihagee Exakta, a Zeiss Contarex and various other [[Single-lens reflex camera|SLR cameras]]. Writing in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', William Meyers notes that because Maier used a [[Medium format (film)|medium-format]] [[Rolleiflex]], rather than a [[35mm format|35mm]] camera, her pictures have more detail than those of most street photographers. He writes that her work brings to mind the photographs of [[Harry Callahan (photographer)|Harry Callahan]], [[Garry Winogrand]], and [[Weegee]], as well as Robert Frank. He also notes that there are a high number of self-portraits in her work, "in many ingenious permutations, as if she were checking on her own identity or interpolating herself into the environment. A shadowy character, she often photographed her own shadow, possibly as a way of being there and simultaneously not quite there."<ref>{{cite news| url = https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204879004577110884090494826 | title = The Nanny's Secret| author = Meyers, William| date = January 3, 2012| access-date = July 2, 2014| publisher = wsj.com}}</ref> [[Roberta Smith]], writing in ''[[The New York Times]]'', has drawn attention to how Maier's photographs are reminiscent of many famous 20th-century photographers, and yet have an aesthetic of their own. She writes that Maier's work "may add to the history of 20th-century street photography by summing it up with an almost encyclopedic thoroughness, veering close to just about every well-known photographer you can think of, including Weegee, Robert Frank and [[Richard Avedon]], and then sliding off in another direction. Yet they maintain a distinctive element of calm, a clarity of composition and a gentleness characterized by a lack of sudden movement or extreme emotion."<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/20/arts/design/vivian-maier.html?_r=0| title = Vivian Maier: 'Photographs From the Maloof Collection'| author = Smith, Roberta| date = January 19, 2012| access-date = July 6, 2014| work = The New York Times}}</ref> In the documentary film ''[[Finding Vivian Maier]]'' (2013), the grown-up children whom Maier had cared for in the 1950s, '60s, and '70s recall how she combined her work as a photographer with her day job as a nanny. She would frequently take the young children in her care with her into the center of Chicago when she took her photographs. Occasionally they accompanied her to the rougher, run-down areas of Chicago, and, on one occasion, the [[Union Stock Yards|stock yards]], where there were bodies of dead sheep.<ref name="finding-vivian-maier" /> In the late 1970s, Maier stopped using her Rolleiflex. Most of her photographs taken in the 1980s and 1990s were color transparencies, taken on [[Ektachrome]] film.<ref name = Cahan262>Cahan, ''Vivien Maier: Out of the Shadows'', 2012, p. 262</ref> == Legacy == In the 2014 to 2015 school year at the [[School of the Art Institute of Chicago]], the Vivian Maier Scholarship Fund was established to provide opportunity to female students with need for additional financial resources.<ref name="newcity">{{Cite web|url=https://art.newcity.com/2014/06/10/news-saic-establishes-the-vivian-maier-scholarship-fund/|title=News: SAIC Establishes Vivian Maier Scholarship for Female Artists|date=June 10, 2014|website=Newcity Art|language=en-US|access-date=March 2, 2019}}</ref> The scholarship was endowed through donations by Maloof, Siskel and Howard Greenberg,<ref name="newcity"/> the owner of Howard Greenberg Gallery which exhibits and deals her work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.howardgreenberg.com/artists/vivian-maier|title=Vivian Maier – Artists – Howard Greenberg Gallery|website=www.howardgreenberg.com|access-date=March 2, 2019}}</ref> Maloof used the funds received from print sales and his film ''[[Finding Vivian Maier]]'' to help create the scholarship with the intention for it to be permanent and offered on a yearly basis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vivianmaier.com/vivian-maier-scholarship-fund/|title=Vivian Maier Scholarship Fund – Vivian Maier Photographer|work=Vivian Maier Photographer|access-date=March 2, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> With no application process, the money will be awarded to students not based on degree, enrollment year, or medium they are working within, allowing artistic freedom to the recipients.<ref name="newcity"/> The names of recipients have not been publicly released. ==Archives== In 2017, the [[University of Chicago Library]] announced that a research collection of Maier images was donated by Maloof.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-vivian-maier-prints-donated-uofc-0720-20170719-story.html|title=Hundreds of new Vivian Maier prints donated to U. of C.|first=Steve|last=Johnson|website=chicagotribune.com}}</ref> ==Publications== ===Books of Maier's photographs=== *''Vivian Maier: Street Photographer.'' Brooklyn, NY: [[powerHouse Books|powerHouse]], 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-57687-577-3}}. Edited by John Maloof. With an introduction by Maloof and a foreword by [[Geoff Dyer]]. *''Vivian Maier: Out of the Shadows''. Chicago, IL: CityFiles, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0978545093}}. Edited by Richard Cahan and Michael Williams. *''Vivian Maier: Self-Portraits.'' Brooklyn, NY: powerHouse, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-57687-662-6}}. Edited by Maloof. *''Eye to Eye: Photographs by Vivian Maier.'' Chicago, IL: CityFiles, 2014. {{ISBN|9780991541805}}. Edited and with text by Richard Cahan and Michael Williams. *''Vivian Maier: A Photographer Found.'' London: [[HarperCollins|Harper Design]], 2014. {{ISBN|9780062305534}}. Edited by Maloof with text by [[Marvin Heiferman]] and Howard Greenberg. *''The Color Work.'' New York City: Harper Design, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0062795571}}. With a foreword by [[Joel Meyerowitz]] and text by [[Colin Westerbeck]]. ===Books about Maier=== *''Vivian Maier: a Photographer's Life and Afterlife''. Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press|University of Chicago]], 2017. By Pamela Bannos. {{ISBN|978-0226470757}}. *''Vivian Maier Developed: The Real Story of the Photographer Nanny.'' Brooklyn, NY: powerHouse, 2018. By Ann Marks. {{ISBN|978-1576879030}}. *''Vivian Maier und der gespiegelte Blick: Fotografische Positionen zu Frauenbildern im Selbstporträt.'' Bielefeld, transcript, 2019. By Nadja Köffler. {{ISBN|978-3-8376-4700-6}}. ==Documentary films about Maier== * ''Vivian Maier: Who Took Nanny's Pictures'' (2013) – directed by Jill Nicholls, produced by the [[BBC]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2997754/ | access-date = January 16, 2014 | publisher = [[IMDb]] | title = Vivian Maier: Who Took Nanny's Pictures (2013)}}</ref> **''The Vivian Maier Mystery'' (2013) – re-cut and released in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3252208/ | access-date = January 16, 2014 | publisher = [[IMDb]] | title = The Vivian Maier Mystery (2013)}}</ref> * ''[[Finding Vivian Maier]]'' (2013) – directed by Maloof and Charlie Siskel<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2714900/ | access-date = January 16, 2014 | publisher = [[IMDb]] | title = Finding Vivian Maier (2013)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303725404579461170488341910| title = Nanny Strangest: On "Finding Vivian Maier"| author = Woodward Richard| date = March 25, 2014| access-date = November 18, 2014| publisher = The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * ''The Woman in the Mirror'' (2017) – directed by Ryan Alexander Huang, biographical short film<ref>{{Citation|title=The Woman in the Mirror|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt5205714/|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=October 11, 2019}}</ref> == Exhibitions == {{col-list|colwidth=30em| * ''Finding Vivian Maier'', November/December 2010, The Apartment Gallery (Apartment 02), Oslo, Norway.<ref>{{cite web|title=Finding Vivian Maier|url=http://the-apartment-gallery.com/2011/03/finding-vivian-maier-2/|work=The Apartment Gallery|access-date=December 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130215126/http://the-apartment-gallery.com/2011/03/finding-vivian-maier-2/|archive-date=November 30, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> * March/April 2010, Bruun's Galleri, Århus, Denmark.<ref name="vivmaex">{{cite web|title=Vivian Maier Exhibitions & Events|url=http://www.vivianmaier.com/exhibitions-events/|access-date=July 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717225712/http://www.vivianmaier.com/exhibitions-events/|archive-date=July 17, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Finding Vivian Maier: Chicago Street Photographer'', January–April 2011, [[Chicago Cultural Center]].<ref name=chicmag>O'Donnell, Nora (December 14, 2010). [http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-2011/Vivian-Maier-Street-Photographer/ "The Life and Work of Street Photographer Vivian Maier"], ''[[Chicago Magazine]]''. Retrieved on January 4, 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artslant.com/chi/events/show/138605-finding-vivian-maier-chicago-street-photographer |title=January 8th, 2011 – April 3rd, 2011, Chicago Cultural Center, Vivian Maier |publisher=ArtSlant |access-date=May 26, 2014 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729115826/https://www.artslant.com/chi/events/show/138605-finding-vivian-maier-chicago-street-photographer |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Twinkle, twinkle, little star ... '', January–April 2011, Galerie Hilaneh von Kories, Hamburg, Germany.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vivian Maier: Twinkle, twinkle, little star ...|url=http://www.galeriehilanehvonkories.de/en/maier/twinkle/|publisher=Galerie Hilaneh von Kories}}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier, Photographer'', April–June 2011, Russell Bowman Art Advisory, Chicago, Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://art.newcity.com/2011/04/25/review-vivian-maierrussell-bowman-art-advisory/|title=Review: Vivian Maier/Russell Bowman Art Advisory &#124; Newcity Art|date=April 26, 2011|website=art.newcity.com}}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier – A Life Uncovered'', July–September 2011, [[German Gymnasium, London|German Gymnasium]], London Street Photography Festival, London.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=October 10, 2018|title=Thomas Struth: Photographs 1978–2010, Whitechapel Gallery|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/reviews/thomas-struth-photographs-1978ndash2010-whitechapel-gallery-londonvivian-maier-a-life-uncovered-2305785.html|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vivian Maier: A Life Uncovered|url=http://londonstreetphotographyfestival.com/diary/vivian-maier-a-life-uncovered|publisher=London Street Photography Festival|access-date=July 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823083643/http://londonstreetphotographyfestival.com/diary/vivian-maier-a-life-uncovered|archive-date=August 23, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier, Photographer'', July 2011 – January 2012, Hearst Gallery, New York.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vivian Maier Exhibitions|url=http://vivianmaierprints.com/exhibitions/hearst-gallery.html|website=Vivian Maier Photography|publisher=Jeffrey Goldstein|access-date=July 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918060113/http://vivianmaierprints.com/exhibitions/hearst-gallery.html|archive-date=September 18, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier – A Life Uncovered'', July–September 2011, Photofusion Gallery, London.<ref name="vivmaex" /> * ''Vivian Maier, Photographer'', September–November 2011, Stephen Cohen Gallery, Los Angeles.<ref name=exhibitionatcohen>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephencohengallery.com/|title=Cohen Gallery &#124; Los Angeles|website=www.stephencohengallery.com}}</ref> * December 2011 – February 2012, Steven Kasher Gallery, New York.<ref name=vivmaexkasher>{{cite web |title=Vivian Maier: Steven Kasher Gallery |url=http://www.stevenkasher.com/html/exhibresults.asp?exnum=1465&exname=VIVIAN+MAIER |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909193403/http://stevenkasher.com/html/exhibresults.asp?exnum=1465&exname=VIVIAN+MAIER |archive-date=September 9, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * December 2011 – January 2012, Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.<ref name="vivmaex" /> * ''Vivian Maier – Hosted by Tim Roth'', December 2011 – January 2012, Merry Karnowsky Gallery, Los Angeles.<ref name="vivmaex" /> * ''Vivian Maier – Photographs'' January–April 2012, Jackson Fine Art, Atlanta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vivian Maier – Jackson Fine Art | url=http://www.jacksonfineart.com}}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier's Chicago'', 2012–2014, Chicago History Museum, Chicago, Illinois. * ''A la recherche de Vivian Maier'' (In search of Vivian Maier), June/July 2011, Saint-Julien-en-Champsaur * ''A la recherche de Vivian Maier'' (In search of Vivian Maier), July–August 2011, the Gap Library, Gap, Hautes-Alpes, France.<ref name="gapex">{{cite web|title=Actualités juillet 2011'', Anima Gap, le blog | url=http://www.animagap.com/article-actualites-juillet-2011-80210949.html}} ]</ref> * ''Lo sguardo nascosto'' (The Hidden Glance), October–November 2012, Brescia, Italy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Galleria dell'Incisione – Mostra Vivian Maier | url=https://www.incisione.com/mostre/vivian-maier-lo-sguardo-nascosto/}}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier'', April–June 2013, Antwerp, Belgium, Gallery51.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gallery 51 – Vivian Maier | url=http://www.gallery51.com}}</ref> *''Vivian Maier: Out of the Shadows'', April–June 2013, Tampa, Fl; [[Florida Museum of Photographic Arts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fmopa.org/explore/past-exhibits/vivian-maier-out-of-the-shadows/ |title=Vivian Maier: Out of the Shadows |publisher=FMoPA |access-date=May 26, 2014}}</ref> * ''Summer in the City'', June–August 2013, Chicago, IL; Russell Bowman Art Advisory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bowmanart.com/artists/vivian_maier_photography/vivian_maier_index.html |title=Vivian Maier, Photographer, Art show at Russell Bowman, 2011 |publisher=Bowmanart.com |access-date=May 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429231529/http://www.bowmanart.com/artists/vivian_maier_photography/vivian_maier_index.html |archive-date=April 29, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier'', June–August 2013, Shanghai, China; Kunst.Licht Photo Art Gallery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kunstlicht.sh/exhibitions/ |title=kunst.licht Photo Art Gallery Shanghai |publisher=Kunst.Licht Gallery |access-date=May 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429230415/http://www.kunstlicht.sh/exhibitions/ |archive-date=April 29, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier: Out of the Shadows'', July–September 2013, Toronto, ON; Stephen Bulger Gallery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulgergallery.com/dynamic/fr_exhibit_artist.asp?ExhibitID=252 |title=Stephen Bulger Gallery |publisher=Bulgergallery.com |date=September 14, 2013 |access-date=May 26, 2014}}</ref> *''Vivian Maier: Out of the Shadows – The Unknown Nanny Photographer'', August–October 2013, Durango, Colorado; Open Shutter Gallery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://openshuttergallery.com/past/vivianmaier/show.html |title=Open Shutter Gallery |publisher=Open Shutter Gallery |access-date=May 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016071832/http://www.openshuttergallery.com/past/vivianmaier/show.html# |archive-date=October 16, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''Загадка Вивьен Майер'' (The Riddle of Vivian Maier), September–October 2013, Moscow, Russia; [[Lumiere Brothers Center for Photography|Центр фотографии имени братьев Люмьер (The Lumiere Brothers Center for Photography)]].<ref name="vivmaex"/> *''Vivian Maier: Picturing Chicago'', October 2013, Chicago, IL; Union League Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulcc.org/Default.aspx?p=DynamicModule&pageid=309632&ssid=198154&vnf=1 |title=Past Exhibitions – Union League Club of Chicago |publisher=Ulcc.org |date=September 20, 2011 |access-date=May 26, 2014}}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier'', November 2013 – June 2014, Tours, France; [[Jeu de paume]], Paris.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeu de Paume – Vivian Maier | url=http://www.jeudepaume.org/index.php?page=article&idArt=1987&lieu=6}}</ref> *''Vivian Maier'', November–December 2013, Galerie Frederic Moisan, Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galerie-fmoisan.fr/expo.php?&id_expo=73 |title=Galerie_Frédéric Moisan |publisher=Galerie-fmoisan.fr |date=November 6, 2013 |access-date=May 26, 2014}}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier: Out of the Shadows'', January–February 2014, Cleveland, Ohio; Cleveland Print Room.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vivian Maier exhibition at the Cleveland Print Room reveals the magic of a photographic master unknown in her lifetime|url=http://clevelandprintroom.com/vivian-maier-exhibition-at-the-cleveland-print-room-reveals-the-magic-of-a-photographic-master-unknown-in-her-lifetime/|publisher=Cleveland Print Room|date=January 29, 2014|access-date=January 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203135638/http://clevelandprintroom.com/vivian-maier-exhibition-at-the-cleveland-print-room-reveals-the-magic-of-a-photographic-master-unknown-in-her-lifetime/|archive-date=February 3, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Certificates of Presence: Vivian Maier, Livija Patikne, J. Lindemann'', January 17 – March 8, 2014, Milwaukee, WI; Portrait Society Gallery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portraitsocietygallery.com |title=Projects, portrait related art, social engagement |publisher=Portrait Society Gallery |access-date=May 26, 2014}}</ref> *''Vivian Maier: Out of the Shadows'', January– March 2014, Minneapolis, MN; MPLS Photo Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vivianmaierprints.com/exhibitions/mpls-photo-center/ |title=MPLS Photo Center- Minneapolis, MN &#124; Vivian Maier |website=Vivian Maier Photography |publisher=Jeffrey Goldstein |access-date=May 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429224056/http://vivianmaierprints.com/exhibitions/mpls-photo-center/ |archive-date=April 29, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier: Out of the Shadows'', February–June 2014, San Francisco, CA; Scott Nichols Gallery.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scott Nichols Gallery | url=http://www.scottnicholsgallery.com/vivian-maier-shadows/}}</ref> *''See All About It: Vivian Maier's Newspaper Portraits'', March–May 2014, Berkeley, CA; The Reva and David Logan Gallery at UC Berkeley's Graduate School of Journalism.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chuck Harris |url=https://journalism.berkeley.edu/events/details/803/#.U1_IJxatqX1 |title=See All About It–Events–UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism |publisher=Journalism.berkeley.edu |access-date=May 26, 2014}}</ref> *''Vivian Maier, Photographer'', March–May 2014, Fribourg, Switzerland; Cantonal and University Library.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fr.ch/bcuf/dynamic.aspx?c=69 |title=Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire Fribourg |publisher=Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire Fribourg |date=May 12, 1965 |access-date=May 26, 2014 |archive-date=February 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201122743/http://www2.fr.ch/bcuf/Dynamic.aspx?c=69 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier: Out of The Shadows'', March–September 2014, Chicago, IL; Harold Washington Library.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chipublib.org/news/vivian-maier/ |title=Harold Washington Library Center Exhibit Features Vivian Maier's Photos of Chicago &#124; Chicago Public Library |publisher=Chipublib.org |date=March 25, 2014 |access-date=May 26, 2014}}</ref> *''Vivian Maier – A Photographic Journey'', May–July 2014, Highland Park, IL; The Art Center Highland Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theartcenterhp.org |title=The Art Center – Highland Park: The Art Center – Highland Park |publisher=The Art Center Highland Park |access-date=May 26, 2014}}</ref> * ''Vivian Maier, Amatorka'', May–June 2014, Warsaw, Poland; Leica Gallery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leica-camera.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/vivian-maier%C2%A0amatorka/ |title=Vivian Maier, Amatorka &#124; Leica Camera Polska |publisher=Leica-camera.pl |access-date=May 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429224121/http://leica-camera.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/vivian-maier%C2%A0amatorka/ |archive-date=April 29, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *"Vivian Maier – Street Photographer", November 2014 – January 2015, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; FOAM.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foam.org/visit-foam/calendar/2014-exhibitions/vivian-maier |title=Vivian Maier – Street Photographer |publisher=foam.org |access-date=November 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108030528/http://foam.org/visit-foam/calendar/2014-exhibitions/vivian-maier |archive-date=November 8, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''O Mundo Revelado de Vivian Maier'', [[São Paulo Museum of Image and Sound]], São Paulo, Brazil, April–June 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mis-sp.org.br/icox/icox.php?mdl=mis&op=programacao_interna&id_event=1850/ |title=O mundo revelado de Vivian Maier |publisher=[[São Paulo Museum of Image and Sound]] |access-date=May 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525184227/http://www.mis-sp.org.br/icox/icox.php?mdl=mis&op=programacao_interna&id_event=1850%2F |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Vivian Maier – Street Photographer, July–October 2015, Nuoro, Sardinia, Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lulop.com/en_EN/post/show/95933/vivian-maier-street-photograph.html|title=VIVIAN MAIER 'Street Photographer', at MAN Museum in Nuoro, Sardinia|website=lulop.com|language=en|access-date=March 2, 2019}}</ref> * Vivian Maier – In Her Own Hands, June–September 2016, Fundació Foto Colectania, Barcelona, Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dichroma-photography.com/exhibitionscurrent.php?exh=37|title=diCHromA Photography {{!}} Exhibitions {{!}} Vivian Maier II, In her own hands|website=www.dichroma-photography.com|language=EN|access-date=March 2, 2019}}</ref> *Vivian Maier – Street Photographer, May–August 2018, WestLicht, Vienna, Austria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://derstandard.at/2000081320230/Vivian-MaierRaetsel-in-den-Spiegeln-der-Stadt|title=Vivian Maier in der Galerie Westlicht: Rätsel in den Spiegeln der Stadt – derStandard.at|website=DER STANDARD|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref> * Vivian Maier: The Color Work, November 15, 2018 – March 2, 2019, Howard Greenberg Gallery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/1406443-1406443|title=Vivian Maier's Rare Color Works Show the Mysterious Photographer in a New Light—See Them Here|date=November 30, 2018|website=artnet News|language=en-US|access-date=March 2, 2019}}</ref> *Vivian Maier - Works in Color, June 1, 2020 - September 13, 2020, FOAM Amsterdam, the Netherlands<ref>https://www.foam.org/museum/programme/vivian-maier-works-in-color</ref> *Vivian Maier >< Stephan Vanfleteren - Gallery 51 - Antwerp Belgium Capturing Life 08/05/2021 - 10/07/2021 }} ==See also== *[[Angelo Rizzuto]] *[[Charles Jones (photographer)|Charles Jones]] *[[Paraska Plytka-Horytsvit]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.vivianmaier.com/ John Maloof Collection website on Vivian Maier] *[http://www.post-movie.net/finding-vivian-maier-an-interview-with-producer-co-director-charlie-siskel/ Finding Vivian Maier – An Interview with Producer, Co-Director Charlie Siskel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009175133/http://www.post-movie.net/finding-vivian-maier-an-interview-with-producer-co-director-charlie-siskel/ |date=October 9, 2020 }} by Stephen Slaughter Head, PostMovie.net, 2014 * [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/multimedia/Vivian-Maier-The-Unheralded-Street-Photographer.html "Vivian Maier: The Unheralded Street Photographer"] by David Zax, ''Smithsonian'' magazine, 2011 *[https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.MALOOFMAIER Guide to the John Maloof Collection of Vivian Maier circa 1900-2010] at the [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/ University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center] {{ACArt}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maier, Vivian}} [[Category:1926 births]] [[Category:2009 deaths]] [[Category:American people of Austrian descent]] [[Category:American people of French descent]] [[Category:American women photographers]] [[Category:Artists from Chicago]] [[Category:Artists from New York City]] [[Category:Culture of Chicago]] [[Category:American expatriates in France]] [[Category:French photographers]] [[Category:Nannies]] [[Category:Outsider artists]] [[Category:Street photographers]] [[Category:Photographers from Illinois]] [[Category:20th-century American women artists]] [[Category:Women outsider artists]] [[Category:American domestic workers]] [[Category:20th-century women photographers]]'